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Smith LT, Bishop OC, Nusslock R, Alloy LB. The path from mood symptoms to substance use: A longitudinal examination in individuals with and at risk for bipolar spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 2024; 360:33-41. [PMID: 38815758 PMCID: PMC11185173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent substance use poses a critical public health challenge, intertwined with risk-taking behavior, criminality, functional impairment, and comorbid mental and physical health issues. Adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD) exhibit heightened susceptibility to substance use, necessitating a nuanced exploration of the bipolar-substance use relationship. METHODS This study addressed gaps in the literature by employing a prospective, longitudinal design with 443 Philadelphia-area adolescents, tracking BSD symptoms and substance use. We predicted that BSD symptoms would be associated with increases in substance use, and that these effects would be more pronounced for individuals with a BSD and those with high reward sensitivity. RESULTS Hypomanic symptoms predicted subsequent substance use, with a stronger association observed in individuals diagnosed with BSD. Contrary to expectations, depressive symptoms did not exhibit a similar relationship. Although the hypothesized moderating role of reward sensitivity was not supported, higher reward sensitivity predicted increased substance use. LIMITATIONS Symptoms and substance use are only captured for the month prior to each session due to the assessment timeline. This highlights the benefits of frequent assessments over a shorter time frame to monitor real-time changes. Alternative classification methods for reward sensitivity, such as brain or behavior-based assessments, might yield different results. CONCLUSIONS This study's contributions include evaluating substance use broadly, utilizing a longitudinal design for temporal clarity, and shifting the focus from substance use predicting mood symptoms to the inverse. The findings underscore the need for continued exploration of mood symptom predictors of substance use, emphasizing the role of reward sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, United States of America
| | - Olivia C Bishop
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, United States of America
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, United States of America
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, United States of America.
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2
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Wüllhorst R, Wüllhorst V, Endrass T. Risk-Taking Is Associated with Decreased Subjective Value Signals and Increased Prediction Error Signals in the Hot Columbia Card Task. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1337232024. [PMID: 38561225 PMCID: PMC11112641 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1337-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It remains a pressing concern to understand how neural computations relate to risky decisions. However, most observations of brain-behavior relationships in the risk-taking domain lack a rigorous computational basis or fail to emulate of the dynamic, sequential nature of real-life risky decision-making. Recent advances emphasize the role of neural prediction error (PE) signals. We modeled, according to prospect theory, the choices of n = 43 human participants (33 females, 10 males) performing an EEG version of the hot Columbia Card Task, featuring rounds of sequential decisions between stopping (safe option) and continuing with increasing odds of a high loss (risky option). Single-trial regression EEG analyses yielded a subjective value signal at centroparietal (300-700 ms) and frontocentral (>800 ms) electrodes and in the delta band, as well as PE signals tied to the feedback-related negativity, P3a, and P3b, and in the theta band. Higher risk preference (total number of risky choices) was linked to attenuated subjective value signals but increased PE signals. Higher P3-like activity associated with the most positive PE in each round predicted stopping in the present round but not risk-taking in the subsequent round. Our findings indicate that decreased representation of decision values and increased sensitivity to winning despite low odds (positive PE) facilitate risky choices at the subject level. Strong neural responses when gains are least expected (the most positive PE on each round) adaptively contribute to safer choices at the trial-by-trial level but do not affect risky choice at the round-by-round level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Wüllhorst
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Verena Wüllhorst
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01187, Germany
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Kohler R, Lichenstein SD, Cheng A, Holmes A, Bzdok D, Pearlson G, Yip SW. Identification of a Composite Latent Dimension of Reward and Impulsivity Across Clinical, Behavioral, and Neurobiological Domains Among Youth. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:407-416. [PMID: 38052266 PMCID: PMC11149944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in reward processing are central to heightened risk-taking behaviors during adolescence, but there is inconsistent evidence for the relationship between risk-taking phenotypes and the neural substrates of these behaviors. METHODS Here, we identify latent features of reward in an attempt to provide a unifying framework linking together aspects of the brain and behavior during early adolescence using a multivariate pattern learning approach. Data (N = 8295; n male = 4190; n female = 4105) were acquired as part of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study and included neuroimaging (regional neural activity responses during reward anticipation) and behavioral (e.g., impulsivity measures, delay discounting) variables. RESULTS We revealed a single latent dimension of reward driven by shared covariation between striatal, thalamic, and anterior cingulate responses during reward anticipation, negative urgency, and delay discounting behaviors. Expression of these latent features differed among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorder, compared with those without, and higher expression of these latent features was negatively associated with multiple dimensions of executive function and cognition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cross-domain patterns of anticipatory reward processing linked to negative features of impulsivity exist in both the brain and in behavior during early adolescence and that these are representative of 2 commonly diagnosed reward-related psychiatric disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorder. Furthermore, they provide an explicit baseline from which multivariate developmental trajectories of reward processes may be tracked in later waves of the ABCD Study and other developmental cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kohler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Sarah D Lichenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Annie Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Avram Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BIC, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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4
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Demidenko MI, Mumford JA, Ram N, Poldrack RA. A multi-sample evaluation of the measurement structure and function of the modified monetary incentive delay task in adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 65:101337. [PMID: 38160517 PMCID: PMC10801229 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Interpreting the neural response elicited during task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) remains a challenge in neurodevelopmental research. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task is an fMRI reward processing task that is extensively used in the literature. However, modern psychometric tools have not been used to evaluate measurement properties of the MID task fMRI data. The current study uses data for a similar task design across three adolescent samples (N = 346 [Agemean 12.0; 44 % Female]; N = 97 [19.3; 58 %]; N = 112 [20.2; 38 %]) to evaluate multiple measurement properties of fMRI responses on the MID task. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to evaluate an a priori theoretical model for the task and its measurement invariance across three samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to identify the data-driven measurement structure across the samples. CFA results suggest that the a priori model is a poor representation of these MID task fMRI data. Across the samples, the data-driven EFA models consistently identify a six-to-seven factor structure with run and bilateral brain region factors. This factor structure is moderately-to-highly congruent across the samples. Altogether, these findings demonstrate a need to evaluate theoretical frameworks for popular fMRI task designs to improve our understanding and interpretation of brain-behavior associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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5
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Ciranka S, Hertwig R. Environmental statistics and experience shape risk-taking across adolescence. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:1123-1134. [PMID: 37739921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are often portrayed as reckless risk-takers because of their immature brains. Recent research has cast doubt on this portrayal, identifying the environment as a moderator of risk-taking. However, the key features of environments that drive risk-taking behaviors are often underspecified. We call for greater attention to the environment by drawing on research showing that its statistical structure impacts future risk-taking as people learn from outcomes they experience after taking a risk. This opinion shows that adolescents are unlikely to experience harm from many risks because environmental statistics are skewed and favor safe experiences. Environmental statistics and experience suggest entry points for policy interventions by carefully timing risk warnings and leveraging peers' potential to shape the statistics of rewarding experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ciranka
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Lauriola M, Cerniglia L, Tambelli R, Cimino S. Deliberative and Affective Risky Decisions in Teenagers: Different Associations with Maladaptive Psychological Functioning and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121915. [PMID: 36553358 PMCID: PMC9777102 DOI: 10.3390/children9121915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using network analysis, we investigated the relationships between maladaptive psychological functioning, difficulties in emotion regulation, and risk-taking in deliberative and affective behavioral decisions. Participants (103 adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years, 62% boys) took the Cold (deliberative) and Hot (affective) versions of the Columbia Card Task and completed the Youth Self-Report (YSR) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). In contrast to the view that risk propensity increases from preadolescence to middle adolescence and decreases at later ages, our study revealed no age-specific trend. YSR syndrome scales were significantly correlated with risk propensity, but only in the Cold version. The YSR Thought Problems scale was the most central node in the network, linking internalizing and externalizing problems with risk propensity in the Cold CCT. Lack of emotional Clarity was the only DERS consistently linked with risk-taking both in correlation and network analyses. Maladaptive psychological functioning and difficulties in emotion regulation were linked with risk propensity in affective risky decisions through deliberative processes. The statistical significance of direct and indirect effects was further examined using nonparametric mediation analyses. Our study highlights the role of cognitive factors that in each variable set might account for risk-taking in teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lauriola
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Cerniglia
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, 00186 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical and Health Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Cimino
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical and Health Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
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7
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Beard SJ, Yoon L, Venticinque JS, Shepherd NE, Guyer AE. The brain in social context: A systematic review of substance use and social processing from adolescence to young adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 57:101147. [PMID: 36030675 PMCID: PMC9434028 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use escalates between adolescence and young adulthood, and most experimentation occurs among peers. To understand underlying mechanisms, research has focused on neural response during relevant psychological processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research provides a wealth of information about brain activity when processing monetary rewards; however, most studies have used tasks devoid of social stimuli. Given that adolescent neurodevelopment is sculpted by the push-and-pull of peers and emotions, identifying neural substrates is important for intervention. We systematically reviewed 28 fMRI studies examining substance use and neural responses to stimuli including social reward, emotional faces, social influence, and social stressors. We found substance use was positively associated with social-reward activity (e.g., in the ventral striatum), and negatively with social-stress activity (e.g., in the amygdala). For emotion, findings were mixed with more use linked to heightened response (e.g., in amygdala), but also with decreased response (e.g., in insula). For social influence, evidence supported both positive (e.g., cannabis and nucleus accumbens during conformity) and negative (e.g., polydrug and ventromedial PFC during peers' choices) relations between activity and use. Based on the literature, we offer recommendations for future research on the neural processing of social information to better identify risks for substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Beard
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, 301 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Leehyun Yoon
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Joseph S Venticinque
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, 301 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Nathan E Shepherd
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, 301 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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8
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Klein S, Kruse O, Tapia León I, Van Oudenhove L, van 't Hof SR, Klucken T, Wager TD, Stark R. Cross-paradigm integration shows a common neural basis for aversive and appetitive conditioning. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119594. [PMID: 36041642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharing imaging data and comparing them across different psychological tasks is becoming increasingly possible as the open science movement advances. Such cross-paradigm integration has the potential to identify commonalities in findings that neighboring areas of study thought to be paradigm-specific. However, even the integration of research from closely related paradigms, such as aversive and appetitive classical conditioning is rare - even though qualitative comparisons already hint at how similar the 'fear network' and 'reward network' may be. We aimed to validate these theories by taking a multivariate approach to assess commonalities across paradigms empirically. Specifically, we quantified the similarity of an aversive conditioning pattern derived from meta-analysis to appetitive conditioning fMRI data. We tested pattern expression in three independent appetitive conditioning studies with 29, 76 and 38 participants each. During fMRI scanning, participants in each cohorts performed an appetitive conditioning task in which a CS+ was repeatedly rewarded with money and a CS- was never rewarded. The aversive pattern was highly similar to appetitive CS+ > CS- contrast maps across samples and variations of the appetitive conditioning paradigms. Moreover, the pattern distinguished the CS+ from the CS- with above-chance accuracy in every sample. These findings provide robust empirical evidence for an underlying neural system common to appetitive and aversive learning. We believe that this approach provides a way to empirically integrate the steadily growing body of fMRI findings across paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Klein
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Center of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg 35032, Germany.
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany
| | - Isabell Tapia León
- Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sophie R van 't Hof
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Klucken
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Center of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg 35032, Germany
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9
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Qi H, Kang Q, Bi C. How Does the Parent–Adolescent Relationship Affect Adolescent Internet Addiction? Parents’ Distinctive Influences. Front Psychol 2022; 13:886168. [PMID: 35747670 PMCID: PMC9209756 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous research has demonstrated that parent–adolescent relationships have a significant effect on adolescent Internet Addiction (IA), the mechanisms underlying these associations and parental differences in these effects have received insufficient attention. We investigated the mediating role of Perceived Social Support and Dual System of Self-Control (DSSC) in the relationship between Father-Adolescent Relationships/Mother-Adolescent Relationships (FAR/MAR) and adolescent IA, as well as the differences in the effects of FAR and MAR. A cross-sectional survey of 732 Chinese adolescents was conducted using the Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale, Parent–Adolescent Relationship Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Dual System of Self-Control Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used. The results of structural modeling analysis showed that neither FAR nor MAR directly predicted adolescent IA. In contrast, FAR/MAR had an impact on adolescent IA mainly through the mediating effects of Perceived Social Support and Impulsive System. Furthermore, in the relationship between FAR/MAR and adolescent IA, the Impulsive System and Perceived Social Support both served as chain mediators, as did Perceived Social Support and the Reflective System. And more importantly, unlike FAR, MAR affects adolescent IA through the mediating effect of the Reflective System. Multiple linear regression showed that the regression coefficient of MAR on adolescent IA had stronger significance compared to FAR, MAR is deserving of more attention than FAR. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between FAR/MAR and adolescent IA and suggest that family relationship-focused training approaches are critical for suppressing adolescent IA. These interventions should be tailored to the unique circumstances of each family.
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10
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Kalhan S, Chen LPE, Garrido MI, Hester R. People with tobacco use disorder exhibit more prefrontal activity during preparatory control but reduced anterior cingulate activity during reactive control. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13159. [PMID: 35229950 PMCID: PMC9285037 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduced inhibitory control and a hypersensitivity to reward are key deficits in drug dependents; however, they tend to be studied in isolation. Here, we seek to understand the neural processes underlying control over reward and how this is different in people with a tobacco use disorder (pTUD). A novel variant of the monetary incentive delay task was performed by pTUD (n = 20) and non-smokers (n = 20), where we added a stop-signal component such that participants had to inhibit prepotent responses to earn a larger monetary reward. Brain activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We estimated stop signal reaction times (SSRTs), an indicator of impulsivity, and correlated these with brain activity. Inhibitory accuracy scores did not differ between the control group and pTUD. However, pTUD had slower SSRTs, suggesting that they may find it harder to inhibit responses. Brain data revealed that pTUD had greater preparatory control activity in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus prior to successful inhibitions over reward. In contrast, non-smokers had greater reactive control associated with more activity in the anterior cingulate cortex during these successful inhibitions. SSRT-brain activity correlations revealed that pTUD engaged more control-related prefrontal brain regions when SSRTs are slower. Overall, while the inhibition accuracy scores were similar between groups, differential neural processes and strategies were used to successfully inhibit a prepotent response. The findings suggest that increasing preparatory control in pTUD may be one possible treatment target in order to increase inhibitory control over reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Kalhan
- School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Li Peng Evelyn Chen
- School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Marta I. Garrido
- School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Robert Hester
- School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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11
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Damme KSF, Alloy LB, Kelley NJ, Carroll A, Young CB, Chein J, Ng TH, Titone MK, Bart CP, Nusslock R. Bipolar spectrum disorders are associated with increased gray matter volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. JCPP ADVANCES 2022; 2:e12068. [PMID: 36714682 PMCID: PMC9879263 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevated sensitivity to rewards prospectively predicts Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (BSD) onset; however, it is unclear whether volumetric abnormalities also reflect BSD risk. BSDs emerge when critical neurodevelopment in frontal and striatal regions occurs in sex-specific ways. The current paper examined the volume of frontal and striatal brain regions in both individuals with and at risk for a BSD with exploratory analyses examining sex-specificity. Methods One hundred fourteen medication-free individuals ages 18-27 at low-risk for BSD (moderate-reward sensitivity; N = 37), at high-risk without a BSD (high-reward sensitivity; N = 47), or with a BSD (N = 30) completed a structural MRI scan of the brain. We examined group differences in gray matter volume in a priori medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) regions-of-interest. Results The BSD group had enlarged frontostriatal volumes (mOFC, NAcc) compared to low individuals (d = 1.01). The mOFC volume in BSD was larger than low-risk (d = 1.01) and the high-risk groups (d = 0.74). This effect was driven by males with a BSD, who showed an enlarged mOFC compared to low (d = 1.01) and high-risk males (d = 0.74). Males with a BSD also showed a greater NAcc volume compared to males at low-risk (d = 0.49), but not high-risk males. Conclusions An enlarged frontostriatal volume (averaged mOFC, NAcc) is associated with the presence of a BSD, while subvolumes (mOFC vs. NAcc) showed unique patterning in relation to risk. We report preliminary evidence that sex moderates frontostriatal volume in BSD, highlighting the need for larger longitudinal risk studies examining the role of sex-specific neurodevelopmental trajectories in emerging BSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Ann Carroll
- Department of PsychologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Jason Chein
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tommy H. Ng
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Madison K. Titone
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Corinne P. Bart
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of PsychologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
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12
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Del Giacco AC, Jones SA, Morales AM, Kliamovich D, Nagel BJ. Adolescent novelty seeking is associated with greater ventral striatal and prefrontal brain response during evaluation of risk and reward. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:123-133. [PMID: 34342865 PMCID: PMC8792307 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period during which reward sensitivity is heightened. Studies suggest that there are individual differences in adolescent reward-seeking behavior, attributable to a variety of factors, including temperament. This study investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of risk and reward evaluation as they relate to self-reported pleasure derived from novel experiences on the revised Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ-R). Healthy participants (N = 265, ~50% male), aged 12-17 years, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a modified Wheel of Fortune task, where they evaluated choices with varying probability of winning different monetary rewards. Across all participants, there was increased brain response in salience, reward, and cognitive control circuitry when evaluating choices with larger (compared with moderate) difference in risk/reward. Whole brain and a priori region-of-interest regression analyses revealed that individuals reporting higher novelty seeking had greater activation in bilateral ventral striatum, left middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex when evaluating the choices for largest difference in risk/reward. These novelty seeking associations with brain response were seen in the absence of temperament-related differences in decision-making behavior. Thus, while heightened novelty seeking in adolescents might be associated with greater neural sensitivity to risk/reward, accompanying increased activation in cognitive control regions might regulate reward-driven risk-taking behavior. More research is needed to determine whether individual differences in brain activation associated with novelty seeking are related to decision making in more ecologically valid settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Del Giacco
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scott A Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Angelica M Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dakota Kliamovich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road UHN-80R1, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road UHN-80R1, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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13
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Demidenko MI, Huntley ED, Weigard AS, Keating DP, Beltz AM. Neural heterogeneity underlying late adolescent motivational processing is linked to individual differences in behavioral sensation seeking. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:762-779. [PMID: 35043448 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent risk-taking, including sensation seeking (SS), is often attributed to developmental changes in connectivity among brain regions implicated in cognitive control and reward processing. Despite considerable scientific and popular interest in this neurodevelopmental framework, there are few empirical investigations of adolescent functional connectivity, let alone examinations of its links to SS behavior. The studies that have been done focus on mean-based approaches and leave unanswered questions about individual differences in neurodevelopment and behavior. The goal of this paper is to take a person-specific approach to the study of adolescent functional connectivity during a continuous motivational state, and to examine links between connectivity and self-reported SS behavior in 104 adolescents (MAge = 19.3; SDAge = 1.3). Using Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME), person-specific connectivity during two neuroimaging runs of a monetary incentive delay task was estimated among 12 a priori brain regions of interest representing reward, cognitive, and salience networks. Two data-driven subgroups were detected, a finding that was consistent between both neuroimaging runs, but associations with SS were only found in the first run, potentially reflecting neural habituation in the second run. Specifically, the subgroup that had unique connections between reward-related regions had greater SS and showed a distinctive relation between connectivity strength in the reward regions and SS. These findings provide novel evidence for heterogeneity in adolescent brain-behavior relations by showing that subsets of adolescents have unique associations between neural motivational processing and SS. Findings have broader implications for future work on reward processing, as they demonstrate that brain-behavior relations may attenuate across runs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward D Huntley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Keating
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adriene M Beltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Edelson S, Reyna V. How Fuzzy-trace Theory Predicts Development of Risky Decision Making, with Novel Extensions to Culture and Reward Sensitivity. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021; 62:100986. [PMID: 34776580 PMCID: PMC8589284 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive meta-analyses of risky decision making in children, adolescents, and adults have revealed that age trends in disambiguated laboratory tasks confirmed fuzzy-trace theory's prediction that preference for risk decreases monotonically from childhood to adulthood. These findings are contrary to predictions of dual systems or neurobiological imbalance models. Assumptions about increasing developmental reliance on mental representations of the gist of risky options are essential to account for this developmental trend. However, dual systems theory appropriately emphasizes how cultural context changes behavioral manifestation of risk preferences across age and neurobiological imbalance models appropriately emphasize developmental changes in reward sensitivity. All of the major theories include the assumption of increasing behavioral inhibition. Here, we integrate these theoretical constructs-representation, cultural context, reward sensitivity, and behavioral inhibition-to provide a novel framework for understanding and improving risky decision making in youth. We also discuss the roles of critical tests, scientific falsification, disambiguating assessments of psychological and neurological processes, and the misuse of such concepts as ecological validity and reverse inference. We illustrate these concepts by extending fuzzy-trace theory to explain why youth are a major conduit of viral infections, including the virus that causes COVID-19. We conclude by encouraging behavioral scientists to embrace new ways of thinking about risky decision making that go beyond traditional stereotypes about adolescents and that go beyond conceptualizing ideal decision making as trading off degrees of risk and reward.
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15
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Nakamura Y, Ando S, Yamasaki S, Okada N, Nishida A, Kasai K, Tanaka S, Nakatani H, Koike S. Dietary Restraint Related to Body Weight Maintenance and Neural Processing in Value-Coding Areas in Adolescents. J Nutr 2021; 151:2059-2067. [PMID: 33847349 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an alarming increase in the obesity prevalence among children in an environment of increasing availability of preprocessed high-calorie foods. However, some people maintain a healthy weight even in such obesogenic environments. This difference in body weight management could be attributed to individual differences in dietary restraint; however, its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms in adolescents remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to elucidate these neurocognitive mechanisms in adolescents by examining the relationships between dietary restraint and the food-related value-coding region located in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). METHODS The association between dietary restraint and BMI was tested using a multilinear regression analysis in a large early adolescent cohort (n = 2554; age, 12.2 ± 0.3 years; BMI, 17.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; 1354 boys). Further, an fMRI experiment was designed to assess the association between the vmPFC response to food images and dietary restraint in 30 adolescents (age, 17.6 ± 1.9 years; BMI, 20.7 ± 2.2 kg/m2; 13 boys). Additionally, using 54 individuals from the cohort (age, 14.5 ± 0.6 years; BMI, 18.8 ± 2.6 kg/m2; 31 boys), we assessed the association between dietary restraint and intrinsic vmPFC-related functional connectivity. RESULTS In the cohort, adolescents with increased dietary restraint showed a lower BMI (β = -0.38; P < 0.001; B = -0.06; SE = 0.003). The fMRI results showed a decreased vmPFC response to high-calorie food were correlated with greater dietary restraint. Moreover, there was an association of attenuated intrinsic vmPFC-related functional connectivity in the superior and middle frontal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus with greater dietary restraint. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dietary restraint in adolescents could be a preventive factor for weight gain; its effect involves modulating the vmPFC, which is associated with food value coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakatani
- Department of Information Media Technology, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Hernández L, Mejía D, Avila-Chauvet L. Discounting, Cognitive Inflexibility, and Antisocial Traits as Predictors of Adolescent Drug Involvement. Front Psychol 2021; 12:676250. [PMID: 34220645 PMCID: PMC8245670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments, such as steep delay discounting, have been correlated with substance-related disorders. However, antisocial traits, cognitive inflexibility, and loss discounting have been barely considered despite having a high relationship with problematic consumption. This study aims to identify the predictive power of these variables in four types of drug use. Fifty-two adolescents (age range of 13 to 19 years) were assessed with a substance involvement test, four discounting tasks using $3,000, a card sorting test, and antisocial screening. Discriminant analysis with simultaneous estimation and varimax rotation was carried out. Function one included discounting of both losses, function two AT and CI, and function three probabilistic gains. The three functions explained 60.1% of the variance. The results show that preference for small and soon punishments and larger and unlikely punishments distinguished non-use and experimental use of moderate consumption and problematic consumption. High antisocial traits and low cognitive inflexibility distinguished experimental use groups of non-use. Risk-taking did not discriminate effectively between moderate consumption and problematic consumption. A replication of this study with a larger sample size is recommended to verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Mejía
- Psychology Department, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Ciudad Obregón, Mexico
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17
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Arias AJ, Ma L, Bjork JM, Hammond CJ, Zhou Y, Snyder A, Moeller FG. Altered effective connectivity of the reward network during an incentive-processing task in adults with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1563-1577. [PMID: 34120362 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of reward sensitivity and impulsivity are known to be correlated with each other and alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk, but the underlying aberrant neural circuitry involved is not clearly defined. We sought to extend the current knowledge of AUD pathophysiology by studying incentive processing in persons with AUD using functional neuroimaging data. METHODS We utilized functional MRI data from the Human Connectome Project Database obtained during performance of a number-guessing incentive-processing task with win, loss, and neutral feedback conditions in 78 participants with either DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence (combined as the AUD group) and 78 age- and sex-matched control (CON) participants. Within a network consisting of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, ventral striatum, and dorsal striatum (DS) in the right hemisphere, we performed dynamic causal modeling analysis to test group-level differences (AUD vs. CON) in effective directional connectivity (EC) as modulated by "win" and "loss" conditions. We used linear regression analyses to characterize the relations between each EC outcome and measures of cumulative alcohol exposure and impulsivity. RESULTS During wins, AUD participants had lower ECs from ACC to the other four nodes, greater ECs from insula to the other four nodes, greater ECs from DLPFC to the other four nodes, and greater DS to DS self-connection EC than CON participants. In the total sample, EC from the insula to the DLPFC (insula → DLPFC) during wins was positively correlated with both impulsivity (as measured by the delay-discounting task) and cumulative alcohol exposure. The DS to DS self-connection EC during wins was positively correlated with impulsivity. Many of the altered ECs from the ACC and insula to other nodes were correlated with cumulative alcohol exposure. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AUD have disrupted EC in both instrumentally driven and automatized corticostriatal reward circuits during non-alcohol reward feedback. These results point to disrupted corticostriatal EC in both "top-down" and "bottom-up" pathways among individuals with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Arias
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Liangsuo Ma
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Snyder
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Frederick Gerard Moeller
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Qu Y, Jorgensen NA, Telzer EH. A Call for Greater Attention to Culture in the Study of Brain and Development. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:275-293. [PMID: 32813984 PMCID: PMC9356540 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620931461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing research on neurobiological development, little attention has been paid to cultural and ethnic variation in neurodevelopmental processes. We present an overview of the current state of developmental cognitive neuroscience with respect to its attention to cultural issues. Analyses based on 80 publications represented in five recent meta-analyses related to adolescent developmental neuroscience show that 99% of the publications used samples in Western countries. Only 22% of studies provided a detailed description of participants' racial/ethnic background, and only 18% provided for socioeconomic status. Results reveal a trend in developmental cognitive neuroscience research: The body of research is derived not only mostly from Western samples but also from participants whose race/ethnicity is unknown. To achieve a holistic perspective on brain development in different cultural contexts, we propose and highlight an emerging interdisciplinary approach-developmental cultural neuroscience-the intersection of developmental psychology, cultural psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Developmental cultural neuroscience aims to elucidate cultural similarities and differences in neural processing across the life span. We call attention to the importance of incorporating culture into the empirical investigation of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Nathan A. Jorgensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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19
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Bjork JM. The ups and downs of relating nondrug reward activation to substance use risk in adolescents. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 7:421-429. [PMID: 33585160 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review A wealth of epidemiological and cohort research, together with a healthy dose of anecdote, has characterized late-adolescence and emerging adulthood as a time of increased substance use and other risky behaviors. This review will address whether differences between adolescents or between adolescents and other age groups in dopaminergic mesolimbic recruitment by (non-drug) rewards inferred from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could partially explain morbidity and mortality from risky-behavior-related causes in adolescents. Recent findings Recent findings do not suggest a definitive directionality with regard to whether increased vs decreased mesolimbic responsiveness to nondrug rewards correlates with real-world risk-taking. Inconsistent relationships between reward-activation and real-world risky behavior in these reports reflect in part methodological differences as well as conceptual differences between populations in terms of whether tepid mesolimbic recruitment by rewards is a marker of psychiatric health. Summary There are several potential reasons why the directionality of relationships between reward-elicited brain activation and substance use risk (specifically) might differ. These factors include differences between adolescents in histories/exposure of substance use, motivation for substance use, the component of the instrumental behavior being studied, and the cognitive demands of the incentive tasks. Systematic manipulation of these discrepant study factors might offer a way forward to clarify how motivational neurocircuit function relates to addiction risk in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
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20
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Tisdall L, Frey R, Horn A, Ostwald D, Horvath L, Pedroni A, Rieskamp J, Blankenburg F, Hertwig R, Mata R. Brain-Behavior Associations for Risk Taking Depend on the Measures Used to Capture Individual Differences. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:587152. [PMID: 33281576 PMCID: PMC7705248 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.587152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive risk taking can have severe individual and societal consequences; thus, individual differences are prominent targets for intervention and prevention. Although brain activation has been shown to be associated with individual differences in risk taking, the directionality of the reported brain-behavior associations is less clear. Here, we argue that one aspect contributing to the mixed results is the low convergence between risk-taking measures, especially between the behavioral tasks used to elicit neural functional markers. To address this question, we analyzed within-participant neuroimaging data for two widely used risk-taking tasks collected from the imaging subsample of the Basel-Berlin Risk Study (N = 116 young human adults). Focusing on core brain regions implicated in risk taking (nucleus accumbens, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex), for the two tasks, we examined group-level activation for risky versus safe choices, as well as associations between local functional markers and various risk-related outcomes, including psychometrically derived risk preference factors. While we observed common group-level activation in the two tasks (notably increased nucleus accumbens activation), individual differences analyses support the idea that the presence and directionality of associations between brain activation and risk taking varies as a function of the risk-taking measures used to capture individual differences. Our results have methodological implications for the use of brain markers for intervention or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Tisdall
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Renato Frey
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Horn
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Section, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Ostwald
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilla Horvath
- Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Pedroni
- Methods of Plasticity Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Rieskamp
- Center for Economic Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Blankenburg
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Freeman C, Dirks M, Weinberg A. Neural response to rewards predicts risk-taking in late but not early adolescent females. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100808. [PMID: 32658759 PMCID: PMC7358180 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking peaks in adolescence and reflects, in part, hyperactivity of the brain's reward system. However, it has not been established whether the association between reward-related brain activity and risk-taking varies across adolescence. The present study investigated how neural reward sensitivity is associated with laboratory risk-taking in a sample of female adolescents as a function of age. Sixty-three female adolescents ages 10-19 completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, a laboratory measure of risk-taking behavior, as well as a forced choice monetary gambling task while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. This gambling task elicits the reward positivity (RewP), a frontocentral event-related potential component that is sensitive to feedback signaling reward. We observed a negative quadratic association between age and risk-taking, such that those in early and late adolescence had lower relative risk-taking compared to mid-adolescence, with risk-taking peaking at around 15 years of age. In predicting risk-taking, we observed an interaction between age and RewP, such that reward-related brain activity was not associated with risk-taking in early adolescence but was associated with a greater propensity for risk in later adolescence. These findings suggest that for females, neural response to rewards is an important factor in predicting risk-taking only in later adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Freeman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal QC H3A, Canada.
| | - Melanie Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal QC H3A, Canada.
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal QC H3A, Canada.
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22
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van Hoorn J, McCormick EM, Perino MT, Rogers CR, Telzer EH. Differential Behavioral and Neural Profiles in Youth With Conduct Problems During Risky Decision-Making. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:599-615. [PMID: 32030837 PMCID: PMC9552935 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging work has examined neural processes underlying risk taking in adolescence, yet predominantly in low-risk youth. To determine whether we can extrapolate from current neurobiological models, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated risk taking and peer effects in youth with conduct problems (CP; N = 19) and typically developing youth (TD; N = 25). Results revealed higher real-life risk taking, lower risky decisions, and no peer effects on a risk-taking task in CP youth. CP youth showed greater ventral striatum (VS) activity during safe than risky decisions, whereas TD youth showed greater VS activation during risky decisions. Differential VS activity explained higher real-life risk taking in CP youth. Findings provide preliminary evidence that risk-taking behavior in youth with CD problems is characterized by differential neural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien van Hoorn
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ethan M. McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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23
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Demidenko MI, Huntley ED, Jahn A, Thomason ME, Monk CS, Keating DP. Cortical and subcortical response to the anticipation of reward in high and average/low risk-taking adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 44:100798. [PMID: 32479377 PMCID: PMC7262007 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first neurodevelopmental models that sought to explain the influx of risky behaviors during adolescence were proposed, there have been a number of revisions, variations and criticisms. Despite providing a strong multi-disciplinary heuristic to explain the development of risk behavior, extant models have not yet reliably isolated neural systems that underlie risk behaviors in adolescence. To address this gap, we screened 2017 adolescents from an ongoing longitudinal study that assessed 15-health risk behaviors, targeting 104 adolescents (Age Range: 17-to-21.4), characterized as high-or-average/low risk-taking. Participants completed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) fMRI task, examining reward anticipation to "big win" versus "neutral". We examined neural response variation associated with both baseline and longitudinal (multi-wave) risk classifications. Analyses included examination of a priori regions of interest (ROIs); and exploratory non-parametric, whole-brain analyses. Hypothesis-driven ROI analysis revealed no significant differences between high- and average/low-risk profiles using either baseline or multi-wave classification. Results of whole-brain analyses differed according to whether risk assessment was based on baseline or multi-wave data. Despite significant mean-level task activation, these results do not generalize prior neural substrates implicated in reward anticipation and adolescent risk-taking. Further, these data indicate that whole-brain differences may depend on how risk-behavior profiles are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward D Huntley
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Andrew Jahn
- The Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Moriah E Thomason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone, New York, United States
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Daniel P Keating
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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24
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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25
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Badman RP, Hills TT, Akaishi R. Multiscale Computation and Dynamic Attention in Biological and Artificial Intelligence. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E396. [PMID: 32575758 PMCID: PMC7348831 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological and artificial intelligence (AI) are often defined by their capacity to achieve a hierarchy of short-term and long-term goals that require incorporating information over time and space at both local and global scales. More advanced forms of this capacity involve the adaptive modulation of integration across scales, which resolve computational inefficiency and explore-exploit dilemmas at the same time. Research in neuroscience and AI have both made progress towards understanding architectures that achieve this. Insight into biological computations come from phenomena such as decision inertia, habit formation, information search, risky choices and foraging. Across these domains, the brain is equipped with mechanisms (such as the dorsal anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) that can represent and modulate across scales, both with top-down control processes and by local to global consolidation as information progresses from sensory to prefrontal areas. Paralleling these biological architectures, progress in AI is marked by innovations in dynamic multiscale modulation, moving from recurrent and convolutional neural networks-with fixed scalings-to attention, transformers, dynamic convolutions, and consciousness priors-which modulate scale to input and increase scale breadth. The use and development of these multiscale innovations in robotic agents, game AI, and natural language processing (NLP) are pushing the boundaries of AI achievements. By juxtaposing biological and artificial intelligence, the present work underscores the critical importance of multiscale processing to general intelligence, as well as highlighting innovations and differences between the future of biological and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rei Akaishi
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Asscheman JS, Deater-Deckard K, Lauharatanahirun N, van Lier PAC, Koot S, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Associations between peer attachment and neural correlates of risk processing across adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100772. [PMID: 32452458 PMCID: PMC7042418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of increased risk-taking behavior where individual differences in risk taking may relate to both adverse and positive experiences with peers. Yet, knowledge on how risk processing develops in the adolescent brain and whether this development is related to peer attachment is limited. In this longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we collected data from 167 adolescents (53% male) followed for four annual assessments across ages 13-17 years. At each assessment, participants completed a lottery choice task to assess neural risk processing and reported on their perceived attachment to peers and parents. Behaviorally, risk-preference on the lottery choice task decreased linearly with age. Neural activation during risk processing was consistently found in the insula and dACC across the four assessments and increased linearly from ages 13-17 years. Furthermore, higher peer attachment was related to greater right insula risk processing for males but not for females, even after controlling for parental attachment. The magnitudes of this association did not change with age. Findings demonstrate that neural risk processing shows maturation across adolescence and high peer attachment may be associated with low risk taking by heightening neural sensitivity to potential risks for male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Susanne Asscheman
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01002, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States; U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pol A C van Lier
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Koot
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
| | - Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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Peper JS, Burke SM, Wierenga LM. Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:25-54. [PMID: 33008529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in behavior, and whether these behavioral differences are related to sex differences in brain development, has been a longstanding topic of debate. Presumably, sex differences can provide critically important leads for explaining the etiology of various illnesses that show (i) large sex differences in prevalence and (ii) have an origin before or during adolescence. The general aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of scientific studies on sex differences in normative brain and behavioral development across puberty and adolescence, including the (sex) hormone-driven transition phase of puberty. Moreover, we describe the literature on brain and behavioral development in gender dysphoria, a severe and persistent incongruence between the self-identified gender and the assigned sex at birth. From the literature it becomes clear there is evidence for a specific link between pubertal maturation and developmental changes in arousal, motivation, and emotion. However, this link is rather similar between boys and girls. Moreover, although there is substantial evidence for sex differences in mean brain structure, these have not always been linked to sex differences in behavior, cognition, or psychopathology. Furthermore, there is little evidence for sex differences in brain development and thus, studies so far have been unable to explain sex differences in cognition. Suggestions for future research and methodologic considerations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska S Peper
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah M Burke
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lara M Wierenga
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zadelaar JN, Weeda WD, Waldorp LJ, Van Duijvenvoorde AC, Blankenstein NE, Huizenga HM. Are individual differences quantitative or qualitative? An integrated behavioral and fMRI MIMIC approach. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Demidenko MI, Huntley ED, Martz ME, Keating DP. Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors: Convergent, Discriminant and Predictive Validity of Self-Report and Cognitive Measures. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1765-1783. [PMID: 31250164 PMCID: PMC6732226 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-report and cognitive tasks of reward sensitivity and self-regulation have influenced several developmental models that may explain the heightened engagement in risk behaviors during adolescence. Despite some inconsistencies across studies, few studies have explored the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of self-report and cognitive measures of these psychological characteristics in adolescence. The present study evaluated the convergent and discriminant validity of self-report and cognitive measures of reward sensitivity and self-regulation among 2017 adolescents (age M = 16.8, SD = 1.1; 56% female; 55% White, 22% Black, 8% Hispanic, 15% other race/ethnic; 49% 10th grade and 51% 12th grade). This study compared the predictive validity of an omnibus measure and specific measures of risk engagement. Convergent and discriminant validity from self-report to cognitive tasks were as predicted, although with weak convergent relationships. As hypothesized, compared to cognitive tasks, self-report measures consistently predicted risky behaviors and explained more variance in the models. These results demonstrate that while cognitive tasks can significantly predict certain risk behaviors, they require increased power to find the very small effects, raising questions about their use as implicit proxies for real world risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward D Huntley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meghan E Martz
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel P Keating
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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30
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Lorenz C, Kray J. Are Mid-Adolescents Prone to Risky Decisions? The Influence of Task Setting and Individual Differences in Temperament. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1497. [PMID: 31354561 PMCID: PMC6636392 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developmental models assume a higher tendency to take risks in mid-adolescence, while the empirical evidence for this assumption is rather mixed. Most of the studies applied quite different tasks to measure risk-taking behavior and used a narrow age range. The main goal of the present study was to examine risk-taking behavior in four task settings, the Treasure Hunting Task (THT) in a gain and a loss domain, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and the STOPLIGHT task. These task settings differ in affective task moderators, like descriptive vs. experienced outcomes, anticipation of gains vs. losses, static vs. dynamic risk presentation, and time pressure vs. no time pressure and were applied in a sample of 187 participants from age 9-18. Beneath age trends, we were interested in their association with individual differences in approach behavior, venturesomeness, impulsivity, and empathy above age, gender, and fluid intelligence. Our findings revealed that risk-taking behavior is only low to moderately correlated between the four task contexts, suggesting that they capture different aspects of risk-taking behavior. Accordingly, a mid-adolescent peak in risk propensity was only found under time pressure in the STOPLIGHT that was associated with higher impulsivity and empathy. In contrast, risky decisions decreased with increasing age in task settings, in which losses were anticipated (THT Loss), and this was associated with higher cognitive abilities. We found no age differences when gains were anticipated, neither in a static (THT Gain) nor in a dynamic task setting (BART). These findings clearly suggest the need to consider affective task moderators, as well as individual differences in temperament and cognitive abilities, in actual models about adolescent development.
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van Hoorn J, Shablack H, Lindquist KA, Telzer EH. Incorporating the social context into neurocognitive models of adolescent decision-making: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:129-142. [PMID: 31006540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurobiological models of adolescent decision-making emphasize developmental changes in brain regions involved in affect (e.g., ventral striatum) and cognitive control (e.g., lateral prefrontal cortex). Although social context plays an important role in adolescent decision-making, current models do not discuss brain regions implicated in processing social information (e.g., dorsomedial prefrontal cortex). We conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis using the Multilevel peak Kernel Density Analysis (MKDA) method to test the hypothesis that brain regions involved in affect, cognitive control, and social information processing support adolescent decision-making in social contexts (N = 21 functional neuroimaging studies; N = 1292 participants). Results indicated that dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus/insula and ventral striatum are consistently associated with adolescent decision-making in social contexts. Activity within these regions was modulated by the type of social context and social actors involved. Findings suggest including brain regions involved in social information processing into models of adolescent decision-making. We propose a 'constructionist' model, which describes psychological processes and corresponding neural networks related to affect, cognitive control, and social information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien van Hoorn
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Holly Shablack
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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McCormick EM, Gates KM, Telzer EH. Model-based network discovery of developmental and performance-related differences during risky decision-making. Neuroimage 2019; 188:456-464. [PMID: 30579902 PMCID: PMC6401275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of adolescent neurodevelopment have largely focused on group-level descriptions of neural changes that help explain increases in risk behavior that are stereotypical of the teen years. However, because these models are concerned with describing the "average" individual, they can fail to account for important individual or within-group variability. New methodological developments now offer the possibility of accounting for both group trends and individual differences within the same modeling framework. Here we apply GIMME, a model-based approach which uses both group and individual-level information to construct functional connectivity maps, to investigate risky behavior and neural changes across development. Adolescents (N = 30, Mage = 13.22), young adults (N = 23, Mage = 19.19), and adults (N = 31, Mage = 43.93) completed a risky decision-making task during an fMRI scan, and functional networks were constructed for each individual. We took two subgrouping approaches: 1) a confirmatory approach where we searched for functional connections that distinguished between our a priori age categories, and 2) an exploratory approach where we allowed an unsupervised algorithm to sort individuals freely. Contrary to expectations, we show that age is not the most influence contributing to network configurations. The implications for developmental theories and methodologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Gates
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Rosenbaum GM, Hartley CA. Developmental perspectives on risky and impulsive choice. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180133. [PMID: 30966918 PMCID: PMC6335462 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that risk taking in the real world increases from childhood into adolescence and declines into adulthood. However, developmental patterns of behaviour in laboratory assays of risk taking and impulsive choice are inconsistent. In this article, we review a growing literature using behavioural economic approaches to understand developmental changes in risk taking and impulsivity. We present findings that have begun to elucidate both the cognitive and neural processes that contribute to risky and impulsive choice, as well as how age-related changes in these neurocognitive processes give rise to shifts in choice behaviour. We highlight how variability in task parameters can be used to identify specific aspects of decision contexts that may differentially influence risky and impulsive choice behaviour across development. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Catherine A. Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Flannery J, Callaghan B, Sharpton T, Fisher P, Pfeifer J. Is adolescence the missing developmental link in Microbiome-Gut-Brain axis communication? Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:783-795. [PMID: 30690712 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbial research has recently opened new frontiers in neuroscience and potentiated novel therapies for mental health problems (Mayer, et al., 2014). Much of our understanding of the gut microbiome's role in brain function and behavior, however, has been largely derived from research on nonhuman animals. Even less is known about how the development of the gut microbiome influences critical periods of neural and behavioral development, particularly adolescence. In this review, we first discuss why the gut microbiome has become increasingly relevant to developmental cognitive neuroscience and provide a synopsis of the known connections of the gut microbiome with social-affective brain function and behavior, specifically highlighting human developmental work when possible. We then focus on adolescence, a key period of neurobiological and social-affective development. Specifically, we review the links between the gut microbiome and six overarching domains of change during adolescence: (a) social processes, (b) motivation and behavior, (c) neural development, (d) cognition, (e) neuroendocrine function, and (f) physical health and wellness. Using a developmental science perspective, we summarize key changes across these six domains to underscore the promise for the gut microbiome to bidirectionally influence and transform adolescent development.
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Insel C, Somerville LH. Asymmetric neural tracking of gain and loss magnitude during adolescence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:785-796. [PMID: 30016496 PMCID: PMC6123516 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence has been characterized as a developmental period of heightened reward seeking and attenuated aversive processing. However, it remains unclear how the neural bases of distinct outcome valuation processes shift during this stage of the lifespan. A total of 74 participants ranging in age from 13 to 20 years completed a value-modulated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task in which participants earn low and high magnitude monetary outcomes to test whether gain and loss magnitude tracking-the neural representation of relative value in context-change differentially over this age span. Results revealed that gain and loss magnitude tracking follow asymmetric developmental trajectories. Gain magnitude tracking is elevated in the striatum during early adolescence and then decreases with age. By contrast, loss magnitude tracking in the anterior insula follows a quadratic pattern, undergoing a temporary attenuation during mid-late adolescence. A typical comparison of gain vs loss outcomes (collapsing over magnitude effects) showed robust activity across a suite of brain regions sensitive to value based on prior work including the ventral striatum, but they exhibited no changes with age. These findings suggest that value coding subprocesses follow divergent developmental paths across adolescence, which may contribute to normative shifts in adolescent motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University 52 Oxford Street, Room 290 Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Leah H Somerville
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University 52 Oxford Street, Room 290 Cambridge, MA USA
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36
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Mirman JH. Agency, Adolescence, and Motor Vehicle Crash Risk. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:509-510. [PMID: 29709224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hafetz Mirman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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37
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Foulkes L, Blakemore SJ. Studying individual differences in human adolescent brain development. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:315-323. [PMID: 29403031 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of social, psychological and biological development. During adolescence, relationships with others become more complex, peer relationships are paramount and social cognition develops substantially. These psychosocial changes are paralleled by structural and functional changes in the brain. Existing research in adolescent neurocognitive development has focused largely on averages, but this obscures meaningful individual variation in development. In this Perspective, we propose that the field should now move toward studying individual differences. We start by discussing individual variation in structural and functional brain development. To illustrate the importance of considering individual differences in development, we consider three sources of variation that contribute to neurocognitive processing: socioeconomic status, culture and peer environment. To assess individual differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories, large-scale longitudinal datasets are required. Future developmental neuroimaging studies should attempt to characterize individual differences to move toward a more nuanced understanding of neurocognitive changes during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Foulkes
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK.,Department of Education, University of York, York, UK
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