1
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Zhou P, Qiu T, Wang X, Yang X, Shi H, Zhu C, Dai W, Xing M, Zhang X, Xu J, Zhou D. One HA stalk topping multiple heads as a novel influenza vaccine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2290838. [PMID: 38044872 PMCID: PMC10810646 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2290838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Classic chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA) was designed to induce immune responses against the conserved stalk domain of HA. However, it is unclear whether combining more than one HA head domain onto one stalk domain is immunogenic and further induce immune responses against influenza viruses. Here, we constructed numerous novel cHAs comprising two or three fuzed head domains from different subtypes grafted onto one stalk domain, designated as cH1-H3, cH1-H7, cH1-H3-H7, and cH1-H7-H3. The three-dimensional structures of these novel cHAs were modelled using bioinformatics simulations. Structural analysis showed that the intact neutralizing epitopes were exposed in cH1-H7 and were predicted to be immunogenic. The immunogenicity of the cHAs constructs was evaluated in mice using a chimpanzee adenoviral vector (AdC68) vaccine platform. The results demonstrated that cH1-H7 expressed by AdC68 (AdC68-cH1-H7) induced the production of high levels of binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and hemagglutinin inhibition antibodies against homologous pandemic H1N1, drifted seasonal H1N1, and H7N9 virus. Moreover, vaccinated mice were fully protected from a lethal challenge with the aforementioned influenza viruses. Hence, cH1-H7 cHAs with potent immunogenicity might be a potential novel vaccine to provide protection against different subtypes of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- Institute of Clinical Science, ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqian Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Onishi R, Ikemoto S, Shiota A, Tsukamoto T, Asayama A, Tachibana M, Sakurai F, Mizuguchi H. Development of a novel adenovirus serotype 35 vector vaccine possessing an RGD peptide in the fiber knob and the E4 orf 4, 6, and 6/7 regions of adenovirus serotype 5. Int J Pharm 2024; 662:124480. [PMID: 39038719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors based on human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) have attracted significant attention as vaccine vectors for infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of Ad5 vectors as vaccines is often inhibited by the anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies retained by many adults. To overcome this drawback, we focused on human adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) vectors with low seroprevalence in adults. Although Ad35 vectors can circumvent anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies, vector yields of Ad35 vectors are often inferior to those of Ad5 vectors. In this study, we developed novel Ad35 vectors containing the Ad5 E4 orf 4, 6, and 6/7 or the Ad5 E4 orf 6 and 6/7 for efficient vector production, and compared their properties. These E4-modified Ad35 vectors efficiently propagated to a similar extent at virus titers comparable to those of Ad5 vectors. An Ad35 vector containing the Ad5 E4 orf 4, 6, and 6/7 mediated more efficient transduction than that containing the Ad5 E4 orf 6 and 6/7 in human cultured cells. Furthermore, insertion of an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide in the fiber region of an Ad35 vector containing the Ad5 E4 orf 4, 6, and 6/7 significantly improved the transgene product-specific antibody production following intramuscular administration in mice. The Ad35 vector containing the RGD peptide mediated efficient vaccine effects even in the mice pre-immunized with an Ad5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Onishi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sena Ikemoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aoi Shiota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Asayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Tkaczyk C, Newton M, Patnaik MM, Thom G, Strain M, Gamson A, Daramola O, Murthy A, Douthwaite J, Stepanov O, Boger E, Yang H, Esser MT, Lidwell A, DiGiandomenico A, Santos L, Sellman BR. In vivo mRNA expression of a multi-mechanistic mAb combination protects against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2505-2518. [PMID: 38822525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Single monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be expressed in vivo through gene delivery of their mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). However, delivery of a mAb combination could be challenging due to the risk of heavy and light variable chain mispairing. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of a three mAb combination against Staphylococcus aureus first in single chain variable fragment scFv-Fc and then in immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) format in mice. Intravenous delivery of each mRNA/LNP or the trio (1 mg/kg each) induced functional antibody expression after 24 h (10-100 μg/mL) with 64%-78% cognate-chain paired IgG expression after 3 days, and an absence of non-cognate chain pairing for scFv-Fc. We did not observe reduced neutralizing activity for each mAb compared with the level of expression of chain-paired mAbs. Delivery of the trio mRNA protected mice in an S. aureus-induced dermonecrosis model. Intravenous administration of the three mRNA in non-human primates achieved peak serum IgG levels ranging between 2.9 and 13.7 μg/mL with a half-life of 11.8-15.4 days. These results suggest nucleic acid delivery of mAb combinations holds promise and may be a viable option to streamline the development of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tkaczyk
- AstraZeneca, Early Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Michael Newton
- AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mun Mun Patnaik
- AstraZeneca, Early Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - George Thom
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Martin Strain
- AstraZeneca, Biologics Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge CB216GH, UK
| | - Adam Gamson
- AstraZeneca, Early Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Olalekan Daramola
- AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Andal Murthy
- AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Julie Douthwaite
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Oleg Stepanov
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Elin Boger
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respirator & immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Haitao Yang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- AstraZeneca, Early Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ashley Lidwell
- AstraZeneca, Early Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Luis Santos
- AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bret R Sellman
- AstraZeneca, Early Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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4
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Jin Choi S, Lee W, Cheol Kim S, Jo HY, Park HY, Bin Kim H, Park WY, Ho Park S, Ko JH, Seok Lee J. Longitudinal multiomic profiling and corticosteroid modulation of the immediate innate immune response to an adenovirus-vector vaccine. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00774-6. [PMID: 39025696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Among new vaccine technologies contributed to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)-vector vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, could be administered globally owing to its low production cost and lack of a requirement for frozen storage. Despite its benefits, most recipients have reported immediate inflammatory reactions after the initial dose vaccination. We comprehensively examined the immune landscape following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination based on the single-cell transcriptomes of immune cells and epigenomic profiles of monocytes. Monocyte and innate-like activated T cell populations expressing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) increased 1 day post-vaccination with appearance of distinct subtype of ISG-activated cells, returning to baseline by day 14. Pre-treatment with oral corticosteroids effectively curtailed these ISG-associated inflammatory responses by decreasing chromatin accessibility of major ISGs, without hampering vaccine immunogenicity. Our findings provide insights into the human immune response following ChAd-based vaccination and propose a method to reduce inflammatory side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyo Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Division of Healthcare and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeong Jo
- Division of Healthcare and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Park
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; Geninus Inc, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Inocras Inc., San Diego 92121, CA, United States.
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5
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Salauddin M, Saha S, Hossain MG, Okuda K, Shimada M. Clinical Application of Adenovirus (AdV): A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2024; 16:1094. [PMID: 39066256 PMCID: PMC11281619 DOI: 10.3390/v16071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild infections to life-threatening diseases in a broad range of hosts. Due to the unique characteristics of these viruses, they have also become a vehicle for gene-transfer and cancer therapeutic instruments. Adenovirus vectors can be used in gene therapy by modifying wild-type viruses to render them replication-defective. This makes it possible to swap out particular viral genes for segments that carry therapeutic genes and to employ the resultant vector as a means of delivering genes to specified tissues. In this review, we outline the progressive development of adenovirus vectors, exploring their characteristics, genetic modifications, and range of uses in clinical and preclinical settings. A significant emphasis is placed on their crucial role in advancing gene therapy, cancer therapy, immunotherapy, and the latest breakthroughs in vaccine development for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Salauddin
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9202, Bangladesh;
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Md. Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
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6
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Cheng L, Chan WK, Zhu L, Chao MH, Wang Y. Confronting Inequalities and Bridging the Divide: A Retrospective Study Assessment of Country-Level COVID-19 Vaccine Equality with a Cox Regression Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:552. [PMID: 38793804 PMCID: PMC11125969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is vital in reducing illness, hospitalization, and mortality in the face of this global pandemic. However, COVID-19 vaccination rates worldwide remain below WHO public health targets, and persistent structural inequities reduce vaccine uptake likelihood among populations of low socioeconomic status. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on publicly available data from the Our World in Data project. We included all 124 countries with available open epidemic data and a population of more than 5 million. We used a Cox Regression Model, with population, population density, median age, human development index, GDP per capita, gender inequality index, healthcare access and quality index, hospital beds per thousand people, completion rate of primary education, infection cases of COVID-19 by the end of 2022, and death rate due to COVID-19 by the end of 2022 as predictors for model hazard rates of completion of 50% population vaccination. According to our study, countries with higher populations, higher population density, higher human development index, lower gender inequality index, and lower hospital beds per 1000 people had a higher hazard rate, which means they were more likely to achieve 50% population vaccination faster. By utilizing the time to achieve vaccination rate goals as our primary endpoint, we evaluated inequity from a dual perspective, considering both the differences in vaccination rates and the duration required to attain them. Consequently, this study employed survival analysis approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of vaccine drivers and population-level trends nationally and inform all communities from a statistical perspective to prepare for health emergencies. Development-level standing modified the effects of equal access to COVID-19 vaccination on cumulative cases and mortality, for which countries of low or medium human development tended to fare worse in outcomes than high human development countries. As COVID-19 vaccination efforts evolve, healthcare professionals, scholars, and policymakers need to identify the structural impediments to equitable vaccination awareness, access, and uptake so that future vaccination campaigns are not impeded by these barriers to immunization. Recognizing the complex nature of this significant barrier, it is evident that no single statistical analysis method can comprehensively address all intricacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cheng
- Big Data Bio-Intelligence Laboratory, Big Data Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;
| | - W. K. Chan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Melody H. Chao
- College of Art and Design, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Yang Wang
- Big Data Bio-Intelligence Laboratory, Big Data Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China;
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7
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Zhang Z, Guo X, Hou W, Zou X, Wang Y, Liu S, Lu Z. User-Friendly Replication-Competent MAdV-1 Vector System with a Cloning Capacity of 3.3 Kilobases. Viruses 2024; 16:761. [PMID: 38793642 PMCID: PMC11126015 DOI: 10.3390/v16050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mouse adenoviruses (MAdV) play important roles in studying host-adenovirus interaction. However, easy-to-use reverse genetics systems are still lacking for MAdV. An infectious plasmid pKRMAV1 was constructed by ligating genomic DNA of wild-type MAdV-1 with a PCR product containing a plasmid backbone through Gibson assembly. A fragment was excised from pKRMAV1 by restriction digestion and used to generate intermediate plasmid pKMAV1-ER, which contained E3, fiber, E4, and E1 regions of MAdV-1. CMV promoter-controlled GFP expression cassette was inserted downstream of the pIX gene in pKMAV1-ER and then transferred to pKRMAV1 to generate adenoviral plasmid pKMAV1-IXCG. Replacement of transgene could be conveniently carried out between dual BstZ17I sites in pKMAV1-IXCG by restriction-assembly, and a series of adenoviral plasmids were generated. Recombinant viruses were rescued after transfecting linearized adenoviral plasmids to mouse NIH/3T3 cells. MAdV-1 viruses carrying GFP or firefly luciferase genes were characterized in gene transduction, plaque-forming, and replication in vitro or in vivo by observing the expression of reporter genes. The results indicated that replication-competent vectors presented relevant properties of wild-type MAdV-1 very well. By constructing viruses bearing exogenous fragments with increasing size, it was found that MAdV-1 could tolerate an insertion up to 3.3 kb. Collectively, a replication-competent MAdV-1 vector system was established, which simplified procedures for the change of transgene or modification of E1, fiber, E3, or E4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Wenzhe Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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Souto EB, Blanco-Llamero C, Krambeck K, Kiran NS, Yashaswini C, Postwala H, Severino P, Priefer R, Prajapati BG, Maheshwari R. Regulatory insights into nanomedicine and gene vaccine innovation: Safety assessment, challenges, and regulatory perspectives. Acta Biomater 2024; 180:1-17. [PMID: 38604468 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This analysis explores the principal regulatory concerns linked to nanomedicines and gene vaccines, including the complexities involved and the perspectives on how to navigate them. In the realm of nanomedicines, ensuring the safety of nanomaterials is paramount due to their unique characteristics and potential interactions with biological systems. Regulatory bodies are actively formulating guidelines and standards to assess the safety and risks associated with nanomedicine products, emphasizing the need for standardized characterization techniques to accurately gauge their safety and effectiveness. Regarding gene vaccines, regulatory frameworks must be tailored to address the distinct challenges posed by genetic interventions, necessitating special considerations in safety and efficacy evaluations, particularly concerning vector design, target specificity, and long-term patient monitoring. Ethical concerns such as patient autonomy, informed consent, and privacy also demand careful attention, alongside the intricate matter of intellectual property rights, which must be balanced against the imperative of ensuring widespread access to these life-saving treatments. Collaborative efforts among regulatory bodies, researchers, patent offices, and the private sector are essential to tackle these challenges effectively, with international cooperation being especially crucial given the global scope of nanomedicine and genetic vaccine development. Striking the right balance between safeguarding intellectual properties and promoting public health is vital for fostering innovation and ensuring equitable access to these ground-breaking technologies, underscoring the significance of addressing these regulatory hurdles to fully harness the potential benefits of nanomedicine and gene vaccines for enhancing healthcare outcomes on a global scale. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Several biomaterials are being proposed for the development of nanovaccines, from polymeric micelles, PLGA-/PEI-/PLL-nanoparticles, solid lipid nananoparticles, cationic lipoplexes, liposomes, hybrid materials, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, to quantum dots. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained tremendous attention since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Pfizer and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines, raising public awareness to the regulatory challenges associated with nanomedicines and genetic vaccines. This review provides insights into the current perspectives and potential strategies for addressing these issues, including clinical trials. By navigating these regulatory landscapes effectively, we can unlock the full potential of nanomedicine and genetic vaccines using a range of promising biomaterials towards improving healthcare outcomes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Blanco-Llamero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karolline Krambeck
- Health Sciences School, Guarda Polytechnic Institute, Rua da Cadeia, 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal
| | | | - Chandrashekar Yashaswini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Humzah Postwala
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Research and Technology, University Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronny Priefer
- Institute of Research and Technology, University Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati
- Shree. S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat 384012, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Jadcherla, Hyderabad 509301, India
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9
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Li X, Peng Q, Liu X, Xu H, Liu J, Wu X, Ye Q, Li M, Li Y. A universal recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374486. [PMID: 38745651 PMCID: PMC11091345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A universal recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vaccine against COVID19 (Ad-US) was constructed, and immunogenicity and broad-spectrum of Ad5-US were evaluated with both intranasal and intramuscular immunization routes. The humoral immune response of Ad5-US in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus based pseudovirus neutralization assay, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) -binding inhibition assay. The cellular immune response and Th1/Th2 biased immune response of Ad5-US were evaluated by the IFN-γ ELISpot assay, intracellular cytokine staining, and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) profiling of Th1/Th2 cytokines. Intramuscular priming followed by an intranasal booster with Ad5-US elicited the broad-spectrum and high levels of IgG, IgA, pseudovirus neutralizing antibody (PNAb), and Th1-skewing of the T-cell response. Overall, the adenovirus type-5 vectored universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Ad5-US was successfully constructed, and Ad5-US was highly immunogenic and broad spectrum. Intramuscular priming followed by an intranasal booster with Ad5-US induced the high and broad spectrum systemic immune responses and local mucosal immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Genetic Vectors
- Mice
- Humans
- Female
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Administration, Intranasal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunity, Cellular
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qinhua Peng
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshan Xu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Office of Pharmaceutical Science of Biological Products, Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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10
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Kumar A, Tripathi P, Kumar P, Shekhar R, Pathak R. From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:459. [PMID: 38793710 PMCID: PMC11125746 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
| | - Prajna Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Prashant Kumar
- R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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11
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Wang Y, Zou X, Guo X, Zhang Z, Wang M, Hung T, Lu Z. Redirect Tropism of Fowl Adenovirus 4 Vector by Modifying Fiber2 with Variable Domain of Heavy-Chain Antibody. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:467. [PMID: 38674401 PMCID: PMC11049955 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The variable domain of a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) has the potential to be used to redirect the cell tropism of adenoviral vectors. Here, we attempted to establish platforms to simplify the screening of VHHs for their specific targeting function when being incorporated into the fiber of adenovirus. Both fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4) and simian adenovirus 1 (SAdV-1) have two types of fiber, one of which is dispensable for virus propagation and is a proper site for VHH display. An intermediate plasmid, pMD-FAV4Fs, was constructed as the start plasmid for FAdV-4 fiber2 modification. Foldon from phage T4 fibritin, a trigger for trimerization, was employed to bridge the tail/shaft domain of fiber2 and VHHs against human CD16A, a key membrane marker of natural killer (NK) cells. Through one step of restriction-assembly, the modified fiber2 was transferred to the adenoviral plasmid, which was linearized and transfected to packaging cells. Five FAdV-4 viruses carrying the GFP gene were finally rescued and amplified, with three VHHs being displayed. One recombinant virus, FAdV4FC21-EG, could hardly transduce human 293 or Jurkat cells. In contrast, when it was used at a multiplicity of infection of 1000 viral particles per cell, the transduction efficiency reached 51% or 34% for 293 or Jurkat cells expressing exogenous CD16A. Such a strategy of fiber modification was transplanted to the SAdV-1 vector to construct SAdV1FC28H-EG, which moderately transduced primary human NK cells while the parental virus transduced none. Collectively, we reformed the strategy of integrating VHH to fiber and established novel platforms for screening VHHs to construct adenoviral vectors with a specific tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaohui Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Min Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Tao Hung
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Zhuozhuang Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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12
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Petro-Turnquist E, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336013. [PMID: 38633745 PMCID: PMC11021629 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine Influenza A Virus (IAV-S) imposes a significant impact on the pork industry and has been deemed a significant threat to global public health due to its zoonotic potential. The most effective method of preventing IAV-S is vaccination. While there are tremendous efforts to control and prevent IAV-S in vulnerable swine populations, there are considerable challenges in developing a broadly protective vaccine against IAV-S. These challenges include the consistent diversification of IAV-S, increasing the strength and breadth of adaptive immune responses elicited by vaccination, interfering maternal antibody responses, and the induction of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination. Current vaccination strategies are often not updated frequently enough to address the continuously evolving nature of IAV-S, fail to induce broadly cross-reactive responses, are susceptible to interference, may enhance respiratory disease, and can be expensive to produce. Here, we review the challenges and current status of universal IAV-S vaccine research. We also detail the current standard of licensed vaccines and their limitations in the field. Finally, we review recently described novel vaccines and vaccine platforms that may improve upon current methods of IAV-S control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew J. Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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13
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Tang YD, Yu C, Cai XH. Novel technologies are turning a dream into reality: conditionally replicating viruses as vaccines. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:292-301. [PMID: 37798168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Conditionally replicating viruses (CRVs) are a type of virus with one or more essential gene functions that are impaired resulting in the disruption of viral genome replication, protein synthesis, or virus particle assembly. CRVs can replicate only if the deficient essential genes are supplied. CRVs are widely used in biomedical research, particularly as vaccines. Traditionally, CRVs are generated by creating complementary cell lines that provide the impaired genes. With the development of biotechnology, novel techniques have been invented to generate CRVs, such as targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies and premature termination codon (PTC) read-through technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of these novel technologies are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on what challenges need to be overcome for CRVs to reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
| | - Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China.
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14
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Scarsella L, Ehrke-Schulz E, Paulussen M, Thal SC, Ehrhardt A, Aydin M. Advances of Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors in Preclinical and Clinical Applications. Viruses 2024; 16:377. [PMID: 38543743 PMCID: PMC10974029 DOI: 10.3390/v16030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ad) have the potential to induce severe infections in vulnerable patient groups. Therefore, understanding Ad biology and antiviral processes is important to comprehend the signaling cascades during an infection and to initiate appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In addition, Ad vector-based vaccines have revealed significant potential in generating robust immune protection and recombinant Ad vectors facilitate efficient gene transfer to treat genetic diseases and are used as oncolytic viruses to treat cancer. Continuous improvements in gene delivery capacity, coupled with advancements in production methods, have enabled widespread application in cancer therapy, vaccine development, and gene therapy on a large scale. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the virus biology, and several aspects of recombinant Ad vectors, as well as the development of Ad vector, are discussed. Moreover, we focus on those Ads that were used in preclinical and clinical applications including regenerative medicine, vaccine development, genome engineering, treatment of genetic diseases, and virotherapy in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Scarsella
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Science (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Michael Paulussen
- Chair of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, 45711 Datteln, Germany;
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
| | - Malik Aydin
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany; (E.E.-S.); (A.E.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Science (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
- Chair of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, 45711 Datteln, Germany;
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
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15
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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16
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Wang N, Wang T. Innovative translational platforms for rapid developing clinical vaccines against COVID-19 and other infectious disease. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300658. [PMID: 38403469 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A vaccine is a biological preparation that contains the antigen capable of stimulating the immune system to form the defense against pathogens. Vaccine development often confronts big challenges, including time/energy-consuming, low efficacy, lag to pathogen emergence and mutation, and even safety concern. However, these seem now mostly conquerable through constructing the advanced translational platforms that can make innovative vaccines, sometimes, potentiated with a distinct multifunctional VADS (vaccine adjuvant delivery system), as evidenced by the development of various vaccines against the covid-19 pandemic at warp speed. Particularly, several covid-19 vaccines, such as the viral-vectored vaccines, mRNA vaccines and DNA vaccines, regarded as the innovative ones that are rapidly made via the high technology-based translational platforms. These products have manifested powerful efficacy while showing no unacceptable safety profile in clinics, allowing them to be approved for massive vaccination at also warp speed. Now, the proprietary translational platforms integrated with the state-of-the-art biotechnologies, and even the artificial intelligence (AI), represent an efficient mode for rapid making innovative clinical vaccines against infections, thus increasingly attracting interests of vaccine research and development. Herein, the advanced translational platforms for making innovative vaccines, together with their design principles and immunostimulatory efficacies, are comprehensively elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food and Biological engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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17
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, Carreño LJ, Torres JP, Benachi O. MA, Tovar-Rosero YY, Oñate AA, O'Ryan M. Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1326154. [PMID: 38264254 PMCID: PMC10803505 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1326154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for the prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in the medical and public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles. Vaccination has been instrumental in eradicating important pathogens, including the smallpox virus and wild poliovirus types 2 and 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through the history and advancements in vaccinology, tailored for healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with the variolation practices in the early 17th century, the development of the first smallpox vaccine, and the continuous evolution and innovation in vaccine development up to the present day. We also briefly review immunological principles underlying vaccination, as well as the main vaccine types, with a special mention of the recently introduced mRNA vaccine technology. Additionally, we discuss the broad benefits of vaccines, including their role in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in fostering socioeconomic development in communities. Finally, we address the issue of vaccine hesitancy and discuss effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. Research, collaboration, and the widespread acceptance and use of vaccines are imperative for the continued success of vaccination programs in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Torres
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel A. Benachi O.
- Área de Biotecnología, Tecnoacademia Neiva, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, Regional Huila, Neiva, Colombia
| | - Yenifer-Yadira Tovar-Rosero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Angel A. Oñate
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Sallard E, Schulte L, van den Boom A, Klimovitskii A, Knierer J, Hagedorn C, Knocks M, Zhang W, Kreppel F, Ehrhardt A, Ehrke-Schulz E. Development of oncolytic and gene therapy vectors based on adenovirus serotype 4 as an alternative to adenovirus serotype 5. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3576. [PMID: 37580111 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoviral vectors are among the most frequently used vectors for gene therapy and cancer treatment. Most vectors are derived from human adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 despite limited applicability caused by pre-existing immunity and unfavorable liver tropism, whereas the other more than 100 known human serotypes remain largely unused. Here, we screened a library of human Ad types and identified Ad4 as a promising candidate vector. METHODS Reporter-gene-expressing viruses representative of the natural human Ad diversity were used to transduce an array of muscle cell lines and two- or three-dimensional tumor cultures. The time-course of transgene expression was monitored by fluorescence or luminescence measurements. To generate replication-deficient Ad4 vector genomes, successive homologous recombination was applied. RESULTS Ad4, 17 and 50 transduced human cardiomyocytes more efficiently than Ad5, whereas Ad37 was found to be superior in rhabdomyocytes. Despite its moderate transduction efficiency, Ad4 showed efficient and long-lasting gene expression in papillomavirus (HPV) positive tumor organoids. Therefore, we aimed to harness the potential of Ad4 for improved muscle transduction or oncolytic virotherapy of HPV-positive tumors. We deleted the E1 and E3 transcription units to produce first generation Ad vectors for gene therapy. The E1- and E1/E3-deleted vectors were replication-competent in HEK293 cells stably expressing E1 but not in the other cell lines tested. Furthermore, we show that the Ad5 E1 transcription unit can complement the replication of E1-deleted Ad4 vectors. CONCLUSIONS Our Ad4-based gene therapy vector platform contributes to the development of improved Ad vectors based on non-canonical serotypes for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Sallard
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Lukas Schulte
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Alexander van den Boom
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Alexander Klimovitskii
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Julius Knierer
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Maximilian Knocks
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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19
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Shimizu K. Development of an Improved Adenovirus Vector and Its Application to the Treatment of Lifestyle-Related Diseases. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:886-894. [PMID: 38692864 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The number of patients with lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has continued to increase worldwide. Therefore, development of innovative therapeutic methods targeting lifestyle-related diseases is required. Gene therapy has attracted considerable attention as an advanced medical treatment. Safe and high-performance vectors are essential for the practical application of gene therapy. Replication-incompetent adenovirus (Ad) vectors are widely used in clinical gene therapy and basic research. Here, we developed a novel Ad vector, named Ad-E4-122aT, exhibiting higher and longer-term transgene expression and lower hepatotoxicity than conventional Ad vectors. We also elucidated the mechanisms underlying Ad vector-induced hepatotoxicity during the early phase using Ad-E4-122aT. Next, we examined the therapeutic effects of the genes of interest, namely zinc finger AN1-type domain 3 (ZFAND3), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and lysophospholipid acyltransferase 10 (LPLAT10), on lifestyle-related diseases using Ad-E4-122aT. We showed that the overexpression of ZFAND3 in the liver improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Liver-specific LPL overexpression suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and improved glucose metabolism. LPLAT10 overexpression in the liver suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia by increasing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore, we also focused on foods to advance research on the pathophysiology and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. Cranberry and calamondin, which are promising functional foods, attenuated the progression of MASLD/NAFLD. Our findings will aid the development of new therapeutic methods, including gene therapy, for lifestyle-related diseases such as T2DM and MASLD/NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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20
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Wang Y, Yang L, Tang K, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Jin B, Zhang Y, Zhuang R, Ma Y. Ad5-nCoV Vaccination Could Induce HLA-E Restricted CD8 + T Cell Responses Specific for Epitopes on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein. Viruses 2023; 16:52. [PMID: 38257752 PMCID: PMC10820189 DOI: 10.3390/v16010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated cellular immune responses induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in an immunized population based on HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell epitope identification. HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cell nonamer peptides were predicted with software. An HLA-E-transfected K562 cell binding assay was used to screen for high-affinity peptides. IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays were used to identify HLA-E-restricted epitopes. An HLA-E/epitope tetramer was employed to detect the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Four CD8+ T cell epitopes on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 restricted by both HLA-E*0101 and E*0103 were identified. HLA-E-restricted epitope-specific IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cell responses could be detected in individuals vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Importantly, the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in Ad5-nCoV vaccinated individuals were higher than in individuals vaccinated with recombinant protein or inactivated vaccines. Moreover, the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells could be maintained for at least 120 days after only one dose of Ad5-nCoV vaccine, while the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells decreased in individuals after two doses of Ad5-nCoV vaccine. These findings may contribute to a more comprehensive evaluation of the protective effects of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2; meanwhile, they may provide information to characterize HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.W.); (L.Y.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.W.); (L.Y.); (K.T.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (Y.Z.)
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21
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Fayad D, Frenck RW. COVID-19 Vaccines in Children. J Clin Med 2023; 13:87. [PMID: 38202094 PMCID: PMC10779890 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark on global health, affecting individuals of all ages across diverse communities. While the virus has predominantly been associated with severe outcomes in adults, its impact on children has garnered increasing attention. Today, three COVID-19 vaccines are available for use in the U.S. and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). As of September 2023, ongoing genomic surveillance identified SARS-CoV-2 XBB sublineages as the most common circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, constituting over 99% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 specimens in the US. Recently, recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination were updated accordingly to the 2023-2024 Omicron-XBB.1.5-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine to provide heightened protection against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 XBB-sublineage variants. COVID-19 vaccines have proven to be safe, efficacious, and effective at protecting against COVID-19 and preventing severe illness in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert W. Frenck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
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22
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Trivedi PD, Byrne BJ, Corti M. Evolving Horizons: Adenovirus Vectors' Timeless Influence on Cancer, Gene Therapy and Vaccines. Viruses 2023; 15:2378. [PMID: 38140619 PMCID: PMC10747483 DOI: 10.3390/v15122378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and targeted delivery of a DNA payload is vital for developing safe gene therapy. Owing to the recent success of commercial oncolytic vector and multiple COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus vectors are back in the spotlight. Adenovirus vectors can be used in gene therapy by altering the wild-type virus and making it replication-defective; specific viral genes can be removed and replaced with a segment that holds a therapeutic gene, and this vector can be used as delivery vehicle for tissue specific gene delivery. Modified conditionally replicative-oncolytic adenoviruses target tumors exclusively and have been studied in clinical trials extensively. This comprehensive review seeks to offer a summary of adenovirus vectors, exploring their characteristics, genetic enhancements, and diverse applications in clinical and preclinical settings. A significant emphasis is placed on their crucial role in advancing cancer therapy and the latest breakthroughs in vaccine clinical trials for various diseases. Additionally, we tackle current challenges and future avenues for optimizing adenovirus vectors, promising to open new frontiers in the fields of cell and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Corti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.D.T.); (B.J.B.)
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23
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Valdes Angues R, Perea Bustos Y. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Multi-Hit Hypothesis of Oncogenesis. Cureus 2023; 15:e50703. [PMID: 38234925 PMCID: PMC10792266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic disease. The "hallmarks of cancer" were proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000) as a group of biological competencies that human cells attain as they progress from normalcy to neoplastic transformation. These competencies include self-sufficiency in proliferative signaling, insensitivity to growth-suppressive signals and immune surveillance, the ability to evade cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, inducing angiogenesis, and activating tissue invasion and metastasis. Underlying these competencies are genome instability, which expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters their function(s). Additionally, cancer exhibits another dimension of complexity: a heterogeneous repertoire of infiltrating and resident host cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix, known as the tumor microenvironment, that through a dynamic and reciprocal relationship with cancer cells supports immortality, local invasion, and metastatic dissemination. This staggering intricacy calls for caution when advising all people with cancer (or a previous history of cancer) to receive the COVID-19 primary vaccine series plus additional booster doses. Moreover, because these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials, considerable uncertainty remains regarding vaccine efficacy, safety, and the risk of interactions with anticancer therapies, which could reduce the value and innocuity of either medical treatment. After reviewing the available literature, we are particularly concerned that certain COVID-19 vaccines may generate a pro-tumorigenic milieu (i.e., a specific environment that could lead to neoplastic transformation) that predisposes some (stable) oncologic patients and survivors to cancer progression, recurrence, and/or metastasis. This hypothesis is based on biological plausibility and fulfillment of the multi-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis (i.e., induction of lymphopenia and inflammation, downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, activation of oncogenic cascades, sequestration of tumor suppressor proteins, dysregulation of the RNA-G quadruplex-protein binding system, alteration of type I interferon responses, unsilencing of retrotransposable elements, etc.) together with growing evidence and safety reports filed to Vaccine Adverse Effects Report System (VAERS) suggesting that some cancer patients experienced disease exacerbation or recurrence following COVID-19 vaccination. In light of the above and because some of these concerns (i.e., alteration of oncogenic pathways, promotion of inflammatory cascades, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system) also apply to cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, we encourage the scientific and medical community to urgently evaluate the impact of both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination on cancer biology and tumor registries, adjusting public health recommendations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Valdes Angues
- Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
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24
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Al Kindi H, Meredith LW, Al‐Jardani A, Sajina F, Al Shukri I, al Haj R, Alyaquobi F, Al Wahaibi A, Al Maani A. Time trend of respiratory viruses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in severe acute respiratory virus infection in the Sultanate of Oman between 2017 and 2022. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13233. [PMID: 38098648 PMCID: PMC10719608 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is a potentially lethal condition, necessitating thorough medical care. COVID-19 underscored the SARI threat, but other high-risk pathogens require monitoring alongside SARS-CoV-2. Oman instituted a comprehensive testing system to gauge the prevalence of these pathogens between 2017 and 2021, aiding resource allocation and public health responses to potential respiratory pathogen outbreaks. Methods Samples from SARI cases admitted to ICU were tested for pathogens using the Fast-Track Diagnostic (FTD) molecular assay, a respiratory virus panel (RVP) that tests for 21 pathogens, including 20 viruses, by qPCR. Results Between 2017 and 2022, ~30 000 samples were analysed using the RVP panel. Among SARI patients, 8%-42% tested positive for respiratory pathogens, with 4% showing multiple infectious agents, especially in children under 10. A drop in positivity during 2020-2021 can be attributed to SARS-CoV-2 control measures, followed by a rebound in infections in early 2022. Discussion The COVID-19 pandemic heightened awareness of respiratory pathogens' spread without adequate control measures. Influenza A/B, human rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus constituted over 50% of severe acute respiratory illness cases in Oman over the past 5 years. During the pandemic, the incidence of these infections significantly declined, demonstrating the efficacy of COVID-19 prevention measures in reducing spread of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al Kindi
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Luke William Meredith
- Department of Health EmergenciesWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Infectious Hazard ManagementCairoEgypt
| | - Amina Al‐Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Fathima Sajina
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Intisar Al Shukri
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Rehan al Haj
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Fatma Alyaquobi
- Department of Control, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Adil Al Wahaibi
- Department of Surveillance, Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
| | - Amal Al Maani
- Ministry of HealthDirectorate General for Disease Surveillance and ControlMuscatOman
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25
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Jang H, Matsuoka M, Freire M. Oral mucosa immunity: ultimate strategy to stop spreading of pandemic viruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220610. [PMID: 37928529 PMCID: PMC10622784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global pandemics are most likely initiated via zoonotic transmission to humans in which respiratory viruses infect airways with relevance to mucosal systems. Out of the known pandemics, five were initiated by respiratory viruses including current ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Striking progress in vaccine development and therapeutics has helped ameliorate the mortality and morbidity by infectious agents. Yet, organism replication and virus spread through mucosal tissues cannot be directly controlled by parenteral vaccines. A novel mitigation strategy is needed to elicit robust mucosal protection and broadly neutralizing activities to hamper virus entry mechanisms and inhibit transmission. This review focuses on the oral mucosa, which is a critical site of viral transmission and promising target to elicit sterile immunity. In addition to reviewing historic pandemics initiated by the zoonotic respiratory RNA viruses and the oral mucosal tissues, we discuss unique features of the oral immune responses. We address barriers and new prospects related to developing novel therapeutics to elicit protective immunity at the mucosal level to ultimately control transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michele Matsuoka
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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26
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Ahata B, Akçapınar GB. CCHFV vaccine development, current challenges, limitations, and future directions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238882. [PMID: 37753088 PMCID: PMC10518622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most prevalent tick-borne viral disease affecting humans. The disease is life-threatening in many regions of the developing world, including Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Southern Europe. In line with the rapidly increasing disease prevalence, various vaccine strategies are under development. Despite a large number of potential vaccine candidates, there are no approved vaccines as of yet. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of current efforts to develop vaccines against CCHFV, limitations associated with current efforts, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Ahata
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Health Institutes of Turkey, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Günseli Bayram Akçapınar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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27
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Mustafa MI, Mohammed A. Revolutionizing antiviral therapy with nanobodies: Generation and prospects. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 39:e00803. [PMID: 37332617 PMCID: PMC10276140 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
As the world continues to grapple with infectious diseases, scientists are constantly searching for effective ways to combat these deadly pathogens. One promising avenue of research is the use of nanobodies as neutralization agents. These small proteins, derived from camelid antibodies, have several unique advantages over traditional antibodies, including their small size. Nanobodies are much smaller than conventional antibodies, typically weighing in at around 15 kDa compared to the 150 kDa of a typical human antibody. This small size allows them to penetrate into tight spaces that larger molecules cannot reach, such as the crevices on the surface of viruses or bacteria. This makes them highly effective at neutralizing viruses by binding to and blocking their key functional sites. In this mini-review we discuss the construction approaches of nanobodies, and some methods to increase the half-life of nanobodies. Moreover, we discuss Nanobodies and their therapeutic potential for infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahed I. Mustafa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of biotechnology, school of life sciences and technology, Omdurman Islamic university, Omdurman, Sudan
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28
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Kiszel P, Sík P, Miklós J, Kajdácsi E, Sinkovits G, Cervenak L, Prohászka Z. Class switch towards spike protein-specific IgG4 antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination depends on prior infection history. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13166. [PMID: 37574522 PMCID: PMC10423719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 reduce the risk of developing serious COVID-19 disease. Monitoring spike-specific IgG subclass levels after vaccinations may provide additional information on SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral immune response. Here, we examined the presence and levels of spike-specific IgG antibody subclasses in health-care coworkers vaccinated with vector- (Sputnik, AstraZeneca) or mRNA-based (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. We found that vector-based vaccines elicited lower total spike-specific IgG levels than mRNA vaccines. The pattern of spike-specific IgG subclasses in individuals infected before mRNA vaccinations resembled that of vector-vaccinated subjects or unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. However, the pattern of mRNA-vaccinated individuals without SARS-CoV-2 preinfection showed a markedly different pattern. In addition to IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses presented in all groups, a switch towards distal IgG subclasses (spike-specific IgG4 and IgG2) appeared almost exclusively in individuals who received only mRNA vaccines or were infected after mRNA vaccinations. In these subjects, the magnitude of the spike-specific IgG4 response was comparable to that of the spike-specific IgG1 response. These data suggest that the priming of the immune system either by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or by vector- or mRNA-based vaccinations has an important impact on the characteristics of the developed specific humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kiszel
- Research Group for Immunology and Hematology, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
| | - Pál Sík
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - János Miklós
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Research Group for Immunology and Hematology, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - György Sinkovits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- Research Group for Immunology and Hematology, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
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29
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Kwong KWY, Xin Y, Lai NCY, Sung JCC, Wu KC, Hamied YK, Sze ETP, Lam DMK. Oral Vaccines: A Better Future of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1232. [PMID: 37515047 PMCID: PMC10383709 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wai-Yeung Kwong
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Cheuk-Yin Lai
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny Chun-Chau Sung
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Chau Wu
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Eric Tung-Po Sze
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dominic Man-Kit Lam
- DrD Novel Vaccines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Torsten Wiesel International Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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30
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Bukharova TB, Nedorubova IA, Mokrousova VO, Meglei AY, Basina VP, Nedorubov AA, Vasilyev AV, Grigoriev TE, Zagoskin YD, Chvalun SN, Kutsev SI, Goldshtein DV. Adenovirus-Based Gene Therapy for Bone Regeneration: A Comparative Analysis of In Vivo and Ex Vivo BMP2 Gene Delivery. Cells 2023; 12:1762. [PMID: 37443796 PMCID: PMC10340163 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy is a promising tool in bone regenerative medicine. In this work, gene-activated matrices (GAMs) composed of (1) polylactide granules (PLA), which serve as a depot for genetic constructs or matrices for cell attachment, (2) a PRP-based fibrin clot, which is a source of growth factors and a binding gel, and (3) a BMP2 gene providing osteoinductive properties were studied. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy based on adenoviral constructs with the BMP2 gene, PLA particles, and a fibrin clot for bone defect healing. GAMs with Ad-BMP2 and MSC(Ad-BMP2) show osteoinductive properties both in vitro and in vivo. However, MSCs incubated with GAMs containing transduced cells showed a more significant increase in osteopontin gene expression, protein production, Alpl activity, and matrix mineralization. Implantation of the studied matrices into critical-size calvarial defects after 56 days promotes the formation of young bone. The efficiency of neoosteogenesis and the volume fraction of newly formed bone tissue are higher with PLA/PRP-MSC(Ad-BMP2) implantation (33%) than PLA/PRP-Ad-BMP2 (28%). Thus, ex vivo adenoviral gene therapy with the BMP2 gene has proven to be a more effective approach than the in vivo delivery of gene constructs for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Borisovna Bukharova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
| | - Irina Alekseevna Nedorubova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
| | - Viktoria Olegovna Mokrousova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
| | - Anastasiia Yurevna Meglei
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
| | - Viktoriia Pavlovna Basina
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
| | - Andrey Anatolevich Nedorubov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology and E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey Vyacheslavovich Vasilyev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology and E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | | | | | - Sergey Ivanovich Kutsev
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
| | - Dmitry Vadimovich Goldshtein
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.N.); (V.O.M.); (A.Y.M.); (V.P.B.); (A.V.V.); (S.I.K.); (D.V.G.)
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Rzymski P. Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19 vaccines: focus on adenoviral vectors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183258. [PMID: 37180147 PMCID: PMC10169623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is a life-saving intervention. However, it does not come up without a risk of rare adverse events, which frequency varies between vaccines developed using different technological platforms. The increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been reported for selected adenoviral vector vaccines but not for other vaccine types, including more widely used mRNA preparations. Therefore, it is unlikely that GBS results from the cross-reactivity of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein generated after the COVID-19 vaccination. This paper outlines two hypotheses according to which increased risk of GBS following adenoviral vaccination is due to (1) generation of anti-vector antibodies that may cross-react with proteins involved in biological processes related to myelin and axons, or (2) neuroinvasion of selected adenovirus vectors to the peripheral nervous system, infection of neurons and subsequent inflammation and neuropathies. The rationale behind these hypotheses is outlined, advocating further epidemiological and experimental research to verify them. This is particularly important given the ongoing interest in using adenoviruses in developing vaccines against various infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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32
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Wang S, Liang B, Wang W, Li L, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Yan F, Yang S, Xia X. Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37029123 PMCID: PMC10081433 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- China National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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33
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Martina CE, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Glycan masking in vaccine design: Targets, immunogens and applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126034. [PMID: 37033915 PMCID: PMC10076883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is a novel technique in reverse vaccinology in which sugar chains (glycans) are added on the surface of immunogen candidates to hide regions of low interest and thus focus the immune system on highly therapeutic epitopes. This shielding strategy is inspired by viruses such as influenza and HIV, which are able to escape the immune system by incorporating additional glycosylation and preventing the binding of therapeutic antibodies. Interestingly, the glycan masking technique is mainly used in vaccine design to fight the same viruses that naturally use glycans to evade the immune system. In this review we report the major successes obtained with the glycan masking technique in epitope-focused vaccine design. We focus on the choice of the target antigen, the strategy for immunogen design and the relevance of the carrier vector to induce a strong immune response. Moreover, we will elucidate the different applications that can be accomplished with glycan masking, such as shifting the immune response from hyper-variable epitopes to more conserved ones, focusing the response on known therapeutic epitopes, broadening the response to different viral strains/sub-types and altering the antigen immunogenicity to elicit higher or lower immune response, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Rani R, Nayak M, Nayak B. Exploring the reprogramming potential of B cells and comprehending its clinical and therapeutic perspective. Transpl Immunol 2023; 78:101804. [PMID: 36921730 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Initiating from multipotent progenitors, the lineages extrapolated from hematopoietic stem cells are determined by transcription factors specific to each of them. The commitment factors assist in the differentiation of progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cells. B lymphocytes constitute a population of cells that expresses clonally diverse cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors specific to antigenic epitopes. B cells are a significant facet of the adaptive immune system. The secreted antibodies corresponding to the B cell recognize the antigens via the B cell receptor (BCR). Following antigen recognition, the B cell is activated and thereafter undergoes clonal expansion and proliferation to become memory B cells. The essence of 'cellular reprogramming' has aided in reliably altering the cells to desired tissue type. The potential of reprogramming has been harnessed to decipher and find solutions for various genetically inherited diseases and degenerative disorders. B lymphocytes can be reprogrammed to their initial naive state from where they get differentiated into any lineage or cell type similar to a pluripotent stem cell which can be accomplished by the deletion of master regulators of the B cell lineage. B cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells and also can undergo transdifferentiation at the midway of cell differentiation to other cell types. Mandated expression of C/EBP in specialized B cells corresponds to their fast and effective reprogramming into macrophages, reversing the cell fate of these lymphocytes and allowing them to differentiate freshly into other types of cells. The co-expression of C/EBPα and OKSM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) amplified the reprogramming efficiency of B lymphocytes. Various human somatic cells including the immune cells are compliant to reprogramming which paves a path for opportunities like autologous tissue grafts, blood transfusion, and cancer immunotherapy. The ability to reprogram B cells offers an unprecedented opportunity for developing a therapeutic approach for several human diseases. Here, we will focus on all the proteins and transcription factors responsible for the developmental commitment of B lymphocytes and how it is harnessed in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Rani
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India
| | - Madhusmita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India
| | - Bismita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India.
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Weerarathne P, Maker R, Huang C, Taylor B, Cowan SR, Hyatt J, Tamil Selvan M, Shatnawi S, Thomas JE, Meinkoth JH, Scimeca R, Birkenheuer A, Liu L, Reichard MV, Miller CA. A Novel Vaccine Strategy to Prevent Cytauxzoonosis in Domestic Cats. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:573. [PMID: 36992157 PMCID: PMC10058880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytauxzoonosis is caused by Cytauxzoon felis (C. felis), a tick-borne parasite that causes severe disease in domestic cats in the United States. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent this fatal disease, as traditional vaccine development strategies have been limited by the inability to culture this parasite in vitro. Here, we used a replication-defective human adenoviral vector (AdHu5) to deliver C. felis-specific immunogenic antigens and induce a cell-mediated and humoral immune response in cats. Cats (n = 6 per group) received either the vaccine or placebo in two doses, 4 weeks apart, followed by experimental challenge with C. felis at 5 weeks post-second dose. While the vaccine induced significant cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in immunized cats, it did not ultimately prevent infection with C. felis. However, immunization significantly delayed the onset of clinical signs and reduced febrility during C. felis infection. This AdHu5 vaccine platform shows promising results as a vaccination strategy against cytauxzoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabasara Weerarathne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Rebekah Maker
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Brianne Taylor
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Shannon R. Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Julia Hyatt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Shoroq Shatnawi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Thomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - James H. Meinkoth
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ruth Scimeca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Adam Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mason V. Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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36
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DEC-205 receptor targeted poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide enhances the immune response of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:576-589. [PMID: 36549613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles targeting the DEC-205 receptor were found to induce antigen-specific protective immune response. When the delivery system carries both antigens and immunomodulators, it can maximize the expected therapeutic effect of the drug and induce effective humoral and cellular immune responses to antigens.In this study, we encapsulated the Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. polysaccharides (EUPS) into PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) and conjugated it with anti-CD205 monoclonal Ab (MAb) to produce a DEC-205 receptor targeted PLGA nanoparticles (anti-DEC-205-EUPS-PLGA NPs). The physicochemical characteristics and adjuvant activity of the above NPs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro setting, 200 μg·mL-1 anti-DEC-205-EUPS-PLGA could improve the proliferation of DCs and promote their antigen up-take activity. In the in vivo setting, anti-DEC-205-EUPS-PLGA NPs remarkably controlled the release of drug and antigen to induce sustained immune responses and up-regulated the levels of FMDV-specific IgG antibodies, promoted the cytotoxic activity of CTLs and NK cells, and improved the proliferation of splenocytes. Moreover, the anti-DEC-205-EUPS-PLGA NPs facilitated the maturation of DCs. The above data indicated that anti-DEC-205-EUPS-PLGA NPs employed as an targeted adjuvant induced the humoral and cellular immune activity by promoting the maturation of DCs. These findings may provide a new insight onto the development of vaccine adjuvants.
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37
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Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Fujihashi K, Kurashima Y, Yuki Y, Kiyono H. Nasal vaccines: solutions for respiratory infectious diseases. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:124-140. [PMID: 36435633 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nasal vaccines induce pathogen-specific dual protective immunity at mucosal surfaces and systemically throughout the body. Consequently, nasal vaccines both prevent pathogen invasion and reduce disease severity. Because of these features, nasal vaccines are considered to be a next-generation tool for preventing respiratory infectious diseases, including COVID-19. However, nasal vaccines must overcome key safety concerns given the anatomic proximity of the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory bulbs which lie next to the nasal cavity. This review summarizes current efforts to develop safe and effective nasal vaccines and delivery systems, as well as their clinical applications for the prevention of respiratory infections. We also discuss various concerns regarding the safety of nasal vaccines and introduce a system for evaluating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Chiba University-University of California San Diego (CU-UCSD) Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; HanaVax Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Chiba University-University of California San Diego (CU-UCSD) Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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38
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Săndulescu O, Streinu-Cercel A, Miron VD, Covăcescu SM, Streinu-Cercel A, Craiu M. Liver Transaminases in Pediatric Adenovirus Infection-A Five-Year Study in Two Major Reference Centers from Romania. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020302. [PMID: 36838267 PMCID: PMC9961354 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus causes infections with a very heterogeneous clinical picture, and children are often the most frequently affected group. Interest in adenovirus has increased with the 2022 outbreak of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology as human adenovirus was considered as one of the possible etiological agents. We conducted a retrospective study over a 5-year period in two major tertiary hospitals in the Romanian capital with the aim to characterize the clinical picture and the dynamics of liver function tests in children with confirmed adenovirus infection. The study included 1416 children with a median age of 1.1 years (IQR: 0.3, 2.3 years). Digestive symptoms were predominant in 95.2% of children, mainly diarrhea (90.5%) and vomiting (50.5%), and 38.0% had respiratory symptoms. Increased transaminases were identified in 21.5% of patients. Age over 1 year, lethargy, vomiting and dehydration significantly increased the odds of liver cytolysis independent of other risk factors such as chronic conditions or co-infections. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was more commonly increased compared to alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Only six children had transaminase increases above 500 U/L, three of which had co-infections with rotavirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Liver function tests should be part of routine monitoring for pediatric patients with adenovirus infection. The current study fills a gap in current knowledge related to the frequency and the extent of liver involvement in human adenovirus infection among pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Săndulescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Streinu-Cercel
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victor Daniel Miron
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Mirela Covăcescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Streinu-Cercel
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Craiu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
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39
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MacNeil KM, Dodge MJ, Evans AM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Adenoviruses in medicine: innocuous pathogen, predator, or partner. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:4-19. [PMID: 36336610 PMCID: PMC9742145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are generally mild. However, despite the perception that HAdVs are harmless, infections can cause severe disease in certain individuals, including newborns, the immunocompromised, and those with pre-existing conditions, including respiratory or cardiac disease. In addition, HAdV outbreaks remain relatively common events and the recent emergence of more pathogenic genomic variants of various genotypes has been well documented. Coupled with evidence of zoonotic transmission, interspecies recombination, and the lack of approved AdV antivirals or widely available vaccines, HAdVs remain a threat to public health. At the same time, the detailed understanding of AdV biology garnered over nearly 7 decades of study has made this group of viruses a molecular workhorse for vaccine and gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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40
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Wang SY, Liu WQ, Li YQ, Li JX, Zhu FC. A China-developed adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine: review of the development and application of Ad5-nCov. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:704-713. [PMID: 37501516 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2242528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global spread of COVID-19 has prompted the development of vaccines. A recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) developed by Chinese scientists has been authorized for use as a prime and booster dose in China and several other countries. AREAS COVERED We searched published articles as of 4 May 2023, on PubMed using keywords related to Adenovirus vector, vaccine, and SARS-CoV-2. We reported the progress and outcomes of Ad5-nCov, including vaccine efficacy, safety, immunogenicity based on pre-clinical trials, clinical trials, and real-world studies for primary and booster doses. EXPERT OPINION Ad5-nCoV is a significant advancement in Chinese vaccine development technology. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies has demonstrated well-tolerated, highly immunogenic, and efficacy of Ad5-nCoV in preventing severe/critical COVID-19. Aerosolized Ad5-nCoV, given via a novel route, could elicit mucosal immunity and improve the vaccine efficacy, enhance the production capacity and availability, and reduce the potential negative impact of preexisting antibodies. However, additional research is necessary to evaluate the long-term safety and immunogenicity of Ad5-nCoV, its efficacy against emerging variants, its effectiveness in a real-world context of hybrid immunity, and its cost-effectiveness, particularly with respect to aerosolized Ad5-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Yu Wang
- Department of Immunization Programe, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Qing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, China
- Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing, China
- Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Naidich G, Santucci NE, Pezzotto SM, Ceccarelli EA, Bottasso OA, Perichón AM. The long-term antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 prime-boost vaccination in healthy individuals. The positive influence of extended between-dose intervals and heterologous schedule. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141794. [PMID: 37138861 PMCID: PMC10149934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-COVID vaccination in Argentina was carried out using different protocols and variations in periods between administrations, as well as combinations of different vaccine platforms. Considering the relevance of the antibody response in viral infections, we analyzed anti-S antibodies in healthy people at different points of time following the Sputnik immunization procedure. Methods We attended the vaccination centers in the city of Rosario, which had shorter versus longer intervals between both doses. A total of (1021) adults with no COVID-compatible symptoms (throughout the study period) were grouped according to the gap between both vaccine doses: 21 (Group A, n=528), 30 (Group B, n=147), and 70 days (Group C, n=82), as well as an additional group of individuals with heterologous vaccination (Sputnik/Moderna, separated by a 107-day interval, group D, n=264). Results and conclusions While there were no between-group differences in baseline levels of specific antibodies, data collected several weeks after administering the second dose showed that group D had the highest amounts of specific antibodies, followed by values recorded in Groups C, B, and A. The same pattern of group differences was seen when measuring anti-S antibodies at 21 or 180 days after the first and second doses, respectively. Delayed between-dose intervals coexisted with higher antibody titers. This happened even more when using a prime-boost heterologous schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Naidich
- Centro Unico de Donación, Ablación e Implantación de Organos (CUDAIO), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia E. Santucci
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Natalia Santucci, ;
| | - Stella Maris Pezzotto
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Concejo de Investigaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A. Ceccarelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Oscar A. Bottasso
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Concejo de Investigaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - A. Mario Perichón
- Centro Unico de Donación, Ablación e Implantación de Organos (CUDAIO), Santa Fe, Argentina
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42
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Sonugür FG, Babahan C, Abdi Abgarmi S, Akbulut H. Incubation Temperature and Period During Denarase Treatment and Microfiltration Affect the Yield of Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors During Downstream Processing. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00616-8. [PMID: 36451062 PMCID: PMC9713150 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (AV) are commonly used as vaccine and gene therapy vehicles because of their ease of construction, ability to grow to high titers in the large-scale production process, and safety for human applications. However, the efficiency rate of downstream processes for adenoviral vectors still varies greatly. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the downstream treatment protocol and microfiltration of the harvested upstream material on viral vector yield. We compared the performance of the repeated freeze-thaw (RFT) and the Tween-20 detergent lysis (DLT) methods. In addition, the effects of the cell lysis method, incubation temperature, and time on viral yield were investigated. The samples were incubated at either room temperature or 37 °C for 1-, 2-, and 4-h periods. Samples were filtered with PES and SFCA membrane. Virus yield and infectivity were assayed by qPCR and immuno-titration. In conclusion, our results suggest that 2-h incubation gives the best results when incubated at 37 °C for denarase activity when Tween-20 is used for virus recovery. If the room temperature is preferred, 4-h incubation could be preferred. A phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05526183, January 21, 2022) was started with the recombinant adenovirus used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gizem Sonugür
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Babahan
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samira Abdi Abgarmi
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akbulut
- Department of Tumor Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey ,Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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43
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Cohen G, Jungsomsri P, Sangwongwanich J, Tawinprai K, Siripongboonsitti T, Porntharukchareon T, Wittayasak K, Thonwirak N, Soonklang K, Sornsamdang G, Auewarakul C, Mahanonda N. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity after heterologous prime-boost vaccination with CoronaVac and ChAdox1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2052525. [PMID: 35323079 PMCID: PMC9115782 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2052525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass vaccination with a safe and effective vaccine may be the best way to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with the CoronaVac and AZD1222 vaccines may increase the immunogenicity elicited by either vaccine alone. This study sought to compare the immunogenicity of a heterologous CoronaVac and AZD1222 prime-boost with a homologous CoronaVac prime-boost. From July 13 to September 2, 2021, 88 participants were enrolled in the study. Half (n = 44) of the participants were assigned to the AZD1222/CoronaVac cohort and half were assigned to the CoronaVac/AZD1222 cohort. Both cohorts had a prime-boost interval of 4 weeks. A control group of 136 health care personnel who received the homologous CoronaVac/CoronaVac prime-boost was matched by age and sex to the experimental cohorts. The primary endpoint was the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of the anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody concentration 4 weeks after the booster dose was administered. The CoronaVac/CoronaVac cohort served as the reference group. Baseline age and sex were similar, and the median age was 42.5 years. The GMR was 2.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.80–3.71) and 8.69 (95% CI 6.05–12.47) in the AZD1222/CoronaVac and CoronaVac/AZD1222 cohorts, respectively. Reactogenicity was similar following prime and booster doses with the same vaccine. Findings indicated that the heterologous CoronaVac and AZD1222 prime-boost combination elicited a more robust immune response than the homologous CoronaVac prime-boost. While both heterologous prime-boost combinations showed similar reactogenicity, the immunogenicity of the CoronaVac/AZD1222 cohort was higher, indicating that the order of prime-boost vaccine administration was important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cohen
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawornrath Jungsomsri
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirath Sangwongwanich
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kriangkrai Tawinprai
- Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Kasiruck Wittayasak
- Center of Learning and Research in Celebration of HRH Princess Chulabhorn's 60th Birthday Anniversary, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Thonwirak
- Center of Learning and Research in Celebration of HRH Princess Chulabhorn's 60th Birthday Anniversary, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Soonklang
- Center of Learning and Research in Celebration of HRH Princess Chulabhorn's 60th Birthday Anniversary, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gaidganok Sornsamdang
- Central Laboratory Center, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chirayu Auewarakul
- Center of Learning and Research in Celebration of HRH Princess Chulabhorn's 60th Birthday Anniversary, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand.,Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nithi Mahanonda
- Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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HEHR: Homing Endonuclease-Mediated Homologous Recombination for Efficient Adenovirus Genome Engineering. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112129. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped linear double-stranded DNA viruses with over 100 types in humans. Adenovirus vectors have gained tremendous attention as gene delivery vehicles, as vaccine vectors and as oncolytic viruses. Although various methods have been used to generate adenoviral vectors, the vector-producing process remains technically challenging regarding efficacious genome modification. Based on our previously reported adenoviral genome modification streamline via linear–circular homologous recombination, we further develop an HEHR (combining Homing Endonucleases and Homologous Recombination) method to engineer adenoviral genomes more efficiently. I-PpoI, a rare endonuclease encoded by a group I intron, was introduced into the previously described ccdB counter-selection marker. We found that the I-PpoI pre-treatment of counter-selection containing parental plasmid increased the homologous recombination efficiency up to 100%. The flanking of the counter-selection marker with either single or double I-PpoI sites showed enhanced efficacy. In addition, we constructed a third counter-selection marker flanked by an alternative restriction enzyme: AbsI, which could be applied in case the I-PpoI site already existed in the transgene cassette that was previously inserted in the adenovirus genome. Together, HEHR can be applied for seamless sequence replacements, deletions and insertions. The advantages of HEHR in seamless mutagenesis will facilitate rational design of adenoviral vectors for diverse purposes.
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Khan S, Salisch NC, Gil AI, Boedhoe S, Boer KFD, Serroyen J, Schuitemaker H, Zahn RC. Sequential use of Ad26-based vaccine regimens in NHP to induce immunity against different disease targets. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:146. [PMID: 36379957 PMCID: PMC9664441 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus (Ad)26 serotype–based vector vaccine Ad26.COV2.S has been used in millions of subjects for the prevention of COVID-19, but potentially elicits persistent anti-vector immunity. We investigated if vaccine-elicited immunity to Ad26 vector–based vaccines significantly influences antigen-specific immune responses induced by a subsequent vaccination with Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens against different disease targets in non-human primates. A homologous Ad26 vector–based vaccination regimen or heterologous regimens (Ad26/Ad35 or Ad26/Modified Vaccinia Ankara [MVA]) induced target pathogen–specific immunity in animals, but also persistent neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against the vectors. However, subsequent vaccination (interval, 26–57 weeks) with homologous and heterologous Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens encoding different target pathogen immunogens did not reveal consistent differences in humoral or cellular immune responses against the target pathogen, as compared to responses in naïve animals. These results support the sequential use of Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens targeting different diseases.
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46
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Gong X, Gao Y, Shu J, Zhang C, Zhao K. Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial as Immune Adjuvant and Delivery Carrier for Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1906. [PMID: 36423002 PMCID: PMC9696061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the support of modern biotechnology, vaccine technology continues to iterate. The safety and efficacy of vaccines are some of the most important areas of development in the field. As a natural substance, chitosan is widely used in numerous fields-such as immune stimulation, drug delivery, wound healing, and antibacterial procedures-due to its good biocompatibility, low toxicity, biodegradability, and adhesion. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted extensive attention with respect to vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems due to their excellent properties, which can effectively enhance immune responses. Here, we list the classifications and mechanisms of action of vaccine adjuvants. At the same time, the preparation methods of chitosan, its NPs, and their mechanism of action in the delivery system are introduced. The extensive applications of chitosan and its NPs in protein vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines are also introduced. This paper reviewed the latest research progress of chitosan-based NPs in vaccine adjuvant and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Gong
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Hom-Sun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China
| | - Chunjing Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Hom-Sun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China
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47
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Marietta M, Coluccio V, Luppi M. Monkeypox outbreak: after COVID-19, another challenge for the hemostatic system? Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2179-2183. [PMID: 36194336 PMCID: PMC9529604 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marietta
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy.
| | - Valeria Coluccio
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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48
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First Isolation and Identification of Homologous Recombination Events of Porcine Adenovirus from Wild Boar. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112400. [PMID: 36366498 PMCID: PMC9694405 DOI: 10.3390/v14112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine adenoviruses (PAdVs) are distributed in pig populations and classified into five immunologically distinct serotypes (PAdV-1 to 5). In this study, a PAdV was isolated from a fecal sample of wild boar for the first time. Whole-genome analysis revealed that this strain (Ino5) has sequence homology (approximately > 93%) throughout the genome with the PAdV-5 strain HNF-70 that was isolated from a pig in Japan in 1987, except for the hexon, E3 612R, and fiber coding regions. Two possible recombination breakpoints were detected in the hexon and E3 612R regions, which were found to have reduced GC content. Structural prediction analysis showed that a part of the hexon protein corresponding to the tower region of Ino5 had structural differences when compared with HNF-70, suggesting antigenic heterogeneity between these strains. PAdVs were detected in 1.77% (2/113) and 12% (12/100) of the fecal samples from wild boars and pigs collected in Japan by PCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the hexon and fiber genes revealed that some samples showed different grouping in the hexon and fiber genes, suggesting that these viruses have recombination events. These findings suggest that the PAdV-5 has evolved with homologous recombination events in the same manner as human adenoviruses among not only pig populations, but also wild boars in Japan.
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49
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Nian X, Zhang J, Huang S, Duan K, Li X, Yang X. Development of Nasal Vaccines and the Associated Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1983. [PMID: 36297419 PMCID: PMC9609876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and several other pathogenic microorganisms usually infect the host via the surface cells of respiratory mucosa. Nasal vaccination could provide a strong mucosal and systemic immunity to combat these infections. The intranasal route of vaccination offers the advantage of easy accessibility over the injection administration. Therefore, nasal immunization is considered a promising strategy for disease prevention, particularly in the case of infectious diseases of the respiratory system. The development of a nasal vaccine, particularly the strategies of adjuvant and antigens design and optimization, enabling rapid induction of protective mucosal and systemic responses against the disease. In recent times, the development of efficacious nasal vaccines with an adequate safety profile has progressed rapidly, with effective handling and overcoming of the challenges encountered during the process. In this context, the present report summarizes the most recent findings regarding the strategies used for developing nasal vaccines as an efficient alternative to conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Nian
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shihe Huang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Kai Duan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- China National Biotech Group Company Limited, Beijing 100029, China
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50
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Overmars I, Au‐Yeung G, Nolan TM, Steer AC. mRNA vaccines: a transformative technology with applications beyond COVID-19. Med J Aust 2022; 217:71-75. [PMID: 35780474 PMCID: PMC9350149 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - George Au‐Yeung
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
| | - Terence M Nolan
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneVIC
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
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