1
|
Islam SMM, Siddik MAB, Sørensen M, Brinchmann MF, Thompson KD, Francis DS, Vatsos IN. Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109625. [PMID: 38740231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response. Among the various ingredients being investigated, insect meal has emerged as one of the most promising options, owing to its high protein content and immunomodulatory properties. By positively influencing the structure and function of mucosal surfaces, insect meal (IM) has the potential to enhance the overall immune status of fish. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of incorporating IM into aquafeed as a feed ingredient for augmenting the mucosal immune response of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ioannis N Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao K, van der Heide W, Muijderman D, Nichols S, Karwal C, Kuperus P, Groot AT. Ecological immunology: do sexual attraction and immunity trade-off through a desaturase? INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38769890 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Given the limited availability of resources in nature, sexual attractiveness may trade off with immunocompetence, as the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) posits. In invertebrates, a direct link between trade-offs through hormonal/molecular effectors in sexual signals and immunity has not been found so far. Here, we assessed how variation in sexual signals affected parasite infection in two sex pheromone selected lines of the moth Chloridea virescens: an attractive line with a low ratio of 16:Ald/Z11-16:Ald and an unattractive line with a high ratio. When infecting these lines with an apicomplexan parasite, we found that the attractive Low line was significantly more susceptible to the parasite infection than the unattractive High line. Since the ratio difference between these two lines is determined by a delta-11-desturase, we hypothesized that this desaturase may have a dual role, i.e., in the quality of the sexual signal as well as an involvement in immune response, comparable to testosterone in vertebrates. However, when we used CRISPR/cas9 to knockout delta-11-desturase in the attractive Low line, we found that the pheromonal phenotype did change to that of the High line, but the infection susceptibility did not. Notably, when checking the genomic location of delta-11-desaturase in the C. virescens, we found that mucin is adjacent to delta-11-desaturase. When comparing the mucin sequences in both lines, we found four nonsynonymous SNPs in the coding sequence, as well as intronic variation between the two lines. These differences suggest that genetic hitchhiking may explain the variation in susceptibility to parasitic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wout van der Heide
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daphne Muijderman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Nichols
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Kuperus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moutinho S, Oliva-Teles A, Fontinha F, Martins N, Monroig Ó, Peres H. Black soldier fly larvae meal as a potential modulator of immune, inflammatory, and antioxidant status in gilthead seabream juveniles. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 271:110951. [PMID: 38340781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HM) on the hematological profile, immune parameters, intestinal inflammatory status, and antioxidant response in gilthead seabream juveniles. Four diets were formulated, replacing FM with HM at 0%, 22%, 60%, and 100% levels, corresponding to an inclusion level of 15 (diet HM15), 30 (diet HM30), and 45% (diet HM45), respectively. Over 67 days, fish were fed these diets until apparent visual satiation. Results showed no significant differences in immune parameters or hematological profiles, except for a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. In the liver, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase decreased linearly with HM content, especially at 100% replacement. Glutathione reductase activity was also reduced with HM inclusion, being lower in fish fed diet HM30 compared to the control. Fish fed diet HM15 showed lower hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, while catalase activity and lipid peroxidation remained unaffected. In the intestine, antioxidant enzyme activity was not influenced by HM, but lipid peroxidation linearly decreased with HM inclusion, being lower in the HM30 diet compared to the control. The inclusion of HM reduced the expression of intestinal pro-inflammatory genes (interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2) while the expression of transforming growth factor β was higher in fish fed diet HM30 compared to the control and HM45 diets. In conclusion, up to 45% dietary inclusion of HM showed no adverse effects, improving liver antioxidant status, reducing intestinal oxidative stress, and regulating inflammatory gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moutinho
- CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto). Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, FCUP (Faculty of Sciences), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto). Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, FCUP (Faculty of Sciences), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Fontinha
- CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto). Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, FCUP (Faculty of Sciences), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicole Martins
- CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto). Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, FCUP (Faculty of Sciences), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Helena Peres
- CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto). Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, FCUP (Faculty of Sciences), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pascon G, Daniso E, Cardinaletti G, Messina M, Campagnolo F, Zuccaccia D, Tulli F. Postprandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): genes expression, enzymatic activity and blood biochemistry as a practical tool for nutritional studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111559. [PMID: 38052346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial kinetics of genes expression of gastric (chitinase, pepsinogen) and intestinal (alkaline phosphatase, maltase) digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters (peptide transporter 1, sodium-glucose transporter 1), Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzymes activity (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, maltase, saccharase) and blood biochemistry (triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, albumin, glucose, amino acids) through NMR spectroscopy, were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. For this purpose, fish were starved 72 h and digestive tract and blood were sampled before the meal and at 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after feeding (T0, T1.5, T3, T6, T9, T12 and T24). The postprandial kinetic showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. The expression of most genes peaked 3 h after meal except gastric pepsinogen and maltase in distal intestine that peaked at T9 and T12, respectively. The activity of BBM enzymes were stimulated differently based on the intestine tract. The plasma proteins level increased from T1.5 until T9, while the other blood parameters unvariated during the postprandial period. This study supplied useful information about the physiological effects a single meal as a potential tool for planning nutritional studies involving the digestive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Pascon
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - E Daniso
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - G Cardinaletti
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - M Messina
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Campagnolo
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - D Zuccaccia
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Tulli
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Habte-Tsion HM, Hawkyard M, Sealey WM, Bradshaw D, Meesala KM, Bouchard DA. Effects of Fishmeal Substitution with Mealworm Meals ( Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus) on the Growth, Physiobiochemical Response, Digesta Microbiome, and Immune Genes Expression of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2024; 2024:6618117. [PMID: 38221936 PMCID: PMC10787657 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6618117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A 12-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effects of mealworm meals, as a substitution for fishmeal, on the growth, physiobiochemical responses, digesta microbiome, and immune-related genes expression of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Twenty Atlantic salmon parr (38.5 ± 0.1 g, initial weight) were stocked into each of 16 tanks in a recirculating aquaculture system. A fishmeal-based diet (100% FM) was used as the control treatment and was compared with three test diets where: (1) fishmeal was partially (50%) replaced with defatted mealworm meal, Tenebrio molitor (50% DMM), (2) fishmeal was fully replaced with defatted mealworm meal (100% DMM), and (3) fishmeal was partially replaced with whole lesser mealworm meal, Alphitobius diaperinus (50% WMM). All substitutions were done on a crude protein basis. Each of the four experimental diets was evaluated in quadruplicate tanks as part of randomized design. The results indicated that Atlantic salmon showed high survival (greater or equal to 98.8%), and no significant difference in final growth, feed efficiency, feces stability and condition indices. Hepatosomatic index was lower in fish fed 100% DMM and 50% WMM when compared to fish fed the control diet (100% FM). Whole-body proximate and amino acid compositions were not statistically different between treatments, while essential fatty acids, including linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid, and homo-a-linolenic, were lower in fish fed 100% DMM. Plasma parameters (total protein, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total iron-binding capacity), hepatic peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes were not significantly affected by dietary substitutions, whereas plasma immunoglobulin M showed significantly higher levels in fish fed 50% DMM and 100% DMM when compared to fish fed the control diet (100% FM). The inclusion of mealworm meals significantly impacted the overall microbiome composition but not the richness and evenness of the salmon digesta microbiomes compared to control. The most common genus in all treatments was Pseudomonas, which has been previously shown to have both commensal and pathogenic members. The relative expressions of growth (IGF-I) and protein synthesis (TIPRL) were not significantly different between the treatments, whereas immunoglobulin genes (IgM, IgD, and IgT) were significantly upregulated in fish fed the DMM diets when compared to fish fed the control diet. Overall, this study suggests that the mealworm meals tested could be suitable alternatives to fishmeal in the diet of Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-Michael Habte-Tsion
- Aquaculture Research Institute and Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Matt Hawkyard
- Aquaculture Research Institute and Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Wendy M. Sealey
- Bozeman Fish Technology Center, USDA—ARS, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - David Bradshaw
- Department of Aquaculture and Stock Enhancements, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Kala-Mallik Meesala
- Aquaculture Research Institute and Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Deborah A. Bouchard
- Aquaculture Research Institute and Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bruno A, Sandionigi A, Panio A, Rimoldi S, Orizio F, Agostinetto G, Hasan I, Gasco L, Terova G, Labra M. Aquaculture ecosystem microbiome at the water-fish interface: the case-study of rainbow trout fed with Tenebrio molitor novel diets. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:248. [PMID: 37674159 PMCID: PMC10481543 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustainable aquaculture relies on multiple factors, including water quality, fish diets, and farmed fish. Replacing fishmeal (FM) with alternative protein sources is key for improving sustainability in aquaculture and promoting fish health. Indeed, great research efforts have been made to evaluate novel feed formulations, focusing especially on the effects on the fish gut microbiome. Few studies have explored host-environment interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of novel insect-based (Tenebrio molitor) fish diets on the microbiome at the water-fish interface in an engineered rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming ecosystem. Using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we comprehensively analyzed the microbiomes of water, tank biofilm, fish intestinal mucus, fish cutis, and feed samples. RESULTS Core microbiome analysis revealed the presence of a highly reduced core shared by all sample sources, constituted by Aeromonas spp., in both the control and novel feed test groups. Network analysis showed that samples were clustered based on the sample source, with no significant differences related to the feed formulation tested. Thus, the different diets did not seem to affect the environment (water and tank biofilm) and fish (cutis and intestinal mucus) microbiomes. To disentangle the contribution of feed at a finer scale, we performed a differential abundance analysis and observed differential enrichment/impoverishment in specific taxa, comparing the samples belonging to the control diet group and the insect-based diet group. CONCLUSIONS Omic exploration of the water-fish interface exposes patterns that are otherwise undetected. These data demonstrate a link between the environment and fish and show that subtle but significant differences are caused by feed composition. Thus, the research presented here is a step towards positively influencing the aquaculture environment and its microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bruno
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Antonella Panio
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavio Orizio
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Agostinetto
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Imam Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moulistanos A, Karaiskou N, Gkagkavouzis K, Minoudi S, Drosopoulou E, Ioannidou C, Panteli N, Zografou S, Karaouglanis D, Kotouzas D, Kontodimas D, Antonopoulou E, Triantafyllidis A. Genetic Identification and Traceability of Insect Meals. INSECTS 2023; 14:610. [PMID: 37504616 PMCID: PMC10380534 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Insects have been proposed as a rich alternative source of protein for the partial or total replacement of fishmeal in aquaculture. For maximum safety and effectiveness of insect meals, control of the quality composition of these products is considered mandatory. The aim of this study was the genetic analysis of the composition of commercially available insect meals at the species level. Commercially available Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor and Musca domestica individuals, as well as nine insect meals produced from these species, were analyzed. The genetic identification of insects at the species level was based on a COI fragment, and analysis of the insect meals' composition was performed with the processes of cloning and colony PCR. Genetic analysis indicated that the commercially available larvae morphologically identified as Musca domestica belonged to the species Muscina stabulans. In the commercially available insect meals, no other animal species was identified beyond the expected one. However, in the insect meal produced for research purposes, fungal growth was detected. The used methodology, herein, allows for the qualitative genetic identification of insect meals and could be included in the methods of traceability of products containing insects and other animal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Moulistanos
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Karaiskou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkagkavouzis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Styliani Minoudi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Drosopoulou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Ioannidou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Zografou
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Economics, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Economics, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Damianos Karaouglanis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kotouzas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kontodimas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Triantafyllidis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Genomics and Epigenomics Translational Research (GENeTres), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saavedra M, Barata M, Matias AC, Couto A, Salem A, Ribeiro L, Pereira TG, Gamboa M, Lourenço-Marques C, Soares F, Dias J, Pousão-Ferreira P. Effect of Dietary Incorporation of Yellow Mealworm as a Partial Fishmeal Replacer on Growth, Metabolism, and Intestinal Histomorphology in Juvenile Meagre ( Argyrosomus regius). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:6572421. [PMID: 37398630 PMCID: PMC10314813 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6572421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been made to find alternatives to fish meal (FM), as the sustainability of aquaculture depends on it. Insect meal (IM) is a potential candidate to partially replace FM, being more sustainable and economically viable. In this experimental trial, three diets were tested with different yellow mealworm incorporation: a control diet with no IM, a diet with an inclusion of 10% IM (Ins10), and a diet with an incorporation of 20% IM (Ins20). The diets were tested on 10.5 g meagre for 47 days. The results showed that an IM inclusion higher than 10% affected both growth (2.6 vs. 2.2) and FCR (1.5 vs. 1.9) of meagre juveniles. However, this reduction in growth did not result from lower protein retention or changes in muscle fibre area or density. Little differences were observed in the activity of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes except for aminopeptidase total activity which was higher in the control and Ins10 compared to Ins20 (3847 vs. 3540 mU/mg protein), suggesting no limitations in protein synthesis. Also, the alkaline phosphatase intestinal maturation index was higher in the control group compared to the IM groups (437 vs. 296). On the contrary, several differences were also found in the proteolytic activity in the hepatic and muscle tissues of meagre juveniles fed the Ins10 diet. The inclusion of IM had no impact on intestine histomorphology but changes were detected in the enterocytes of fish from control and Ins10 which showed hypervacuolization and nucleus misplacement compared to the Ins20 treatment. Nevertheless, a higher percentage of Vibrionaceae was recorded for meagre fed on the Ins20 diet. Since no signs of inflammation were observed in the distal intestine, this suggests IM incorporation could have had an important impact on intestinal health due to its antimicrobial properties. This is supported by an increase in the haematocrit in the treatments where IM was added (20 to 25%). In conclusion, incorporations of IM at percentages up to 10% do not seem to have a negative impact on meagre performance at this age but can enhance the fish immune system and protection against intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saavedra
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, N°6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET-Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marisa Barata
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Matias
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- S2AQUA-Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Ciências, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ahmed Salem
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- S2AQUA-Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gama Pereira
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, N°6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gamboa
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Cátia Lourenço-Marques
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- S2AQUA-Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Florbela Soares
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- S2AQUA-Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Jorge Dias
- Sparos Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Aquaculture Research Station of IPMA, Parque natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- S2AQUA-Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khalifah A, Abdalla S, Rageb M, Maruccio L, Ciani F, El-Sabrout K. Could Insect Products Provide a Safe and Sustainable Feed Alternative for the Poultry Industry? A Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091534. [PMID: 37174571 PMCID: PMC10177474 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The planet is home to more than 2000 species of edible insects, some of which have been consumed as food for many years. Recently, edible insect products have been gradually increasing in several countries, such as Italy and Egypt, as novel feed resources for humans and animals due to their availability, potential economic benefits, and high nutritive value. The insect industry can provide a new solution for livestock nutrition and offer many additional advantages, but there are obstacles to overcome, such as some nutritional organizations that forbid its usage. Nevertheless, previous research indicates that different insect species could be used safely as nutraceuticals in poultry farming to improve broiler growth performance (>3%) and layer egg production (>5%). Among these species, there are various products and extracts that can be used in poultry nutrition in a sustainable manner. This review provides an outline of insect composition, nutrient values, application in poultry feed, safety, and guidelines, and finally, the future perspectives of insects as an alternative feed source in poultry diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalifah
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdalla
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Mai Rageb
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Influence of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Dietary Inclusion on Growth Performance, Gut Histological Traits and Stress Parameters in Sparus aurata. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030339. [PMID: 36766228 PMCID: PMC9913394 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provided new data and knowledge on the potential use of Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) as a new sustainable ingredient for Sparus aurata diet. The effect of HIM dietary inclusion on fish growth performance, stress indicators and gut histology was studied. For 131 days, 312 fish were fed a basal diet containing fishmeal as animal protein source, and three diets containing 25%, 35% and 50% HIM as a partial replacement for fishmeal. The main findings indicated that fishmeal can be replaced by HIM up to 110 g/kg of substitution (35% of inclusion in diet) without negative effects on growth performance, stress parameters or histological traits of the posterior gut tract, and with positive effects (p < 0.05) on the histological and morphometric characteristics of the anterior gut tract. At the same time, the results showed that the effect of Hermetia illucens meal at 50% inclusion level caused morphometric and histopathological alterations in the anterior gut tract of seabream. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggested that the dietary inclusion level of HIM35 was the most tolerated by fish showing the best gut morphometric parameters and histological conditions, with fewer signs of inflammation, as well as good nutritional and health status.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ratti S, Zarantoniello M, Chemello G, Giammarino M, Palermo FA, Cocci P, Mosconi G, Tignani MV, Pascon G, Cardinaletti G, Pacetti D, Nartea A, Parisi G, Riolo P, Belloni A, Olivotto I. Spirulina-enriched Substrate to Rear Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Prepupae as Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Possible Effects on Zootechnical Performances, Gut and Liver Health Status, and Fillet Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010173. [PMID: 36611781 PMCID: PMC9818012 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an organic substrate (coffee silverskin) enriched with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w), as a source of lipids and bioactive molecules, was used to rear the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae. Three grossly isonitrogenous, isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic experimental diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were then produced: a control diet (HM0) mostly including fish meal and fish oil, and two other test diets named HM3 and HM20, in which 3 or 20% of the marine ingredients were substituted with full fat black soldier fly prepupae meal (HM), respectively. Experimental diets were provided for 6 weeks, and at the end of the trial the physiological responses and marketable traits of the fish were investigated using a multidisciplinary approach. Generally, all test diets were well accepted, and fish growth, gut and liver health status, and marketable characteristics were not impaired by the experimental diets. However, an increased immuno-related gene expression along with a slight reduction of fillet redness and yellowness was evident in fish from the HM20 group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Giammarino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Tignani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ancuta Nartea
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-4643
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oh E, Park WJ, Kim Y. Effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae and its protein derivatives on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of tofu. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Bousdras T, Feidantsis K, Panteli N, Chatzifotis S, Piccolo G, Gasco L, Gai F, Antonopoulou E. Dietary Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal Inclusion Exerts Tissue-Specific Effects on Cellular, Metabolic, and Antioxidant Status in European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:9858983. [PMID: 36860434 PMCID: PMC9973136 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9858983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study addresses the effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal inclusion on cytoprotective, cell death pathways, antioxidant defence, and intermediate metabolism in the heart, muscle, and digestive tract of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Three experimental diets were formulated to contain 0%, 25%, or 50% inclusion TM levels. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) induction was apparent in both species' muscle at 50% inclusion. Conversely, p44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation was increased (p < 0.05) in both species' muscle and digestive tract at 25% inclusion. Regarding the apoptotic machinery, TM inclusion exerted no influence on gilthead seabream, while suppression through autophagy may have occurred in the muscle. However, significant apoptosis (p < 0.05) was evident in European sea bass muscle and digestive tract. Both fish species' heart seemed to additionally rely on lipids compared to muscle and digestive tract. In contrast to gilthead seabream, European sea bass exhibited increased (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity at 50% TM inclusion. The present findings highlight the dietary derived induction of cellular responses in a species- and tissue-specific manner, whereas European sea bass appears to be more susceptible to TM inclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bousdras
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Chatzifotis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Gournes Pediados, P.O. Box 2214, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Natnan ME, Low CF, Chong CM, Daud NINAA, Om AD, Baharum SN. Comparison of Different Dietary Fatty Acids Supplement on the Immune Response of Hybrid Grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) Challenged with Vibrio vulnificus. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091288. [PMID: 36138767 PMCID: PMC9495948 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture has been expanding in Malaysia due to the increased demand for fish products. In addition, aquaculture faces challenges in maintaining feed suitability in support of the global growth of fish production. Therefore, improvements in diet formulation are necessary to achieve the optimal requirements and attain a desirable growth efficiency and health performance in fish. Seven weeks of study were conducted to compare the equal amounts of different fatty acids (2%) (oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, and behenic acid) on the survival, the growth, and the immune response of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) against V. vulnificus. After six weeks of the feeding trial, fish were challenged with V. vulnificus for 30 min before continuing on the same feeding regime for the next seven days (post-bacterial challenge). Fish supplemented with dietary oleic acid showed significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced immune responses, i.e., lysozyme, respiratory burst, and phagocytic activities compared to the control diet group for both pre-and post-bacterial challenges. Following the Vibrio challenge, no significant effects of supplemented fatty acid diets on survival rate were observed, although dietary oleic acid demonstrated the highest 63.3% survival rate compared to only 43.3% of the control diet group. In addition, there were no significant effects (p > 0.05) on specific growth rate (SGR), white blood cell (WBC), and red blood cell (RBC) counts among all experimental diets. The results from this study suggest that among the tested dietary fatty acids, the oleic acid diet showed promising results in the form of elevated immune responses and increased disease resistance of the hybrid grouper fingerlings challenged with V. vulnificus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Erna Natnan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Chen Fei Low
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Chou Min Chong
- Aquaculture Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmad Daud Om
- Marine Fish Aquaculture Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Tanjung Demong, Besut 22200, Malaysia
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Barroso FG, Fabrikov D, Sánchez-Muros MJ. In Vitro Crude Protein Digestibility of Insects: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080682. [PMID: 36005307 PMCID: PMC9409466 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high protein content of insects has been widely studied. They can be a good food alternative, and therefore it is important to study the effect of digestion on their protein. This review examines the different in vitro protein digestibility methodologies used in the study of different edible insects in articles published up to 2021. The most important variables to be taken into account in in vitro hydrolysis are the following: phases (oral, gastric and intestinal), enzymes, incubation time and temperature, method of quantification of protein hydrolysis and sample preprocessing. Insects have high digestibility data, which can increase or decrease depending on the processing of the insect prior to digestion, so it is important to investigate which processing methods improve digestibility. The most commonly used methods are gut extraction, different methods of slaughtering (freezing or blanching), obtaining protein isolates, defatting, thermal processing (drying or cooking) and extrusion. Some limitations have been encountered in discussing the results due to the diversity of methodologies used for digestion and digestibility calculation. In addition, articles evaluating the effect of insect processing are very limited. It is concluded that there is a need for the standardisation of in vitro hydrolysis protocols and their quantification to facilitate comparisons in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Applied Biology, CECOUAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-649-129-692
| | - Fernando G. Barroso
- Department of Applied Biology, CECOUAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- Department of Applied Biology, CEImar, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Growth and Welfare of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Graded Levels of Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals in Fishmeal-Free Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131698. [PMID: 35804596 PMCID: PMC9264821 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and welfare of rainbow trout (ibw 54 g) fed isoproteic (42%), isolipidic (24%), fishmeal-free diets (CV) over 13 weeks. The diets consisted of plant-protein replacement with graded levels (10, 30, 60%) of protein from poultry by-product (PBM) and black soldier fly H. illucens pupae (BSFM) meals, either singly or in combination. A fishmeal-based diet was also tested (CF). Nitrogen retention improved with moderate or high levels of dietary PBM and BSFM relative to CV (p < 0.05). Gut brush border enzyme activity was poorly affected by the diets. Gastric chitinase was up-regulated after high BSFM feeding (p < 0.05). The gut peptide and amino acid transport genes were differently regulated by protein source and level. Serum cortisol was unaffected, and the changes in metabolites stayed within the physiological range. High PBM and high BSFM lowered the leukocyte respiratory burst activity and increased the lysozyme activity compared to CV (p < 0.05). The BSFM and PBM both significantly changed the relative percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate to high PBM and BSFM inclusions in fishmeal-free diets, either singly or in combination, improved gut function and nutrient retention, resulting in better growth performance and the good welfare of the rainbow trout.
Collapse
|
17
|
Aragão C, Gonçalves AT, Costas B, Azeredo R, Xavier MJ, Engrola S. Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 35565636 PMCID: PMC9103129 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Aragão
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- SPAROS Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Maria João Xavier
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Sofia Engrola
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The first insight into black soldier fly meal in brown trout nutrition as an environmentally sustainable fish meal replacement. Animal 2022; 16:100516. [PMID: 35468507 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect meals are considered among the most promising feed materials in fish nutrition due to their sustainability and possibility of fish meal replacement. The present study is the first application of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal in brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) diets. Two experiments were performed on 240 brown trout fingerlings (average body mass 4.85 g) distributed into four groups (12 tanks for the growth performance experiment, 10 fish/tank; and 12 metabolic tanks for the digestibility test, 10 fish/tank). The experimental group design was conducted as follows: control diet, with no BSFL and 35% fish meal, and experimental diets: BSFL5 - with 5% BSFL full-fat meal and 32.5% fish meal; BSFL10 - with 10% BSFL full-fat meal and 30% fish meal; and BSFL20 - with 20% BSFL full-fat meal and 25% fish meal. No effects were recorded in the case of growth performance and feed utilization parameters. The environmental sustainability of the usage of insect meals in fish diets was proven - due to the lower fish meal inclusion, the fish-in-fish-out ratio decreased by 31% in BSFL20. In the case of the viscerosomatic index, increases in BSFL5 and BSFL20 were reported. In all experimental groups, decreases in hepatosomatic index values were observed. Crude protein digestibility decreased in BSFL5 and BSFL20, while crude fat digestibility decreased only in the BSFL20 group. The effect of including BSFL full-fat meal in a brown trout diet on serum biochemical parameters was reported. The aspartate transaminase concentration increased in BSFL10 and BSFL20, while the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase values decreased in BSFL20. In the case of total cholesterol, higher values were observed in BSFL10 and BSFL20. The albumin content decreased in the BSFL20 group, while globulin showed the highest values in the control group. The microbiota composition was not affected by insect meal inclusion. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed the high potential of BSFL full-fat meal application of up to 20% in a brown trout diet.
Collapse
|
19
|
Reilly LM, Hu Y, von Schaumburg PC, de Oliveira MRD, He F, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey BR, Parsons CM, Utterback P, Lambrakis L, da Costa DV, Bertechini AG, Saad FMOB, de Godoy MRC. Chemical composition of selected insect meals and their effect on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota of adult cats fed insect-based retorted diets. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6518149. [PMID: 35100391 PMCID: PMC8903139 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect meals are novel and potentially sustainable protein sources. The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and standardized amino acid digestibility using the cecectomized rooster model of three selected insect meals (i.e., speckled cockroach [SC], Madagascar hissing cockroach [MC], and superworm [SW]) and to determine the effects of these insect meals on food intake, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of macronutrients, fecal scores, and metabolites of adult cats fed insect- or chicken-based retorted diets. This study consisted of a complete randomized design, with 28 adult cats randomly assigned to one of the four experimental retorted diets: Control (chicken-based diet), SC diet, MC diet, or SW diet. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All diets were formulated to be complete and balanced and meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of adult cats. The experimental period was 28 d, with the first 7 d allotted for diet adaptation. The total fecal collection was completed during the last 4 d of the experimental period. On day 21, a fresh fecal sample from each cat was collected for the determination of fecal metabolites and microbiota. Food was offered twice daily to maintain body weight and body condition score. Among the three selected insect meals evaluated, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid were the most prevalent fatty acids. Branched-chain amino acids and arginine were the most preponderant indispensable amino acids in these insect meals. ATTD of dry matter, organic matter, acid-hydrolyzed fat, and crude protein did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05), and all diets were well digested by the cats. Similarly, fecal scores did not differ among the treatments and were within ideal range. No differences (P > 0.05) in fecal metabolite concentrations or microbiota diversity were observed among cats fed different experimental diets; only a few genera from Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla differ (P < 0.05) in cats fed SW diet in contrast to other dietary treatments. In conclusion, the selected insect meals evaluated herein are rich in linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid for cats. Insect-based retorted diets led to comparable results to those achieved with a chicken-based retorted diet, suggesting that these novel protein sources might be adequate alternative ingredients in feline diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Reilly
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Maiara R D de Oliveira
- ADM, Decatur, IL 62526, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carl M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Pam Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Diego V da Costa
- Agricultural Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio G Bertechini
- ADM, Decatur, IL 62526, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia M O B Saad
- ADM, Decatur, IL 62526, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shin J, Lee KJ. Digestibility of insect meals for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and their performance for growth, feed utilization and immune responses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260305. [PMID: 34797890 PMCID: PMC8604367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine digestibility of insect meals for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and their utilization as fish meal substitutes. The tested insect meals were mealworm, silkworm, black soldier fly, rice grasshopper, two-spotted cricket, dynastid beetle and white-spotted flower chafer. Apparent digestibility coefficients of the tested insect meals were 83-89% for protein, 91-98% for lipid, 84-90% for energy, 77-81% for dry matter, 28-36% for chitin, 76-96% for amino acids and 89-93% for fatty acids. The amino acid availability of insect meals was high in taurine (93-96%), arginine (91-95%) and lysine (90-95%). Availability of fatty acids were 89-93% for saturated fatty acids, 90-93% for monounsaturated fatty acids and 88-93% for polyunsaturated fatty acids. For a feeding trial, a control diet was formulated using 27% tuna byproduct meal as a fish meal source and seven other diets were prepared replacing 10% tuna byproduct meal in the control diet with each insect meal. Triplicate groups of shrimp (initial body weight: 0.17 g) were fed the diets for 65 days. The growth performance was significantly improved when the shrimp were fed black soldier fly or dynastid beetle included diet. Dietary supplementation of insect meals significantly improved non-specific immune responses and antioxidant enzyme activity in the shrimp. These results indicate that the tested insect meals have high potentials to be used as a protein source that could replace fish meal in diets for the shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyeong Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Self-Governing Province, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Jun Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Self-Governing Province, South Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju Self-Governing Province, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hamidou Leyo I, Moussa Ousmane Z, Noël G, Francis F, Caparros Megido R. Breeding Enhancement of Musca domestica L. 1758: Egg Load as a Measure of Optimal Larval Density. INSECTS 2021; 12:956. [PMID: 34821757 PMCID: PMC8620863 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The amount of waste produced by the population creates general health problems in terms of public health and hygiene. In recent years the common housefly (Musca domestica L. 1758; Dipteran: Muscidae) has been widely used in the treatment of organic wastes. This study aims to assess the effect of egg loading of the common housefly on maggot development and waste reduction. Housefly larvae were reared at four egg loads (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg) under three different diets (wheat bran, millet bran, cow dung). Two-factor ANOVA (α = 0.05) was used to test the effect of two fixed factors (egg load and substrate) on larval biomass, the survival rate from egg hatching until the last larval instar, number of larvae and substrate reduction rate. The comparison of means based on Duncan's test was performed to compare the means of the different variables measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relationship between the measured variables (larval biomass, the survival rate from egg hatching until the last larval instar, number of larvae, and substrate reduction rate) on the discrimination of the egg load factor. The results showed that under the same nutritional conditions, the yield of housefly larvae, the number of larvae and the reduction of substrates increased with increasing egg load. Indeed, at each of three substrates, the rearing egg load of 10 mg resulted in the maximum larval yield, maximum number of larvae, and maximum substrate reduction rate. At this optimum load, wheat bran generated greater biomass, greater number of larvae and greater reduction of substrate compared to millet bran and cow dung. The egg load as a whole had no effect on the survival rate from egg hatching until the last larval instar, unlike substrate type. The high egg load for the survival rate (from egg hatching until the last larval instar) for millet bran was 1.25 while there was no difference for the other two substrates. These results can help to make the waste treatment process efficient with the subsequent production of a large larval biomass that can serve as added value in animal feed. The egg load of 10 mg and the wheat bran were superior respectively to the other egg load and substrates type for all parameters tested excepted for the survival rate (from egg hatching until the last larval instar). Ours study indicated that larval biomass, larval number, egg viability and substrate rate reduction of Musca domestica are affected by the egg load, substrate type and their interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idriss Hamidou Leyo
- Ecole Doctorale Science de la Vie et de Terre EDSVT, Faculté d’Agronomie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey BP 10960, Niger;
| | - Zakari Moussa Ousmane
- Ecole Doctorale Science de la Vie et de Terre EDSVT, Faculté d’Agronomie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey BP 10960, Niger;
| | - Gregoire Noël
- Entomologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Terra, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège-Université, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (G.N.); (F.F.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Entomologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Terra, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège-Université, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (G.N.); (F.F.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Rudy Caparros Megido
- Entomologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Terra, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège-Université, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (G.N.); (F.F.); (R.C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pezzali JG, Shoveller AK. Short communication: the effects of a semi-synthetic diet with inclusion of black soldier fly larvae meal on health parameters of healthy adult cats. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6398208. [PMID: 34653251 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, black soldier fly larvae meal (Hermetia illucens; BSFLM) has gained attention as a high value alternative protein source that is of great interest to the pet food industry. However, little is known regarding the effects of BSFLM on health parameters in adult cats. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the short-term effects of a semi-synthetic diet containing 4.6% inclusion of BSFLM on complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry profile of healthy adult cats. Healthy adult male cats (n = 8; 1.4 yr) were fed the experimental diet for 21 d (experimental period) to maintain BW. Cats were washed in on a commercial diet and blood samples were collected before the start and at the end of the experimental period to measure gross health parameters. Results were analyzed as one-way ANOVA using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS with cat as a random effect (SAS v. 9.4, The SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Cats lost an average of 5% of their BW (P = 0.0003) due to a concurrent decrease in food intake. A significant increase of alanine aminotransferase, chloride, potassium, sodium, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was observed on day 21 vs. baseline (P < 0.05). In contrast, albumin, amylase, calcium, cholesterol, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, mean platelet volume, red blood cells, total protein, total solid proteins, and urea decreased over time (P < 0.05). However, all CBC and serum biochemistry parameters stayed within reference range for adult cats, with exception of glucose and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration that were above and below the reference range, respectively. Transient increases in glucose concentrations were likely due to sedation with dexmedetomidine prior to blood collection. The changes observed over time in the aforementioned parameters are likely due to changes in macronutrient composition of the diets offered prior to and during the experimental period (commercial diet vs. semi-synthetic diet, respectively) and cannot be attributed solely to a unique property of BSFLM. In conclusion, cats fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 4% BSFLM inclusion for 21 d remained healthy with no clinically relevant changes in CBC and serum biochemistry parameters. Further research should focus on longer term feeding studies and the ability of BSFLM to support the health and well-being of cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Guazzelli Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna Kate Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The first insight into full-fat superworm (Zophobas morio) meal in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) diets: a study on multiple-choice feeding preferences and growth performance. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Insect meals are sustainable alternative protein sources in animal nutrition. However, the data in the topic of their application in petfood and ornamental fish nutrition are scarce. Thus the present study was undertaken to asses their usability in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) diets. The first experiment aimed to investigate the attractiveness of select insect meals for guppies, and the second in evaluation of superworm (Zophobas morio) meal monodiet effects. The first experiment (free-choice feeding test) lasted five days. Fish were given a choice between four attractants: fish meal, black soldier fly (Hermetia illuces) meal (HI), Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) meal (MC), and superworm (Zophobas morio) meal (ZM). The preliminary part of the study showed that the most frequently chosen attractant throughout the entire free-choice feeding test period was ZM. Based on the obtained results, the second part of the study was designed as a growth test with the use of a ZM monodiet compared to commercial feed. The experiment lasted 90 days, and 150 guppy fry were used. The fish were randomly divided into two groups (CON - commercial feed, ZM - Zophobas morio meal). No effects of dietary treatment were found in terms of survival rate, fish body length, or fish body length gain. The present study shows that ZM was the most preferred attractant and that a monodiet based on insect meal can be successfully applied in guppy fry nutrition.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tegtmeier D, Hurka S, Mihajlovic S, Bodenschatz M, Schlimbach S, Vilcinskas A. Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1642. [PMID: 34442721 PMCID: PMC8398798 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are fast-growing, resilient insects that can break down a variety of organic substrates and convert them into valuable proteins and lipids for applications in the feed industry. Decomposition is mediated by an abundant and versatile gut microbiome, which has been studied for more than a decade. However, little is known about the phylogeny, properties and functions of bacterial isolates from the BSFL gut. We therefore characterized the BSFL gut microbiome in detail, evaluating bacterial diversity by culture-dependent methods and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Redundant strains were identified by genomic fingerprinting and 105 non-redundant isolates were then tested for their ability to inhibit pathogens. We cultivated representatives of 26 genera, covering 47% of the families and 33% of the genera detected by amplicon sequencing. Among these isolates, we found several representatives of the most abundant genera: Morganella, Enterococcus, Proteus and Providencia. We also isolated diverse members of the less-abundant phylum Actinobacteria, and a novel genus of the order Clostridiales. We found that 15 of the isolates inhibited at least one of the tested pathogens, suggesting a role in helping to prevent colonization by pathogens in the gut. The resulting culture collection of unique BSFL gut bacteria provides a promising resource for multiple industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Tegtmeier
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Hurka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sanja Mihajlovic
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Maren Bodenschatz
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephanie Schlimbach
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ali MFZ, Kameda K, Kondo F, Iwai T, Kurniawan RA, Ohta T, Ido A, Takahashi T, Miura C, Miura T. Effects of dietary silkrose of Antheraea yamamai on gene expression profiling and disease resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:207-217. [PMID: 33965522 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel acidic polysaccharide, silkrose-AY, from the Japanese oak silkmoth (Antheraea yamamai), which can activate an innate immune response in mouse macrophage cells. However, innate immune responses stimulated by silkrose-AY in teleosts remain unclear. Here, we show the influence of dietary silkrose-AY in medaka (Oryzias latipes), a teleost model, in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection. Dietary silkrose-AY significantly improved the survival of fish and decreased the number of bacteria in their kidneys after the fish were artificially infected with E. tarda by immersion. We also performed a microarray analysis of the intestine, which serves as a primary barrier against microbial infection, to understand the profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) evoked by silkrose-AY. The dietary silkrose-AY group showed differential expression of 2930 genes when compared with the control group prior to E. tarda infection. Gene ontology and pathway analysis of the DEGs highlighted several putative genes involved in pathogen attachment/recognition, the complement and coagulation cascade, antimicrobial peptides/enzymes, opsonization/phagocytosis, and epithelial junctional modification. Our findings thus provide fundamental information to help understand the molecular mechanism of bacterial protection offered by insect-derived immunostimulatory polysaccharides in teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fariz Zahir Ali
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kenta Kameda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kondo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Rio Aditya Kurniawan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohta
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1, Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime, 798-4292, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ido
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Chiemi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan; Department of Global Environment Studies, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Miyake, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima, 731-5193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hender A, Siddik MA, Howieson J, Fotedar R. Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens as an Alternative to Fishmeal Protein and Fish Oil: Impact on Growth, Immune Response, Mucosal Barrier Status, and Flesh Quality of Juvenile Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060505. [PMID: 34200162 PMCID: PMC8230191 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fishmeal and fish oil being recognized as nutritionally balanced and preferred protein and lipid sources in aquafeeds for finfish farming. However, the limited supply, soaring prices, and depletion of wild capture fisheries have prompted the aquaculture industry to look for widely available and less expensive alternatives for fishmeal and fish oil to ensure the sustainability of aquaculture production. As an alternative to fishmeal protein and oil, black soldier fly (BSF) larvae is considered a promising candidate for its high protein, lipid and minerals content, as well as for its bioactive potential with anti-microbial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral functions. This study investigated the effects of partial substitution of fishmeal protein and fish oil with partially defatted BSF larvae protein and oil on growth performance, non-specific immunity, mucosal barrier status and muscle fatty acids composition in barramundi. The findings of the study confirmed that BSF could substitute 30% fishmeal and fish oil successfully without compromising the growth of barramundi. Further, partial replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with BSF diets improved bactericidal activity, immune-related cytokine expression, and mucin cells in both gut and skin which are an indication of improved immunity of barramundi. Abstract A feeding trial was conducted to test the effects of partial replacement of fishmeal (FM) protein and fish oil (FO) with partially defatted black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens insect protein, and oil, respectively, on growth performance, immune response, gut and skin barrier status, and flesh quality in juvenile barramundi. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets used in the study were a control diet based on FM, 30% FM replaced with H. illucens protein (HiP), 30% FO replaced with H. illucens oil (HiO), and both 30% FM and 30% FO replaced with H. illucens protein and oil (HiPO). Diets were fed twice a day to satiety in triplicated groups of barramundi with an initial body weight of 1.74 ± 0.15 g per fish. At the end of the trial, growth and feed utilization indices were found insignificant (p > 0.05) between the test diets and control. A significant increase in bactericidal activity was observed in fish fed the HiP diet while serum lysozyme activity was unchanged. Stress-related heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) did not differ significantly among the test diets while immune-relevant genes (IL-1β and IL-10) were significantly upregulated in HiP and HiOP groups. The number of mucin cells were increased in the gut and skin of HiP and HiOP fed fish when compared to the control diet. The total fatty acid compositions (∑SFA, ∑MUFA, ∑PUFA, ∑n-3, and ∑n-6) in the muscles of barramundi were not significantly influenced with H. illucens protein and oil diets when compared to the control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hender
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Muhammad A.B. Siddik
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-17140-69811
| | - Janet Howieson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Basto A, Calduch-Giner J, Oliveira B, Petit L, Sá T, Maia MRG, Fonseca SC, Matos E, Pérez-Sánchez J, Valente LMP. The Use of Defatted Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal as a Main Protein Source Is Supported in European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) by Data on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Flesh Quality. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659567. [PMID: 33967831 PMCID: PMC8104126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to determine the maximal inclusion level of defatted (d-) Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TM) able to replace dietary fishmeal (FM) without compromising growth performance, general metabolism, and flesh quality traits in European sea bass, and to evaluate the major underlying physiological mechanisms. Materials and Methods Fish (55 ± 2 g) were fed with diets containing increasing levels of dTM: 0, 40, 80 and 100% (CTRL, TM40, TM80, and TM100, respectively) to replace FM. After 10 weeks of feeding, the growth performance, nutrient and energy balance, intestinal integrity, plasma metabolites and the expression of genes related to growth and nutrient metabolism, in liver and muscle were determined. The fatty acids (FA) profile, textural properties and color were also evaluated in muscle. Results Protein and lipids digestibility remained unaltered up to 80% dTM inclusion. Growth performance parameters were similar among dietary treatments. The dTM inclusion increased the hepatosomatic index in fish fed TM100. Muscle eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA levels were maintained up to 80% dTM inclusion, but total cholesterol and non-esterified FA increased with dietary dTM inclusion. In liver, the expression of elongation of very long-chain FA protein 6 (elovl6) and FA desaturase 2 (fads2) did not change in fish fed TM40 and TM80, but elovl6 decreased whilst fads2 increased in fish fed TM100 when compared to those fed CTRL. The expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-monooxygenase (cyp7a1) decreased with dietary dTM inclusion. In muscle, the expression of myoblast determination protein-2 (myod2) decreased in fish fed TM80 and TM100. Conclusion It is feasible to substitute dietary FM by dTM up to 80% in European sea bass without detrimental effects on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and associated genetic pathways, whilst assuring fillet nutritional value for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Basto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Josep Calduch-Giner
- IATS - CSIC, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Beatriz Oliveira
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lisa Petit
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Tiago Sá
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana C Fonseca
- GreenUPorto, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Matos
- SORGAL - Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, S.A., S. João de Ovar, Portugal
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- IATS - CSIC, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abdel-Latif HMR, Abdel-Tawwab M, Khalil RH, Metwally AA, Shakweer MS, Ghetas HA, Khallaf MA. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets of European seabass: Effects on antioxidative capacity, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:111-118. [PMID: 33508473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) has been successfully demonstrated as a promising fish meal (FM) replacer in diets of several fish species including European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However, its impacts on antioxidant capacity, and immune responses of treated fish are still poorly understood. A 60-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of FM with different levels of dry BSFLM on the antioxidative status, non-specific immunity, transcriptomic responses, and resistance of European seabass to the challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus. Four isoproteic (45%) and isolipidic diets were formulated by replacing 0.0%, 25%, 35%, and 50% of the dietary FM. Each diet was randomly assigned to four fish groups (in triplicates) (initial mean body weight, 12.1 ± 0.21 g) (20 fish per aquarium) (n = 240). Fish were fed three times daily to the apparent satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, serum antioxidant biomarkers such as malondialdehyde levels, and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities were significantly increased in all BSFLM groups in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The non-specific immune indices, including phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, serum lysozyme and respiratory burst activities were significantly elevated in BSFLM groups compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of hepatic heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-10 genes were observed in all BSFLM groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, after the challenge with V. alginolyticus, the relative percent of survival was significantly elevated in fish groups fed on diets containing graded levels of BSFLM over the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusively, the present study suggests the potential efficacy of partial replacement of dietary FM protein for up to 50% by BSFLM without negative effects on fish health with possible potentiation of the antioxidative status, and the immune responses of the European seabass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, 44662, Egypt
| | - Riad H Khalil
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Medhat S Shakweer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ghetas
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khallaf
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shafique L, Abdel-Latif HMR, Hassan FU, Alagawany M, Naiel MAE, Dawood MAO, Yilmaz S, Liu Q. The Feasibility of Using Yellow Mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor): Towards a Sustainable Aquafeed Industry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030811. [PMID: 33805823 PMCID: PMC7999726 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The expansion of the aquaculture industry depends mainly on aquafeed availability at reasonable prices. The common ingredients of aquafeed (e.g., fish and soybean meals) are not sustainable due to a lack of resources and increasing prices. Seeking alternative non-traditional ingredients is among the choices of nutritionists to produce high-quality feed at a feasible cost. Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) (TM) have been introduced to the feed industry as protein sources of a circular economy. Many studies have investigated the possibility of including T. molitor meals as a substitute for fish and soybean meals in aquafeed. Thus, this review exclusively presents an assemblage of the literature on the possibility of including T. molitor in aquafeed as a suggestion for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Abstract The success of the aquafeed industry mainly depends on the availability of raw ingredients with high nutritional value, such as fishmeal (FM). However, the increased demand for FM elevates its prices and leads to high feed costs. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable alternatives for FM in fish diets to achieve sustainability in aquaculture. Currently, attention is being paid to the possibility of using insect meals as FM substitutes in aquafeed because of their relatively high nutritional quality. TM is one of those insects that can be regarded as a unique candidate because of its relatively high nutritional value. TM are rich sources of essential amino acids (methionine), lipids, and fatty acids, which vary based on the developmental stage of the worms. Although TM have an abundant amount of chitin as a fiber source and other anti-nutritional factors, numerous studies have investigated the efficacy of partial or complete substitution of FM by T. molitor in fish diets. In this context, we reviewed the current research findings on the achievable inclusion levels of T. molitor versus FM substitution in the diets of several finfish and shellfish species. We discussed the potential use of T. molitor as an FM substitute in fish diets and evaluated its effects on growth, biometric indices, and body composition. Besides, the hematological parameters, immunological responses, antioxidative efficacy, intestinal health status, and sensory criteria of fish fed T. molitor-based diets were also assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Shafique
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt;
| | - Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed A. E. Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Sevdan Yilmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey;
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar V, Fawole FJ, Romano N, Hossain MS, Labh SN, Overturf K, Small BC. Insect (black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal supplementation prevents the soybean meal-induced intestinal enteritis in rainbow trout and health benefits of using insect oil. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:116-124. [PMID: 33352339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black solider fly larvae (BSFL) and their oils (BSFLO) are receiving increasing attention as sustainable ingredients in fish feeds, but mostly as replacements to marine sources. There were two aims to this study; in exp. 1, soybean meal (SBM)-based diets were formulated to contain BSFL as supplements at 0 (SBM), 8 (SBM + BSFLlow) or 16% (SBM + BSFLhigh) with a control diet being fishmeal-based (FM). In exp. 2, diets included only fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SBO), BSFLO or BSFLO + bile acid (BA), and all lipid sources were added at 16%. Both experiments were run at the same time and fed to rainbow trout (32 g) with each treatment being triplicated. After 10 weeks the fish were sampled for liver and distal intestine histology, expression of genes responsible for inflammation in the intestine and kidneys, and serum peroxidase and lysozyme activities. In exp. 1, supplementations of BSFL effectively prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis, down-regulated intestinal prostaglandin and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), while the SBM + BSFLhigh diet significantly increased serum lysozyme activity. In exp. 2, BSFLO caused no histomorphological change to the liver or intestine, but kidney interluekin-8, tumor necrosis factor and IRF-1 were significantly upregulated along with significantly higher serum peroxidase activity. The inclusion of BA in the BSFLO diets significantly upregulated intestinal prostaglandin gene expression. Overall, BSFL supplementations of 8 or 16% prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis based on histological observations, which was supported by a down-regulation in pro-inflammatory genes and enhanced innate immunity. Meanwhile, the use of BSFLO showed some immunological benefits. Therefore, these sustainable resources are recommended in the diets of rainbow trout, especially when using elevated levels of plant-based proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA; Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Femi J Fawole
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA; Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Department, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
| | - Md Sakhawat Hossain
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Shyam N Labh
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Ken Overturf
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID, USA
| | - Brian C Small
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chaklader MR, Howieson J, Fotedar R, Siddik MAB. Supplementation of Hermetia illucens Larvae in Poultry By-Product Meal-Based Barramundi, Lates calcarifer Diets Improves Adipocyte Cell Size, Skin Barrier Functions, and Immune Responses. Front Nutr 2021; 7:613158. [PMID: 33521040 PMCID: PMC7840693 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.613158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-week feeding trial was performed to examine the effects of supplementing Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal when fishmeal (FM) was replaced with poultry by-product meal (PBM) in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer diet. The effect was evaluated in terms of barramundi growth, filet quality, internal tissue structure, serum biochemistry, skin neutral mucins, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio harveyi. Three isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipid) diets: an FM-based diet (control) and two diets containing 60 and 75% of PBM supplemented with 10% HI larvae (60PBM + HI and 75PBM + HI) were formulated. A total of 225 barramundi, with an average weight of 15.87 ± 0.14 g, were randomly distributed into nine tanks, each holding 25 fish. There were no significant effects of test diets on growth, but feeding HI-supplemented PBM diets significantly increased the survival rate. A significantly reduced intraperitoneal fat index in HI-supplemented-PBM-fed fish was correlated to a decreased size of peritoneal adipocytes. The observation of no histopathological alteration of the liver in the HI-supplemented-PBM-fed fish was further supported by significant alterations in serum biochemistry, in particular, a decreasing tendency of alanine transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin. A 14-day challenge with V. harveyi indicated that HI-supplemented PBM diets reduced the infection rate in barramundi. After 24 h of infection, increased serum (lysozyme) and skin barrier functions, down-regulation of interleukin-1beta, and upregulation of interleukin-10 were found in HI-supplemented-PBM-fed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Janet Howieson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Muhammad A. B. Siddik
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chemello G, Biasato I, Gai F, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Schiavone A, Gasco L, Pauciullo A. Effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal inclusion in rainbow trout feed: myogenesis-related gene expression and histomorphological features. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1945959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chemello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Istituto di scienze delle produzioni alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Istituto di scienze delle produzioni alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Colombino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pauciullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Picchietti S, Miccoli A, Fausto AM. Gut immunity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:94-108. [PMID: 33285171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss the trends and supporting findings in scientific literature on the gut mucosa immune role in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Overall, the purpose is to provide an updated overview of the gastrointestinal tract functional regionalization and defence barriers. A description of the available information regarding immune cells found in two immunologically-relevant intestinal compartments, namely epithelium and lamina propria, is provided. Attention has been also paid to mucosal immunoglobulins and to the latest research investigating gut microbiota and dietary manipulation impacts. Finally, we review oral vaccination strategies, as a safe method for sea bass vaccine delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - A Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Environmental pollution, population increase, water availability and misuse of land are inexorably driving humans to take on important challenges related to sustainability. The next future is expected to see a significant increase of food and feed demands, which determines a serious threat to well-being levels and even survival of modern societies. Within this scenario, the efficient and sustainable use of insects as protein sources has been invoked as a possible strategic solution. As a candidate for remarkable growth, insect farming promises significant benefits to agri-food industry, offering interesting opportunities for implementing circular economy. In the present work, we review selected literature on insect rearing with the aim of providing a short rigorous introduction to the field to researchers, entrepreneurs and common readers. After a general overview of the field, including a description of insect nutritional values, the review focuses on the three insect species that are seemingly set to beneficially affect aquaculture, which is the activity presently more sensitive to circularity and sustainability innovation. Once traditional and advanced insect rearing methods are described, the challenges that the field is going to tackle are suitably highlighted.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gasco L, Acuti G, Bani P, Dalle Zotte A, Danieli PP, De Angelis A, Fortina R, Marino R, Parisi G, Piccolo G, Pinotti L, Prandini A, Schiavone A, Terova G, Tulli F, Roncarati A. Insect and fish by-products as sustainable alternatives to conventional animal proteins in animal nutrition. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1743209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Acuti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Dalle Zotte
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Danieli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Fortina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Aldo Prandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chemello G, Renna M, Caimi C, Guerreiro I, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Biasato I, Schiavone A, Gai F, Gasco L. Partially Defatted Tenebrio molitor Larva Meal in Diets for Grow-Out Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): Effects on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility and Metabolic Responses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020229. [PMID: 32023930 PMCID: PMC7071122 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current developments in the aquaculture sector have highlighted the need to find sustainable ingredients to replace fishmeal as a protein source in fish feeds. The use of insect meals may be a valid option, due to their good nutritional values and low ecological footprint. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a progressive fishmeal substitution with increasing concentrations of a partially defatted yellow mealworm meal in rainbow trout diets. We observed that the total substitution of fishmeal with insect meal is feasible and that there are no negative effects on fish growth or on the digestibility of most nutrients. The activities of hepatic enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism and lipid synthesis were also evaluated. The enzymatic activities were not negatively influenced by insect meal inclusion in the diets. These results are of practical application for feed manufacturers and farmers, as they support the inclusion of insect meals in fish diets to obtain sustainable feeds that able to support an increase in aquaculture production. Abstract Insect meals are good candidates to replace fishmeal as new protein sources in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the effects of fishmeal replacement with different dietary inclusion levels of a partially defatted Tenebrio molitor (L.) larva meal (TM) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) growth, diet digestibility, and hepatic intermediary metabolism. A 154-day growth trial was performed with 252 rainbow trout (78.3 ± 6.24 g) randomly divided into twelve tanks and fed four experimental diets containing increasing levels of TM: 0% (TM0), 25% (TM25), 50% (TM50), and 100% (TM100) of fishmeal substitution, corresponding to TM dietary inclusion levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively. A digestibility trial was performed feeding 180 rainbow trout (94.6 ± 7.31 g) with the experimental diets used in the growth trial. The growth parameters were not affected by TM dietary inclusion. Regarding the evaluated apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), only the ADC of crude protein was affected, showing the following trend: TM0 = TM25 > TM50 > TM100. The activities of key hepatic amino acid catabolic and lipogenic enzymes were not affected by the dietary composition. The results suggest that a partially defatted TM could totally replace fishmeal in commercial rainbow trout diets without negative effects on fish performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chemello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuela Renna
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01-1670-8023
| | - Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Inês Guerreiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (I.G.); (A.O.-T.); (P.E.)
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (I.G.); (A.O.-T.); (P.E.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (I.G.); (A.O.-T.); (P.E.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (I.B.); (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Could Dietary Black Soldier Fly Meal Inclusion Affect the Liver and Intestinal Histological Traits and the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Siberian Sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii) Juveniles? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010155. [PMID: 31963360 PMCID: PMC7022867 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The trial investigates if a highly defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal (H) at two dietary inclusion levels and a vegetable protein based diet (VEG) influences the normal gut and liver histology and the oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon juveniles. Fish were fed four diets: one control diet (H0) containing 70% of fishmeal (FM), two diets including 18.5% (H185) and 37.5% (H375) of highly defatted H in substitution for 25% and 50% of FM, and one vegetable protein based diet (VEG). At the end of a growth trial, 12 fish per treatment were sacrificed by over-anaesthesia to collect 12 liver and 5 distal intestine samples for histological analyses, as well as 12 liver and kidney samples for biochemical analyses. The H and VEG diets did not significantly affect the histology of liver and distal intestine, but alterations of the oxidative stress biomarkers were detected at the highest inclusion level of H (37.5%). In order to avoid unfavorable effects on the fish health, an inclusion level up to 18.5% of H is recommended for Siberian sturgeon juveniles.
Collapse
|
38
|
Insect larvae, Hermetia illucens in poultry by-product meal for barramundi, Lates calcarifer modulates histomorphology, immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16703. [PMID: 31723163 PMCID: PMC6853975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of replacement of fishmeal (FM) with poultry by-product (PBM) protein, supplemented with black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae on growth, histomormhology, immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi in juvenile barramundi. Two hundred and twenty five barramundi averaging 3.51 ± 0.03 g were randomly allocated into three groups and fed isonitrogenous and isocalorific diets containing different levels of PBM supplemented with HI as follows: Control (FM based diet), 45PBM + HI (45% PBM supplemented with 10% HI), and 90PBM + HI (90% PBM supplemented with 10% HI) for 6 weeks. Results showed that dietary inclusion of 45PBM + HI significantly improved the growth performance than control whereas growth inhibition occurred in the 90PBM + HI. The 45PBM + HI groups demonstrated significant increases in histometric measurements (villus and enterocyte width, and microvilli height) and acidic mucins. The impaired growth in 90PBM + HI groups was further associated with multifocal necrosis in the liver, an upregulation of the stress related genes (HSP70 and HSP90) and increase in the levels of liver enzymes. When 45PBM + HI was fed, survival against V. harveyi increased significantly and also an increase in serum immunity and immune-related genes in the head kidney was observed after infection.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ali MFZ, Ohta T, Ido A, Miura C, Miura T. The Dipterose of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Induces Innate Immune Response through Toll-Like Receptor Pathway in Mouse Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110677. [PMID: 31683715 PMCID: PMC6920837 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In our study, a novel bioactive polysaccharide was identified in the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) as a molecule that activates the mammalian innate immune response. We attempted to isolate this molecule, which was named dipterose-BSF, by gel-filtration and anion-exchange chromatography, followed by nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cells as a marker of immunomodulatory activity. Dipterose-BSF had an average molecular weight of 1.47 × 105 and consisted of ten monosaccharides. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrated that dipterose-BSF enhanced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and interferon β (IFNβ) in RAW264.7 cells. The inhibition of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) significantly attenuated NO production by dipterose-BSF, indicating that dipterose-BSF stimulates the induction of various cytokines in macrophages via the TLR signaling pathway. This observation was analogous with the activation of nuclear factor kappa B in RAW264.7 cells after exposure to dipterose-BSF. Our results suggest that dipterose-BSF has immunomodulatory potential through activating the host innate immune system, which allows it to be a novel immunomodulator for implementation as a functional food supplement in poultry, livestock, and farmed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fariz Zahir Ali
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ohta
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1, Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime 798-4292, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ido
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Chiemi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
- Department of Global Environment Studies, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Miyake, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima, 731-5193, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Insects as an alternative source of protein: a review of the potential use of grasshopper (Sphenarium purpurascens Ch.) as a food ingredient. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
41
|
Stenberg OK, Holen E, Piemontese L, Liland NS, Lock EJ, Espe M, Belghit I. Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal with insect meal on in vitro bacterial and viral induced gene response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:223-232. [PMID: 31121289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the fast growth of today's aquaculture industry, the demand for aquafeeds is expanding dramatically. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of salmonids, could represent a sustainable ingredient for aquaculture feed. The aim of the current study was to test how a partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal affect gene responses involved in inflammation, the eicosanoid pathway and stress response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in isolated head kidney leukocytes after exposure to bacterial or viral mimic. Insect meal (IM) was produced from black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae. Seawater Atlantic salmon were fed three different diets for 8 weeks; a control diet (IM0, protein from fishmeal and plant based ingredients (25:75) and lipid from fish oil and vegetable oil (33:66); and two insect-meal containing diets, IM66 and IM100, where 66 and 100% of the fishmeal protein was replaced with IM, respectively. Leukocytes were isolated from the head kidney of fish (n = 6) from each of the three dietary groups. Isolated leukocytes were seeded into culture wells and added either a bacterial mimic (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or a viral mimic (polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid, poly I: C) to induce an inflammatory response. Controls (Ctl) without LPS and poly I: C were included. The transcription of interleukins IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were elevated in LPS treated leukocytes isolated from salmon fed the three dietary groups (IM0, IM66 and IM100). The inflammatory-related gene expression in head kidney cells were, however, not affected by the pre-fed substitution of fish meal with IM in the diet of salmon. Gene transcriptions of PTGDS and PTGES were neither affected by LPS, poly I: C or the experimental diets fed prior to cell isolation, while salmon fed with IM showed a lower expression of LOX5. The gene expression of TLR22 and C/EBP-β were down-regulated by the LPS treatment in the cells isolated from salmon fed insect-based diets (IM66 and IM100) compared to fish fed the IM0. Similarly, the leukocytes challenged with LPS and isolated from fish fed with IM66 and IM100 down-regulated the expression of Mn-SOD, GPx1, HSP27 and HSP70 compared to salmon fed IM0. In general, these results suggested that replacement of fishmeal with IM in the diets of Atlantic salmon had no effect on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes in the head kidney cells. There was, however, an effect of dietary IM on the transcription of antioxidant and stress related genes in the leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luisa Piemontese
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via delle Cascine 5, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nina S Liland
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zarantoniello M, Randazzo B, Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Marcellucci C, Vargas-Abúndez JA, Zimbelli A, Annibaldi A, Parisi G, Tulli F, Riolo P, Olivotto I. A six-months study on Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) based diets in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8598. [PMID: 31197206 PMCID: PMC6565691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive fish farming relies on the use of feeds based on fish meal and oil as optimal ingredients; however, further development of the aquaculture sector needs new, nutritious and sustainable ingredients. According to the concept of circular economy, insects represent good candidates as aquafeed ingredients since they can be cultured through environmental-friendly, cost-effective farming processes, on by-products/wastes, and many studies have recently been published about their inclusion in fish feed. However, information about the physiological effects of insect-based diets over the whole life cycle of fish is presently missing. At this regard, the present study investigated, for the first time, the effects of Black Soldier Fly based diets (25 and 50% fish meal substitution) administration for a six months period in zebrafish (Danio rerio), from larvae to adults. A multidisciplinary approach, including biometric, biochemical, histological, spectroscopic and molecular analyses was applied. Aside a general reduction in fish growth and lipid steatosis, six-months feeding on Black Soldier Fly based diets did not show major negative effects on zebrafish. Gut histological analysis on intestine samples did not show signs of inflammation and both stress markers and immune response markers did not show significant differences among the experimental groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia Marcellucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jorge Arturo Vargas-Abúndez
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Zimbelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DISPAA), Università di Firenze, via delle Cascine 5, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio, 2, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ochoa Sanabria C, Hogan N, Madder K, Gillott C, Blakley B, Reaney M, Beattie A, Buchanan F. Yellow Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat-A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050282. [PMID: 31117211 PMCID: PMC6563207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52% and crude fat of 36%. Ash, fiber, chitin, fatty-acids and amino-acid content were consistent across diets. Survival was greater than 96% for all life stages and average daily gain ranged from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/day per mealworm. Larvae accumulated low levels of DON from Fusarium-infected wheat diets suggesting contaminated wheat could be used to produce a sustainable, safe protein source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ochoa Sanabria
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Kayla Madder
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Cedric Gillott
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Barry Blakley
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Martin Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Aaron Beattie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Fiona Buchanan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Replacing Fish Meal with Defatted Insect Meal (Yellow Mealworm Tenebrio molitor) Improves the Growth and Immunity of Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050258. [PMID: 31117249 PMCID: PMC6563494 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Globally, Pacific white shrimp is one of the most commonly commercialized marine species in aquaculture. In recent years, the commercial production of this shrimp has experienced major challenges, including the availability and cost of fish meal—the main protein source of commercial shrimp—as well as frequent outbreaks of early mortality syndrome (EMS) among shrimp stock. In the present study, we investigated whether substituting fish meal with a defatted yellow mealworm meal could overcome these challenges. Our results from a series of feeding trials show that it is possible to partially or completely replace fish meal with this insect meal in isoproteic and isoenergetic diets. The insect meal improved growth and feed conversion performances of shrimp; optimum performances were achieved at 50% of fish meal replacement. Furthermore, shrimp that were fed the insect meal and then challenged with the pathogenic bacteria that cause EMS (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) had significantly improved survival rates and reduced immunosuppression. We conclude that an insect meal comprised of Tenebrio molitor mealworm, is a suitable alternative to fish meal in the commercial production of shrimp because of the meal’s high protein value and the presence of chitin/other bioactive substances that counter pathogen infection. Abstract Recently, ecological and economic issues have affected fish meal (FM) supply, the main source of protein for shrimp. This triggered a search for alternative dietary protein sources for shrimp production. We studied the consequences of replacing FM with a defatted insect meal, ŸnMealTM (YM), comprised of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Growth and immune parameters of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannanmei) were compared after an eight-week feeding trial. Shrimp were kept in aquaria with densities of 60 and 40 shrimp/m2 and fed one of five diets in which a proportion of FM was replaced by YM. All diets were isoproteic, isoenergetic, and balanced in lysine and methionine. After the feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Growth and feed conversion parameters improved when YM was included in shrimp diets; with the highest weight gain and best food conversion ratio (FCR) achieved when 50% of FM was replaced by YM versus the control diet that contained no YM (initial weight: 1.60 g/shrimp; growth: 5.27 vs. 3.94 g/shrimp; FCR 1.20 vs. 1.59). In challenged shrimp, mortality rates were significantly less among groups that received YM, with a 76.9% lower mortality rate in the 50% FM replacement group versus the control.
Collapse
|
45
|
Effects of Graded Dietary Inclusion Level of Full-Fat Hermetia illucens Prepupae Meal in Practical Diets for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050251. [PMID: 31108939 PMCID: PMC6562532 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The sustainability of fish production is mainly driven by the protein source used in aquafeeds. In conventional fish feed, protein sources are mostly vegetable ingredients and fishmeal. The present study explored the potential use of full-fat Hermetia illucens prepupae meal (H) replacing 0% (H0), 25% (H25), and 50% (H50) conventional ingredients in practical diets for rainbow trout. No significant differences in growth were observed in all experimental groups, while in fish fed the H50 diet both hepatic and intestinal alterations were detected. In addition, in the same fish group, genes related to stress and immune-response were significantly up-regulated. The results obtained so far highlighted an overall physiological adaptation of fish to the dietary manipulation, suggesting an adverse effect of full-fat H at the highest inclusion level. Abstract This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion levels of full-fat Hermetia illucens prepupae meal (H) on growth and gastrointestinal integrity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A 98-day study was conducted using triplicate groups of trout (initial body weight, 137 ± 10.5 g) kept in 1-m3 tanks in a flow-through well water system. Three dietary treatments were prepared: one based on fishmeal and purified protein-rich vegetable ingredients (H0), and two experimental diets including graded levels of H meal (25% and 50%, referred to as H25 and H50, respectively). At the end of the feeding trial, no differences were observed in growth performance and plasma metabolite levels, with the biometric data confirmed by the liver expression of the genes involved in somatic growth regulation (igf1 and mstn1a). In the H50 group, a three-fold up regulation of liver hsp70 was observed. An activation of the stress/immune response (il-10, tnf-α, and tlr-5) was observed in medium intestine in the H25 and H50 groups (p < 0.05) together with a villi length reduction detected through histological analyses. Liver histology and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) spectroscopy highlighted an increase in lipid deposition. These findings suggest that caution should be taken into account when 50% replacement of conventional ingredients with H is selected.
Collapse
|
46
|
Adamski Z, Bufo SA, Chowański S, Falabella P, Lubawy J, Marciniak P, Pacholska-Bogalska J, Salvia R, Scrano L, Słocińska M, Spochacz M, Szymczak M, Urbański A, Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Rosiński G. Beetles as Model Organisms in Physiological, Biomedical and Environmental Studies - A Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:319. [PMID: 30984018 PMCID: PMC6447812 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Model organisms are often used in biological, medical and environmental research. Among insects, Drosophila melanogaster, Galleria mellonella, Apis mellifera, Bombyx mori, Periplaneta americana, and Locusta migratoria are often used. However, new model organisms still appear. In recent years, an increasing number of insect species has been suggested as model organisms in life sciences research due to their worldwide distribution and environmental significance, the possibility of extrapolating research studies to vertebrates and the relatively low cost of rearing. Beetles are the largest insect order, with their representative - Tribolium castaneum - being the first species with a completely sequenced genome, and seem to be emerging as new potential candidates for model organisms in various studies. Apart from T. castaneum, additional species representing various Coleoptera families, such as Nicrophorus vespilloides, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Coccinella septempunctata, Poecilus cupreus, Tenebrio molitor and many others, have been used. They are increasingly often included in two major research aspects: biomedical and environmental studies. Biomedical studies focus mainly on unraveling mechanisms of basic life processes, such as feeding, neurotransmission or activity of the immune system, as well as on elucidating the mechanism of different diseases (neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic, or immunological) using beetles as models. Furthermore, pharmacological bioassays for testing novel biologically active substances in beetles have also been developed. It should be emphasized that beetles are a source of compounds with potential antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Environmental-based studies focus mainly on the development and testing of new potential pesticides of both chemical and natural origin. Additionally, beetles are used as food or for their valuable supplements. Different beetle families are also used as bioindicators. Another important research area using beetles as models is behavioral ecology studies, for instance, parental care. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding beetles as model organisms and their practical application in various fields of life science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Pacholska-Bogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Walkowiak-Nowicka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The Introduction of Insect Meal into Fish Diet: The First Economic Analysis on European Sea Bass Farming. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The economic and environmental sustainability of aquaculture depends significantly on the nature and quality of the fish feed used. One of the main criticisms of aquaculture is the need to use significant amounts of fish meal, and other marine protein sources, in such feed. Unfortunately, the availability of the oceanic resources, typically used to produce fish feed, cannot be utilized indefinitely to cover the worldwide feed demand caused by ever-increasing aquaculture production. In light of these considerations, this study estimates how aquaculture farm economic outcomes can change by introducing insect meal into the diet of cultivated fish. Several possible economic effects are simulated, based on various scenarios, with different percentages of insect flour in the feed and varying meal prices using a case study of a specialized off-shore sea bass farm in Italy. The findings indicate that the introduction of insect meal—composed of Tenebrio molitor—would increase feeding costs due to the high market prices of this flour and its less convenient feed conversion ratio than that of fish meal. Therefore, the expected environmental benefits of using this highly promising insect meal in fish feed do not align with the current economic interests of the aquaculture industry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate this theme, and it must be noted that our findings cannot be generalized widely because a specific case study was used. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that efforts should be made—at least at the farm level—to find profitable ways to encourage the introduction of this attractive alternative to guarantee both economic and environmental sustainability in the near future.
Collapse
|
48
|
Replacement of Fish Meal by Defatted Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Larvae in Diet Improves Growth Performance and Disease Resistance in Red Seabream ( Pargus major). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030100. [PMID: 30893916 PMCID: PMC6466227 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yellow mealworm is a potential novel protein source for sustainable food production, especially for aquaculture. In this study, the intake of a diet including defatted mealworm larvae was compared with a control diet containing fish meal from anchovy in a feeding trial with red seabream. As a result, the growth of red seabream fed the diet including defatted mealworm larvae with complete replacement of fish meal was higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Moreover, red seabreams fed diets including mealworm larvae gained disease resistance against pathogenic bacteria. The defatting process is thought to be important for insect-based diets, and the potential functional benefits for cultured fish from the diets, such as acquiring disease resistance, are remarkable. Abstract Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae are a potential alternative animal protein source for sustainable aquaculture. However, reports on the successful complete substitution of fish meal with yellow mealworm larvae in an aquaculture diet have been limited. In this study, we conducted a feeding trial with red seabream (Pagrus major) being fed diets with partial or complete replacement of fish meal with yellow mealworm larvae defatted with a hexane–ethanol solution. Feed intake in red seabream increased in accordance with yellow mealworm larvae inclusion, and diets including 65% defatted mealworm larvae (complete replacement of fish meal) showed significant growth promotion. The addition of the oil fraction from mealworm larvae to diets resulted in growth reduction, despite meeting the nutritional requirements of red seabream. Moreover, the survival rate of red seabreams fed diets with partial replacement of fish meal with mealworm larvae was significantly higher in a challenge test with pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. The present study demonstrated that yellow mealworm larvae are not merely an alternative animal protein, but have potential as functional feed ingredients for aquaculture production.
Collapse
|
49
|
Henry MA, Gai F, Enes P, Peréz-Jiménez A, Gasco L. Effect of partial dietary replacement of fishmeal by yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae meal on the innate immune response and intestinal antioxidant enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:308-313. [PMID: 30219384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of 25 and 50% dietary inclusion of yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (TM), larvae on the intestinal antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and immune system of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were fed for 90 days with a control diet (TM0) or with 2 test diets (TM25 and TM50) where 35 and 67% of the fishmeal was replaced by TM larvae meal respectively. At the end of the growth trial, humoral immune parameters were assessed in the sera of the fish and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured in intestine homogenates. The present results show a strong increase of the activity of the antioxidant intestinal enzymes and reduction of lipid peroxidation. Increased trypsin inhibition and faster antibacterial activity of the serum were also detected. These evidences could be due to the physiological similarities between the exoskeleton of parasites and insects. The present findings reinforce the previous results which revealed a positive effect of the dietary TM on rainbow trout growth and further confirm its adequacy for fishmeal partial replacement in aquafeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Henry
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, 16777, Elliniko, Greece.
| | - F Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - P Enes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Peréz-Jiménez
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - L Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gasco L, Gai F, Maricchiolo G, Genovese L, Ragonese S, Bottari T, Caruso G. Fishmeal Alternative Protein Sources for Aquaculture Feeds. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77941-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|