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Defoe IN, van Gelder JL, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Short-term mindsets show co-development with adolescent delinquency, but not with adolescent cannabis use. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 38859737 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Guided by General Theory of Crime and Psychosocial Maturity Hypothesis, we investigated co-development between short-term mindsets (impulsivity and future orientation) and risk behaviors (cannabis use and delinquency). Parallel process latent growth modeling on three-wave data from ethnically diverse Swiss adolescents (N = 1365; Mage 13.67 years, 48.6% female), showed baseline-level associations between short-term mindsets and risk behaviors, and between the two risk behaviors. Additionally, correlated change (co-development) existed between short-term mindsets-particularly impulsivity-and delinquency, but not between short-term mindsets and cannabis use. These results support the above-mentioned theories and emphasize the importance of investigating the correlates of change in delinquency and cannabis use separately, as divergent findings might emerge. These divergent findings could partially stem from Switzerland's liberal views on cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy N Defoe
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis van Gelder
- Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manuel Eisner
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Ertl N, Freeman TP, Mokrysz C, Ofori S, Borissova A, Petrilli K, Curran HV, Lawn W, Wall MB. Acute effects of different types of cannabis on young adult and adolescent resting-state brain networks. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01891-6. [PMID: 38806583 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of rapid neurodevelopment and the endocannabinoid system is particularly prone to change during this time. Cannabis is a commonly used drug with a particularly high prevalence of use among adolescents. The two predominant phytocannabinoids are Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which affect the endocannabinoid system. It is unknown whether this period of rapid development makes adolescents more or less vulnerable to the effects of cannabis on brain-network connectivity, and whether CBD may attenuate the effects of THC. Using fMRI, we explored the impact of vaporized cannabis (placebo, THC: 8 mg/75 kg, THC + CBD: 8 mg/75 kg THC & 24 mg/75 kg CBD) on resting-state networks in groups of semi-regular cannabis users (usage frequency between 0.5 and 3 days/week), consisting of 22 adolescents (16-17 years) and 24 young adults (26-29 years) matched for cannabis use frequency. Cannabis caused reductions in within-network connectivity in the default mode (F[2,88] = 3.97, P = 0.022, η² = 0.018), executive control (F[2,88] = 18.62, P < 0.001, η² = 0.123), salience (F[2,88] = 12.12, P < 0.001, η² = 0.076), hippocampal (F[2,88] = 14.65, P < 0.001, η² = 0.087), and limbic striatal (F[2,88] = 16.19, P < 0.001, η² = 0.102) networks compared to placebo. Whole-brain analysis showed cannabis significantly disrupted functional connectivity with cortical regions and the executive control, salience, hippocampal, and limbic striatal networks compared to placebo. CBD did not counteract THC's effects and further reduced connectivity both within networks and the whole brain. While age-related differences were observed, there were no interactions between age group and cannabis treatment in any brain network. Overall, these results challenge the assumption that CBD can make cannabis safer, as CBD did not attenuate THC effects (and in some cases potentiated them); furthermore, they show that cannabis causes similar disruption to resting-state connectivity in the adolescent and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ertl
- Invicro London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Claire Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
| | - Shelan Ofori
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
| | - Anna Borissova
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kat Petrilli
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
| | - Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 7HB, London, UK
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Invicro London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK.
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Borodovsky JT, Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Walsh C, Livne O, Aharonovich E, Struble CA, Habib MI, Budney AJ. Typical Hits, Grams, or Joints: Evaluating Cannabis Survey Measurement Strategies for Quantifying Consumption. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:646-658. [PMID: 36577020 PMCID: PMC10998027 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Standardized survey measures that capture diverse cannabis consumption patterns are needed to inform public health and policy. Our team is developing a flexible, personalized, low-burden survey item inventory to measure cannabis use patterns and estimate milligrams of THC (mgTHC) consumption in large samples. This study aimed to identify measurement gaps and analysis implications associated with an initial pool of candidate items that assessed use of cannabis flower and concentrate products (smoked and/or vaporized). Methods: Adult cannabis consumers (n=4247) completed an online survey assessing cannabis use frequency, quantity, product types, product potencies (%THC), and methods of administration. Participants chose to report their consumption quantities using one of three units: "hits per day," "grams per week," or "joints per week." Respondents also indicated whether their past 7-day consumption pattern represented their typical pattern. Results: Eighty-one percent had used cannabis daily in the past week. Thirty-two percent, 53%, and 15% chose to report flower and concentrate consumption quantity in hits, grams, and joints, respectively. Approximately 80-90% of responses for the number of hits, grams, and joints consumed were less than the maximum response option-suggesting that response options captured the full range of potential cannabis consumption behaviors. Those who chose grams or joints units were generally more likely to endorse higher risk cannabis use (e.g., morning use, high %THC products) in the past week than those who chose the hits unit (adjusted Odds Ratio range: 1.2-3.9). Among those who reported that the past week represented their typical behavior (83%), past 30-day and past 7-day frequencies were highly correlated (Spearman's Rho=0.77)-supporting the feasibility of using lower burden "typical week" items to extrapolate patterns beyond a 1-week time frame. Conclusion: Results from this online convenience sample of frequent cannabis consumers suggest that the current items yield coherent and expected response patterns. Although additional testing is required, a standardized, flexible survey instrument for large-scale assessment of cannabis patterns and calculation of mgTHC seems within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Borodovsky
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ofir Livne
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cara A. Struble
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mohammad I. Habib
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alan J. Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Beckham JC, Calhoun PS, Chen Z, Dennis MF, Kirby AC, Treis ET, Hertzberg JS, Hair LP, Mann AJ, Budney AJ, Kimbrel NA. Development of Mobile Contingency Management for Cannabis Use Reduction. Behav Ther 2024; 55:1-13. [PMID: 38216224 PMCID: PMC10787157 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Many interventions for cannabis use disorder (CUD) are associated with decreases in frequency and quantity of use but fail to increase overall rates of sustained abstinence. It is currently unknown whether reductions in use (in the absence of sustained abstinence) result in clinically significant improvements in functioning. The objective of this study was to refine a mobile contingency management approach to reduce cannabis use to ultimately evaluate whether reductions in frequency and quantity of cannabis are related to improvements in functional and mental health status. Three cohorts of participants (n = 18 total, n = 10 women) were enrolled and completed 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) during a baseline ad lib cannabis use period, followed by a 6-week reduction period. Participants completed EMA assessments multiple times per day and were prompted to provide videotaped saliva cannabis testing 2-3 times daily. Data from participants who were at least 80% adherent to all EMA prompts were analyzed (13 out of 18). During the ad lib phase, participants were using cannabis on 94% of the days and reported using a mean of 1.42 grams daily. The intervention was a mobile application that participants used to record cannabis use by saliva tests to bioverify abstinence and participants completed electronic diaries to report their grams used. During the 6-week intervention phase, participants reported reducing their use days to 47% of the days with a reported mean of .61 grams daily. In the last cohort, at least 50% of the heavy users were able to reduce their cannabis use by at least 50%. The effect of cannabis reduction (versus abstinence) is largely unknown. Observations suggest that it is possible to develop a mobile intervention to reduce cannabis use among heavy users, and this paradigm can be utilized in future work to evaluate whether reductions in cannabis use among heavy users will result in improvements in functional and mental health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Duke University School of Medicine.
| | - Patrick S Calhoun
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation; Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Michelle F Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Angela C Kirby
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Lauren P Hair
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Health Care System; Duke University School of Medicine
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5
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Yu CY, Shang Y, Hough TM, Bokshan AL, Fleming MN, Haney AM, Trull TJ. Predicting quantity of cannabis smoked in daily life: An exploratory study using machine learning. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110964. [PMID: 37748423 PMCID: PMC10615868 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is prevalent in the United States and is associated with a host of negative consequences. Importantly, a robust indicator of negative consequences is the amount of cannabis consumed. METHODS Data were obtained from fifty-two adult, regular cannabis flower users (3+ times per week) recruited from the community; participants completed multiple ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys each day for 14 days. In this exploratory study, we used various machine learning algorithms to build models to predict the amount of cannabis smoked since participants' last report including forty-three EMA measures of mood, impulsivity, pain, alcohol use, cigarette use, craving, cannabis potency, cannabis use motivation, subjective effects of cannabis, social context, and location in daily life. RESULTS Our best-fitting model (Gradient Boosted Trees; 71.15% accuracy, 72.46% precision) found that affects, subjective effects of cannabis, and cannabis use motives were among the best predictors of cannabis use amount in daily life. The social context of being with others, and particularly with a partner or friend, was moderately weighted in the final prediction model, but contextual items reflecting location were not strongly weighted in the final prediction model, the one exception being not at work. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning approaches can help identify additional environmental and psychological phenomena that may be clinically-relevant to cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yun Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, USA.
| | - Yi Shang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, USA
| | - Tionna M Hough
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
| | | | - Megan N Fleming
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
| | - Alison M Haney
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA.
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Stappenbeck CA, Hammett JF, Grom JL, Halmos MB, Lee CM, Parrott DJ. The effects of alcohol and marijuana co-use patterns on intimate partner aggression perpetration. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107691. [PMID: 36996723 PMCID: PMC11057905 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and marijuana are two of the most widely used substances in the U.S, with rates of alcohol and marijuana co-use increasing in recent years. Despite this increase, little is known about the effects of alcohol and marijuana co-use patterns (e.g., simultaneous, concurrent) on intimate partner aggression (IPA) perpetration. The purpose of the current study was to examine differences in IPA among simultaneous and concurrent alcohol and marijuana use groups and an alcohol-only group. Participants were 496 individuals (57% identifying as a woman) recruited nationally in April 2020 via Qualtrics Research Services who reported being in a current relationship and recently consuming alcohol. Individuals completed an online survey that included demographics, measures of COVID-19 stress, alcohol and marijuana use, and physical and psychological IPA perpetration. Based on survey responses, individuals were categorized as belonging to the alcohol use only group (n = 300), the concurrent alcohol and marijuana use group (n = 129), or the regular simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use group (n = 67). Due to inclusion criteria, there was no marijuana use only group. Individuals with regular simultaneous or concurrent alcohol and marijuana co-use reported more frequent physical and psychological IPA perpetration compared to those who only used alcohol. Neither physical nor psychological IPA perpetration frequency differed between individuals who reported regular simultaneous versus concurrent alcohol and marijuana co-use. Results suggest that alcohol and marijuana co-use in general, and not the specific pattern of use, is associated with an increased likelihood of IPA perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia F Hammett
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jessica L Grom
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Miklós B Halmos
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Ruyak SL, Roberts MH, Chambers S, Ma X, DiDomenico J, De La Garza R, Bakhireva LN. Impulsivity and Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Postpartum: Insights from Novel Methodological Approaches within the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:600. [PMID: 37504047 PMCID: PMC10376597 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired emotion regulation and impulsivity have been linked to substance use. This study evaluated the association between emotion regulation difficulties-specifically impulsivity-and substance use within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant (n = 49) and postpartum (n = 20) women. Participants from a prospective cohort ENRICH-2 completed a baseline phone survey of COVID-19-related experiences and impulsivity followed by a 14-day (3x/day) mobile ecological momentary assessment (mEMA) of impulsivity and substance use. Between-subject (BS) and within-subject (WS) associations for baseline impulsivity and momentary impulsivity with respect to substance use were examined using mixed effects models. At the BS level, momentary impulsivity scores that were higher than the overall group average were positively associated with subsequent momentary reports of marijuana use (β = 1.25; p = 0.04) when controlling for pregnancy status and COVID-19-related stress. At the WS level, momentary impulsivity scores that were higher than an individual's average score were positively associated with subsequent reports of momentary alcohol use (β = 0.08; p = 0.04). This research supports the idea that impulsivity varies based on individual situations, such as stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, and may be an important correlate of substance use in pregnant and postpartum women. Future research might consider investigation of additional factors, which may serve to moderate or mediate the relationship between impulsivity and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Ruyak
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Melissa H Roberts
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Stephanie Chambers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xingya Ma
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jared DiDomenico
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Richard De La Garza
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ludmila N Bakhireva
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Floyd LJ, Brown K. Perceived neighborhood disorder as a moderator of the relationship between marijuana use and disinhibition in a sample of emerging adult African American females. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37270673 PMCID: PMC10694336 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2195691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinhibition is associated with myriad risk-taking behaviors and adverse outcomes. Both marijuana use and poor neighborhood conditions have been associated with disinhibition. However, the extent to which neighborhood disorder interacts with marijuana use to influence disinhibition has not been studied, extensively. A better understanding of these relationships has implications for designing more effective tailored place-based interventions that aim to reduce risk taking behaviors and related adverse social and health outcomes associated with marijuana use. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of perceived neighborhood disorder and marijuana use on disinhibition. The sample included 120 African American female residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods (Mage = 23.6 ± 3.46). We employed hierarchical linear regression analysis to examine the interactive effects of marijuana use and perceived neighborhood disorder on disinhibition, while controlling for age and education. The interaction term was marginally significant (b = 5.66; t(109) = 1.72, p = .08). Next, the conditional effects were explored. Results indicated the association of marijuana use with disinhibition was stronger for females in the higher neighborhood disorder group, compared to those in the lower neighborhood disorder group (10.40 and 4.51, respectively). Our findings support the need for more research on the potential of neighborhood disorder to amplify the effects of marijuana use on disinhibition and related neurobehavioral traits. The identification of contextual moderators and high-risk sub-groups will aid in the design of more tailored place-based interventions that aim to reduce risk-taking behavior among those most vulnerable.
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9
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Stamates AL, Linden-Carmichael AN, Miller SE, Ewing SWF. Impulsivity typologies and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:599-604. [PMID: 36174142 PMCID: PMC10107701 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis or marijuana ("SAM") use is prevalent among young adults and associated with adverse outcomes. Impulsivity is a key construct associated with alcohol and other substance use in this age group, but scant work has considered the role of individual facets of impulsivity on SAM use. The present study compared latent profiles defined by facets of impulsivity (negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, sensation seeking, and positive urgency) and examined whether profiles were associated with recent SAM use relative to alcohol without cannabis use. Participants were 542 young adults (53% female) recruited through Qualtrics Panels who reported past-year alcohol use and blackout drinking behavior. Participants completed online questionnaires regarding their past-year substance use behavior and typical impulsivity. Regression analysis examining the five impulsivity facets revealed that only sensation seeking predicted the likelihood of recent SAM use relative to alcohol without cannabis use. Using latent profile analysis, four profiles were identified: "low impulsivity," "high sensation seeking/urgency impulsivity," "moderate impulsivity," and "high lack of premeditation/perseverance impulsivity." Individuals in the high sensation seeking/urgency group were more likely to engage in SAM use. Impulsivity may be an important individual difference factor associated with SAM use. Young adults who engage in SAM use may be particularly vulnerable for impulsivity related to sensation seeking and urgency, which may further heighten their risk for hazardous use and related outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Stamates
- University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Chafee Hall, Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ashley N. Linden-Carmichael
- The Pennsylvania State University, 320E Biobehavioral Health Building, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sara E. Miller
- The Pennsylvania State University, 325 HHD Building, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing
- University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Chafee Hall, Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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10
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Cajiao-Manrique MDM, Casadó-Anguera V, García-Blanco A, Maldonado R, Martín-García E. THC exposure during adolescence increases impulsivity-like behavior in adulthood in a WIN 55,212-2 self-administration mouse model. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1148993. [PMID: 37304451 PMCID: PMC10248087 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1148993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder lacking effective treatment. Regular cannabis consumption typically begins during adolescence, and this early cannabinoid exposure may increase the risk for drug addiction in adulthood. Objective This study investigates the development of cannabis addiction-like behavior in adult mice after adolescent exposure to the main psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Methods Adolescent male mice were exposed to 5 mg/kg of THC from postnatal days 37 to 57. Operant self-administration sessions of WIN 55,212-2 (12.5 μg/kg/infusion) were conducted for 10 days. Mice were tested for three addiction-like criteria (persistence of response, motivation, and compulsivity), two parameters related to craving (resistance to extinction and drug-seeking behavior), and two phenotypic vulnerability traits related to substance use disorders (impulsivity and reward sensitivity). Additionally, qPCR assays were performed to detect differentially expressed genes in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum, and hippocampus (HPC) of "addicted" and "non-addicted" mice. Results Adolescent THC exposure did not modify WIN 55,212-2 reinforcement nor the development of cannabis addiction-like behavior. Inversely, THC pre-exposed mice displayed impulsive-like behavior in adulthood, which was more pronounced in mice that developed the addiction-like criteria. Moreover, downregulated drd2 and adora2a gene expression in NAc and HPC was revealed in THC pre-exposed mice, as well as a downregulation of drd2 expression in mPFC of vehicle pre-treated mice that developed addiction-like behaviors. Discussion These findings suggest that adolescent THC exposure may promote impulsivity-like behavior in adulthood, associated with downregulated drd2 and adora2a expression in NAc and HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Cajiao-Manrique
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Dora J, Smith MR, Seldin K, Schultz ME, Kuczynski AM, Moss DJ, Carpenter RW, King KM. Exploring associations between affect and marijuana use in everyday life via specification curve analysis. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2023; 132:461-474. [PMID: 37036695 PMCID: PMC10164094 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Although frequently hypothesized, the evidence for associations between affect and marijuana use in everyday life remains ambiguous. Inconsistent findings across existing work may be due, in part, to differences in study design and analytic decisions, such as study inclusion criteria, the operationalization of affect, or the timing of affect assessment. We used specification curves to assess the robustness of the evidence for affect predicting same-day marijuana use and marijuana use predicting next-day affect across several hundred models that varied in terms of decisions that reflect those typical in this literature (e.g., whether to average affect prior to marijuana use or select the affect report closest in time to marijuana use). We fitted these curves to data from two ecological momentary assessment studies of regular marijuana and/or alcohol using college students (N = 287). Results provided robust evidence that marijuana use was slightly less likely following experiences of negative affect and slightly more likely following positive affect. Specification curves suggested that differences in previous findings are most likely a function of the specific emotion items used to represent affect rather than differences in inclusion criteria, the temporal assessment and modeling of affect, or the covariates added to the model. There was little evidence for an association between marijuana use and next-day affect. Overall, our findings provide evidence against the predictions made by affect reinforcement models in college students and suggest that future research should model the associations of marijuana use with discrete emotional states rather than general negative and positive affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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12
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The mediating effect of anger rumination, coping and conformity motives on the association between hostility and problematic cannabis use. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 16:100447. [PMID: 35859707 PMCID: PMC9293590 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of anger rumination on cannabis use was examined for the first time. Indirect effects were tested between hostility and cannabis use problems. Single-mediation pathways were shown via anger rumination, and coping motives. Double mediation pathways were shown via anger rumination and coping-, and conformity motives.
Background Anger rumination is consistently associated with maladaptive psychopathological outcomes. However, there is a lack of research on the association between problematic cannabis use, cannabis use motives and anger rumination. Coping motives showed positive relationships with negative affectivity and emotion dysregulation, thus it might be possible that coping motives can mediate the effects of hostility and anger rumination on problematic cannabis use. Aims The goal of the present study was to examine the mediating role of anger rumination and cannabis use motives on the relationship between hostility and problematic cannabis use. Methods The cross-sectional study used a convenience sample of 764 past year cannabis users with a risk for problematic cannabis use (Males: 70.42% [N = 538], Age: M = 29.24 [SD = 7.55]). Standardized and online questionnaires measured problematic use and motives of cannabis use, anger rumination and hostility. Results Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed mediation model. Four significant indirect effects were identified in the mediation model. The positive effect of hostility on cannabis use problems was mediated (i) via coping motives, (ii) via anger rumination, (iii) via anger rumination and coping motives, and (iv) via anger rumination and conformity motives. Conclusions The present study was the first that examined the construct of anger rumination in the context of cannabis use. Possible risk mechanisms via anger rumination and cannabis use motives with negative reinforcement were suggested in the context of problematic cannabis use. Self-medication tendencies and emotion dysregulation processes might explain these pathways.
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13
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Effects of endocannabinoid system modulation on social behaviour: A systematic review of animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104680. [PMID: 35513169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear link between psychiatric disorders and social behaviour, and evidence suggests the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). A systematic review of preclinical literature was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed) and PsychINFO databases to examine whether pharmacological and/or genetic manipulations of the ECS alter social behaviours in wildtype (WT) animals or models of social impairment (SIM). Eighty studies were included. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using SYRCLE's RoB tool. While some variability was evident, studies most consistently found that direct cannabinoid receptor (CBR) agonism decreased social behaviours in WT animals, while indirect CBR activation via enzyme inhibition or gene-knockout increased social behaviours. Direct and, more consistently, indirect CBR activation reversed social deficits in SIM. These CBR-mediated effects were often sex- and developmental-phase-dependent and blocked by CBR antagonism. Overall, ECS enzyme inhibition may improve social behaviour in SIM, suggesting the potential usefulness of ECS enzyme inhibition as a therapeutic approach for social deficits. Future research should endeavour to elucidate ECS status in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by social deficits.
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14
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Espinosa A, Ruglass LM, Conway FN, Jackson KM, White HR. Motives, Frequency, and Consequences of Cannabis Use Among College Students. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220426221093608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated profiles of cannabis use motives among current cannabis-consuming college students. Then we assessed profile differences in demographic characteristics, social contexts of use, regulatory environment, alcohol use, negative affect, negative consequences, and cannabis use. Participants ( N = 1, 213) were from three universities in states with different cannabis legislation. Six profiles emerged: Low Motives, Low to Moderate Enhance, High Enhance, High Enhance & Social + Moderate Expand, High Enhance & Cope, and High Motives. Profiles differed in social contexts of use, sex, alcohol use, negative affect, and regulatory environment. Profiles endorsing high and multiple motives had higher cannabis use and negative consequences, relative to profiles with low or fewer motives. Profiles characterized by high avoidance motives (i.e., coping) had the highest cannabis use and consequences. Interventions targeting types and intensity of motives for cannabis-use may help reduce use and related consequences among college students who use cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lesia M. Ruglass
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fiona N. Conway
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
| | - Helene R. White
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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15
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Subramaniam P, Prescot A, McGlade E, Renshaw P, Yurgelun-Todd D. Examination of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate-glutamine levels in association with impulsive behavior in adolescent marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109326. [PMID: 35131529 PMCID: PMC9119664 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent marijuana (MJ) use has been associated with alterations in brain structure and function as well as behavior. Examination of neurochemical correlates such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and Glx (glutamate + glutamine) in MJ users remains limited. Impulsivity, identified as a risk factor and consequence of MJ use, has been associated with GABA and Glx levels in healthy and clinical populations. However, this relationship has not been investigated in MJ users. In this study, we examined levels of GABA and Glx in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and its relationship with impulsive behavior in MJ-using adolescents and healthy controls. METHODS Healthy control subjects (HC; N = 21) and MJ-using adolescents (N = 18) completed a metabolite-edited 1H MRS exam to measure ACC GABA and Glx levels, a structured clinical interview to assess MJ use, and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) to evaluate impulsive behavior. RESULTS Adolescent MJ users had significantly lower tissue-corrected GABA (with macromolecules; GABA+) levels (p = 0.029) compared to HC's. No significant between-group differences were observed in ACC Glx levels. Assessment of impulsive behavior demonstrated no significant between-group differences in motor, non-planning, attention, and total impulsivity scores. Additionally, impulsivity measures and tissue-corrected GABA+ or Glx levels were not significantly correlated in either group. CONCLUSION Lower GABA levels in MJ users may indicate alterations in excitatory-inhibitory mechanisms critical for neurodevelopment. Although no significant relationships were observed between impulsive measures and GABA or Glx levels in both groups, further investigations are needed examining the relationship between neurochemical correlates, behavior, and adolescent MJ use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punitha Subramaniam
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Andrew Prescot
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Erin McGlade
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,George E. Wahlen Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Perry Renshaw
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,George E. Wahlen Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA,George E. Wahlen Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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16
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Stamates AL, Lau-Barraco C, Braitman AL. Daily impulsivity is associated with alcohol use and problems via coping motives, but not enhancement motives. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109333. [PMID: 35123366 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study sought to determine daily associations between impulsivity, coping and enhancement motives, alcohol use, and alcohol problems in the natural environment. METHODS Participants were 89 (47 women) heavy drinking, college students from a university in the southeastern U.S. who completed a 14-day ecological momentary assessment study. Each day, participants completed three random reports of momentary impulsivity and indicators of drinking motives and two additional reports at the beginning and end of any drinking occasions. RESULTS A series of multilevel mediation models were tested to examine indirect effects from impulsivity to alcohol use and alcohol problems through coping and enhancement motives. At the within-person level, results revealed that greater than usual impulsivity experienced prior to drinking was associated with greater coping motives, and this in turn was associated with greater number of drinks consumed that day (all p values <0.001). A similar indirect effect was revealed when impulsivity predicted alcohol problems that day through coping motives (p values range: <0.001 to .01). Greater enhancement motives than usual were associated with greater number of drinks consumed and alcohol problems experienced that day (p values range: <0.001 to.001), but associations with impulsivity were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Findings supported daily fluctuations in drinking to cope motives as a salient mechanism explaining the link between daily impulsivity and level of alcohol use and alcohol problems. Fluctuations in daily impulsivity were associated with changes in motivations to drink which may benefit efforts aimed at reducing alcohol harms among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Stamates
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Chafee Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- Old Dominion University, Department of Psychology, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, 555 Park Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
| | - Abby L Braitman
- Old Dominion University, Department of Psychology, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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17
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Denissoff A, Niemelä S, Scott JG, Salom CL, Hielscher E, Miettunen J, Alakokkare A, Mustonen A. Does cannabis use in adolescence predict self-harm or suicide? Results from a Finnish Birth Cohort Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:234-243. [PMID: 34758110 PMCID: PMC9299098 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Longitudinal studies examining the association between adolescent cannabis use and self-harm are rare, heterogeneous and mixed in their conclusions. We study this association utilizing a large general population-based sample with prospective data. METHODS The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 6582) with linkage to nationwide register data was used to study the association of self-reported cannabis use at age 15-16 years and self-harm and suicide death until age 33 (until year 2018), based on register information. Cox regression analysis with Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used. Psychiatric disorders, parental psychiatric disorders and other substance use were considered as confounders. RESULTS In all, 6582 (49.2% male) were included in the analysis, and 377 adolescents (5.7%) reported any cannabis use until the age of 15-16 years. Based on register information, 79 (55.7% male) had visited in health care services due to self-harm, and 22 (90.1% male) had died by suicide. In crude analyses, adolescent cannabis use was associated with self-harm (HR = 3.93; 95% CI 2.24-6.90). The association between cannabis use and self-harm remained statistically significant after adjusting for sex, psychiatric disorders at baseline, frequent alcohol intoxications, other illicit drug use, and parental psychiatric disorders (HR 2.06; 95% CI 1.07-3.95). In contrast, the association of cannabis use with suicide did not reach statistical significance even in crude analysis (HR 2.60; 95% CI 0.77-8.78). CONCLUSION Cannabis use in adolescence may increase risk of self-harm independent of adolescent psychopathology and other substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Denissoff
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Addiction Psychiatry UnitDepartment of PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Addiction Psychiatry UnitDepartment of PsychiatryTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - James G. Scott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute HerstonHerstonQldAustralia,Metro North Mental Health ServiceHerstonQldAustralia
| | - Caroline L. Salom
- Institute for Social Science ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children & Families over the Life CourseThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Emily Hielscher
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute HerstonHerstonQldAustralia,School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health ResearchUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluOulu University Hospital and University of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Anni‐Emilia Alakokkare
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Medical Research Center OuluOulu University Hospital and University of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Antti Mustonen
- Center for Life Course Health ResearchUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland,Department of PsychiatrySeinäjoki Central HospitalSeinäjokiFinland
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18
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Dukes A, Mullen PR, Niles J, Gutierrez D, Jensen S. Role of Causality Orientations in Predicting Alcohol Use and Abstinence Self-Efficacy. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:222-229. [PMID: 34806529 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the ability of Self-Determination Theory's causality orientations to predict alcohol use and abstinence self-efficacy. We also provided suggestions for counselors supporting client and student autonomy in clinical practice. Objectives: This study sought to answer the following questions: (a) Does a person's causality orientation (autonomy, control, and impersonal) predict their alcohol use? (2) Does a person's causality orientation (autonomy, control, and impersonal) predict their temptation to use drugs and alcohol? (3) Does a person's causality orientation (autonomy, control, and impersonal) predict their confidence to use drugs and alcohol? Method: We utilized Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a crowdsourced online labor market approach to collect data from a community sample. Results: The results suggest heightened impersonal orientation was predictive of increased alcohol use and increased temptation to use while control orientation was also predictive of increased temptation. Higher autonomous orientation was predictive of increased confidence to not use while impersonal and controlled were not. Conclusion: This study's findings underline the importance of SDT in substance use prevention, initiation, and treatment, and open the door to more empowering interventions. Through the intentional use of SDT, individuals may feel more empowered to set and achieve goals, feel a greater sense of control in their lives, strengthening their overall autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Dukes
- William & Mary School of Education, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Niles
- William & Mary School of Education, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Samantha Jensen
- William & Mary School of Education, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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19
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Brezing CA, Levin FR. Applications of technology in the assessment and treatment of cannabis use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1035345. [PMID: 36339845 PMCID: PMC9626500 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1035345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) have been increasing. There are no FDA approved medications and evidence-based psychotherapy is limited by insufficient providers, serving very few patients effectively. The lack of resources for prevention and treatment of CUD has resulted in a significant gap between the need for services and access to treatment. The creation of a scalable system to prevent, screen, refer and provide treatment for a chronic, relapsing diagnosis like CUD could be achieved through the application of technology. Many studies have utilized ecological momentary assessments (EMA) in treatment seeking and non-treatment seeking cannabis users. EMA allows for repeated, intensive, longitudinal data collection in vivo. EMA has been studied in cannabis use and its association with affect, craving, withdrawal, other substances, impulsivity, and interpersonal behaviors. EMA has the potential to serve as a valuable monitoring tool in prevention, screening, and treatment for CUD. Research has also focused on the development of internet and application-based treatments for CUD, including a currently available prescription digital therapeutic. Treatment options have expanded to more broadly incorporate telehealth as an option for CUD treatment with broad acceptance and change in regulation following the COVID-19 pandemic. While technology has limitations, including cost, privacy concerns, and issues with engagement, it will be a necessary medium to meet societal health needs as a consequence of an ever-changing cannabis regulatory landscape. Future work should focus on improving existing platforms while ethically incorporating other functions (e.g., sensors) to optimize a public and clinical health approach to CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Brezing
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Frances R Levin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Working Overtime: Altered Functional Connectivity in Working Memory Following Regular Cannabis Use in Young Adults. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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21
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Rinehart L, Spencer S. Which came first: Cannabis use or deficits in impulse control? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110066. [PMID: 32795592 PMCID: PMC7750254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulse control deficits are often found to co-occur with substance use disorders (SUDs). On the one hand, it is well known that chronic intake of drugs of abuse remodels the brain with significant consequences for a range of cognitive behaviors. On the other hand, individual variation in impulse control may contribute to differences in susceptibility to SUDs. Both of these relationships have been described, thus leading to a "chicken or the egg" debate which remains to be fully resolved. Does impulsivity precede drug use or does it manifest as a function of problematic drug usage? The link between impulsivity and SUDs has been most strongly established for cocaine and alcohol use disorders using both preclinical models and clinical data. Much less is known about the potential link between impulsivity and cannabis use disorder (CUD) or the directionality of this relationship. The initiation of cannabis use occurs most often during adolescence prior to the brain's maturation, which is recognized as a critical period of development. The long-term effects of chronic cannabis use on the brain and behavior have started to be explored. In this review we will summarize these observations, especially as they pertain to the relationship between impulsivity and CUD, from both a psychological and biological perspective. We will discuss impulsivity as a multi-dimensional construct and attempt to reconcile the results obtained across modalities. Finally, we will discuss possible avenues for future research with emerging longitudinal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinehart
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Sade Spencer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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22
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Sznitman SR, Rosenberg D, Vulfsons S, Meiri D, Greene T. Medical Cannabis Use and Pain: An Experience Sampling Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:728283. [PMID: 34777039 PMCID: PMC8578807 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.728283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little research has tested associations of pain and MC use after long-term treatment and through methods that have external validity outside experimental settings. The study examined associations of pain, associated painful experiences, and long-term medical cannabis (MC) use in chronic pain (CP) patients using a naturalistic daily diary study that provided novel and externally valid data. Methods: Data were obtained from 78 MC users with CP three times daily over a 10-day period (nobservations = 1,688). Mixed-effects models were used to test the associations between MC use and momentary experiences of pain, affect, and fatigue. Results: Within persons, elevated experiences of pain intensity were associated with greater intention to use MC within the next hour. No evidence was found that the time lapse since last MC use was associated with pain levels, negative affect, or fatigue. Conclusions: The results imply that after long-term use, CP patients intend to use MC in response to pain experiences. Yet, they may not actually achieve the pain relief. More research is needed to examine whether continued MC use despite lack of pain relief is related to relief of other symptoms (e.g., dependence, withdrawal) or positive benefits (e.g., general sense of well-being) or tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Vulfsons
- Institute for Pain Medicine, Rambam Health Care, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Talya Greene
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Sorkhou M, Bedder RH, George TP. The Behavioral Sequelae of Cannabis Use in Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:630247. [PMID: 33664685 PMCID: PMC7920961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis is known to have a broad range of effects on behavior, including experiencing a "high" and tranquility/relaxation. However, there are several adverse behavioral sequalae that can arise from cannabis use, depending on frequency of use, potency (e.g., THC content), age of onset, and cumulative exposure. This systematic review examined evidence for cannabis-related adverse behavioral sequalae in otherwise healthy human subjects. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies from 1990 to 2020 that identified cannabis-related adverse behavioral outcomes in subjects without psychiatric and medical co-morbidities from PubMed and PsychInfo searches. Key search terms included "cannabis" OR "tetrahydrocannabinol" OR "cannabidiol" OR "marijuana" AND "anxiety" OR "depression" OR "psychosis" OR "schizophrenia" "OR "IQ" OR "memory" OR "attention" OR "impulsivity" OR "cognition" OR "education" OR "occupation". Results: Our search detected a total of 2,870 studies, from which we extracted 124 relevant studies from the literature on cannabis effects in the non-clinical population. Effects of cannabis on several behavioral sequelae including cognition, motivation, impulsivity, mood, anxiety, psychosis intelligence, and psychosocial functioning were identified. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that frequency of cannabis use, THC (but not CBD) content, age of onset, and cumulative cannabis exposure can all contribute to these adverse outcomes in individuals without a pre-existing medical condition or psychiatric disorder. The strongest evidence for the negative effects of cannabis are for psychosis and psychosocial functioning. Conclusions: Although more research is needed to determine risk factors for development of adverse behavioral sequelae of cannabis use, these findings underline the importance of understanding vulnerability to the adverse effects of cannabis, which has implications for prevention and treatment of problematic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sorkhou
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel H Bedder
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Stamates AL, Lau-Barraco C. Momentary patterns of impulsivity and alcohol use: A cause or consequence? Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 217:108246. [PMID: 32932160 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is a robust risk factor for alcohol use, but significant gaps remain in our understanding of the way that impulsivity relates to alcohol harms. Most prior research has been limited to between-level differences; thus, within-person variability in impulsivity at the momentary level and its bidirectional association with alcohol use has not been examined. The present research used a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design to determine the bidirectionality of impulsivity and alcohol use and alcohol problems. METHODS Participants were 89 (47 women) heavy-drinking college students. The mean age was 19.80 (SD = 1.76) years. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire and 14 consecutive days of momentary reports sent in the morning, afternoon, and evening; participants also completed two user-initiated reports during a drinking occasion at the beginning and the end of their drinking. RESULTS Multilevel modeling results indicated that greater levels of impulsivity experienced during the day was not associated with alcohol use or problems experienced that night. However, level of alcohol use and the number of alcohol problems experienced predicted greater variability in impulsivity the next day. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study was the first to examine the bidirectional relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use using EMA. Findings supported impulsivity's conceptualization as a state construct and fluctuations in alcohol use behaviors coinciding with states of impulsivity the next day after drinking. Findings from the present study contributed to conceptual daily process models of drinking by identifying how alcohol behaviors unfold in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Stamates
- Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA; University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Chafee Hall, Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA; Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, 555 Park Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
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Ramadan MM, Banta JE, Bahjri K, Montgomery SB. Frequency of cannabis use and alcohol-associated adverse effects in a representative sample of U.S. adolescents and youth (2002-2014) a cross-sectional study. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:38. [PMID: 33526136 PMCID: PMC7819326 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While the link between frequent cannabis use and alcohol use disorders is well documented, it is not clear whether alcohol drinkers who use cannabis less frequently are also vulnerable to alcohol use disorders. We estimate the association of frequency of past 12-months cannabis use with alcohol-associated adverse effects variables in the same time frame: alcohol dependence, heavy drinking, driving under alcohol influence, alcohol-related interpersonal problems, use after interpersonal problems, alcohol-related risky behaviors, and alcohol-related legal problems. Methods We analyzed data from U.S. individuals aged 12 to 25 years who participated in annual, cross-sectional U.S. National Surveys on Drug Use and Health from 2002 to 2014. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association of cannabis use with six alcohol-associated adverse effects variables. Frequency of cannabis use served as the primary independent variable, and were divided into four categories: frequent use (21–30 days per month), less frequent use (1–20 days per month), no use over the past 12 months, and no lifetime cannabis use. Alcohol dependence and six alcohol-associated adverse effects variables served as our primary outcomes. Results The study included 465,090 respondents aged 12 to 25 years, among all past-year cannabis users, (47.5%) were less frequent (1–20 days/month) users. Less frequent cannabis use was highest among male, 15–25-year-olds, and non-Hispanic white 11.8, 84 and 10.6%, respectively. In adjusted models, past-year less frequent cannabis use (1–20 days/month) was significantly associated with past-year alcohol dependence (adjusted odds ratio aOR 5.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5–6.4); heavy drinking in the past-year (aOR 3.41, 95% CI 3.2–3.5); alcohol-related interpersonal problems in the past-year (aOR 7.33, 95% CI 7.0–7.5); use after interpersonal problems (aOR 5.17, 95% CI 4.8–5.5); alcohol-related risky behaviors (aOR 7.29, 95% CI 7.0–7.5), and, driving under influence of alcohol (aOR 7.19, 95% CI 6.9–7.4). No cannabis use past-year were more likely to report alcohol dependence (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 2.6–3) compared with no lifetime cannabis use. Conclusion These findings indicated that within the general population, not only frequent cannabis user (21–30 days per month) but even less frequent cannabis use (1–20 days/month) was significantly associated with past-year alcohol dependence and alcohol-associated adverse effects than no lifetime cannabis use. These adverse alcohol-related outcomes associated with less frequent cannabis use, should be taken under careful consideration in alcohol use disorder treatment setting and policy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed M Ramadan
- Department of Health Policy and Leadership, School of Public Health, University of Loma Linda, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall 1107, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Jim E Banta
- Center for Leadership in Health Systems, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall 1107, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Khaled Bahjri
- Pharmaceutical & Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, 24745 Stewart Street, Shryock Hall, Room 227, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Susanne B Montgomery
- Research Loma Linda University
- School of Behavioral Health and Research, Behavioral Health Institute, Griggs Hall, 224, 11065 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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Traumatic brain injury and the misuse of alcohol, opioids, and cannabis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 157:195-243. [PMID: 33648670 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), most often classified as concussion, is caused by biomechanical forces to the brain resulting in short- or long-term impairment in brain function. TBI resulting from military combat, sports, violence, falls, and vehicular accidents is a major cause of long-term physical, cognitive, and psychiatric dysfunction. Psychiatric disorders associated with TBI include depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder, all having significant implications for post-TBI recovery and rehabilitation. This chapter reviews the current preclinical and clinical literature describing the bidirectional relationship between TBI and misuse of three commonly abused drugs: alcohol, opioids, and cannabis. We highlight the influence of each of these drugs on the incidence of TBI, as well as trends in their use after TBI. Furthermore, we discuss factors that may underlie post-injury substance use. Understanding the complex relationship between TBI and substance misuse will enhance the clinical treatment of individuals suffering from these two highly comorbid conditions.
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Subramaniam P, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neural and behavioral correlates associated with adolescent marijuana use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020; 7:475-485. [PMID: 33777643 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Marijuana (MJ) is one of the most commonly used drugs among adolescents. Exposure to MJ during adolescence can lead to alterations in brain development, and, subsequently to the behavioral correlates regulated by the affected brain regions. In this review, we discuss findings from preclinical and human studies examining the relationship between adolescent MJ use and the neurobiological and behavioral correlates associated with it. Recent Findings Current findings indicate that adolescent MJ use is associated with alterations in brain structure and function, especially in regions that express high levels of the cannabinoid 1 receptor such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and limbic regions. These alterations are correlated with changes in affective, cognitive and reward-seeking behavior. Furthermore, evidence suggests that exposure to MJ during adolescence can have long-lasting and pronounced neural and behavioral effects into adulthood. Summary The wide ranging neural and behavioral correlates associated with MJ use during adolescence highlight the need for further studies to better understand the potential risk factors and/or neurotoxic effects of adolescent MJ use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punitha Subramaniam
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Salt Lake City VA Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Griffin SA, Trull TJ. Alcohol use in daily life: Examining the role of trait and state impulsivity facets. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2020; 35:199-207. [PMID: 32914990 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods we aimed to investigate the influence of trait and state (momentary) impulsivity on alcohol use behaviors in daily life. Facets of the UPPS trait model of impulsivity (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001) have been found to differentially relate to alcohol-related outcomes and behaviors in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The present work expands on this by assessing UPPS facets in daily life and examining the contributions of trait and state impulsivity facets to daily life drinking behavior. METHOD Forty-nine participants were prompted at least 6 times per day for 21 days. A total of 4,548 collected EMA reports were included in analyses. Multilevel models were computed predicting daily life alcohol use behaviors from state and trait impulsivity facets and relevant covariates. RESULTS Individual facets of momentary impulsivity differentially related to alcohol outcomes, such that (lack of) premeditation and, to a lesser extent, sensation seeking showed unique patterns of association with drinking and drinking quantity. Only trait levels of (lack of) premeditation were related to drinking behavior in daily life; no other trait UPPS scale significantly related to alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight state difficulties with premeditation as particularly relevant to drinking behavior in daily life. Our results also support the incremental validity of state impulsivity facets over trait level measures in relation to drinking behavior in daily life. These findings offer important insight into the phenomenology of daily life alcohol use and highlight possible avenues for intervention and prevention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Hawes SW, Pacheco-Colón I, Ross JM, Gonzalez R. Adolescent Cannabis Use and Conduct Problems: The Mediating Influence of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 18:613-627. [PMID: 32742245 PMCID: PMC7394462 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use has been linked to an increased risk of engaging in conduct problem behaviors. However, little existing research has considered intervening processes and shared risk factors that may contribute to this association. The current investigation examines whether callous-unemotional traits, which have shown associations with adolescent cannabis use and conduct problem development, may exhibit a mediating influence on this relationship. Using a longitudinal cohort of youth (n = 390) at increased risk for escalating in their use of cannabis, we found that baseline cannabis use (age~15) was associated with higher levels of trait-like conduct problems (ages~16 & 17), even after controlling for important autoregressive and cross-lagged effects, along with a number of other shared risk factors (e.g., co-occuring substance use, age, sex). Findings also revealed that callous-unemotional traits partially mediated this relationship, with the hypothesized model accounting for approximately one-third of the variance in the conduct problem outcome (R2=.34). These results indicate that callous-unemotional traits may play an important intermediary role in the association between cannabis use and the development of problem behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Hawes
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 S.W. 8 Street, AHC1 Rm 140, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Ileana Pacheco-Colón
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 S.W. 8 Street, AHC1 Rm 140, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - J Megan Ross
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 S.W. 8 Street, AHC1 Rm 140, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 S.W. 8 Street, AHC1 Rm 140, Miami, Florida 33199
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Stevens AK, Blanchard BE, Talley AE, Brown JL, Halvorson MA, Janssen T, King KM, Littlefield AK. State-Level Impulsivity, Affect, and Alcohol: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Momentary Impulsivity Scale Across Two Intensive Longitudinal Samples. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020; 85:103914. [PMID: 32341603 PMCID: PMC7185258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We reexamined the psychometric properties of the Momentary Impulsivity Scale (MIS) in two young adult samples using daily diary (N=77) and ecological momentary assessment (N=147). A one-factor between- and within-person structure was supported, though "I felt impatient" loaded poorly within-person. MIS scores consistently related to emotion-driven trait impulsivity; however, MSSDs of MIS scores were unrelated to outcomes after accounting for aggregate MIS scores. We observed positive, within-person correlations with negative, but not positive, affect. Between-person MIS scores correlated with alcohol problems, though within-person MIS-alcohol relations were inconsistent. MIS scores were unrelated to laboratory-based impulsivity tasks. Findings inform the assessment of state-level impulsivity in young adults. Future research should prioritize expanding the MIS to capture the potential multidimensionality of state-level impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Stevens
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Brittany E. Blanchard
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Amelia E. Talley
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Jennifer L. Brown
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Ave, Suite 104, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | | | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kevin M. King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, USA
| | - Andrew K. Littlefield
- Texas Tech University Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychology Building, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409
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Carter PM, Cranford JA, Buu A, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Goldstick J, Ngo Q, Cunningham RM. Daily patterns of substance use and violence among a high-risk urban emerging adult sample: Results from the Flint Youth Injury Study. Addict Behav 2020; 101:106127. [PMID: 31645000 PMCID: PMC6999833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interpersonal violence is a significant public health problem, with substance use a key risk factor. Intensive longitudinal methods (ILMs) provide data on daily patterns/relationships between substance use and violence, informing prevention. Prior daily research has not focused on these relationships among urban minority samples. METHODS Within an RCT comparing ILM assessment/schedule methods, 162-participants completed daily IVR (n = 81) or SMS (n = 81) assessments measuring 19 substance use and violence (partner/non-partner) behaviors daily for 90-days. GLMMs characterized between- and within-person predictors of daily violence. RESULTS Participants [48.7%-female; age = 24.4; 62.3%-African-American; 66.7%-public assistance] completed an average of 46.5 daily reports [SD = 26.7]. Across 90-days, alcohol was characterized by episodic weekend use (average = 10 days-of-use, 34.4% drinking-days involved binge-drinking), while marijuana use was continuous (average = 27 days-of-use; 1.7 times/day), with no weekend differences. Among 118-violent conflicts, 52.5% occurred on weekends; 57.6% were with non-partners/peers; 61.0% involved perpetration/57.6% victimization; and 52.5% involved severe violence. For violence conflicts, 27.1% were preceded by alcohol/22.9% preceded by drug use. Between-person predictors of daily violence included retaliatory attitudes (AOR = 3.2) and anxiety (AOR = 1.1). Within-person predictors included weekends (AOR = 1.6), binge drinking (AOR = 1.9), non-medical prescription opioid use (AOR = 3.5) and illicit drug use (AOR = 8.1). CONCLUSION Among a high-risk urban minority sample, we found that higher baseline retaliatory attitudes and anxiety, as well as same-day binge drinking, non-medical prescription opioid use, and illicit drug use were associated with daily violence, likely reflecting both pharmacological and socio-contextual factors. Addressing substance use and retaliatory violence with tailored prevention efforts may aid in decreasing negative interpersonal violence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Corresponding author at: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America. (P.M. Carter)
| | - James A. Cranford
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States of America
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Behavior & Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Quyen Ngo
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America,Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States of America
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Ruglass LM, Espinosa A, Fitzpatrick S, Meyer MK, Cadet K, Sokolovsky A, Jackson KM, White HR. Prevalence and Correlates of Concurrent and Simultaneous Cannabis and Cigarette Use among Past-Year Cannabis-Using US College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:329-336. [PMID: 31573377 PMCID: PMC6980755 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1668015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis and tobacco use are significant public health concerns among young adults, with concurrent (in the same time period) and simultaneous (at the same time so the effects overlap) use of both substances on the rise. Few studies have examined these behaviors among college students. Objective: We examined the prevalence of concurrent and simultaneous cannabis and cigarette (combustible or electronic) use among a sample of college students and characterized the psychosocial predictors of concurrent and simultaneous use compared to using cannabis alone. Methods: Data on past-3 months cannabis and cigarette use were collected on 1352 college students who were past-year cannabis and alcohol users yielding four groups: cannabis-only users (n = 686), concurrent cannabis and cigarette users (CCAC; n = 235), simultaneous cannabis and cigarette users (SCAC; n = 293), and non-recent users of either substance (n = 138). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were utilized to predict group membership. Results: Relative to the cannabis-only group, White, compared to Non-White students, males, compared to females, frequent, compared to infrequent, alcohol users, including those who used alcohol simultaneously with cigarettes, and illicit drug users were more likely to belong to the CCAC or SCAC group. Conclusions: Findings suggest the need for unique intervention efforts to prevent onset or reduce co-use among male and White students as well as illicit drug users and frequent alcohol users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia M Ruglass
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Adriana Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - M Kamran Meyer
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kechna Cadet
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Helene R White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Momentary fluctuations in impulsivity domains: Associations with a history of childhood ADHD, heavy alcohol use, and alcohol problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107683. [PMID: 31704385 PMCID: PMC7851800 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined if fluctuation in in-the-moment impulsivity was more pronounced for adults with, versus without, a childhood history of ADHD and if ADHD group moderated the association between fluctuation in impulsivity and alcohol use behaviors. METHODS Two hundred and eleven adult drinkers (52% ADHD) completed a 10-day, 6 times/day, momentary assessment of state impulsivity. Self-reported trait impulsivity, alcohol problems, and frequency of 5+ drinks in the past 12 months were also assessed. RESULTS The ADHD group had more variability in three domains of state impulsivity (negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking) compared to the nonADHD group. After including global trait impulsivity, the ADHD and nonADHD groups only differed on state sensation seeking. Fluctuation in two domains of state impulsivity were related to frequency of 5+ drinks (lack of planning: ADHD RR = 3.60, p < 0.001, nonADHD RR=0.90, p = 0.81; negative urgency: ADHD RR=4.32, p = 0.01, nonADHD RR=0.49, p = 0.24) and number of different alcohol problems (lack of planning: ADHD RR=4.87, p < 0.001, nonADHD RR=0.58, p = 0.29; negative urgency: ADHD RR=4.96, p = 0.01, nonADHD RR=0.24, p = 0.04) for participants with a history of ADHD but were not related (or related to fewer problems) for those without childhood ADHD. Higher variability in positive urgency was related to more alcohol problems for the participants with childhood ADHD but not the nonADHD participants (ADHD RR=3.00, p = 0.03, nonADHD RR=0.50, p = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of assessing fluctuation in several domains of impulsivity and may elucidate important treatment targets for alcohol problems for adults with ADHD histories.
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Azpeitia J, Lopez JL, Ruvalcaba SA, Bacio GA. Alcohol and Marijuana Use Behaviors among Latinx Adolescents: The Interplay of Intra- and Inter-Personal Predictive Factors Differ by Gender. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2019.1691103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Addiction and Voluntariness: Five “Challenges” to Address in Moving the Discussion Forward. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2019; 28:677-694. [DOI: 10.1017/s0963180119000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The question as to whether people with an addiction have control (and to what extent) over their addiction, and voluntarily decide to use substances is an ongoing source of controversy in the context of research on addiction, health policy and clinical practice. We describe and discuss a set of five challenges for further research into voluntariness (definition[s], measurement and study tools, first person perspectives, contextual understandings, and connections to broader frameworks) based on our own research experiences and those of others.
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Orr MF, Rogers AH, Shepherd JM, Buckner JD, Ditre JW, Bakhshaie J, Zvolensky MJ. Is there a relationship between cannabis use problems, emotion dysregulation, and mental health problems among adults with chronic pain? PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 25:742-755. [PMID: 31407604 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1653485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is often used to manage pain among persons who suffer from chronic pain. Yet, despite much literature suggesting cannabis use problems are associated with mental health problems, little work has examined mechanisms of this relationship among a chronic pain population. Chronic pain is also associated with emotion dysregulation. Individuals with chronic pain who experience cannabis use problems may have less capacity to regulate negative emotions, which could relate to greater anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. Thus, the current study explored whether emotion dysregulation explained, in part, the relation between cannabis use problems and anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation among adults with chronic pain. Participants were 431 opioid-using adults with current moderate to severe chronic pain, 176 were current cannabis users, of which 30.20% reported cannabis use problems. Results indicated a significant indirect relationship between cannabis use problems and anxiety [95% CI (.03, .05)], depression [95% CI (.03, .06)], and suicidal ideation [95% CI (.01, .01)] via emotion dysregulation. Tests of specificity suggested potential for a bi-directional effect for suicidal ideation (p < .001). Initial findings suggest that emotion dysregulation may be an important mechanism in the relationship between cannabis use problems and mental health among adults with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Orr
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Julia D Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA.,HEALTH Institute, University of Houston , Houston, TX, USA
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Duffau BE, Alcamán K. Analysis of Three Main Cannabinoids in Seized Marijuana by Densitometric High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Testa M, Wang W, Derrick JL, Brown WC, Collins RL. Does morning affect contribute to daily Cannabis use? Addict Behav 2019; 95:64-69. [PMID: 30856545 PMCID: PMC6545134 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several theories posit that cannabis and other substances are used to reduce negative affect. This daily report study considered whether variations in positive and negative affect, reported each morning, contributed to the likelihood of cannabis use later that day. We also explored whether levels of positive and negative affect reported immediately after cannabis use improved, relative to that day's morning levels. The sample included 183 men and 183 women representing heterosexual, cannabis-using couples from the community. Participants made independent, daily reports of affect and cannabis use episodes for 30 consecutive days. Using multilevel modeling, we modeled men's and women's use of cannabis on a given day as a function of morning levels of positive, hostile, and anxious affect, accounting for partner cannabis use that day, and mean levels of positive and negative affect. Men and women were more likely to use cannabis on a given day when morning positive affect was lower than typical for the person and when partner used cannabis that day. Neither hostile nor anxious affect contributed to later use of cannabis. Immediately after cannabis use, positive affect increased, and hostile and anxious affect decreased relative to that day's morning levels. The improved affect immediately after use suggests a mechanism of positive reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Testa
- Department of Psychology and Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States.
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Psychology and Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
| | - Jaye L Derrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204-5022, United States
| | - Whitney C Brown
- Department of Psychology and Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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Boumparis N, Loheide-Niesmann L, Blankers M, Ebert DD, Korf D, Schaub MP, Spijkerman R, Tait RJ, Riper H. Short- and long-term effects of digital prevention and treatment interventions for cannabis use reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:82-94. [PMID: 31112834 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent Cannabis use has been linked to a variety of negative mental, physical, and social consequences. We assessed the effects of digital prevention and treatment interventions on Cannabis use reduction in comparison with control conditions. METHODS Systematic review with two separate meta-analyses. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria for the review, and 21 were included in the meta-analyses. Primary outcome was self-reported Cannabis use at post-treatment and follow-up. Hedges's g was calculated for all comparisons with non-active control. Risk of bias was examined with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS The systematic review included 10 prevention interventions targeting 8138 participants (aged 12 to 20) and 20 treatment interventions targeting 5195 Cannabis users (aged 16 to 40). The meta-analyses showed significantly reduced Cannabis use at post-treatment in the prevention interventions (6 studies, N = 2564, g = 0.33; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.54, p = 0.001) and in the treatment interventions (17 comparisons, N = 3813, g = 0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.22, p = 0.02) as compared with controls. The effects of prevention interventions were maintained at follow-ups of up to 12 months (5 comparisons, N = 2445, g = 0.22; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.33, p < 0.001) but were no longer statistically significant for treatment interventions. CONCLUSIONS Digital prevention and treatment interventions showed small, significant reduction effects on Cannabis use in diverse target populations at post-treatment compared to controls. For prevention interventions, the post-treatment effects were maintained at follow-up up to 12 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Boumparis
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Loheide-Niesmann
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Blankers
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Klaprozenweg 111, 1033 NN Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Trimbos Institute - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David D Ebert
- Friedrich-Alexander University Nuremberg-Erlangen, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Schlossplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Korf
- Bonger Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1030, 1000 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P Schaub
- Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction ISGF, University of Zurich, Konradstrasse 32, 8031 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renske Spijkerman
- Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC), Brijder Addiction Care, PO Box 53002, 2505 AA The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Tait
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Australia
| | - Heleen Riper
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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40
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Goodhines PA, Gellis LA, Ansell EB, Park A. Cannabis and alcohol use for sleep aid: A daily diary investigation. Health Psychol 2019; 38:1036-1047. [PMID: 31169378 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One in 5 college students use substances such as cannabis and/or alcohol to help sleep. Despite this high prevalence of sleep aid use, there remains a lack of research on the potential day-to-day sleep- and substance-related consequences. The current study examined associations of cannabis and alcohol sleep aid use with subsequent sleep and substance use consequences among college students. METHOD Of a baseline sample of 217 college students endorsing past-month cannabis and/or alcohol use (1% cannabis only, 42% alcohol only, 58% both), 83 students endorsing past-month cannabis and/or alcohol use for sleep aid (Mage = 19.33 [SD = 1.11], 30% male, 72% White) completed online questionnaires for 14 consecutive days to report daily sleep, substance use, and negative substance consequences. RESULTS Multilevel models demonstrated that nights of cannabis sleep aid use predicted longer same-night sleep duration, shorter same-night wake time after sleep onset, and greater next-day daytime fatigue within person, after controlling for daily cannabis frequency. Alcohol sleep aid use was not associated with sleep-related outcomes or negative drinking consequences after controlling for daily alcohol quantity; these null results may be due to a low frequency of alcohol sleep aid use (1% of observations) over 14 days of assessment. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight daytime fatigue as a potential adverse short-term outcome of cannabis sleep aid use, despite its proximal sleep-related benefits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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41
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Jones A, Remmerswaal D, Verveer I, Robinson E, Franken IHA, Wen CKF, Field M. Compliance with ecological momentary assessment protocols in substance users: a meta-analysis. Addiction 2019; 114:609-619. [PMID: 30461120 PMCID: PMC6492133 DOI: 10.1111/add.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While there are considerable benefits to Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), poor compliance with assessment protocols has been identified as a limitation, particularly in substance users. Our aim was to identify the pooled compliance rate of EMA studies in substance users and examine variables that may influence compliance with EMA protocols, such as the length and frequency of assessments. DESIGN A meta-analysis and meta-regression of all possible studies (randomized controlled trials and longitudinal) which incorporated EMA protocols, examining substance use. SETTING Studies took place from 1998 to 2017, in numerous countries world-wide. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and twenty-six studies were identified, contributing a total of 19 431 participants (52.32% male, mean age = 28.86). MEASUREMENTS Compliance data, the proportion of responses to the study protocol, were extracted from each study alongside prompt frequency, total length of assessment period, substance use population and device used to administer EMA prompts. FINDINGS The pooled compliance rate across all studies was 75.06% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 72.37%, 77.65%]. There was no evidence that compliance rates were significantly associated with prompt frequency [Q(3) = 7.35, P = 0.061], length of assessment period [Q(2) = 2.40, P = 0.301], substance type [Q(3) = 6.30, P = 0.098] or device administration [Q(4) = 4.28, P = 0.369]. However, dependent samples (69.80%) had lower compliance rates than non-dependent samples [76.02%; Q(1) = 4.13, P = 0.042]. CONCLUSIONS The pooled compliance rate for Ecological Momentary Assessment studies in substance-using populations from 1998 to 2017 was lower than the recommended rate of 80%, and was not associated with frequency or duration of assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jones
- Psychological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), LiverpoolUK
| | - Danielle Remmerswaal
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child StudiesErasmus UniversityRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ilse Verveer
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child StudiesErasmus UniversityRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Robinson
- Psychological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), LiverpoolUK
| | - Ingmar H. A. Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child StudiesErasmus UniversityRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Cheng K. Fred Wen
- Center for Self‐Report ScienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Matt Field
- Psychological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), LiverpoolUK
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42
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Cavalcanti JG, Moura GBD, Pimentel CE. Psychometric parameters of the subscale of hostility from the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90). PSICO-USF 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712019240213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The present study aimed to know the psychometric parameters of the SCL-90 hostility scale. For this, two studies were traced; In Study 1, 209 students, mean age 16 years (SD = 1.29), who responded to the Scale of Hostility and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The exploratory factorial analysis indicated a unidimensional structure, whose Cronbach’s alpha was.71. In Study 2, we sought to find additional evidence of validity and reliability counting with 212 students with a mean age of 16 years (SD = 1.19). The confirmatory factorial analysis tested the unifactorial structure and pointed to good adjustment indexes; good internal consistency and composite reliability were also observed. In general, the Scale of Hostility provided evidence of satisfactory validity and reliability.
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43
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Schuetze P, Zhao J, Eiden RD, Shisler S, Huestis MA. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana and child autonomic regulation and reactivity: An analysis of indirect pathways via maternal psychopathology and parenting. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1022-1034. [PMID: 30868568 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined a conceptual model for the associations of prenatal exposure to tobacco (PTE) and marijuana with child reactivity/regulation at 16 months of age. We hypothesized that PTE would be associated with autonomic reactivity and regulation that these associations would be indirect via maternal anger/hostility, depression/stress, or harsh parenting assessed at 2 months and that these effects would be most pronounced among children exposed to both tobacco and marijuana (PTME). Participants were 247 dyads (81 PTE, 97 PTME, and 69 nonexposed) who were followed up at 2 (N = 247) and 16 months (N = 238) of child age. Results from model testing indicated an indirect association between PTME and autonomic functioning during the second year of life, which was mediated by harsh parenting during caregiver-infant interactions. This study fills an important gap in the literature on PTE, PTME, and autonomic regulation during the toddler years, highlighting the role of maternal parenting as important intervening variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York Buffalo State, Buffalo, New York.,Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Junru Zhao
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shannon Shisler
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Thomas Jefferson, Philadelphia, PA
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44
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The association between physical pain and cannabis use in daily life: An experience sampling method. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:294-299. [PMID: 30165330 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research shows that between individuals there is a positive association between medically motivated use and cannabis use frequency and quantity. While between-subjects' analyses are useful for understanding shared vulnerabilities, research has so far not examined within-subjects' relationships which are closer to evaluating functional relationships (i.e., do individuals tend to use cannabis more heavily subsequent to elevations in pain experiences?). To better understand the association between experiences of pain and cannabis use, the current paper examines whether there is a functional within-subjects association between experiences of pain and heavy cannabis use. METHODS 182 regular cannabis users without a medical cannabis license were asked to report momentary experiences of physical pain, whether they had used cannabis, and if so, quantity consumed five times per day over a five-day period on their smartphones. Mixed effects models examined the relations between within- and between-subjects experiences of pain and cannabis use and quantity consumed. RESULTS Elevated experiences of pain were not associated with cannabis use occasions at the within- or between-subjects level. Experiences of pain were associated with greater amount of cannabis consumed at the within-subjects level, but not at the between-subjects level. CONCLUSIONS Experiences of pain are not associated with decisions about whether or not to use cannabis. Once cannabis users are in cannabis-using situations, they tend to use larger amounts when they are experiencing elevated levels of pain. This may have implications for cannabis abuse treatment as pain may make it more difficult for users to reduce their consumption.
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45
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Wycoff AM, Metrik J, Trull TJ. Affect and cannabis use in daily life: a review and recommendations for future research. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:223-233. [PMID: 30149283 PMCID: PMC6201696 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cannabis is often used for the purposes of relieving negative affective states such as anxiety and depression, the associations between cannabis use and affect in daily life are unclear. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has been used to study these associations in individuals' natural environments, providing more ecological validity, minimizing retrospective bias, and allowing for the analysis of within-individual processes over time. This review focuses on studies that utilized EMA to examine daily-life associations of cannabis use and negative and positive affective states. METHODS We review the findings of the 19 articles that met inclusion criteria, including clinical and community samples. RESULTS Results provide equivocal evidence regarding relations between cannabis use and affect for community samples. Findings are mixed for clinical samples as well, but more consistent patterns emerge for general negative affect (NA) and anger/hostility at the momentary level; cannabis use may be more likely following increased NA and lead to decreases in NA and anger/hostility in psychiatric populations. CONCLUSIONS Findings support a negative reinforcement hypothesis for clinical samples in terms of general NA and anger/hostility. However, discrepancies among studies point to a need to thoroughly characterize samples, consider motives for and expectancies of use, improve quantification of cannabis use, and consider co-use with other substances. Additional design recommendations are also offered for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Wycoff
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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46
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Stamates AL, Linden-Carmichael AN, Preonas PD, Lau-Barraco C. Testing Daily Associations between Impulsivity, Affect, and Alcohol Outcomes: A Pilot Study. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2018; 27:242-248. [PMID: 31191189 PMCID: PMC6561497 DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2018.1498846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable research has examined impulsivity between individuals, but less research has focused on whether impulsivity fluctuates within a person. Although previous research supports trait levels of impulsivity as a risk factor for increased alcohol involvement, it is unclear whether daily (i.e., state) fluctuations in impulsivity coincide with same-day drinking behaviors. The present pilot study tested (1) the extent to which impulsivity fluctuates within-person; (2) the influence of daily impulsivity on alcohol use outcomes across all days (i.e., whether drinking occurred, the number of drinks consumed, and intentions to drink) and on drinking days only (i.e., whether heavy episodic drinking occurred and the number of problems experienced); and (3) daily affect as moderators of these relationships. METHOD Participants were 24 young adult drinkers without postsecondary education who completed a baseline plus 14 follow-up daily surveys. Each day, participants reported their impulsivity, affect, and drinking behavior. RESULTS Multilevel modeling revealed that 42.5% of the variability in daily impulsivity was due to within-person differences. Impulsivity was related to greater odds of heavy episodic drinking and more alcohol-related problems on drinking days. Positive affect moderated the relationship between impulsivity and alcohol-related problems, and the relationship between impulsivity and drinking intentions. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that changes in positive affect and impulsivity may be a risk factor for alcohol problems in a daily context. Future research examining within-person impulsivity and negative outcomes may benefit from considering positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Stamates
- Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Ashley N. Linden-Carmichael
- The Pennsylvania State University, Old Main, The Methodology Center, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Peter D. Preonas
- Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, 555 Park Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
| | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Mills Godwin Building, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, 555 Park Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
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47
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Destrée L, Amiet D, Carter A, Lee R, Lorenzetti V, Segrave R, Youssef G, Solowij N, Yücel M. Exploring the association of legalisation status of cannabis with problematic cannabis use and impulsivity in the USA. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212541. [PMID: 30263037 PMCID: PMC6152614 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been an increased trend towards the legalisation of medicinal and recreational cannabis use worldwide. This has been controversial as the long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on the brain are still poorly understood. Methods In this study, we investigated whether the legal status of cannabis in the United States of America (USA) is associated with problematic cannabis use and impulsivity in 329 frequent cannabis users. The data were collected in 2015 and were analysed in 2017. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Monash University in 2015. Results The results indicated that participants’ problematic cannabis use and impulsivity was not different whether they resided in states where cannabis is legal for medical and/or recreational use or prohibited. Limitations The present study is a cross-sectional design, making it difficult to infer causality and establish whether cannabis use is a cause, consequence, or correlate of altered impulsivity. Conclusion Our study supports the notion that frequent cannabis use is associated with impulsive behaviours, whilst, conversely, we did not find an association between US state legalisation and problematic cannabis use or impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Destrée
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Amiet
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rico Lee
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Segrave
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Youssef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive & Clinical Neuroscience, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Rothman EF, Stuart GL, Temple JR, Heeren T. Alcohol, Marijuana, and Dating Abuse Perpetration by Young Adults: Results of a Daily Call Study. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:1187-1206. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801218781959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate same-day alcohol or marijuana use and dating abuse (DA) perpetration in a sample of 60 noncollege-attending young adults. Participants reported daily data for 3 months. DA perpetration was more likely on days when participants also reported alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.38, 3.42]), but analyses of the temporal order indicated that alcohol use was not a proximal predictor of DA. Same day marijuana use was not associated with elevated risk of DA perpetration (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = [0.89, 2.21]). Results suggest the alcohol–DA relationship may vary by sample and context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff R. Temple
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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49
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Brown WC, Wang W, Testa M. Alcohol and Marijuana use in Undergraduate Males: Between- and Within-Person Associations with Interpersonal Conflict. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2018; 1:48-59. [PMID: 30298142 PMCID: PMC6173484 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among college students, interpersonal conflict with others is a common, yet stressful negative interpersonal experience. Research suggests that drinking episodes may contribute to the occurrence of conflict. Marijuana use, independently or in conjunction with alcohol, may also influence the likelihood of subsequent conflict. OBJECTIVES We considered the temporal effects of independent and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use episodes on the occurrence of interpersonal conflict. Use of multilevel modeling allowed us to distinguish the within-person effects of substance use from between-person differences in frequency of use. METHODS Within a sample of 427 college freshman males over 56 days of daily reports, we examined the independent and interactive effects of episodes of alcohol and marijuana on the odds of conflict within the next 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4 hours. RESULTS Multilevel modeling analyses showed that drinking episodes increased the likelihood of conflict occurring within the next 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Marijuana had weaker positive effects, significant only within the 2 hour window. There were no alcohol by marijuana interaction effects in any analysis. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Both marijuana and alcohol independently increased the likelihood of interpersonal conflict; however, the marijuana effect appeared less robust. As marijuana use becomes more normative and accessible for college students, it is important to understand the extent to which marijuana use results in negative consequences and the contexts under which these effects unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C Brown
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Weijun Wang
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Maria Testa
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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50
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Testa M, Derrick JL, Wang W, Leonard KE, Kubiak A, Brown WC, Collins RL. Does Marijuana Contribute to Intimate Partner Aggression? Temporal Effects in a Community Sample of Marijuana-Using Couples. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:432-440. [PMID: 29885151 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although patterns of marijuana use are positively associated with intimate partner aggression, there is little evidence that episodes of marijuana use contribute to the occurrence of episodes of relationship conflict and aggression. The present ecological momentary assessment study considered the temporal relationship between marijuana use episodes and the occurrence of conflict, verbal aggression, and physical aggression between intimate partners in the next 2 hours. METHOD A sample of 183 cohabiting marijuana-using couples (ages 18-30) were recruited from the community. For 30 consecutive days, each partner independently reported episodes of marijuana use and partner conflict, including verbal and physical aggression perpetration and victimization within conflicts. Temporal associations between each partner's marijuana use and subsequent conflict and aggression were examined using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Analyses accounted for between-person effects of marijuana use frequency and total conflicts. RESULTS We observed temporal effects of actor (but not partner) marijuana use on men's and women's reports of conflict and verbal aggression perpetration and victimization within 2 hours of use. Marijuana use episodes did not alter the likelihood of physical aggression in the next 2 hours. Partner concordance in marijuana use had no effect on verbal or physical aggression or victimization. The positive temporal effects of marijuana on conflict and verbal aggression remained significant after accounting for the effect of drinking episodes. CONCLUSIONS Within generally concordant, marijuana-using young couples, marijuana use episodes contribute to the occurrence of relationship conflict and verbal aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Testa
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jaye L Derrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Weijun Wang
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kenneth E Leonard
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Audrey Kubiak
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Whitney C Brown
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York
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