Understanding the mechanism of IL-1β secretion

The association between genetic factors and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic literature review

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between genetic factors and the occurrence and progression of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) using a comprehensive review and meta-analysis.

DESIGN

A comprehensive search was conducted using the ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Dimensions, and Emerald databases. A reviewer selected the study using modified PICO criteria, considering human subjects with TMDs, comparing different genetic factors among TMD and non-TMD patients, and reporting TMD signs and symptoms as outcomes. The methodological standards of the eligible papers were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Non-randomized Experimental Investigations. Information was collected methodically and examined.

RESULTS

The electronic database search yielded 851 articles, 19 of which were included in this study. The data analysis showed a significant influence of genetic factors, such as polymorphisms and gene differences, on the development of TMD signs and symptoms, such as myofascial pain, chronic pain, and disc displacement. In addition, gene polymorphism significantly influenced TMD development, with an odds ratio of 2.46 (1.93-3.14) and p of 0.00001.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic factors significantly influenced TMD signs and symptoms, and genetic polymorphisms significantly influenced TMD onset and progression. Further research should be conducted in diverse settings with larger sample sizes to verify and validate these findings.

Xiaoer-Feire-Qing granules alleviate pyretic pulmonary syndrome induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae in young rats by affecting the lungs and intestines: An in vivo study based on network pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Xiaoer-Feire-Qing granules (XEFRQ) has been used to treat pyretic pulmonary syndrome (PPS) in children for many years. The function of the lungs is considered to be closely related to the large intestine in TCM.

PURPOSE

We aimed to investigate the effects of XEFRQ on PPS and the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology and animal experiments.

METHODS

The TCMSP platform was used to identify the ingredients and potential targets of XEFRQ. The GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD databases were used to predict PPS-associated targets. Cytoscape 3.9.1 was employed to construct the protein-protein interaction network, and target prediction was performed by GO and KEGG analyses. For the animal experiment, a PPS model was constructed by three cycles of nasal drip of Streptococcus pneumoniae (STP; 0.5 mL/kg). The animals were randomly divided into the following four groups according to their weight (n = 10 rats per group): the blank group, the model group, the XEFRQ-L (16.3 g/kg) group, and the XEFRQ-H (56.6 g/kg) group. Rats in the blank group and the model group were given 0.5% CMC-Na by gavage. The general conditions of the rats were observed, and their food-intake, body weight, and body temperature were recorded for 14 days. After the intervention of 14 days, serum was collected to detect inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2) and neurotransmitters (5-HT, SP, and VIP). H&E staining was used to observe the pathological morphology of lung and colon tissue. AQP3 expression was detected by Western blot. In addition, the gut microbiota in cecal content samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.

RESULTS

Our network analysis revealed that XEFRQ may alleviate PPS injury by affecting the levels of inflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters and mitigating STP-induced PPS.In vivo validation experiments revealed that XEFRQ improved STP-induced PPS and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters. Notably, XEFRQ significantly decreased the protein expression levels of AQP3, which was associated with dry stool. Our gut microbiota analysis revealed that the relative abundance of [Eubacterium]_ruminantium_group, Colidextribacter, Romboutsia, and Oscillibacter was decreased, which means XEFRQ exerts therapeutic effects against PPS associated with these bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that XEFRQ alleviates PPS by affecting the lungs and intestines, further guiding its clinical application.

Analyze interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in dry eye and the therapeutic effect of cyclosporine A

BACKGROUND

Dry eye is a common eye disease. Artificial tears supplements are widely used for the treatment of dry eyes. However, multiple adverse effects have been observed in patients receiving long-term treatment with artificial tears, which may affect the therapeutic effect.

AIM

To analyze the characteristics of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in patients with dry eye and the therapeutic effect of artificial tears combined with cyclosporine A.

METHODS

A total of 124 dry eye patients treated at The First People’s Hospital of Xining from April 2020 to April 2022 were selected as the observation group, while 20 healthy individuals served as the control group during the same period. Levels of inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were analyzed. The observation group was further divided into a study group and a control group, each consisting of 62 patients. The control group received artificial tears, whereas the study group received a combination of artificial tears and cyclosporine A. Inflammatory markers, Schirmer’s test (SIT), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) scores, and adverse events (AEs) were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The observation group exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in comparison to the healthy group. Following treatment, the study group demonstrated substantial reductions in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels relative to the control group. Moreover, after treatment, the study group experienced a marked decrease in CFS scores and significant increases in both SIT and BUT levels when compared to the control group. Additionally, significant improvements were observed in the primary symptom of dry eye and secondary symptoms such as photophobia, foreign body sensation, fatigue, red eye, and burning sensation within the study group. Furthermore, post-treatment NEI-VFQ-25 scores across all dimensions exhibited significant enhancements in the study group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). It is noteworthy that significant AEs were reported in both groups throughout the treatment period.

CONCLUSION

Cyclosporine A combined with artificial tears is effective in treating dry eye, yielding enhanced outcomes by improving SIT and TBUT levels, reducing CFS scores, and ameliorating vision-related quality of life.

Efficacy and mechanism of the Ermiao San series of formulas for rheumatoid arthritis based on Chinmedomics strategy

BACKGROUND

The Ermiao San Series of Formulas (ESSF) refers to Ermiao San (TS), Sanmiao Wan (TW), and Simiao Wan (FW), which are widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the therapeutic advantages and underlying mechanisms of ESSF treatment are unclear, especially regarding the improper selection of these three formulas when treating RA.

PURPOSE

To explore the efficacy and mechanisms of ESSF treatment for RA.

METHODS

Complete Freund's adjuvant was used to induce RA in rats. Chinmedomics strategy, which included metabolomics, serum pharmacochemistry of TCM, molecular docking, western blotting and qPCR, was applied to reveal the therapeutic advantages, pathways, and targets of ESSF.

RESULTS

In the early stages of treatment, TS quickly reduced joint swelling and the arthritis score index and regulated pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism and purine metabolism. TW increases the regulation of tryptophan metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism pathways, promoting the recovery of the thymus and spleen. FW increases the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism and has the greatest effect on immune organ and bone recovery. In addition, 54, 67, and 86 bioactive compounds were detected in the serum from TS, TW, and FW, respectively. Berberine, phellodendrine, atractylolide III, limonin, 25R-inokosterone, coixol, and stigmasterol were found to act on the key enzymes COX-2, mPGES-1, ALOX5, and XDH in arachidonic acid metabolism and purine metabolism pathways. Western blot and qPCR results showed that ESSF can reduce the activity of these targets, thereby inhibiting the expression of the inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α; the tissue injury factors MMP-3 and CRP; and the rheumatoid factors CCP Ab and RF, thereby achieving anti-RA efficacy.

CONCLUSION

ESSF has a good therapeutic effect on RA. TS focus on rapid swelling reduction in the early stages of RA, TW focus on the recovery of immune organ function, and FW can be used for bone recovery in the later stage of RA treatment. The key mechanism of treating RA is that ESSF reduces the activity of COX-2, mPGES-1, ALOX5, and XDH. These findings provide valuable guidance for targeted therapy for RA and for the clinical application of ESSF.

A double-blind randomized clinical trial of inflammatory cytokine and pepsin levels in the saliva of patients with voice prostheses

BACKGROUND

Tracheoesophageal speech is one of the most effective method used for voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy. The main limitation is the need for periodic voice prothesis (VP) replacements. The process of developing VP usage complications is still unexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the level of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα) and pepsin in saliva as potential factors reducing VP longevity.

METHODS

Prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted (NCT04268459). Patients were randomly divided into two groups depending on VP replacement regimen (regular-every 3 months, or irregular-when complications occur). Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, and pepsin in saliva samples (fasting and after eating) of laryngectomized patients were measured using ELISA tests.

RESULTS

Fifty-two patients (26 in both groups) with control group (7 patients) participated in the study. The level of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, and pepsin did not differ according to regularity of VP replacements (p = 0.301-0.801). IL-6 levels were significantly higher when VP complications occurs (p = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONS

The saliva components were not significantly different depending on the frequency of VP replacements. IL-6 plays an important role in the development of VP use complications.

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone contributes to an anti-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide

OBJECTIVE

During infection, metabolism and immunity react dynamically to promote survival through mechanisms that remain unclear. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) cleavage products are produced and released in the brain and in the pituitary gland. One POMC cleavage product, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is known to regulate food intake and energy expenditure and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is not known whether α-MSH is required to regulate physiological anti-inflammatory responses. We recently developed a novel mouse model with a targeted mutation in Pomc (Pomctm1/tm1 mice) to block production of all α-MSH forms which are required to regulate metabolism. To test whether endogenous α-MSH is required to regulate immune responses, we compared acute bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation between Pomctm1/tm1 and wild-type Pomcwt/wt mice.

METHODS

We challenged 10- to 14-week-old male Pomctm1/tm1 and Pomcwt/wt mice with single i.p. injections of either saline or low-dose LPS (100 μg/kg) and monitored immune and metabolic responses. We used telemetry to measure core body temperature (Tb), ELISA to measure circulating cytokines, corticosterone and α-MSH, and metabolic chambers to measure body weight, food intake, activity, and respiration. We also developed a mass spectrometry method to measure three forms of α-MSH produced in the mouse hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

RESULTS

LPS induced an exaggerated immune response in Pomctm1/tm1 compared to Pomcwt/wt mice. Both groups of mice were hypoactive and hypothermic following LPS administration, but Pomctm1/tm1 mice were significantly more hypothermic compared to control mice injected with LPS. Pomctm1/tm1 mice also had reduced oxygen consumption and impaired metabolic responses to LPS compared to controls. Pomctm1/tm1 mice had increased levels of key proinflammatory cytokines at 2 h and 4 h post LPS injection compared to Pomcwt/wt mice. Lastly, Pomcwt/wt mice injected with LPS compared to saline had increased total α-MSH in circulation 2 h post injection.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate endogenous α-MSH contributes to the inflammatory immune responses triggered by low-dose LPS administration and suggest that targeting the melanocortin system could be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of sepsis or inflammatory disease.

Antiviral effects of umbelliferone against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) poses a significant threat to global aquaculture, prompting ongoing efforts to identify potential drug candidates for disease prevention. Coumarin derivatives have recently emerged as a promising class of compounds effective against rhabdoviruses, which severely impact the aquaculture industry. In this study, we assessed the anti-VHSV activity of umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) in fathead minnow (FHM) cells and olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Umbelliferone exhibited an EC50 of 100 μg/mL by reducing cytopathic effect, with a maximum cytotoxicity of 30.9 % at 750 μg/mL. Mechanistic analyses via a time-course plaque reduction assay revealed that direct incubation with the virus for 1 h resulted in 97.0 ± 1.8 % plaque reduction, showing excellent direct virucidal activity. Pretreatment for 4 h resulted in a 33.5 ± 7.8 % plaque reduction, which increased with longer incubation times. Cotreatment led to a 33.5 ± 2.9 % plaque reduction, suggesting interference with viral binding, whereas postinfection treatment proved less effective. Umbelliferone was prophylactically administered to the olive flounder through short-term (3 days) and long-term (14 days) medicated feeding, followed by a 4-day postinfection period. Short-term administration at 100 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day resulted in the highest relative percent survival (RPS) of 56 %, whereas long-term administration achieved a maximum RPS of 44 % at 30 mg/kg bw/day. Umbelliferone administration delayed mortality at these doses. Additionally, umbelliferone significantly inhibited the expression of the VHSV N gene during viral challenge, with no observed toxic effects in fish up to an administration dose of 30 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. Our findings suggest that the protective mechanism of short-term administration of 100 mg umbelliferone against VHSV infection may involve the overexpression of TLR2, MDA5, STAT1, and NF-κB at 24 h postinfection (hpi). IL-8 and IFN II expression was upregulated, whereas TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN I expression was suppressed at 24 hpi. The upregulation of ISG15 at 48 hpi may contribute to the inhibition of VHSV replication, whereas the downregulation of Caspase 3 expression at 96 hpi suggests a possible inhibition of virus-induced apoptosis at later infection stages. Overall, umbelliferone exhibited anti-VHSV activity through multiple mechanisms, with the added advantage of convenient administration via medicated feed.

From molecular subgroups to molecular targeted therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: A bioinformatics approach

1Background

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with multiple unidentified pathogenic factors. The inconsistency between molecular subgroups poses challenges for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. In this study, we aimed to accurately distinguish RA patients at the transcriptome level using bioinformatics methods.

2Methods

We collected a total of 362 transcriptome datasets from RA patients in three independent samples from the GEO database. Consensus clustering was performed to identify molecular subgroups, and clinical features were assessed. Differential analysis was employed to annotate the biological functions of specifically upregulated genes between subgroups.

3Results

Based on consensus clustering of RA samples, we identified three robust molecular subgroups, with Subgroup III representing the high-risk subgroup and Subgroup II exhibiting a milder phenotype, possibly associated with relatively higher levels of autophagic ability. Subgroup I showed biological functions mainly related to viral infections, cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and inflammatory responses. Subgroup II involved autophagy of mitochondria and organelles, protein localization, and organelle disassembly pathways, suggesting heterogeneity in the autophagy process of mitochondria that may play a protective role in inflammatory diseases. Subgroup III represented a high-risk subgroup with pathological processes including abnormal amyloid precursor protein activation, promotion of inflammatory response, and cell proliferation.

4Conclusion

The classification of the RA dataset revealed pathological heterogeneity among different subgroups, providing new insights and a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of RA, identifying potential therapeutic targets, and developing personalized treatment approaches.

Effectiveness and safety of steamed ginger extract on mild osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of steamed ginger extract (GGE03) in subjects with mild knee osteoarthritis (OA). In total, 100 subjects were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to the GGE03 (0.48 g day-1 as GGE03) or placebo (0 g day-1 as GGE03) group and administered 1.6 g of the product for 12 weeks. Biomarkers were measured before and after intervention. At the efficacy endpoint, pain visual analog scale (VAS) Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (K-WOMAC; total scores, sub-scores) and patient global assessment (PGA) were found to be decreased in a statistically significantly manner in the GGE03 group compared to the placebo group. No significant changes were observed in any safety endpoint. These results suggest that GGE03 intake is useful as a functional food because it has beneficial effects in terms of improving joint pain as well as managing or preventing knee OA without side effects.

Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy: Advancing next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy by combination

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a stress-driven form of regulated cell death (RCD) in which dying tumor cells' specific signaling pathways are activated to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the robust anti-tumor immune response as well as a reversal of the tumor immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, as a landmark in anti-tumor immunotherapy, plays a formidable role in hematologic malignancies but falls short in solid tumors. The Gordian knot of CAR-T cells for solid tumors includes but is not limited to, tumor antigen heterogeneity or absence, physical and immune barriers of tumors. The combination of ICD induction therapy and CAR-T cell immunotherapy is expected to promote the intensive use of CAR-T cell in solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ICD, stress-responsive mechanism, and the synergistic effect of various ICD-based therapies with CAR-T cells to effectively improve anti-tumor capacity.

Recurrent pericarditis and interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors

Recurrent pericarditis (RP) is defined by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as an instance of acute pericarditis (AP) that occurs at least 4-6 weeks after the resolution of a previous episode of the same ailment. To mitigate the risk of RP, it is advised to administer accurate and prolonged pharmacological treatment for both the initial AP and subsequent RP. ESC guidelines recommend commencing treatment for any single episode of AP, including those that contribute to RP, with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in conjunction with colchicine for several months, often followed by gradual tapering. If there is an inadequate response, corticosteroids (CS) may be introduced cautiously. However, in a minority of cases, even when NSAIDs, colchicine, and CS are administered together at the highest recommended dosages, they may prove ineffective. In such instances, treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or biologics is advised. Among biologics, interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors have been extensively studied, although certain gaps remain. This narrative review delves into the rationale for employing IL-1 inhibitors and presents findings from existing studies regarding their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. Analysis of the literature indicates that there is currently insufficient data to ascertain the true therapeutic role of IL-1 inhibitors in managing and preventing RP. However, theoretically, drugs targeting both IL-1α and IL-1β may offer superior efficacy compared to those solely targeting IL-1β due to the significant involvement of both cytokines in inflammation. Further research is warranted to determine the comparative effectiveness of IL-1α and IL-1β inhibitors.

Alloreactive memory CD4 T cells promote transplant rejection by engaging DCs to induce innate inflammation and CD8 T cell priming

Alloreactive memory T cells have been implicated as central drivers of transplant rejection. Perplexingly, innate cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-12, are also associated with rejection of organ transplants. However, the pathways of innate immune activation in allogeneic transplantation are unclear. While the role of microbial and cell death products has been previously described, we identified alloreactive memory CD4 T cells as the primary triggers of innate inflammation. Memory CD4 T cells engaged MHC II-mismatched dendritic cells (DCs), leading to the production of innate inflammatory cytokines. This innate inflammation was independent of several pattern recognition receptors and was primarily driven by TNF superfamily ligands expressed by alloreactive memory CD4 T cells. Blocking of CD40L and TNFα resulted in dampened inflammation, and mice genetically deficient in these molecules exhibited prolonged survival of cardiac allografts. Furthermore, myeloid cell and CD8 T cell infiltration into cardiac transplants was compromised in both CD40L- and TNFα-deficient recipients. Strikingly, we found that priming of naive alloreactive CD8 T cells was dependent on licensing of DCs by memory CD4 T cells. This study unravels the key mechanisms by which alloreactive memory CD4 T cells contribute to destructive pathology and transplant rejection.

NLRP3 and autophagy in retinal ganglion cell inflammation in age-related macular degeneration: potential therapeutic implications

Retinal degenerative diseases were a large group of diseases characterized by the primary death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Recent studies had shown an interaction between autophagy and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, which may affect RGCs in retinal degenerative diseases. The NLRP3 inflammasome was a protein complex that, upon activation, produces caspase-1, mediating the apoptosis of retinal cells and promoting the occurrence and development of retinal degenerative diseases. Upregulated autophagy could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while inhibited autophagy can promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which leaded to the accelerated emergence of drusen and lipofuscin deposition under the neurosensory retina. The activated NLRP3 inflammasome could further inhibit autophagy, thus forming a vicious cycle that accelerated the damage and death of RGCs. This review discussed the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy and its effects on RGCs in age-related macular degeneration, providing a new perspective and direction for the treatment of retinal diseases.

A review of possible biomarkers for opioid tolerance

Knowledge of opioid tolerance in a deceased person is important for distinguishing between therapeutic and toxic opioid concentrations for that particular individual when interpreting postmortem toxicological results. However, no biomarkers for opioid tolerance are currently available. This review aimed to study the existing literature on mechanisms or changes in signaling pathways related to chronic opioid use, which could be relevant for further studies to identify biomarkers for opioid tolerance. We performed a systematic literature search using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines using the MeSH terms "opioid tolerance AND biomarkers" in PubMed, Embase, WebofScience, and the Cochrane library. A review of the search results yielded seven studies on animal models or humans, identifying and evaluating thirteen possible biomarkers in terms of specificity for changes induced by opioids and other aspects to be considered as potential biomarkers. We evaluated nine potential biomarkers as unlikely to be specific for opioid tolerance, and one had contradictory results in terms of upregulation or downregulation. However, methylation of the promoter region of the μ-opioid receptor gene, increased activity of soluble puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, altered miRNA profile, or other multiple component profiling may be interesting to study further as biomarkers for opioid tolerance in forensic postmortem cases.

Traditional approaches and recent tools for studying inflammasome activity

Inflammasomes play a major role in the immune response to infection, development of autoimmune disease, and control of cancer. Western blots were originally used in the early 2000s to characterize inflammasome activation. Since then, a panoply of techniques has been developed to characterize and visualize inflammasome activation in cells, tissues, and animals. This review article describes the most common techniques used by researchers in the inflammasome field and proposes that cell-specific characterization of inflammasome activation in tissues or animals may soon be commonly reported.

Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide alleviated lipid metabolism abnormalities in kidney of lead-exposed mice by regulating oxidative stress-mediated inflammation and autophagy based on multi-omics

Lead is a common environmental pollutant which can accumulate in the kidney and cause renal injury. However, regulatory effects and mechanisms of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide (SLP) on lipid metabolism abnormality in kidney exposed to lead are not clarified. In this study, mice were used to construct an animal model to observe the histopathological changes in kidney, measure lead content, damage indicators, differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and genes (DEGs) in key signaling pathways that cause lipid metabolism abnormalities based on lipidomics and transcriptomics, which were later validated using qPCR and western blotting. Co-treatment of Pb and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were used to verify the link between SLP and oxidative stress. Our results indicated that treatment with SLP identified 276 DEMs (including metabolism of glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, glycerolipid and fatty acid) and 177 DEGs (including genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy and lipid metabolism). Notably, regulatory effects of SLP on abnormal lipid metabolism in kidney were mainly associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy; SLP could regulate abnormal lipid metabolism in kidney by reducing oxidative stress and affecting its downstream-regulated autophagy and inflammatory to alleviate renal injury caused by lead exposure. This study provides a theoretical basis for SLP intervention in lead injury.

Cardiovascular Risk in Philadelphia-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Mechanisms and Implications-A Narrative Review

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), encompassing disorders like polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), are characterized by clonal hematopoiesis without the Philadelphia chromosome. The JAK2 V617F mutation is prevalent in PV, ET, and PMF, while mutations in MPL and CALR also play significant roles. These conditions predispose patients to thrombotic events, with PMF exhibiting the lowest survival among MPNs. Chronic inflammation, driven by cytokine release from aberrant leukocytes and platelets, amplifies cardiovascular risk through various mechanisms, including atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling. Additionally, MPN-related complications like pulmonary hypertension and cardiac fibrosis contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review consolidates recent research on MPNs' cardiovascular implications, emphasizing thrombotic risk, chronic inflammation, and vascular stiffness. Understanding these associations is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving outcomes in MPN patients.

Unraveling the blood microbiome: novel insights into inflammasome responses in Crohn's disease

OBJECTIVE

Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology, is influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This study aimed to analyze the blood microbiome and inflammasome responses, emphasizing NLRP3 protein expression and IL-1β and IL-18 plasma levels, between Crohn's patients and healthy subjects.

METHODS

A total of 40 volunteers were included in this study. The 16S rRNA technique was used to sequence the V3-V4 regions of the blood sample. NLRP3 protein levels in plasma were ascertained through Western Blot, and IL-1β and IL-18 plasma profiles were examined using ELISA.

RESULTS

Analysis highlighted five unique phyla in patients' plasma, emphasizing the role of the blood microbiome in CD. Compared to controls, Crohn's patients exhibited elevated NLRP3 protein expression. Plasma IL-1β levels were diminished in patients ( P  = 0.0041), whereas IL-18 levels were comparably higher ( P  = 0.8209). In patients with CD, the presence of Staphylococcus sciuri in blood samples highlights its potential role in the disease's onset. The study also underscored the interplay between dietary habits, specifically increased meat consumption, and the progression of CD.

CONCLUSION

Our pioneering research discerns the variations in the blood microbiome and inflammasome responses between Crohn's patients and healthy individuals. Significant microbiome alterations and the detection of the Staphylococcus sciuri pathogen in Crohn's patients were notable. The pronounced NLRP3 protein in patients suggests its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. Future explorations into IL-1β and IL-18 pathways promise to unveil innovative insights into CD.

Monoclonal antibodies for equine IL-1β enable the quantification of mature IL-1β in horses

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the key mediators of inflammation during innate immune responses. Mature bioactive IL-1β mediates essential host defense mechanisms but also has a mechanistic role in several autoinflammatory and degenerative diseases. In horses, specific and sensitive assays for IL-1β are crucial for immunological research on inflammatory processes and diseases. In this article, we describe the development of four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against equine IL-1β. The specificity of the new IL-1β mAbs was confirmed using a panel of equine recombinant cytokines and chemokines. The mAbs were validated for detection of native mature IL-1β in a fluorescent bead-based assay and for staining of IL-1β-producing immune cells by flow cytometry. The bead-based assay for equine IL-1β had a linear quantification range between 60 pg/ml to 960 ng/ml. Horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) secreted IL-1β after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in time and dose dependent manner as quantified by the new equine IL-1β bead-based assay. A comparison of two commercial equine IL-1β ELISA kits with the new IL-1β fluorescent bead-based assay revealed that the bead-based assay improved the quantification of native equine IL-1β in LPS stimulated PBMC supernatants by detecting it with high intensity and a broad linear quantification range, while both ELISAs resulted in low signals and poor native IL-1β recognition. Intracellular staining and flow cytometric analysis confirmed that the main cellular source of IL-1β in equine PBMC after LPS stimulation were CD14+ monocytes. IL-1β secretion from PBMC was inhibited by a caspase inhibitor but protein translation within the cells was not, supporting the accumulation of pro-IL-1β within the cells even when proteolytic cleavage for IL-1β activation is missing. This confirmed the importance of specific mAbs for analyzing the biologically active, mature IL-1β in horses.

Molecular insights into chronic atrophic gastritis treatment: Coptis chinensis Franch studied via network pharmacology, molecular dynamics simulation and experimental analysis

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), characterized by inflammation and erosion of the gastric lining, is a prevalent digestive disorder and considered a precursor to gastric cancer (GC). Coptis chinensis France (CCF) is renowned for its potent heat-clearing, detoxification, and anti-inflammatory properties. Zuojin Pill (ZJP), a classic Chinese medicine primarily composed of CCF, has demonstrated effectiveness in CAG treatment. This study aims to elucidate the potential mechanism of CCF treatment for CAG through a multifaceted approach encompassing network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and experimental verification. The study identified three major active compounds of CCF and elucidated key pathways, such as TNF signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling and p53 signaling. Molecular docking revealed interactions between these active compounds and pivotal targets like PTGS2, TNF, MTOR, and TP53. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation validated berberine as the primary active compound of CCF, which was further confirmed through experimental verification. This study not only identified berberine as the primary active compound of CCF but also provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CCF's efficacy in treating CAG. Furthermore, it offers a reference for refining therapeutic strategies for CAG management.

Harnessing pyroptosis for lung cancer therapy: The impact of NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Lung cancer is still a global health challenge in terms of high incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Recent scientific studies have determined that pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, can be identified as a potential lung cancer therapeutic target. The NLRP3 inflammasome acts as a critical mediator in this process and, upon activation, activates multiprotein complex formation as well as caspase-1 activation. This process, triggered by a release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, results in pyroptotic cell death. Also, the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and lung cancer was justified by its influence on tumour growth or metastasis. The molecular pathways produce progenitive mediators and remake the tissue. Finally, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome for pyroptosis induction and inhibition of its activation appears to be a promising lung cancer treatment approach. This technique makes cancer treatment more promising and personalized. This review explores the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its possibilities in lung cancer treatment.

Development of clobetasol-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles as an endodontic intracanal medicament

AIM

The aim of current study is the development and optimization of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to be used in the field of Endodontics as intracanal medication in cases of avulsed teeth with extended extra-oral time, utilizing PLGA polymers loaded with the anti-inflammatory drug clobetasol propionate (CP).

METHODOLOGY

CP-loaded nanoparticles (CP-NPs) were prepared using the solvent displacement method. CP release profile from CP-NPs was assessed for 48 h against free CP. Using extracted human teeth, the degree of infiltration inside the dentinal tubules was studied for both CP-NPs and CP. The anti-inflammatory capacity of CP-NPs was evaluated in vitro measuring their response and reaction against inflammatory cells, in particular against macrophages. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine the cytokine release of IL-1β and TNF-α.

RESULTS

Optimized CP-NPs displayed an average size below 200 nm and a monomodal population. Additionally, spherical morphology and non-aggregation of CP-NPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Interaction studies showed that CP was encapsulated inside the NPs and no covalent bonds were formed. Moreover, CP-NPs exhibited a prolonged and steady release with only 21% of the encapsulated CP released after 48 h. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, it was observed that CP-NPs were able to display enhanced penetration into the dentinal tubules. Neither the release of TNF-α nor IL-1β increased in CP-NPs compared to the LPS control, displaying results similar and even less than the TCP after 48 h. Moreover, IL-1β release in LPS-stimulated cells, decreased when macrophages were treated with CP-NPs.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present work, CP-NPs were prepared, optimized and characterized displaying significant increase in the degree of infiltration inside the dentinal tubules against CP and were able to significantly reduce TNF-α release. Therefore, CP-NPs constitute a promising therapy for the treatment of avulsed teeth with extended extra-oral time.

The extracellular matrix protein EFEMP2 is involved in the response to VHSV infection in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 (EFEMP2) is involved in connective tissue development, elastic fiber formation, and tumor growth. In this study, we characterized the cDNA of EFEMP2 (PoEFEMP2), a member of the fibulin family of ECM proteins, in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The coding region of PoEFEMP2 encodes a protein that contains six calcium-binding EGF-like (EGF-CA) domains and four complement Clr-like EGF-like (cEGF) domains. PoEFEMP2 shows 67.51-96.77 % similarities to orthologs in a variety of fish species. PoEFEMP2 mRNA was detected in all tissues examined; the highest levels of PoEFEMP2 mRNA expression were observed in the heart, testis, ovary and muscle. The PoEFEMP2 mRNA level increases during early development. In addition, the PoEFEMP2 mRNA level increased at 3 h post-infection (hpi) and decreased from 6 to 48 hpi in flounder Hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). Disruption of PoEFEMP2 using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system resulted in a significant upregulation of VHSV G mRNA levels and immune-related genes expression in knockout cells. These findings implicate PoEFEMP2 in antiviral responses in P. olivaceus.

No association between markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with Alzheimer's disease progression: a longitudinal study

INTRODUCTION

Systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are potentially modifiable factors implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which offer potential therapeutic targets to slow disease progression.

METHODS

We investigated the relationship between baseline circulating levels of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1ß) and endothelial cell markers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin) and 18-month cognitive decline (ADAS-cog12) in 266 mild-to-moderate AD patients from the NILVAD study. We employed individual growth models to examine associations, potential mediation, and interaction effects while adjusting for confounders.

RESULTS

The average increase in ADAS-cog12 scores over all patients was 8.1 points in 18 months. No significant association was found between the markers and the rate of cognitive decline. Mediation analysis revealed no mediating role for endothelial cell markers, and interaction effects were not observed.

DISCUSSION

Our results do not support the role of systemic inflammation or endothelial dysfunction in progression in persons with AD.

Investigating the pro-inflammatory differentiation of macrophages with bacterial ghosts in potential infection control

In the complex realm of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), macrophages play a pivotal role in orchestrating the immune response. During the initial stages of infection, the monocytes give rise to macrophages with a pro-inflammatory (M1 type) behaviour, engulfing and neutralizing the invading pathogens. However, under the sustained influence of S. aureus infection, monocytes can undergo a transition into an anti-inflammatory M2 state (pro-infection) rather than the M1 state (anti-infection), thereby compromising effective infection control. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a strategy that would preserve the pro-inflammatory functions of macrophages, in a safe and controlled manner. For this, we focused on harnessing the potential of S. aureus-derived ghost cells (GCs) which are non-live empty envelopes of bacterial cells, but with the antigenic determinants intact. Through a unique Lugol's-iodine treatment, we generated GCs and characterization of these GCs using gel electrophoresis, FTIR, flow cytometry, TEM, and SEM confirmed their structural integrity. Following this, we assessed the extend of cellular association of the GCs with RAW267.4 macrophages, and observed an immediate interaction between the two, as evident from the flowcytometry and microscopy studies. We then performed macrophage polarisation on a human monocyte-macrophage model cell line, THP-1. Our findings revealed that GCs effectively activated macrophages, and promoted a pro-inflammatory polarisation with the expression of M1 differentiation markers (CD86, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12) evaluated through both qPCR and ELISA. Interestingly an intermediary expression of M2 markers viz., CD206 and IL-10 was also observed, but was overruled by the enhanced expression of M1 markers at a later time point. Overall, our study introduces a novel approach utilizing GCs to guide naïve macrophages towards M1 subtypes, thereby potentiating immune responses during microbial infections. This innovative strategy can modulate macrophage function, ultimately improving outcomes in S. aureus infections and beyond.

Sputum production and salivary microbiome in COVID-19 patients reveals oral-lung axis

SARS-CoV-2, a severe respiratory disease primarily targeting the lungs, was the leading cause of death worldwide during the pandemic. Understanding the interplay between the oral microbiome and inflammatory cytokines during acute infection is crucial for elucidating host immune responses. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the oral microbiome and cytokines in COVID-19 patients, particularly those with and without sputum production. Saliva and blood samples from 50 COVID-19 patients were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing for oral microbiome analysis, and 65 saliva and serum cytokines were assessed using Luminex multiplex analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare cytokine levels between individuals with and without sputum production. Logistic regression machine learning models were employed to evaluate the predictive capability of oral microbiome, salivary, and blood biomarkers for sputum production. Significant differences were observed in the membership (Jaccard dissimilarity: p = 0.016) and abundance (PhILR dissimilarity: p = 0.048; metagenomeSeq) of salivary microbial communities between patients with and without sputum production. Seven bacterial genera, including Prevotella, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Atopobium, Filifactor, Leptotrichia, and Selenomonas, were more prevalent in patients with sputum production (p<0.05, Fisher's exact test). Nine genera, including Prevotella, Megasphaera, Stomatobaculum, Selenomonas, Leptotrichia, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Atopobium, and Corynebacteria, were significantly more abundant in the sputum-producing group, while Lachnoanaerobaculum was more prevalent in the non-sputum-producing group (p<0.05, ANCOM-BC). Positive correlations were found between salivary IFN-gamma and Eotaxin2/CCL24 with sputum production, while negative correlations were noted with serum MCP3/CCL7, MIG/CXCL9, IL1 beta, and SCF (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The machine learning model using only oral bacteria input outperformed the model that included all data: blood and saliva biomarkers, as well as clinical and demographic variables, in predicting sputum production in COVID-19 subjects. The performance metrics were as follows, comparing the model with only bacteria input versus the model with all input variables: precision (95% vs. 75%), recall (100% vs. 50%), F1-score (98% vs. 60%), and accuracy (82% vs. 66%).

Role of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and the impact of exercise-induced remodeling

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and debilitating brain disorder that worsens progressively with age, characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) leading to amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylation of Tau, resulting in intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), are primary pathological features of AD. Despite significant research investment and effort, therapies targeting Aβ and NFTs have proven limited in efficacy for treating or slowing AD progression. Consequently, there is a growing interest in non-invasive therapeutic strategies for AD prevention. Exercise, a low-cost and non-invasive intervention, has demonstrated promising neuroprotective potential in AD prevention. Astrocytes, among the most abundant glial cells in the brain, play essential roles in various physiological processes and are implicated in AD initiation and progression. Exercise delays pathological progression and mitigates cognitive dysfunction in AD by modulating astrocyte morphological and phenotypic changes and fostering crosstalk with other glial cells. This review aims to consolidate the current understanding of how exercise influences astrocyte dynamics in AD, with a focus on elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying astrocyte remodeling. The review begins with an overview of the neuropathological changes observed in AD, followed by an examination of astrocyte dysfunction as a feature of the disease. Lastly, the review explores the potential therapeutic implications of exercise-induced astrocyte remodeling in the context of AD.

[Penetration capacity and local anti-inflammatory effect of a methyl salicylate gel with turpentine essence, camphor, and menthol for the symptomatic local treatment of muscular and joint pains]

Introduction

Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in managing musculoskeletal pain, but often are associated with side effects. Therefore, topical anti-inflammatory drugs are considered a suitable alternative for certain patients.

Objective

To determine the skin penetration capacity and anti-inflammatory efficacy of a methyl salicylate gel (MS) with turpentine essence, camphor and menthol (GelSMETAM).

Methods

Human skin explants were used (three biological replicates with 3 technical replicates each were performed). To assess penetration capacity, methyl salicylate (MS) levels were quantified at different intervals using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For the anti-inflammatory effect, the gene expression of major pro-inflammatory factors was quantified 30 minutes, 8 hours, and 12 hours after an impact; comparing GelSMETAM application with untreated controls.

Results

The results showed that approximately 0.8% of the total applied methyl salicylate penetrated the skin with a time-dependent concentration increase. The anti-inflammatory effect demonstrated a significant reduction in the gene expression of TNFα, IL1α, IL6, IL8, and NFKβ at 30 minutes (between -39% and -53.6% compared to control), which was maintained at 8 hours except for TNFα (between -59% and -92.6%) and persisted even at 12 hours (-69.4%) for IL1α.

Conclusion

The results support the hypothesis that GelSMETAM provides an effective and prolonged anti-inflammatory response, positioning it as a suitable option for the management of musculoskeletal pain.

The protease caspase-1: Activation pathways and functions

Caspase-1 is one of the main mediators of inflammatory caspases and has become a correspondent with inflammation, cell death, and several inflammatory diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize both original and recent advances in caspase-1 to provide references for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in its activation and functions. This study investigates and summarizes the published articles concerning caspase-1, inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and cell death by searching academic search systems, including the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Caspase-1 is one of the main mediators of inflammatory caspases and has become a correspondent with inflammation and cell death. In cell death, caspase-1 was originally found to cause apoptosis in fibroblasts. Importantly, caspase-1 was later reported to execute programmed cell death, including pyroptosis and apoptosis, in many immune cells in response to diverse stimuli. It is widely established that different pathways can activate caspase-1 and subsequently mediate cell death and inflammation. It has become increasingly clear that caspase-1 is responsible for the initiation and control of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and inflammation in addition to its well-known function in cleaving IL-1β. The significant advancement in the understanding of caspase-1-controlled cell death and novel substrates inspires new therapeutic approaches in the future.

Baseline data collections of lipopolysaccharide content in 414 herbal extracts and its role in innate immune activation

Some herbal extracts contain relatively high amounts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because orally administered LPS activates innate immunity without inducing inflammation, it plays a role as an active ingredient in herbal extracts. However, the LPS content in herbal extracts remains extensively unevaluated. This study aimed to create a database of LPS content in herbal extracts; therefore, the LPS content of 414 herbal extracts was measured and the macrophage activation potential was evaluated. The LPS content of these hot water extracts was determined using the kinetic-turbidimetric method. The LPS concentration ranged from a few ng/g to hundreds of μg/g (Standard Escherichia coli LPS equivalent). Twelve samples had a high-LPS-content of > 100 μg/g, including seven samples from roots and three samples from leaves of the herbal extracts. These samples showed high phagocytosis and NO production capacity, and further investigation using polymyxin B, an LPS inhibitor, significantly inhibited macrophage activation. This study suggests that some herbal extracts contain sufficient LPS concentration to activate innate immunity. Therefore, a new approach to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts based on their LPS content was proposed. A database listing the LPS content of different herbal extracts is essential for this approach.

Involvement of interleukin-1β in high glucose-activated proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with the increased risk of development and the advancement of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). High glucose levels were previously shown for upregulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in CCA cells with unclear functions. The present study, thus, aimed to investigate molecular mechanisms linking DM to CCA progression, with IL-1β hypothesized as a communicating cytokine.

Methods

CCA cells were cultured in media with normal (5.6 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose, resembling euglycemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. Expressions of IL-1β and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) in CCA tissues from patients with and without DM were examined using immunohistochemistry. Functional analyses of IL-1β were performed using siRNA and recombinant human IL-1R antagonist (rhIL-1RA), in which Western blots investigated the knockdown efficacy. BALB/c Rag-2-/- Jak3-/- (BRJ) mice were implanted with CCA xenografts to investigate hyperglycemia's effects on CCA growth and the anti-tumor effects of IL-1RA.

Results

CCA tumors from patients with hyperglycemia showed significantly higher IL-1β expression than those from non-DM patients, while IL-1β was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. CCA cells cultured in high glucose showed increased IL-1β expression, resulting in increased proliferation rates. Suppressing IL-1β signaling by si-IL-1β or rhIL-1RA significantly reduced CCA cell proliferation in vitro. Anakinra, a synthetic IL-1RA, also exerted significant anti-tumor effects in vivo and significantly reversed the effects of hyperglycemia-induced growth in CCA xenografts.

Conclusions

IL-1β plays a crucial role in CCA progression in a high-glucose environment. Targeting IL-1β might, then, help improve therapeutic outcomes of CCA in patients with DM and hyperglycemia.

Puerarin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced endometritis through attenuating inflammation and ferroptosis via regulating the P2X7/NLRP3 signalling pathway

Endometritis is one of the important causes of infertility. Puerarin (PU) can inhibit oxidative stress and reduce inflammation; however, it is unclear whether PU has a protective effect on the endometritis. In our study, we used Staphylococcus aureus to induce mouse endometritis. The PU group (100 mg/kg PU) and the S. aureus + PU group received daily intraperitoneal injection of PU (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg PU). The results showed that S. aureus significantly increased the levels of MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in uterine tissue, and increased the expression of p-p65 and p-IκBα proteins in uterine tissue to induce endometritis in mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it has been found that S. aureus promotes the occurrence of ferroptosis by reducing GSH and ATP content, increasing MDA and iron content and reducing GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein expression levels (p < 0.05). S. aureus significantly increase the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and P2X7 proteins in uterine tissue (p < 0.05). However, PU obviously reduced the inflammatory response and reversed the changes of ferroptosis and the expression of P2X7 receptor/NLRP3 pathway associated proteins of the uterus induced by S. aureus (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings emphasize the protective effect of PU on endometritis by regulating the P2X7 receptor/NLRP3 signalling pathway and inhibiting ferroptosis.

Life cycle assessment of hepatotoxicity induced by cyhalofop-butyl in environmental concentrations on zebrafish in light of gut-liver axis

Cyhalofop-butyl (CB) poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms, but there is a discrepancy in evidence about hepatotoxicity after prolonged exposure to environmental levels. The aim of this study was to investigate long-term hepatotoxicity and its effects on the gut-liver axis through the exposure of zebrafish to environmental concentrations of CB (0.1,1,10 μg/L) throughout their life cycle. Zebrafish experienced abnormal obesity symptoms and organ index after a prolonged exposure of 120 days. The gut-liver axis was found to be damaged both morphologically and functionally through an analysis of histology, electron microscopy subcellular structure, and liver function. The disruption of the gut-liver axis inflammatory process by CB is suggested by the rise in inflammatory factors and the alteration of inflammatory genes. Furthermore, there was a noticeable alteration in the blood and gut-liver axis biochemical parameters as well as gene expression linked to lipid metabolism, which may led to an imbalance in the gut flora. In conclusion, the connection between the gut-liver axis, intestinal microbiota, and liver leads to the metabolic dysfunction of zebrafish exposed to long-term ambient concentrations of CB, and damaged immune system and liver lipid metabolism. This study gives another knowledge into the hepatotoxicity component of long haul openness to ecological centralization of CB, and might be useful to assess the potential natural and wellbeing dangers of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides.

Analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)-regulated, glucocorticoid receptor-dependent genes in macrophages reveals a novel host defense function of AAT

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) plays a homeostatic role in attenuating excessive inflammation and augmenting host defense against microbes. We demonstrated previously that AAT binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in significant anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial consequences in macrophages. Our current investigation aims to uncover AAT-regulated genes that rely on GR in macrophages. We incubated control THP-1 cells (THP-1control) and THP-1 cells knocked down for GR (THP-1GR-KD) with AAT, performed bulk RNA sequencing, and analyzed the findings. In THP-1control cells, AAT significantly upregulated 408 genes and downregulated 376 genes. Comparing THP-1control and THP-1GR-KD cells, 125 (30.6%) of the AAT-upregulated genes and 154 (41.0%) of the AAT-downregulated genes were significantly dependent on GR. Among the AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes, CSF-2 that encodes for granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), known to be host-protective against nontuberculous mycobacteria, was strongly upregulated by AAT and dependent on GR. We further quantified the mRNA and protein of several AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes in macrophages and the mRNA of several AAT-downregulated, GR-dependent genes. We also discussed the function(s) of selected AAT-regulated, GR-dependent gene products largely in the context of mycobacterial infections. In conclusion, AAT regulated several genes that are dependent on GR and play roles in host immunity against mycobacteria.

Retinal microglial cells increase expression and release of IL-1β when exposed to ATP

Cytokine IL-1β is an early component of inflammatory cascades, with both priming and activation steps required before IL-1β release. Here, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) for ATP was shown to both prime and release IL-1β from retinal microglial cells. Isolated retinal microglial cells increased expression of Il1b when stimulated with endogenous receptor agonist extracellular ATP; ATP also rapidly downregulated expression of microglial markers Tmem119 and Cd206. Changes to all three genes were reduced by specific P2X7R antagonist A839977, implicating the P2X7R. Microglial cells expressed the P2X7R on ramifications and responded to receptor agonist BzATP with robust and rapid rises in intracellular Ca 2+ . BzATP increased expression of IL-1β protein colocalizing with CX3CR1-GFP in retinal wholemounts consistent with microglial cells. ATP also triggered release of IL-1β from isolated retinal microglia into the bath; release was inhibited by A839977 and induced by BzATP, supporting a role for the P2X7R in release as well as priming. The IL-1β release triggered by ATP was substantially greater from microglial cells compared to astrocytes from the optic nerve head region. Il1b expression was increased by a transient rise in intraocular pressure and Il1b levels remained elevated 10 days after a single IOP elevation. In summary, this study suggests the P2X7 receptor can both prime IL-1β levels in microglial cells and trigger its release. The P2Y12R was previously identified as a chemoattractant for retinal microglia, suggesting the recruitment of the cells towards the source of released extracellular ATP could position microglia for P2X7R receptor, enabling both priming and release of IL-1β.

Acute kidney injury in critical care: complications of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an immune dysfunction characterized by an exaggerated and pathological inflammatory response, potentially leading to systemic inflammatory reactions and multiple-organ failure, including renal involvement. HLH can be classified as primary or secondary, with primary HLH associated with genetic mutations affecting cell degranulation capacity, and secondary HLH often linked to infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases. The pathogenesis of HLH is not fully understood, but primary HLH is typically driven by genetic defects, whereas secondary HLH involves the activation of CD8+ T cells and macrophages, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The clinical presentation of HLH includes non-specific manifestations, making it challenging to differentiate from severe sepsis, particularly secondary HLH due to infections. Shared features include prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, hematopenia, hepatic dysfunction, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypofibrinogenemia, along with histiocytosis and hemophagocytosis. However, distinctive markers like dual hemocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and elevated sCD25 levels may aid in differentiating HLH from sepsis. Indeed, no singular biomarker effectively distinguishes between hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and infection. However, research on combined biomarkers provides insights into the differential diagnosis. Renal impairment is frequently encountered in both HLH and sepsis. It can result from a systemic inflammatory response triggered by an influx of inflammatory mediators, from direct damage caused by these factors, or as a consequence of the primary disease process. For instance, macrophage infiltration of the kidney can lead to structural damage affecting various renal components, precipitating disease. Presently, tubular necrosis remains the predominant form of renal involvement in HLH-associated acute kidney injury (HLH-AKI). However, histopathological changes may also encompass interstitial inflammation, glomerular abnormalities, microscopic lesions, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Treatment approaches for HLH and sepsis diverge significantly. HLH is primarily managed with repeated chemotherapy to eliminate immune-activating stimuli and suppress hypercellularity. The treatment approach for sepsis primarily focuses on anti-infective therapy and intensive symptomatic supportive care. Renal function significantly influences clinical decision-making, particularly regarding the selection of chemotherapy and antibiotic dosages, which can profoundly impact patient prognosis. Conversely, renal function recovery is a complex process influenced by factors such as disease severity, timely diagnosis, and the intensity of treatment. A crucial aspect in managing HLH-AKI is the timely diagnosis, which plays a pivotal role in reversing renal impairment and creating a therapeutic window for intervention, may have opportunity to improve patient prognosis. Understanding the clinical characteristics, underlying causes, biomarkers, immunopathogenesis, and treatment options for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with acute kidney injury (HLH-AKI) is crucial for improving patient prognosis.

Optimizing mRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles as a Potential Tool for Protein-Replacement Therapy

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) tailored for mRNA delivery were optimized to serve as a platform for treating metabolic diseases. Four distinct lipid mixes (LMs) were formulated by modifying various components: LM1 (ALC-0315/DSPC/Cholesterol/ALC-0159), LM2 (ALC-0315/DOPE/Cholesterol/ALC-0159), LM3 (ALC-0315/DSPC/Cholesterol/DMG-PEG2k), and LM4 (DLin-MC3-DMA/DSPC/Cholesterol/ALC-0159). LNPs exhibited stability and homogeneity with a mean size of 75 to 90 nm, confirmed by cryo-TEM and SAXS studies. High mRNA encapsulation (95-100%) was achieved. LNPs effectively delivered EGFP-encoding mRNA to HepG2 and DC2.4 cell lines. LNPs induced cytokine secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), revealing that LM1, LM2, and LM4 induced 1.5- to 4-fold increases in IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels, while LM3 showed minimal changes. Reporter mRNA expression was observed in LNP-treated PBMCs. Hemotoxicity studies confirmed formulation biocompatibility with values below 2%. In vivo biodistribution in mice post intramuscular injection showed significant mRNA expression, mainly in the liver. The modification of LNP components influenced reactogenicity, inflammatory response, and mRNA expression, offering a promising platform for selecting less reactogenic carriers suitable for repetitive dosing in metabolic disease treatment.

Dynamic immune status analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection sepsis using single-cell RNA sequencing

Background

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common Gram-negative bacterium. Blood infection caused by K. pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of human sepsis, which seriously threatens the life of patients. The immune status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) based on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in acute stage and recovery stage of sepsis caused by K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection has not been studied.

Methods

A total of 13 subjects were included in this study, 3 healthy controls, 7 patients with K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection in the acute stage (4 patients died), and 3 patients in the recovery stage. Peripheral blood of all patients was collected and PBMCs were isolated for scRNA-seq analysis. We studied the changes of PBMCs components, signaling pathways, differential genes, and cytokines in acute and recovery stages.

Results

During K. pneumoniae acute infection we observed a decrease in the proportion of T cells, most probably due to apoptosis and the function of T cell subtypes was disorder. The proportion of monocytes increased in acute stage. Although genes related to their phagocytosis function were upregulated, their antigen presentation capacity-associated genes were downregulated. The expression of IL-1β, IL-18, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 genes was also increased in monocytes. The proportion of DCs was depleted during the acute stage and did not recover during sepsis recovery. DCs antigen presentation was weakened during the acute stage but recovered fast during the recovery stage. pDCs response to MCP-1 chemokine was weakened, they recovered it quickly during the recovery stage. B cells showed apoptosis both in the acute stage and recovery stage. Their response to complement was weakened, but their antigen presentation function was enhanced. The proportion of NK cells stable during all disease's stages, and the expression of IFN-γ gene was upregulated.

Conclusion

The proportion of PBMCs and their immune functions undergo variations throughout the course of the disease, spanning from the acute stage to recovery. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of PBMCs immune function during K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection sepsis and recovery and sets the basis for further understanding and treatment.

Nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: Advanced approaches

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory condition that affects persons between the ages of 20 and 40, causes synovium inflammation, cartilage loss, and joint discomfort as some of its symptoms. Diagnostic techniques for RA have traditionally been split into two main categories: imaging and serological tests. However, significant issues are associated with both of these methods. Imaging methods are costly and only helpful in people with obvious symptoms, while serological assays are time-consuming and require specialist knowledge. The drawbacks of these traditional techniques have led to the development of novel diagnostic approaches. The unique properties of nanomaterials make them well-suited as biosensors. Their compact dimensions are frequently cited for their outstanding performance, and their positive impact on the signal-to-noise ratio accounts for their capacity to detect biomarkers at low detection limits, with excellent repeatability and a robust dynamic range. In this review, we discuss the use of nanomaterials in RA theranostics. Scientists have recently synthesized, characterized, and modified nanomaterials and biomarkers commonly used to enhance RA diagnosis and therapy capabilities. We hope to provide scientists with the promising potential that nanomaterials hold for future theranostics and offer suggestions on further improving nanomaterials as biosensors, particularly for detecting autoimmune disorders.

MicroRNA-7 deficiency ameliorates d-galactose-induced aging in mice by regulating senescence of Kupffer cells

Aging is intricately linked to immune system dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the biological function of microRNA-7 (miR-7) as a novel regulator of immune cell function and related diseases. However, the potential role of miR-7 in aging remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the contribution of miR-7 to d-gal-induced aging in mice, focusing on its regulation of senescent Kupffer cells. Our findings revealed that miR-7 deficiency significantly ameliorated the aging process, characterized by enhanced CD4+ T-cell activation. However, the adoptive transfer of miR-7-deficient CD4+T cells failed to improve the age-related phenotype. Further analysis showed that miR-7 deficiency significantly reduced IL-1β production in liver tissue, and inhibiting IL-1β in vivo slowed down the aging process in mice. Notably, IL-1β is mainly produced by senescent Kupffer cells in the liver tissue of aging mice, and miR-7 expression was significantly up-regulated in these cells. Mechanistically, KLF4, a target of miR-7, was down-regulated in senescent Kupffer cells in aging mouse model. Furthermore, miR-7 deficiency also modulated the NF-κB activation and IL-1β production in senescent Kupffer cells through KLF4. In conclusion, our findings unveil the role of miR-7 in d-gal-induced aging in mice, highlighting its regulation of KLF4/NF-κB/IL-1β pathways in senescent Kupffer cells. This research may enhance our understanding of miRNA-based aging immune cells and offer new avenues for new intervention strategies in aging process.

Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of vestibular schwannoma reveals functionally distinct macrophage subsets

BACKGROUND

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) remain a challenge due to their anatomical location and propensity to growth. Macrophages are present in VS but their roles in VS pathogenesis remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES

The objective was to assess phenotypic and functional profile of macrophages in VS with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq).

METHODS

scRNAseq was carried out in three VS samples to examine characteristics of macrophages in the tumour. RT-qPCR was carried out on 10 VS samples for CD14, CD68 and CD163 and a panel of macrophage-associated molecules.

RESULTS

scRNAseq revealed macrophages to be a major constituent of VS microenvironment with three distinct subclusters based on gene expression. The subclusters were also defined by expression of CD163, CD68 and IL-1β. AREG and PLAUR were expressed in the CD68+CD163+IL-1β+ subcluster, PLCG2 and NCKAP5 were expressed in CD68+CD163+IL-1β- subcluster and AUTS2 and SPP1 were expressed in the CD68+CD163-IL-1β+ subcluster. RT-qPCR showed expression of several macrophage markers in VS of which CD14, ALOX15, Interleukin-1β, INHBA and Colony Stimulating Factor-1R were found to have a high correlation with tumour volume.

CONCLUSIONS

Macrophages form an important component of VS stroma. scRNAseq reveals three distinct subsets of macrophages in the VS tissue which may have differing roles in the pathogenesis of VS.

Peripheral Mechanism of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain

Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a type of ongoing or breakthrough pain caused by a primary bone tumor or bone metastasis. CIBP constitutes a specific pain state with distinct characteristics; however, it shares similarities with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. At present, although various therapies have been developed for this condition, complete relief from CIBP in patients with cancer is yet to be achieved. Hence, it is urgent to study the mechanism underlying CIBP to develop efficient analgesic drugs. Herein, we focused on the peripheral mechanism associated with the initiation of CIBP, which involves tissue injury in the bone and changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and dorsal root ganglion. The nerve-cancer and cancer-immunocyte cross-talk in the TME creates circumstances that promote tumor growth and metastasis, ultimately leading to CIBP. The peripheral mechanism of CIBP and current treatments as well as potential therapeutic targets are discussed in this review.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum surface-displayed VP6 (PoRV) protein can prevent PoRV infection in piglets

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) poses a threat to the development of animal husbandry and human health, leading to substantial economic losses. VP6 protein is the most abundant component in virus particles and also the core structural protein of the virus. Firstly, this study developed an antibiotic-resistance-free, environmentally friendly expression vector, named asd-araC-PBAD-alr (AAPA). Then Recombinant Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) strains induced by arabinose to express VP6 and VP6-pFc fusion proteins was constructed. Subsequently, This paper discovered that NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-S and NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-pFc-S could enhance host immunity and prevent rotavirus infection in neonatal mice and piglets. The novel recombinant L. plantarum strains constructed in this study can serve as oral vaccines to boost host immunity, offering a new strategy to prevent PoRV infection.

Polyethyleneimine surface-modified silver-selenium nanocomposites for anti-infective treatment of wounds by disrupting biofilms

Bacterial biofilm formation is associated with the pathogenicity of pathogens and poses a serious threat to human health and clinical therapy. Complex biofilm structures provide physical barriers that inhibit antibiotic penetration and inactivate antibiotics via enzymatic breakdown. The development of biofilm-disrupting nanoparticles offers a promising strategy for combating biofilm infections. Hence, polyethyleneimine surface-modified silver-selenium nanocomposites, Ag@Se@PEI (ASP NCs), were designed for synergistic antibacterial effects by destroying bacterial biofilms to promote wound healing. The results ofin vitroantimicrobial experiments showed that, ASP NCs achieved efficient antibacterial effects againstStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)andEscherichia coli (E. coli)by disrupting the formation of the bacterial biofilm, stimulating the outbreak of reactive oxygen species and destroying the integrity of bacterial cell membranes. Thein-vivobacterial infection in mice model showed that, ASP NCs further promoted wound healing and new tissue formation by reducing inflammatory factors and promoting collagen fiber formation which efficiently enhanced the antibacterial effect. Overall, ASP NCs possess low toxicity and minimal side effects, coupled with biocompatibility and efficient antibacterial properties. By disrupting biofilms and bacterial cell membranes, ASP NCs reduced inflammatory responses and accelerated the healing of infected wounds. This nanocomposite-based study offers new insights into antibacterial therapeutic strategies as potential alternatives to antibiotics for wound healing.

To Investigate the Mechanism of Qinpi Tongfeng Formula in Treating Acute Gouty Arthritis by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Background

Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) is characterized by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals within the joints, leading to inflammation and severe pain. Western medicine treatments have limitations in addressing this condition. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of Qinpi Tongfeng formula (QPTFF) in treating AGA, but further investigation is needed to understand its mechanism of action.

Methods

We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem Q-Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) to identify compounds in QPTFF. Target proteins regulated by these compounds were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, Chemistry Database, and Swiss Target Prediction Database. AGA-related targets were searched and screened from various databases, including Genecards, PharmGKB, Drugbank, etc. Intersection targets of QPTFF and AGA were analyzed for protein-protein interaction networks, GO function enrichment, and KEGG pathway enrichment. We then verified QPTFF's mechanism of action using an AGA rat model, assessing pathological changes via H&E staining and target expression via ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blot.

Results

UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS identified 207 compounds in QPTFF, with 55 selected through network pharmacology. Of 589 compound-regulated targets and 1204 AGA-related targets, 183 potential targets were implicated in QPTFF's treatment of AGA. Main target proteins included IL-1β, NFKBIA, IL-6, TNF, CXCL8, and MMP9, with the IL-17 signaling pathway primarily regulated by QPTFF. Experimental results showed that medium and high doses of QPTFF significantly reduced serum inflammatory factors and MMP-9 expression, and inhibited IL-17A, IL-6, IKK-β, and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein expression in AGA rats compared to the model group.

Conclusion

Key targets of QPTFF include IL-1β, NFKBIA, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL8, and MMP9. QPTFF effectively alleviates joint inflammation in AGA rats, with high doses demonstrating no liver or kidney toxicity. Its anti-inflammatory mechanism in treating AGA involves the IL-17A/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Single cell RNA-sequencing of feline peripheral immune cells with V(D)J repertoire and cross species analysis of T lymphocytes

Introduction

The domestic cat (Felis catus) is a valued companion animal and a model for virally induced cancers and immunodeficiencies. However, species-specific limitations such as a scarcity of immune cell markers constrain our ability to resolve immune cell subsets at sufficient detail. The goal of this study was to characterize circulating feline T cells and other leukocytes based on their transcriptomic landscape and T-cell receptor repertoire using single cell RNA-sequencing.

Methods

Peripheral blood from 4 healthy cats was enriched for T cells by flow cytometry cell sorting using a mouse anti-feline CD5 monoclonal antibody. Libraries for whole transcriptome, alpha/beta T cell receptor transcripts and gamma/delta T cell receptor transcripts were constructed using the 10x Genomics Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 5' reagent kit and the Chromium Single Cell V(D)J Enrichment Kit with custom reverse primers for the feline orthologs.

Results

Unsupervised clustering of whole transcriptome data revealed 7 major cell populations - T cells, neutrophils, monocytic cells, B cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, mast cells and platelets. Sub cluster analysis of T cells resolved naive (CD4+ and CD8+), CD4+ effector T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and gamma/delta T cells. Cross species analysis revealed a high conservation of T cell subsets along an effector gradient with equitable representation of veterinary species (horse, dog, pig) and humans with the cat. Our V(D)J repertoire analysis demonstrated a skewed T-cell receptor alpha gene usage and a restricted T-cell receptor gamma junctional length in CD8+ cytotoxic T cells compared to other alpha/beta T cell subsets. Among myeloid cells, we resolved three clusters of classical monocytes with polarization into pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes in addition to a cluster of conventional dendritic cells. Lastly, our neutrophil sub clustering revealed a larger mature neutrophil cluster and a smaller exhausted/activated cluster.

Discussion

Our study is the first to characterize subsets of circulating T cells utilizing an integrative approach of single cell RNA-sequencing, V(D)J repertoire analysis and cross species analysis. In addition, we characterize the transcriptome of several myeloid cell subsets and demonstrate immune cell relatedness across different species.

Discovery of BIO-8169─A Highly Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant IRAK4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Neuroinflammation

Interleukin receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays an important role in innate immune signaling through Toll-like and interleukin-1 receptors and represents an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. We previously reported the development of a potent, selective, and brain-penetrant imidazopyrimidine series of IRAK4 inhibitors. However, lead molecule BIO-7488 (1) suffered from low solubility which led to variable PK, compound accumulation, and poor in vivo tolerability. Herein, we describe the discovery of a series of pyridone analogs with improved solubility which are highly potent, selective and demonstrate desirable PK profiles including good oral bioavailability and excellent brain penetration. BIO-8169 (2) reduced the in vivo production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, was well tolerated in safety studies in rodents and dog at margins well above the predicted efficacious exposure and showed promising results in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis.

Ligandability Assessment of IL-1β by Integrated Hit Identification Approaches

Human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of the immune response and the development of various inflammatory diseases. In this publication, we disclose our efforts toward the discovery of IL-1β binders that interfere with IL-1β signaling. To this end, several technologies were used in parallel, including fragment-based screening (FBS), DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology, peptide discovery platform (PDP), and virtual screening. The utilization of distinct technologies resulted in the identification of new chemical entities exploiting three different sites on IL-1β, all of them also inhibiting the interaction with the IL-1R1 receptor. Moreover, we identified lysine 103 of IL-1β as a target residue suitable for the development of covalent, low-molecular-weight IL-1β antagonists.

PD-1 Inhibitor Aggravate Irradiation-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis by Regulating TGF-β1/Smads Signaling Pathway via GSDMD-Mediated Pyroptosis

Cancer therapy has entered a new era with the use of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors. When combined with thoracic radiotherapy, it demonstrates synergistic anti-tumor effects and potentially worsens radiation-induced myocardial fibrosis (RIMF). RIMF is the final stage of radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) and a potentially fatal clinical complication of chest radiotherapy. It is characterized by decreased ventricular elasticity and distensibility, which can result in decreased ejection fraction, heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death. Pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, is mediated by members of the gasdermin (GSDM) family and has been associated with numerous cardiac disorders. The effect of pyroptosis on myocardial fibrosis caused by a combination of radiotherapy and PD-1 inhibitors remains uncertain. In this study, a 6MV X-ray of 20 Gy for local heart irradiation was used in the RIHD mouse model. We noticed that PD-1 inhibitors aggravated radiation-induced cardiac dysfunction and RIMF, concurrently enhancing the presence of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the cardiac tissue. Additionally, our findings indicated that the combination of PD-1 inhibitor and thoracic radiation can stimulate caspase-1 to cleave GSDMD, thereby regulating pyroptosis and liberating interleukin-8 (IL-18). In the myocardium of mice, the manifestation of pyroptosis mediated by GSDMD is accompanied by the buildup of proteins associated with fibrosis, such as collagen I, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Moreover, it was discovered that TFG-β1 induced the phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3 when the cardiac underwent PD-1 inhibitor in conjunction with thoracic irradiation (IR). The findings of this research indicate that PD-1 inhibitor worsen RIMF in mice by triggering GSDMD-induced pyroptosis and influencing the TGF-β1/Smads pathway. While using the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK, RIMF can be alleviated. Blocking GSDMD may be a viable strategy for managing myocardial fibrosis caused by the combination of PD-1 inhibitors and radiotherapy.

The role of inflammation in central serous chorioretinopathy: From mechanisms to therapeutic prospects

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a leading cause of permanent vision loss, ranking fourth among macular diseases, trailing only age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein obstruction. While mounting evidence implicates inflammation as a pivotal factor in the onset and advancement of CSC, the specific pathophysiological process and molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation remain incompletely understood. A complex network of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules interplay to trigger inflammatory and pathological cascades, highlighting the need for a comprehensive comprehension of the inflammation-related mechanisms behind CSC progression. In this piece, we examine the existing comprehension of CSC's pathology and pathogenesis. Additionally, we present an overview of the mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of CSC inflammation, followed by a thorough analysis and discussion of the potential of targeted inflammatory intervention for both preventing and treating CSC.