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Cheung ST, Do Y, Kim E, Rella A, Goyarts E, Pernodet N, Wong YH. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Skin Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01919-5. [PMID: 39186022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.06.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex biological process affected by a plethora of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that alter cutaneous functions through the modulations of signaling pathways and responses. Expressed in various cell types and skin tissue layers, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a vital role in regulating skin aging. We have cataloged 156 GPCRs expressed in the skin and reviewed their roles in skin aging, such as pigmentation, loss of elasticity, wrinkles, rough texture, and aging-associated skin disorders. By exploring the GPCRs found in the skin, it may be possible to develop new treatment regimens for aging-associated skin conditions using GPCR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet Ting Cheung
- The Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yelim Do
- The Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eunah Kim
- The Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Antonella Rella
- Research and Development, The Estée Lauder Companies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Earl Goyarts
- Research and Development, The Estée Lauder Companies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nadine Pernodet
- Research and Development, The Estée Lauder Companies, New York, New York, USA; Estée Lauder Research Laboratories, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- The Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; The Biotechnology Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Center for Aging Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Zhou SY, Giang NN, Kim H, Chien PN, Le LTT, Trinh TT, Nga PT, Kwon HJ, Ham JR, Lee WK, Gu YJ, Zhang XR, Jin YX, Nam SY, Heo CY. Assessing the efficacy of mesotherapy products: Ultra Exo Booster, and Ultra S Line Plus in hair growth: An ex vivo study. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13780. [PMID: 39031929 PMCID: PMC11259544 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, scalp tissues from Korean adults between 20 and 80 without skin disease were used. Scalp tissues were processed, and hair follicles were isolated and cultured with different treatments (including Bioscalp, Ultra Exo Booster, and Ultra S Line Plus) from Ultra V company. Over 12 days, observations and measurements of hair follicle characteristics were recorded at intervals (Days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12). The study assessed the impact of these substances on hair follicle growth and morphology. Bioscalp, combined with Ultra Exo Booster and Ultra S Line Plus, showed significant hair elongation in ex vivo. Preservation of hair bulb diameter was observed, indicating potential for sustained hair growth by exosome-based products. The hair growth cycle analysis suggested a lower transition to the catagen stage in test products from Ultra V compared to non-treated groups. The research findings indicated that the tested formulations, especially the combination of Bioscalp, Ultra Exo Booster, and Ultra S Line Plus, demonstrated significant effectiveness in promoting hair growth, maintaining the integrity of the hair bulb, and reducing the transition to the catagen stage. The study suggests promising alternative treatments for hair loss, illustrating results that were as good as those of the conventional testing product groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yi Zhou
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Nguyen Ngan Giang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Department of Medical Device DevelopmentCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hyunjee Kim
- Korean Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. Co. Ltd.SeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Pham Ngoc Chien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Korean Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. Co. Ltd.SeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Linh Thi Thuy Le
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Faculty of Medical TechniqueHai Phong University of Medicine and PharmacyHaiphongVietnam
| | - Thuy‐Tien Thi Trinh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Korean Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. Co. Ltd.SeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Pham Thi Nga
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Korean Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. Co. Ltd.SeongnamSouth Korea
| | | | | | - Won Ku Lee
- UltraV Co., Ltd. R&D CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Gu
- UltraV Co., Ltd. R&D CenterSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Xin Rui Zhang
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Yong Xun Jin
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Sun Young Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamSouth Korea
- Department of Medical Device DevelopmentCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Korean Institute of Nonclinical StudyH&Bio. Co. Ltd.SeongnamSouth Korea
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3
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Sahu S, Sahoo S, Sullivan T, O'Sullivan TN, Turan S, Albaugh ME, Burkett S, Tran B, Salomon DS, Kozlov SV, Koehler KR, Jolly MK, Sharan SK. Spatiotemporal modulation of growth factors directs the generation of multilineage mouse embryonic stem cell-derived mammary organoids. Dev Cell 2024; 59:175-186.e8. [PMID: 38159568 PMCID: PMC10872289 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ectodermal appendages, such as the mammary gland (MG), are thought to have evolved from hair-associated apocrine glands to serve the function of milk secretion. Through the directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), here, we report the generation of multilineage ESC-derived mammary organoids (MEMOs). We adapted the skin organoid model, inducing the dermal mesenchyme to transform into mammary-specific mesenchyme via the sequential activation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) and Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) and inhibition of hedgehog (HH) signaling. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified gene expression profiles that demonstrate the presence of mammary-specific epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. MEMOs undergo ductal morphogenesis in Matrigel and can reconstitute the MG in vivo. Further, we demonstrate that the loss of function in placode regulators LEF1 and TBX3 in mESCs results in impaired skin and MEMO generation. In summary, our MEMO model is a robust tool for studying the development of ectodermal appendages, and it provides a foundation for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sahu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sarthak Sahoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Teresa Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - T Norene O'Sullivan
- Centre for Advanced Preclinical Research (CAPR), National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sevilay Turan
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mary E Albaugh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Serguei V Kozlov
- Centre for Advanced Preclinical Research (CAPR), National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Plastic & Oral Surgery, and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Centre for Advanced Preclinical Research (CAPR), National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Phytochemical Constitution, Anti-Inflammation, Anti-Androgen, and Hair Growth-Promoting Potential of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) Extract. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111499. [PMID: 35684272 PMCID: PMC9182775 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Thai folklore wisdom, shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) was applied as a traditional herbal medicine for hair growth promotion with no scientific evidence. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a progressive hair loss caused by multiple factors, including androgen hormones, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Conventional medicines (finasteride, dutasteride, corticosteroids, and minoxidil) have been used with limited therapeutic efficacy and unpleasant side effects. In this study, we aimed to give the first estimation of bioactive compounds in shallot extract and evaluate the hair growth-promoting activities regarding anti-inflammatory and gene expression modulation involving androgen, Wnt/β-catenin, sonic hedgehog, and angiogenesis pathways. The results reveal that phenolic compounds (quercetin, rosmarinic, and p-coumaric acids) are the major constituents of the methanolic shallot extract. Compared with the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated control group (2.68 ± 0.13 µM), nitric oxide production was remarkably diminished by shallot extract (0.55 ± 0.06 µM). Shallot extract improves hair growth promotion activity, as reflected by the downregulation of the androgen gene expression (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) and the upregulation of the genes associated with Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1), sonic hedgehog (SHH, SMO, and GIL1), and angiogenesis (VEGF) pathways. These findings disclose the new insights of shallot extract on hair growth promotions. Shallot extract could be further developed as nutraceutical, nutricosmetic, and cosmeceutical preparations for AGA treatment.
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Qu R, Gupta K, Dong D, Jiang Y, Landa B, Saez C, Strickland G, Levinsohn J, Weng PL, Taketo MM, Kluger Y, Myung P. Decomposing a deterministic path to mesenchymal niche formation by two intersecting morphogen gradients. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1053-1067.e5. [PMID: 35421372 PMCID: PMC9050909 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ formation requires integrating signals to coordinate proliferation, specify cell fates, and shape tissue. Tracing these events and signals remains a challenge, as intermediate states across many critical transitions are unresolvable over real time and space. Here, we designed a unique computational approach to decompose a non-linear differentiation process into key components to resolve the signals and cell behaviors that drive a rapid transition, using the hair follicle dermal condensate as a model. Combining scRNA sequencing with genetic perturbation, we reveal that proliferative Dkk1+ progenitors transiently amplify to become quiescent dermal condensate cells by the mere spatiotemporal patterning of Wnt/β-catenin and SHH signaling gradients. Together, they deterministically coordinate a rapid transition from proliferation to quiescence, cell fate specification, and morphogenesis. Moreover, genetically repatterning these gradients reproduces these events autonomously in "slow motion" across more intermediates that resolve the process. This analysis unravels two morphogen gradients that intersect to coordinate events of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihao Qu
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Khusali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Danni Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Boris Landa
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Charles Saez
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Levinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pei-Lun Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Colon Cancer Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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6
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The Mammary Gland: Basic Structure and Molecular Signaling during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073883. [PMID: 35409243 PMCID: PMC8998991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine glands, the skin glands as an accessory reproductive organ to support postnatal survival of offspring by producing milk as a source of nutrition. The mammary gland development begins during embryogenesis as a rudimentary structure that grows into an elementary branched ductal tree and is embedded in one end of a larger mammary fat pad at birth. At the onset of ovarian function at puberty, the rudimentary ductal system undergoes dramatic morphogenetic change with ductal elongation and branching. During pregnancy, the alveolar differentiation and tertiary branching are completed, and during lactation, the mature milk-producing glands eventually develop. The early stages of mammary development are hormonal independent, whereas during puberty and pregnancy, mammary gland development is hormonal dependent. We highlight the current understanding of molecular regulators involved during different stages of mammary gland development.
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7
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Pincha N, Marangoni P, Haque A, Klein OD. Parallels in signaling between development and regeneration in ectodermal organs. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:373-419. [PMID: 35606061 PMCID: PMC10049776 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ectodermal organs originate from the outermost germ layer of the developing embryo and include the skin, hair, tooth, nails, and exocrine glands. These organs develop through tightly regulated, sequential and reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk, and they eventually assume various morphologies and functions while retaining the ability to regenerate. As with many other tissues in the body, the development and morphogenesis of these organs are regulated by a set of common signaling pathways, such as Shh, Wnt, Bmp, Notch, Tgf-β, and Eda. However, subtle differences in the temporal activation, the multiple possible combinations of ligand-receptor activation, the various cofactors, as well as the underlying epigenetic modulation determine how each organ develops into its adult form. Although each organ has been studied separately in considerable detail, the mechanisms underlying the parallels and differences in signaling that regulate their development have rarely been investigated. First, we will use the tooth, the hair follicle, and the mammary gland as representative ectodermal organs to explore how the development of signaling centers and establishment of stem cell populations influence overall growth and morphogenesis. Then we will compare how some of the major signaling pathways (Shh, Wnt, Notch and Yap/Taz) differentially regulate developmental events. Finally, we will discuss how signaling regulates regenerative processes in all three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pincha
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ameera Haque
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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8
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Yang M, Weng T, Zhang W, Zhang M, He X, Han C, Wang X. The Roles of Non-coding RNA in the Development and Regeneration of Hair Follicles: Current Status and Further Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720879. [PMID: 34708037 PMCID: PMC8542792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common problem that affects almost every age group and is considered to be an issue for cosmetic or psychiatric reasons. The loss of hair follicles (HFs) and hair caused by alopecia impairs self-esteem, thermoregulation, tactile sensation and protection from ultraviolet light. One strategy to solve this problem is HF regeneration. Many signalling pathways and molecules participate in the morphology and regeneration of HF, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein and Notch. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long ncRNAs, have significant modulatory roles in HF development and regeneration via regulation of these signalling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the status and future prospects of ncRNAs in HF regeneration and could prompt novel ncRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manjia Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of General Practice, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Oss-Ronen L, Cohen I. Epigenetic regulation and signalling pathways in Merkel cell development. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1051-1064. [PMID: 34152646 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cells are specialized epithelial cells connected to afferent nerve endings responsible for light-touch sensations, formed at specific locations in touch-sensitive regions of the mammalian skin. Although Merkel cells are descendants of the epidermal lineage, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the development of these unique mechanosensory cells. Recent studies have highlighted that the Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins play a significant role in spatiotemporal regulation of Merkel cell formation. In addition, several of the major signalling pathways involved in skin development have been shown to regulate Merkel cell development as well. Here, we summarize the current understandings of the role of developmental regulators in Merkel cell formation, including the interplay between the epigenetic machinery and key signalling pathways, and the lineage-specific transcription factors involved in the regulation of Merkel cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Oss-Ronen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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10
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Spina E, Cowin P. Embryonic mammary gland development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Qiu W, Gu PR, Chuong CM, Lei M. Skin Cyst: A Pathological Dead-End With a New Twist of Morphogenetic Potentials in Organoid Cultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:628114. [PMID: 33511139 PMCID: PMC7835531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.628114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A cyst is a closed sac-like structure in which cyst walls wrap certain contents typically including air, fluid, lipid, mucous, or keratin. Cyst cells can retain multipotency to regenerate complex tissue architectures, or to differentiate. Cysts can form in and outside the skin due to genetic problems, errors in embryonic development, cellular defects, chronic inflammation, infections, blockages of ducts, parasites, and injuries. Multiple types of skin cysts have been identified with different cellular origins, with a common structure including the outside cyst wall engulfs differentiated suprabasal layers and keratins. The skin cyst is usually used as a sign in pathological diagnosis. Large or surfaced skin cysts affect patients' appearance and may cause the dysfunction or accompanying diseases of adjacent tissues. Skin cysts form as a result of the degradation of skin epithelium and appendages, retaining certain characteristics of multipotency. Surprisingly, recent organoid cultures show the formation of cyst configuration as a transient state toward more morphogenetic possibility. These results suggest, if we can learn more about the molecular circuits controlling upstream and downstream cellular events in cyst formation, we may be able to engineer stem cell cultures toward the phenotypes we wish to achieve. For pathological conditions in patients, we speculate it may also be possible to guide the cyst to differentiate or de-differentiate to generate structures more akin to normal architecture and compatible with skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Rong Gu
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- “111” Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Reichrath J, Reichrath S. The Impact of Notch Signaling for Carcinogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Lessons Learned from Cancer Stem Cells, Tumor Angiogenesis, and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1287:123-154. [PMID: 33034030 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55031-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since many decades, nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSCs) is the most common malignancy worldwide. Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are the major types of NMSCs, representing approximately 70% and 25% of these neoplasias, respectively. Because of their continuously rising incidence rates, NMSCs represent a constantly increasing global challenge for healthcare, although they are in most cases nonlethal and curable (e.g., by surgery). While at present, carcinogenesis of NMSC is still not fully understood, the relevance of genetic and molecular alterations in several pathways, including evolutionary highly conserved Notch signaling, has now been shown convincingly. The Notch pathway, which was first developed during evolution in metazoans and that was first discovered in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), governs cell fate decisions and many other fundamental processes that are of high relevance not only for embryonic development, but also for initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. Choosing NMSC as a model, we give in this review a brief overview on the interaction of Notch signaling with important oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways and on its role for several hallmarks of carcinogenesis and cancer progression, including the regulation of cancer stem cells, tumor angiogenesis, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.,School of Health Professions, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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13
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Pedro MP, Lund K, Iglesias-Bartolome R. The landscape of GPCR signaling in the regulation of epidermal stem cell fate and skin homeostasis. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1520-1531. [PMID: 32896043 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous integration of signals from the micro and macro-environment is necessary for somatic stem cells to adapt to changing conditions, maintain tissue homeostasis and activate repair mechanisms. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate this integration by binding to numerous hormones, metabolites and inflammatory mediators, influencing a diverse network of pathways that regulate stem cell fate. This adaptive mechanism is particularly relevant for tissues that are exposed to environmental assault, like skin. The skin is maintained by a set of basal keratinocyte stem and progenitor cells located in the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis, and several GPCRs and their signaling partners serve as makers and regulators of epidermal stem cell activity. GPCRs utilize heterotrimeric G protein dependent and independent pathways to translate extracellular signals into intracellular molecular cascades that dictate the activation of keratinocyte proliferative and differentiation networks, including Hedgehog GLI, Hippo YAP1 and WNT/β-catenin, ultimately regulating stem cell identity. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling underlines numerous skin inflammatory diseases and cancer, with smoothened-driven basal cell carcinoma being a main example of a GPCR associated cancer. In this review, we discuss the impact of GPCRs and their signaling partners in skin keratinocyte biology, particularly in the regulation of the epidermal stem cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Pedro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Lund
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Notch Signaling and Embryonic Development: An Ancient Friend, Revisited. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1218:9-37. [PMID: 32060869 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34436-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary highly conserved Notch pathway, which first developed during evolution in metazoans and was first discovered in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), governs many core processes including cell fate decisions during embryonic development. A huge mountain of scientific evidence convincingly demonstrates that Notch signaling represents one of the most important pathways that regulate embryogenesis from sponges, roundworms, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice to humans. In this review, we give a brief introduction on how Notch orchestrates the embryonic development of several selected tissues, summarizing some of the most relevant findings in the central nervous system, skin, kidneys, liver, pancreas, inner ear, eye, skeleton, heart, and vascular system.
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15
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Zheng L, Rui C, Zhang H, Chen J, Jia X, Xiao Y. Sonic hedgehog signaling in epithelial tissue development. Regen Med Res 2019; 7:3. [PMID: 31898580 PMCID: PMC6941452 DOI: 10.1051/rmr/190004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is essential for embryonic development and tissue regeneration. The dysfunction of SHH pathway is involved in a variety of diseases, including cancer, birth defects, and other diseases. Here we reviewed recent studies on main molecules involved in the SHH signaling pathway, specifically focused on their function in epithelial tissue and appendages development, including epidermis, touch dome, hair, sebaceous gland, mammary gland, tooth, nail, gastric epithelium, and intestinal epithelium. The advance in understanding the SHH signaling pathway will give us more clues to the mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, as well as the development of new treatment for diseases related to dysregulation of SHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
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Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Chen Rui
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Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
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Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Jing Chen
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Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Xiuzhi Jia
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Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
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Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou PR China
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16
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Beichman AC, Koepfli KP, Li G, Murphy W, Dobrynin P, Kliver S, Tinker MT, Murray MJ, Johnson J, Lindblad-Toh K, Karlsson EK, Lohmueller KE, Wayne RK. Aquatic Adaptation and Depleted Diversity: A Deep Dive into the Genomes of the Sea Otter and Giant Otter. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2631-2655. [PMID: 31212313 PMCID: PMC7967881 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its recent invasion into the marine realm, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) has evolved a suite of adaptations for life in cold coastal waters, including limb modifications and dense insulating fur. This uniquely dense coat led to the near-extinction of sea otters during the 18th-20th century fur trade and an extreme population bottleneck. We used the de novo genome of the southern sea otter (E. l. nereis) to reconstruct its evolutionary history, identify genes influencing aquatic adaptation, and detect signals of population bottlenecks. We compared the genome of the southern sea otter with the tropical freshwater-living giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) to assess common and divergent genomic trends between otter species, and with the closely related northern sea otter (E. l. kenyoni) to uncover population-level trends. We found signals of positive selection in genes related to aquatic adaptations, particularly limb development and polygenic selection on genes related to hair follicle development. We found extensive pseudogenization of olfactory receptor genes in both the sea otter and giant otter lineages, consistent with patterns of sensory gene loss in other aquatic mammals. At the population level, the southern sea otter and the northern sea otter showed extremely low genomic diversity, signals of recent inbreeding, and demographic histories marked by population declines. These declines may predate the fur trade and appear to have resulted in an increase in putatively deleterious variants that could impact the future recovery of the sea otter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel C Beichman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Pasha Dobrynin
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Martin T Tinker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA
| | | | - Jeremy Johnson
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kirk E Lohmueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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17
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Fu NY, Nolan E, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Stem Cells and the Differentiation Hierarchy in Mammary Gland Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:489-523. [PMID: 31539305 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by dedicated stem and progenitor cells. Both short- and long-lived lineage-restricted progenitors have been identified in adult tissue as well as a small pool of multipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs), reflecting intrinsic complexity within the epithelial hierarchy. While unipotent progenitor cells predominantly execute day-to-day homeostasis and postnatal morphogenesis during puberty and pregnancy, multipotent MaSCs have been implicated in coordinating alveologenesis and long-term ductal maintenance. Nonetheless, the multipotency of stem cells in the adult remains controversial. The advent of large-scale single-cell molecular profiling has revealed striking changes in the gene expression landscape through ontogeny and the presence of transient intermediate populations. An increasing number of lineage cell-fate determination factors and potential niche regulators have now been mapped along the hierarchy, with many implicated in breast carcinogenesis. The emerging diversity among stem and progenitor populations of the mammary epithelium is likely to underpin the heterogeneity that characterizes breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Yang Fu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Nolan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Is Required for Cyp26 Expression during Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092275. [PMID: 31072004 PMCID: PMC6540044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering how signaling pathways interact during development is necessary for understanding the etiopathogenesis of congenital malformations and disease. In several embryonic structures, components of the Hedgehog and retinoic acid pathways, two potent players in development and disease are expressed and operate in the same or adjacent tissues and cells. Yet whether and, if so, how these pathways interact during organogenesis is, to a large extent, unclear. Using genetic and experimental approaches in the mouse, we show that during development of ontogenetically different organs, including the tail, genital tubercle, and secondary palate, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) loss-of-function causes anomalies phenocopying those induced by enhanced retinoic acid signaling and that SHH is required to prevent supraphysiological activation of retinoic signaling through maintenance and reinforcement of expression of the Cyp26 genes. Furthermore, in other tissues and organs, disruptions of the Hedgehog or the retinoic acid pathways during development generate similar phenotypes. These findings reveal that rigidly calibrated Hedgehog and retinoic acid activities are required for normal organogenesis and tissue patterning.
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19
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Haslam IS, Smart E. Chemotherapy-Induced Hair Loss: The Use of Biomarkers for Predicting Alopecic Severity and Treatment Efficacy. Biomark Insights 2019; 14:1177271919842180. [PMID: 31037027 PMCID: PMC6475836 DOI: 10.1177/1177271919842180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to hair follicles following exposure to toxic chemotherapeutics can cause substantial hair loss, commonly known as chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). Preventive therapies remain limited; however, recent advances in the use of scalp cooling technologies have proved successful in preventing or reducing hair loss in some patients. Further improvements in scalp cooling efficacy and/or development of novel treatments to prevent chemotherapy-induced hair loss are required. To achieve this, post-chemotherapy assessment of hair follicle damage markers, with and without scalp cooling, would provide invaluable mechanistic and prognostic information. At present, the availability of such data is extremely limited. This article describes the potential utility of a combination of biomarkers in assessing drug-induced alopecia and the protective potential of existing or new treatments. A greater understanding of the precise mechanisms of anti-CIA therapies through biomarker analysis would enhance the rationale, use, and development of such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain S Haslam
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Eleanor Smart
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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20
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Zhang H, Nan W, Wang S, Song X, Si H, Li T, Li G. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 29997505 PMCID: PMC6028712 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hair follicles play an essential role in the growth of hair. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin polyphenol in green tea, has various bioactivities. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of EGCG on the growth of mink hair follicles and investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods: The length of hair follicles was recorded up to 6 days in presence of 0.1–5 μM EGCG. Primary dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and outer root sheath cells (ORSCs) were treated with 0.25–4 μM EGCG, and their growth was evaluated by MTT assay and cell cycle detection. The levels of key molecules in sonic hedgehog (Shh) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways were further assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. To determine the involvement of Shh and AKT pathways in EGCG-mediated growth-promotion of ORSCs and DPCs, Shh pathway inhibitors cyclopamine and GANT61 or AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 were employed, and then cell proliferation and cell cycle were analyzed. Results: Data from ex vivo culture showed that, in presence of 0.5–2.5 μM EGCG, the growth of mink hair follicles was promoted. In vitro, the proliferation of DPCs and ORSCs was enhanced by 0.5–4 μM EGCG treatment. More cells entered S phase upon treatment of EGCG, accompanied with upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1. Furthermore, when exposed to EGCG, the Shh and AKT signaling pathways were activated in both hair follicles and primary DPCs and ORSCs. Inhibiting either of these two pathways partly reversed the effect of EGCG on proliferation and cell cycle of DPCs and ORSCs. Conclusion: EGCG promotes the growth of mink hair follicles at concentrations of 0.5–2.5 μM. This growth-promoting effect of EGCG may be associated with the increased proliferation of DPCs and ORSCs through activating Shh and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Weixiao Nan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xingchao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huazhe Si
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Li
- High-Tech Zone Laboratory of Public Test and Analysis Service, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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21
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Cell fate specification in the lingual epithelium is controlled by antagonistic activities of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006914. [PMID: 28715412 PMCID: PMC5536368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between signaling pathways is a central question in the study of organogenesis. Using the developing murine tongue as a model, we uncovered unknown relationships between Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Genetic loss of SHH signaling leads to enhanced RA activity subsequent to loss of SHH-dependent expression of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26c1. This causes a cell identity switch, prompting the epithelium of the tongue to form heterotopic minor salivary glands and to overproduce oversized taste buds. At developmental stages during which Wnt10b expression normally ceases and Shh becomes confined to taste bud cells, loss of SHH inputs causes the lingual epithelium to undergo an ectopic and anachronic expression of Shh and Wnt10b in the basal layer, specifying de novo taste placode induction. Surprisingly, in the absence of SHH signaling, lingual epithelial cells adopted a Merkel cell fate, but this was not caused by enhanced RA signaling. We show that RA promotes, whereas SHH, acting strictly within the lingual epithelium, inhibits taste placode and lingual gland formation by thwarting RA activity. These findings reveal key functions for SHH and RA in cell fate specification in the lingual epithelium and aid in deciphering the molecular mechanisms that assign cell identity. Knowledge of the biological mechanisms controlling cell fate specification is of paramount importance for cell-based therapies. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and retinoic acid (RA) pathways play key roles in development and disease. The role of SHH during in vivo tongue development is a subject of great interest, and whether RA signaling has any function in the developing tongue is unknown. The tongue is covered by a mucosa made of lingual epithelium and lingual mesenchyme. Various structures, including mechanosensory filiform papillae, gustatory papillae harboring taste buds, and minor salivary glands, arise from the epithelium, but how these entities are specified remains unclear. Here we show that in the mesenchyme SHH signaling drives growth and morphogenesis, whereas in the epithelium, SHH controls patterning and cell fate specification. We demonstrate that SHH inhibits taste placode and lingual gland formation by antagonizing RA inputs. We also show that loss of SHH signaling elicits Merkel cell formation in the lingual epithelium, a tissue normally bereft of Merkel cells. This is at odds with the hairy epidermis where Merkel cell specification has been shown to be SHH-dependent. Our study establishes SHH and RA as key players in the control of cell identity within the lingual epithelium.
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22
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Veltmaat JM. Prenatal Mammary Gland Development in the Mouse: Research Models and Techniques for Its Study from Past to Present. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:21-76. [PMID: 27796947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development starts during prenatal life, when at designated positions along the ventrolateral boundary of the embryonic or fetal trunk, surface ectodermal cells coalesce to form primordia for mammary glands, instead of differentiating into epidermis. With the wealth of genetically engineered mice available as research models, our understanding of the prenatal phase of mammary development has recently greatly advanced. This understanding includes the recognition of molecular and mechanistic parallels between prenatal and postnatal mammary morphogenesis and even tumorigenesis, much of which can moreover be extrapolated to human. This makes the murine embryonic mammary gland a useful model for a myriad of questions pertaining to normal and pathological breast development. Hence, unless indicated otherwise, this review describes embryonic mammary gland development in mouse only, and lists mouse models that have been examined for defects in embryonic mammary development. Techniques that originated in the field of developmental biology, such as explant culture and tissue recombination, were adapted specifically to research on the embryonic mammary gland. Detailed protocols for these techniques have recently been published elsewhere. This review describes how the development and adaptation of these techniques moved the field forward from insights on (comparative) morphogenesis of the embryonic mammary gland to the understanding of tissue and molecular interactions and their regulation of morphogenesis and functional development of the embryonic mammary gland. It is here furthermore illustrated how generic molecular biology and biochemistry techniques can be combined with these older, developmental biology techniques, to address relevant research questions. As such, this review should provide a solid starting point for those wishing to familiarize themselves with this fascinating and important subdomain of mammary gland biology, and guide them in designing a relevant research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Ermilov AN, Kumari A, Li L, Joiner AM, Grachtchouk MA, Allen BL, Dlugosz AA, Mistretta CM. Maintenance of Taste Organs Is Strictly Dependent on Epithelial Hedgehog/GLI Signaling. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006442. [PMID: 27893742 PMCID: PMC5125561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For homeostasis, lingual taste papilla organs require regulation of epithelial cell survival and renewal, with sustained innervation and stromal interactions. To investigate a role for Hedgehog/GLI signaling in adult taste organs we used a panel of conditional mouse models to manipulate GLI activity within epithelial cells of the fungiform and circumvallate papillae. Hedgehog signaling suppression rapidly led to taste bud loss, papilla disruption, and decreased proliferation in domains of papilla epithelium that contribute to taste cells. Hedgehog responding cells were eliminated from the epithelium but retained in the papilla stromal core. Despite papilla disruption and loss of taste buds that are a major source of Hedgehog ligand, innervation to taste papillae was maintained, and not misdirected, even after prolonged GLI blockade. Further, vimentin-positive fibroblasts remained in the papilla core. However, retained innervation and stromal cells were not sufficient to maintain taste bud cells in the context of compromised epithelial Hedgehog signaling. Importantly taste organ disruption after GLI blockade was reversible in papillae that retained some taste bud cell remnants where reactivation of Hedgehog signaling led to regeneration of papilla epithelium and taste buds. Therefore, taste bud progenitors were either retained during epithelial GLI blockade or readily repopulated during recovery, and were poised to regenerate taste buds once Hedgehog signaling was restored, with innervation and papilla connective tissue elements in place. Our data argue that Hedgehog signaling is essential for adult tongue tissue maintenance and that taste papilla epithelial cells represent the key targets for physiologic Hedgehog-dependent regulation of taste organ homeostasis. Because disruption of GLI transcriptional activity in taste papilla epithelium is sufficient to drive taste organ loss, similar to pharmacologic Hedgehog pathway inhibition, the findings suggest that taste alterations in cancer patients using systemic Hedgehog pathway inhibitors result principally from interruption of signaling activity in taste papillae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre N Ermilov
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ariell M Joiner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marina A Grachtchouk
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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24
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Hair follicles' transit-amplifying cells govern concurrent dermal adipocyte production through Sonic Hedgehog. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2325-2338. [PMID: 27807033 PMCID: PMC5110998 DOI: 10.1101/gad.285429.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zhang et al. show that hair follicles’ transit-amplifying cells (HF-TACs) play an essential role in orchestrating dermal adipogenesis through secreting Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). SHH acts directly on adipocyte precursors, promoting their proliferation and their expression of a key adipogenic gene, Pparg, to induce dermal adipogenesis. Growth and regeneration of one tissue within an organ compels accommodative changes in the surrounding tissues. However, the molecular nature and operating logic governing these concurrent changes remain poorly defined. The dermal adipose layer expands concomitantly with hair follicle downgrowth, providing a paradigm for studying coordinated changes of surrounding lineages with a regenerating tissue. Here, we discover that hair follicle transit-amplifying cells (HF-TACs) play an essential role in orchestrating dermal adipogenesis through secreting Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). Depletion of Shh from HF-TACs abrogates both dermal adipogenesis and hair follicle growth. Using cell type-specific deletion of Smo, a gene required in SHH-receiving cells, we found that SHH does not act on hair follicles, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells for adipogenesis. Instead, SHH acts directly on adipocyte precursors, promoting their proliferation and their expression of a key adipogenic gene, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg), to induce dermal adipogenesis. Our study therefore uncovers a critical role for TACs in orchestrating the generation of both their own progeny and a neighboring lineage to achieve concomitant tissue production across lineages.
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25
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Polycomb-Mediated Repression and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Interact to Regulate Merkel Cell Specification during Skin Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006151. [PMID: 27414999 PMCID: PMC4944976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence indicates that developmental programs are tightly regulated by the complex interplay between signaling pathways, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic processes. Here, we have uncovered coordination between transcriptional and morphogen cues to specify Merkel cells, poorly understood skin cells that mediate light touch sensations. In murine dorsal skin, Merkel cells are part of touch domes, which are skin structures consisting of specialized keratinocytes, Merkel cells, and afferent neurons, and are located exclusively around primary hair follicles. We show that the developing primary hair follicle functions as a niche required for Merkel cell specification. We find that intraepidermal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, initiated by the production of Shh ligand in the developing hair follicles, is required for Merkel cell specification. The importance of Shh for Merkel cell formation is further reinforced by the fact that Shh overexpression in embryonic epidermal progenitors leads to ectopic Merkel cells. Interestingly, Shh signaling is common to primary, secondary, and tertiary hair follicles, raising the possibility that there are restrictive mechanisms that regulate Merkel cell specification exclusively around primary hair follicles. Indeed, we find that loss of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in the epidermis results in the formation of ectopic Merkel cells that are associated with all hair types. We show that PRC2 loss expands the field of epidermal cells competent to differentiate into Merkel cells through the upregulation of key Merkel-differentiation genes, which are known PRC2 targets. Importantly, PRC2-mediated repression of the Merkel cell differentiation program requires inductive Shh signaling to form mature Merkel cells. Our study exemplifies how the interplay between epigenetic and morphogen cues regulates the complex patterning and formation of the mammalian skin structures. Merkel cells are innervated touch-receptor cells that are responsible for light touch sensations. They originate from embryonic epidermal stem cells and, in hairy regions of skin, are organized in touch domes. Touch domes are highly patterned structures that form exclusively around primary hair follicles. Strikingly, the mechanisms controlling Merkel cell formation are largely unknown. Here, we show that the hair follicle functions as a niche required for Merkel cell formation. We find that intraepidermal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, initiated by the production of Shh in the developing hair follicles, is required for Merkel cell specification, whereas Shh overexpression in embryonic epidermal progenitors leads to ectopic Merkel cells. Interestingly, Shh signaling is common to all hair types, suggesting that there are restrictive mechanisms that allow Merkel cell specification to occur exclusively around primary hairs. Indeed, we find that loss of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in the epidermis leads to the formation of ectopic Merkel cells around all hair types. We show that PRC2 loss expands the field of epidermal cells competent to differentiate into Merkel cells through derepression of key Merkel-differentiation genes; however, inductive Shh signaling is still required for the formation of mature Merkel cells. Our study illustrates how the interplay between epigenetic and morphogen cues functions to establish the complex patterning and formation of the mammalian skin.
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Liu Y, Zhao Y, Skerry B, Wang X, Colin-Cassin C, Radisky DC, Kaestner KH, Li Z. Foxa1 is essential for mammary duct formation. Genesis 2016; 54:277-85. [PMID: 26919034 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) plays a critical role in the proliferation of human breast cancer cells, particularly estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive luminal breast cancer cells. However, genetic studies of the requirement for Foxa1 in mammary tumor formation in mice have been hampered by the lack of a conditional gene ablation. We examined three mouse models of mammary-specific ablation of Foxa1 in ductal epithelial cells to identify the best system for complete and mammary-specific ablation of Foxa1. We found that MMTV-Cre and MMTV-rtTA;Tet-On-Cre led to partial deletion of Foxa1 and attenuated mammary duct formation, whereas Krt14-Cre led to complete ablation of Foxa1 and abolished mammary duct formation, in Foxa1(loxP/loxP) mice. These results demonstrate that Foxa1 is essential for mammary duct formation, and reveal a series of mouse models in which mammary expression of Foxa1 can be attenuated or completely blocked. Our study also suggests a potentially powerful model for complete ablation of Foxa1 in mammary epithelial cells using Krt14-driven Cre expression in an inducible manner, such as Krt14-rtTA;Tet-On-Cre. This model system will facilitate further in vivo functional studies of Foxa1 or other factors in mammary gland development and tumor formation and progression. genesis 54:277-285, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Yongbing Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Benjamin Skerry
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Gab1 and Mapk Signaling Are Essential in the Hair Cycle and Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence. Cell Rep 2015; 13:561-572. [PMID: 26456821 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gab1 is a scaffold protein that acts downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases. Here, we produced conditional Gab1 mutant mice (by K14- and Krox20-cre) and show that Gab1 mediates crucial signals in the control of both the hair cycle and the self-renewal of hair follicle stem cells. Remarkably, mutant hair follicles do not enter catagen, the destructive phase of the hair cycle. Instead, hair follicle stem cells lose quiescence and become exhausted, and thus no stem cell niches are established in the bulges. Moreover, conditional sustained activation of Mapk signaling by expression of a gain-of-function Mek1(DD) allele (by Krox20-cre) rescues hair cycle deficits and restores quiescence of the stem cells. Our data thus demonstrate an essential role of Gab1 downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and upstream of Shp2 and Mapk in the regulation of the hair cycle and the self-renewal of hair follicle stem cells.
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Flemban A, Qualtrough D. The Potential Role of Hedgehog Signaling in the Luminal/Basal Phenotype of Breast Epithelia and in Breast Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1863-84. [PMID: 26389956 PMCID: PMC4586799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the lactiferous ducts in the breast is comprised of luminal epithelial cells and underlying basal myoepithelial cells. The regulation of cell fate and transit of cells between these two cell types remains poorly understood. This relationship becomes of greater importance when studying the subtypes of epithelial breast carcinoma, which are categorized according to their expression of luminal or basal markers. The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal event in tumor invasion. It is important to understand mechanisms that regulate this process, which bears relation to the normal dynamic of epithelial/basal phenotype regulation in the mammary gland. Understanding this process could provide answers for the regulation of EMT in breast cancer, and thereby identify potential targets for therapy. Evidence points towards a role for hedgehog signaling in breast tissue homeostasis and also in mammary neoplasia. This review examines our current understanding of role of the hedgehog-signaling (Hh) pathway in breast epithelial cells both during breast development and homeostasis and to assess the potential misappropriation of Hh signals in breast neoplasia, cancer stem cells and tumor metastasis via EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Flemban
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia.
| | - David Qualtrough
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Cui CY, Yin M, Sima J, Childress V, Michel M, Piao Y, Schlessinger D. Involvement of Wnt, Eda and Shh at defined stages of sweat gland development. Development 2014; 141:3752-60. [PMID: 25249463 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To maintain body temperature, sweat glands develop from embryonic ectoderm by a poorly defined mechanism. We demonstrate a temporal cascade of regulation during mouse sweat gland formation. Sweat gland induction failed completely when canonical Wnt signaling was blocked in skin epithelium, and was accompanied by sharp downregulation of downstream Wnt, Eda and Shh pathway genes. The Wnt antagonist Dkk4 appeared to inhibit this induction: Dkk4 was sharply downregulated in β-catenin-ablated mice, indicating that it is induced by Wnt/β-catenin; however, its overexpression repressed Wnt target genes and significantly reduced gland numbers. Eda signaling succeeded Wnt. Wnt signaling was still active and nascent sweat gland pre-germs were still seen in Eda-null mice, but the pre-germs failed to develop further and the downstream Shh pathway was not activated. When Wnt and Eda were intact but Shh was ablated, germ induction and subsequent duct formation occurred normally, but the final stage of secretory coil formation failed. Thus, sweat gland development shows a relay of regulatory steps initiated by Wnt/β-catenin - itself modulated by Dkk4 - with subsequent participation of Eda and Shh pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jian Sima
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Victoria Childress
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marc Michel
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yulan Piao
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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31
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Choi JJY, Ting CT, Trogrlic L, Milevski SV, Familari M, Martinez G, de Iongh RU. A role for smoothened during murine lens and cornea development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108037. [PMID: 25268479 PMCID: PMC4182430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies suggest that Hedgehog (Hh) signalling plays roles in human and zebrafish ocular development. Recent studies (Kerr et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53, 3316–30) showed that conditionally activating Hh signals promotes murine lens epithelial cell proliferation and disrupts fibre differentiation. In this study we examined the expression of the Hh pathway and the requirement for the Smoothened gene in murine lens development. Expression of Hh pathway components in developing lens was examined by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridisation. The requirement of Smo in lens development was determined by conditional loss-of-function mutations, using LeCre and MLR10 Cre transgenic mice. The phenotype of mutant mice was examined by immunofluorescence for various markers of cell cycle, lens and cornea differentiation. Hh pathway components (Ptch1, Smo, Gli2, Gli3) were detected in lens epithelium from E12.5. Gli2 was particularly localised to mitotic nuclei and, at E13.5, Gli3 exhibited a shift from cytosol to nucleus, suggesting distinct roles for these transcription factors. Conditional deletion of Smo, from ∼E12.5 (MLR10 Cre) did not affect ocular development, whereas deletion from ∼E9.5 (LeCre) resulted in lens and corneal defects from E14.5. Mutant lenses were smaller and showed normal expression of p57Kip2, c-Maf, E-cadherin and Pax6, reduced expression of FoxE3 and Ptch1 and decreased nuclear Hes1. There was normal G1-S phase but decreased G2-M phase transition at E16.5 and epithelial cell death from E14.5-E16.5. Mutant corneas were thicker due to aberrant migration of Nrp2+ cells from the extraocular mesenchyme, resulting in delayed corneal endothelial but normal epithelial differentiation. These results indicate the Hh pathway is required during a discrete period (E9.5–E12.5) in lens development to regulate lens epithelial cell proliferation, survival and FoxE3 expression. Defective corneal development occurs secondary to defects in lens and appears to be due to defective migration of peri-ocular Nrp2+ neural crest/mesenchymal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Movement
- Cornea/growth & development
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/pathology
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/growth & development
- Lens, Crystalline/metabolism
- Lens, Crystalline/pathology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Morphogenesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuropilin-2/genetics
- Neuropilin-2/metabolism
- Patched Receptors
- Patched-1 Receptor
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smoothened Receptor
- Zebrafish Proteins
- Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
- Zinc Finger Protein Gli3
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J. Y. Choi
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chao-Tung Ting
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lidia Trogrlic
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stefan V. Milevski
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mary Familari
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gemma Martinez
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robb U de Iongh
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hsu YC, Li L, Fuchs E. Transit-amplifying cells orchestrate stem cell activity and tissue regeneration. Cell 2014; 157:935-49. [PMID: 24813615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transit-amplifying cells (TACs) are an early intermediate in tissue regeneration. Here, using hair follicles (HFs) as a paradigm, we show that emerging TACs constitute a signaling center that orchestrates tissue growth. Whereas primed stem cells (SCs) generate TACs, quiescent SCs only proliferate after TACs form and begin expressing Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). TAC generation is independent of autocrine SHH, but the TAC pool wanes if they can't produce SHH. We trace this paradox to two direct actions of SHH: promoting quiescent-SC proliferation and regulating dermal factors that stoke TAC expansion. Ingrained within quiescent SCs' special sensitivity to SHH signaling is their high expression of GAS1. Without sufficient input from quiescent SCs, replenishment of primed SCs for the next hair cycle is compromised, delaying regeneration and eventually leading to regeneration failure. Our findings unveil TACs as transient but indispensable integrators of SC niche components and reveal an intriguing interdependency of primed and quiescent SC populations on tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lishi Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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DeStefano GM, Kurban M, Anyane-Yeboa K, Dall'Armi C, Di Paolo G, Feenstra H, Silverberg N, Rohena L, López-Cepeda LD, Jobanputra V, Fantauzzo KA, Kiuru M, Tadin-Strapps M, Sobrino A, Vitebsky A, Warburton D, Levy B, Salas-Alanis JC, Christiano AM. Mutations in the cholesterol transporter gene ABCA5 are associated with excessive hair overgrowth. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004333. [PMID: 24831815 PMCID: PMC4022463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited hypertrichoses are rare syndromes characterized by excessive hair growth that does not result from androgen stimulation, and are often associated with additional congenital abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the genetic defect in a case of autosomal recessive congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) (OMIM135400) using whole-exome sequencing. We identified a single base pair substitution in the 5' donor splice site of intron 32 in the ABC lipid transporter gene ABCA5 that leads to aberrant splicing of the transcript and a decrease in protein levels throughout patient hair follicles. The homozygous recessive disruption of ABCA5 leads to reduced lysosome function, which results in an accumulation of autophagosomes, autophagosomal cargos as well as increased endolysosomal cholesterol in CGHT keratinocytes. In an unrelated sporadic case of CGHT, we identified a 1.3 Mb cryptic deletion of chr17q24.2-q24.3 encompassing ABCA5 and found that ABCA5 levels are dramatically reduced throughout patient hair follicles. Collectively, our findings support ABCA5 as a gene underlying the CGHT phenotype and suggest a novel, previously unrecognized role for this gene in regulating hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. DeStefano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Dall'Armi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Feenstra
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nanette Silverberg
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luis Rohena
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marija Tadin-Strapps
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sobrino
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Vitebsky
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reibring CG, El Shahawy M, Hallberg K, Kannius-Janson M, Nilsson J, Parkkila S, Sly WS, Waheed A, Linde A, Gritli-Linde A. Expression patterns and subcellular localization of carbonic anhydrases are developmentally regulated during tooth formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96007. [PMID: 24789143 PMCID: PMC4006843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play fundamental roles in several physiological events, and emerging evidence points at their involvement in an array of disorders, including cancer. The expression of CAs in the different cells of teeth is unknown, let alone their expression patterns during odontogenesis. As a first step towards understanding the role of CAs during odontogenesis, we used immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and in situ hybridization to reveal hitherto unknown dynamic distribution patterns of eight CAs in mice. The most salient findings include expression of CAII/Car2 not only in maturation-stage ameloblasts (MA) but also in the papillary layer, dental papilla mesenchyme, odontoblasts and the epithelial rests of Malassez. We uncovered that the latter form lace-like networks around incisors; hitherto these have been known to occur only in molars. All CAs studied were produced by MA, however CAIV, CAIX and CARPXI proteins were distinctly enriched in the ruffled membrane of the ruffled MA but exhibited a homogeneous distribution in smooth-ended MA. While CAIV, CAVI/Car6, CAIX, CARPXI and CAXIV were produced by all odontoblasts, CAIII distribution displayed a striking asymmetry, in that it was virtually confined to odontoblasts in the root of molars and root analog of incisors. Remarkably, from initiation until near completion of odontogenesis and in several other tissues, CAXIII localized mainly in intracellular punctae/vesicles that we show to overlap with LAMP-1- and LAMP-2-positive vesicles, suggesting that CAXIII localizes within lysosomes. We showed that expression of CAs in developing teeth is not confined to cells involved in biomineralization, pointing at their participation in other biological events. Finally, we uncovered novel sites of CA expression, including the developing brain and eye, the olfactory epithelium, melanoblasts, tongue, notochord, nucleus pulposus and sebaceous glands. Our study provides important information for future single or multiple gene targeting strategies aiming at deciphering the function of CAs during odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes-Göran Reibring
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maha El Shahawy
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Oral Biology, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Kristina Hallberg
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kannius-Janson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Fimlab, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - William S. Sly
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anders Linde
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Amel Gritli-Linde
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Ghezali L, Liagre B, Limami Y, Beneytout JL, Leger DY. Sonic Hedgehog activation is implicated in diosgenin-induced megakaryocytic differentiation of human erythroleukemia cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95016. [PMID: 24740159 PMCID: PMC3989280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation therapy is a means to treat cancer and is induced by different agents with low toxicity and more specificity than traditional ones. Diosgenin, a plant steroid, is able to induce megakaryocytic differentiation or apoptosis in human HEL erythroleukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the exact mechanism by which diosgenin induces megakaryocytic differentiation has not been elucidated. In this study, we studied the involvement of Sonic Hedgehog in megakaryocytic differentiation induced by diosgenin in HEL cells. First, we showed that different elements of the Hedgehog pathway are expressed in our model by qRT-PCR. Then, we focused our interest on key elements in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway: Smoothened receptor, GLI transcription factor and the ligand Sonic Hedgehog. We showed that Smoothened and Sonic Hedgehog were overexpressed in disogenin-treated cells and that GLI transcription factors were activated. Then, we showed that SMO inhibition using siSMO or the GLI antagonist GANT-61, blocked megakaryocytic differentiation induced by diosgenin in HEL cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Sonic Hedgehog pathway inhibition led to inhibition of ERK1/2 activation, a major physiological pathway involved in megakaryocytic differentiation. In conclusion, our study reports, for the first time, a crucial role for the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in diosgenin-induced megakaryocytic differentiation in HEL cells.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diosgenin/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Megakaryocytes/drug effects
- Megakaryocytes/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smoothened Receptor
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Ghezali
- Université de Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA 1069 “Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles”, GDR CNRS 3049, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Université de Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA 1069 “Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles”, GDR CNRS 3049, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - Youness Limami
- Université de Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA 1069 “Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles”, GDR CNRS 3049, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Louis Beneytout
- Université de Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA 1069 “Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles”, GDR CNRS 3049, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - David Yannick Leger
- Université de Limoges, FR 3503 GEIST, EA 1069 “Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles”, GDR CNRS 3049, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
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Adolphe C, Nieuwenhuis E, Villani R, Li ZJ, Kaur P, Hui CC, Wainwright BJ. Patched 1 and patched 2 redundancy has a key role in regulating epidermal differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1981-1990. [PMID: 24492243 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Patched 1 (Ptch1) receptor has a pivotal role in inhibiting the activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and is therefore critical in preventing the onset of many human developmental disorders and tumor formation. However, the functional role of the mammalian Ptch2 paralogue remains elusive, particularly the extent to which it contributes to regulating the spatial and temporal activity of Hh signaling. Here we demonstrate in three independent mouse models of epidermal development that in vivo ablation of both Ptch receptors results in a more severe phenotype than loss of Ptch1 alone. Our studies indicate that concomitant loss of Ptch1 and Ptch2 activity inhibits epidermal lineage specification and differentiation. These results reveal that repression of Hh signaling through a dynamic Ptch regulatory network is a crucial event in lineage fate determination in the skin. In general, our findings implicate Ptch receptor redundancy as a key issue in elucidating the cellular origin of Hh-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Adolphe
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erica Nieuwenhuis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rehan Villani
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhu Juan Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Chandramouli A, Hatsell SJ, Pinderhughes A, Koetz L, Cowin P. Gli activity is critical at multiple stages of embryonic mammary and nipple development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79845. [PMID: 24260306 PMCID: PMC3832531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli3 is a transcriptional regulator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling that functions as a repressor (Gli3R) or activator (Gli3A) depending upon cellular context. Previously, we have shown that Gli3R is required for the formation of mammary placodes #3 and #5. Here, we report that this early loss of Gli3 results in abnormal patterning of two critical regulators: Bmp4 and Tbx3, within the presumptive mammary rudiment (MR) #3 zone. We also show that Gli3 loss leads to failure to maintain mammary mesenchyme specification and loss of epithelial Wnt signaling, which impairs the later development of remaining MRs: MR#2 showed profound evagination and ectopic hairs formed within the presumptive areola; MR#4 showed mild invagination defects and males showed inappropriate retention of mammary buds in Gli3xt/xt mice. Importantly, mice genetically manipulated to misactivate Hh signaling displayed the same phenotypic spectrum demonstrating that the repressor function of Gli3R is essential during multiple stages of mammary development. In contrast, positive Hh signaling occurs during nipple development in a mesenchymal cuff around the lactiferous duct and in muscle cells of the nipple sphincter. Collectively, these data show that repression of Hh signaling by Gli3R is critical for early placodal patterning and later mammary mesenchyme specification whereas positive Hh signaling occurs during nipple development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Chandramouli
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Hatsell
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alicia Pinderhughes
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa Koetz
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pamela Cowin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a very simple molecule that plays key roles in complex communication mechanisms within the animal body. In the mammary glands, serotonin biosynthesis and secretion are induced in response to dilation of the alveolar spaces. Since its discovery several years ago, mammary 5-HT has been demonstrated to perform two homeostatic functions. First, serotonin regulates lactation and initiates the transition into the earliest phases of involution. Second, serotonin is a local signal that induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), which allows the mammary gland to drive the mobilization of calcium from the skeleton. These processes use different receptor types, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2, respectively. In this review, we provide synthetic perspectives on the fundamental processes of lactation homeostasis and the adaptation of calcium homeostasis for lactation. We analyze the role of the intrinsic serotonin system in the physiological regulation of the mammary glands. We also consider the importance of the mammary serotonin system in pathologies and therapies associated with lactation and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson D Horseman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Systems Biology and Physiology Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45208;
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Tabler JM, Barrell WB, Szabo-Rogers HL, Healy C, Yeung Y, Perdiguero EG, Schulz C, Yannakoudakis BZ, Mesbahi A, Wlodarczyk B, Geissmann F, Finnell RH, Wallingford JB, Liu KJ. Fuz mutant mice reveal shared mechanisms between ciliopathies and FGF-related syndromes. Dev Cell 2013; 25:623-35. [PMID: 23806618 PMCID: PMC3697100 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a broad class of human disorders with craniofacial dysmorphology as a common feature. Among these is high arched palate, a condition that affects speech and quality of life. Using the ciliopathic Fuz mutant mouse, we find that high arched palate does not, as commonly suggested, arise from midface hypoplasia. Rather, increased neural crest expands the maxillary primordia. In Fuz mutants, this phenotype stems from dysregulated Gli processing, which in turn results in excessive craniofacial Fgf8 gene expression. Accordingly, genetic reduction of Fgf8 ameliorates the maxillary phenotypes. Similar phenotypes result from mutation of oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (Ofd1), suggesting that aberrant transcription of Fgf8 is a common feature of ciliopathies. High arched palate is also a prevalent feature of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) hyperactivation syndromes. Thus, our findings elucidate the etiology for a common craniofacial anomaly and identify links between two classes of human disease: FGF-hyperactivation syndromes and ciliopathies. A genetic model for high arched palate, commonly seen in human craniofacial syndromes In ciliopathic mice, Fgf8 overexpression leads to cranial neural crest hyperplasia Enlargement of the maxillary primordia underlies high arched palate in Fuz mutants An etiological link between ciliopathies and FGF-hyperactivation syndromes
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Tabler
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Iwata J, Suzuki A, Pelikan RC, Ho TV, Sanchez-Lara PA, Chai Y. Modulation of lipid metabolic defects rescues cleft palate in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:182-93. [PMID: 23975680 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor type II (TGFBR2) cause Loeys-Dietz syndrome, characterized by craniofacial and cardiovascular abnormalities. Mice with a deletion of Tgfbr2 in cranial neural crest cells (Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice) develop cleft palate as the result of abnormal TGFβ signaling activation. However, little is known about metabolic processes downstream of TGFβ signaling during palatogenesis. Here, we show that Tgfbr2 mutant palatal mesenchymal cells spontaneously accumulate lipid droplets, resulting from reduced lipolysis activity. Tgfbr2 mutant palatal mesenchymal cells failed to respond to the cell proliferation stimulator sonic hedgehog, derived from the palatal epithelium. Treatment with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor or telmisartan, a modulator of p38 MAPK activation and lipid metabolism, blocked abnormal TGFβ-mediated p38 MAPK activation, restoring lipid metabolism and cell proliferation activity both in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight the influence of alternative TGFβ signaling on lipid metabolic activities, as well as how lipid metabolic defects can affect cell proliferation and adversely impact palatogenesis. This discovery has broader implications for the understanding of metabolic defects and potential prevention of congenital birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Iwata
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and
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Kakanj P, Reuter K, Séquaris G, Wodtke C, Schettina P, Frances D, Zouboulis CC, Lanske B, Niemann C. Indian hedgehog controls proliferation and differentiation in skin tumorigenesis and protects against malignant progression. Cell Rep 2013; 4:340-51. [PMID: 23871669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the hedgehog pathway drive the formation of tumors in many different organs, including the development of basal cell carcinoma in the skin. However, little is known about the role of epidermal Indian hedgehog (Ihh) in skin physiology. Using mouse genetics, we identified overlapping and distinct functions of Ihh in different models of epidermal tumorigenesis. Epidermal deletion of Ihh resulted in increased formation of benign squamous papilloma. Strikingly, Ihh-deficient mice showed an increase in malignant squamous cell carcinoma and developed lung and lymph node metastases. In a sebaceous gland tumor model, Ihh deficiency inhibited tumor cell differentiation. More mechanistically, IHH stimulated cell proliferation by activating the transcription factor GLI2 in human keratinocytes and human tumors. Thus, our results uncover important functions for Ihh signaling in controlling proliferation, differentiation, malignant progression, and metastasis of epithelial cancer, establishing Ihh as a gatekeeper for controlling the grade of tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kakanj
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne CMMC, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Oftedal OT, Dhouailly D. Evo-devo of the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:105-20. [PMID: 23681303 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a new scenario for mammary evolution based on comparative review of early mammary development among mammals. Mammary development proceeds through homologous phases across taxa, but evolutionary modifications in early development produce different final morphologies. In monotremes, the mammary placode spreads out to form a plate-like mammary bulb from which more than 100 primary sprouts descend into mesenchyme. At their distal ends, secondary sprouts develop, including pilosebaceous anlagen, resulting in a mature structure in which mammary lobules and sebaceous glands empty into the infundibula of hair follicles; these structural triads (mammolobular-pilo-sebaceous units or MPSUs) represent an ancestral condition. In marsupials a flask-like mammary bulb elongates as a sprout, but then hollows out; its secondary sprouts include hair and sebaceous anlagen (MPSUs), but the hairs are shed during nipple formation. In some eutherians (cat, horse, human) MPSUs form at the distal ends of primary sprouts; pilosebaceous components either regress or develop into mature structures. We propose that a preexisting structural triad (the apocrine-pilo-sebaceous unit) was incorporated into the evolving mammary structure, and coupled to additional developmental processes that form the mammary line, placode, bulb and primary sprout. In this scenario only mammary ductal trees and secretory tissue derive from ancestral apocrine-like glands. The mammary gland appears to have coopted signaling pathways and genes for secretory products from even earlier integumentary structures, such as odontode (tooth-like) or odontode-derived structures. We speculate that modifications in signal use (such as PTHrP and BMP4) may contribute to taxonomic differences in MPSU development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav T Oftedal
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.
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Lee MY, Sun L, Veltmaat JM. Hedgehog and Gli signaling in embryonic mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:133-8. [PMID: 23677624 PMCID: PMC3691482 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first mouse mutation associated with a heritable defect in embryonic mammary gland development was Extratoes. It represents a functional null-mutation of the gene encoding Gli3, which is best known as a transcription factor mediating canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Here we review the roles of Hh and Gli proteins in murine embryonic mammary development. We propose that an off-state for Hh signaling, mediated by Gli3-repressor, is determinant for induction of a mammary instead of hair follicle fate in the trunk surface ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Yin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
- Present Address: Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Jacqueline M. Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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Hui M, Cazet A, Nair R, Watkins DN, O'Toole SA, Swarbrick A. The Hedgehog signalling pathway in breast development, carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:203. [PMID: 23547970 PMCID: PMC3672663 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress achieved in breast cancer screening and therapeutic innovations, the basal-like subtype of breast cancer (BLBC) still represents a particular clinical challenge. In order to make an impact on survival in this type of aggressive breast cancer, new targeted therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has been unambiguously tied to cancer development and progression in a variety of solid malignancies, and the recent approval of vismodegib, an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of Smoothened, validates Hh signalling as a valuable therapeutic target. A number of recent publications have highlighted a role for Hh signalling in breast cancer models and clinical specimens. Interestingly, Hh ligand overexpression is associated with the BLBC phenotype and a poor outcome in terms of metastasis and breast cancer-related death. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the canonical Hh signalling pathway in mammals, highlight its roles in mammary gland development and breast carcinogenesis and discuss its potential therapeutic value in BLBC.
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Jin C, Chen J, Meng Q, Carreira V, Tam NNC, Geh E, Karyala S, Ho SM, Zhou X, Medvedovic M, Xia Y. Deciphering gene expression program of MAP3K1 in mouse eyelid morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2012. [PMID: 23201579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic eyelid closure involves forward movement and ultimate fusion of the upper and lower eyelids, an essential step of mammalian ocular surface development. Although its underlying mechanism of action is not fully understood, a functional mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) is required for eyelid closure. Here we investigate the molecular signatures of MAP3K1 in eyelid morphogenesis. At mouse gestational day E15.5, the developmental stage immediately prior to eyelid closure, MAP3K1 expression is predominant in the eyelid leading edge (LE) and the inner eyelid (IE) epithelium. We used laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain highly enriched LE and IE cells from wild type and MAP3K1-deficient fetuses and analyzed genome-wide expression profiles. The gene expression data led to the identification of three distinct developmental features of MAP3K1. First, MAP3K1 modulated Wnt and Sonic hedgehog signals, actin reorganization, and proliferation only in LE but not in IE epithelium, illustrating the temporal-spatial specificity of MAP3K1 in embryogenesis. Second, MAP3K1 potentiated AP-2α expression and SRF and AP-1 activity, but its target genes were enriched for binding motifs of AP-2α and SRF, and not AP-1, suggesting the existence of novel MAP3K1-AP-2α/SRF modules in gene regulation. Third, MAP3K1 displayed variable effects on expression of lineage specific genes in the LE and IE epithelium, revealing potential roles of MAP3K1 in differentiation and lineage specification. Using LCM and expression array, our studies have uncovered novel molecular signatures of MAP3K1 in embryonic eyelid closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jin
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3223 Eden Avenue, Kettering Laboratory, Suite 410, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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Fantauzzo KA, Kurban M, Levy B, Christiano AM. Trps1 and its target gene Sox9 regulate epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle and are associated with hypertrichosis. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003002. [PMID: 23133399 PMCID: PMC3486859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hypertrichoses are a group of hair overgrowth syndromes that are extremely rare in humans. We have previously demonstrated that a position effect on TRPS1 is associated with hypertrichosis in humans and mice. To gain insight into the functional role of Trps1, we analyzed the late morphogenesis vibrissae phenotype of Trps1Δgt mutant mice, which is characterized by follicle degeneration after peg downgrowth has been initiated. We found that Trps1 directly represses expression of the hair follicle stem cell regulator Sox9 to control proliferation of the follicle epithelium. Furthermore, we identified a copy number variation upstream of SOX9 in a family with hypertrichosis that significantly decreases expression of the gene in the hair follicle, providing new insights into the long-range regulation of SOX9. Our findings uncover a novel transcriptional hierarchy that regulates epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle and contributes to the pathology of hypertrichosis. The various ectodermal appendages found in nature have evolved over time to allow organisms to better adapt to their environment. These include hair, feathers, scales, nails, teeth, beaks, horns, and a wide array of eccrine glands. The hair follicle is an ectodermal appendage unique to mammals that serves a wide array of functions, including thermoregulation, sensation, and communication. Hair follicle formation begins during embryogenesis through a series of interactions between adjacent epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. The mechanisms by which the diverse cells types of the hair follicle arise and the contribution of progenitor cells to the processes of growth and differentiation are not completely understood. Here, we have identified the transcription factor Trps1 as a novel regulator of epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle, through its control of Sox9, a gene known to regulate hair follicle stem cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that duplicated genetic material upstream of SOX9, which alters expression of the gene, results in a rare form of hereditary hair overgrowth syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Lactation represents an important element of the life history strategies of all mammals, whether monotreme, marsupial, or eutherian. Milk originated as a glandular skin secretion in synapsids (the lineage ancestral to mammals), perhaps as early as the Pennsylvanian period, that is, approximately 310 million years ago (mya). Early synapsids laid eggs with parchment-like shells intolerant of desiccation and apparently dependent on glandular skin secretions for moisture. Mammary glands probably evolved from apocrine-like glands that combined multiple modes of secretion and developed in association with hair follicles. Comparative analyses of the evolutionary origin of milk constituents support a scenario in which these secretions evolved into a nutrient-rich milk long before mammals arose. A variety of antimicrobial and secretory constituents were co-opted into novel roles related to nutrition of the young. Secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins may originally have had a role in calcium delivery to eggs; however, by evolving into large, complex casein micelles, they took on an important role in transport of amino acids, calcium and phosphorus. Several proteins involved in immunity, including an ancestral butyrophilin and xanthine oxidoreductase, were incorporated into a novel membrane-bound lipid droplet (the milk fat globule) that became a primary mode of energy transfer. An ancestral c-lysozyme lost its lytic functions in favor of a role as α-lactalbumin, which modifies a galactosyltransferase to recognize glucose as an acceptor, leading to the synthesis of novel milk sugars, of which free oligosaccharides may have predated free lactose. An ancestral lipocalin and an ancestral whey acidic protein four-disulphide core protein apparently lost their original transport and antimicrobial functions when they became the whey proteins β-lactoglobulin and whey acidic protein, which with α-lactalbumin provide limiting sulfur amino acids to the young. By the late Triassic period (ca 210 mya), mammaliaforms (mammalian ancestors) were endothermic (requiring fluid to replace incubatory water losses of eggs), very small in size (making large eggs impossible), and had rapid growth and limited tooth replacement (indicating delayed onset of feeding and reliance on milk). Thus, milk had already supplanted egg yolk as the primary nutrient source, and by the Jurassic period (ca 170 mya) vitellogenin genes were being lost. All primary milk constituents evolved before the appearance of mammals, and some constituents may have origins that predate the split of the synapsids from sauropsids (the lineage leading to 'reptiles' and birds). Thus, the modern dairy industry is built upon a very old foundation, the cornerstones of which were laid even before dinosaurs ruled the earth in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
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Woo WM, Zhen HH, Oro AE. Shh maintains dermal papilla identity and hair morphogenesis via a Noggin-Shh regulatory loop. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1235-46. [PMID: 22661232 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187401.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During hair follicle morphogenesis, dermal papillae (DPs) function as mesenchymal signaling centers that cross-talk with overlying epithelium to regulate morphogenesis. While the DP regulates hair follicle formation, relatively little is known about the molecular basis of DP formation. The morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is known for regulating hair follicle epithelial growth, with excessive signaling resulting in basal cell carcinomas. Here, we investigate how dermal-specific Shh signaling contributes to DP formation and hair growth. Using a Cre-lox genetic model and RNAi in hair follicle reconstitution assays, we demonstrate that dermal Smoothened (Smo) loss of function results in the loss of the DP precursor, the dermal condensate, and a stage 2 hair follicle arrest phenotype reminiscent of Shh(-/-) skin. Surprisingly, dermal Smo does not regulate cell survival or epithelial proliferation. Rather, molecular screening and immunostaining studies reveal that dermal Shh signaling controls the expression of a subset of DP-specific signature genes. Using a hairpin/cDNA lentiviral system, we show that overexpression of the Shh-dependent gene Noggin, but not Sox2 or Sox18, can partially rescue the dermal Smo knockdown hair follicle phenotype by increasing the expression of epithelial Shh. Our findings suggest that dermal Shh signaling regulates specific DP signatures to maintain DP maturation while maintaining a reciprocal Shh-Noggin signaling loop to drive hair follicle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Meng Woo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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49
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ALIBARDI LORENZO. Perspectives on Hair Evolution Based on Some Comparative Studies on Vertebrate Cornification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:325-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LORENZO ALIBARDI
- Comparative Histolab and Dipartimento di Biologia; University of Bologna, Bologna; Italy
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50
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Abstract
The function of Hedgehog signaling in hematopoiesis is controversial, with different experimental systems giving opposing results. Here we examined the role of Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) in the regulation of murine erythropoiesis. Dhh is one of 3 mammalian Hedgehog family proteins. Dhh is essential for testis development and Schwann cell function. We show, by analysis of Dhh-deficient mice, that Dhh negatively regulates multiple stages of erythrocyte differentiation. In Dhh-deficient bone marrow, the common myeloid progenitor (CMP) population was increased, but differentiation from CMP to granulocyte/macrophage progenitor was decreased, and the mature granulocyte population was decreased, compared with wild-type (WT). In contrast, differentiation from CMP to megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor was increased, and the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor population was increased. In addition, we found that erythroblast populations were Dhh-responsive in vitro and ex vivo and that Dhh negatively regulated erythroblast differentiation. In Dhh-deficient spleen and bone marrow, BFU-Es and erythroblast populations were increased compared with WT. During recovery of hematopoiesis after irradiation, and under conditions of stress-induced erythropoiesis, erythrocyte differentiation was accelerated in both spleen and bone marrow of Dhh-deficient mice compared with WT.
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