1
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Ford A, Mullins ND, Balzarini J, Maguire AR. Synthesis and Evaluation of Prodrugs of α-Carboxy Nucleoside Phosphonates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14793-14808. [PMID: 36283025 PMCID: PMC9639015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A range of lipophilic prodrugs of α-carboxy nucleoside phosphonates, potent inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase without requiring prior phosphorylation, were synthesized to evaluate their in vivo potency against HIV in cell culture. A series of prodrug derivatives bearing a free carboxylic acid where the phosphonate was masked with bispivaloyloxymethyl, diisopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl, bisamidate, aryloxyphosphoramidate, hexadecyloxypropyl, CycloSal, and acycloxybenzyl moieties were synthesized, adapting existing methodologies for phosphonate protection to accommodate the adjacent carboxylic acid moiety. The prodrugs were assayed for anti-HIV activity in CEM cell cultures─the bispivaloyloxymethyl free acid monophosphonate prodrug exhibited some activity (inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) 59 ± 17 μM), while the other prodrugs were inactive at 100 μM. A racemic bispivaloyloxymethyl methyl ester monophosphonate prodrug was also prepared to assess the suitability of the methyl ester as a carboxylic acid prodrug. This compound exhibited no activity against HIV in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ford
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Nicholas D. Mullins
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland,School
of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland,
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2
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Tan S, Groaz E, Kalkeri R, Ptak R, Korba BE, Herdewijn P. Reshaping an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate into a Selective Anti-hepatitis B Virus Compound. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9396-9417. [PMID: 35754374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minor structural modifications of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates can dramatically affect their antiviral properties. This work discloses a shift in the selectivity spectrum of 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) nucleotides from herpesviruses toward hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced by their acyclic chain 2-substitution with a nonpolar group. Two series of racemic (R,S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (MHPMP) and (R,S)-2-ethynyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (EHPMP) nucleotides were initially synthesized. Among these, guanine-containing derivatives exhibited significant anti-HBV activities in the submicromolar range. Enantioenriched MHPMPG and EHPMPG analogues were subsequently obtained by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. The (S)-enantiomers possessed an 8- to 26-fold higher potency than the relative (R)-forms. A further comparison of the EC90 values indicated that (S)-EHPMPG inhibited HBV replication more effectively than its 2-methyl analogue. A phosphonodiamidate prodrug of (S)-EHPMPG was thus prepared and found to exert a remarkably high anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 9.27 nM) with excellent selectivity (SI50 > 10,787), proving to be a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Roger Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Brent E Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 20057 Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Vaňková K, Doleželová E, Tloušťová E, Hocková D, Zíková A, Janeba Z. Synthesis and anti-trypanosomal evaluation of novel N-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates bearing 7-aryl-7-deazapurine nucleobase. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114559. [PMID: 35763869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 7-aryl-7-deazaadenine-based N-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (aza-ANPs) has been prepared using the optimized Suzuki cross-coupling reaction as the key synthetic step. The final free phosphonates 15a-h were inactive, due to their inefficient transport across cell membranes, but they inhibited Trypanosoma brucei adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (TbrAPRT1) with Ki values of 1.7-14.1 μM. The corresponding phosphonodiamidate prodrugs 14a-h exhibited anti-trypanosomal activity in the Trypanosoma brucei brucei cell-based assay with EC50 values in the range of 0.58-6.8 μM. 7-(4-Methoxy)phenyl-7-deazapurine derivative 14h, containing two phosphonate moieties, was the most potent anti-trypanosomal agent from the series, with EC50 = 0.58 μM and SI = 16. Finally, phosphonodiamidate prodrugs 14a-h exerted low micromolar cytotoxicity against leukemia and/or cancer cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Vaňková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Doleželová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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4
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Lentini NA, Huang X, Schladetsch MA, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. Efficiency of bis-amidate phosphonate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 66:128724. [PMID: 35405283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bis-amidate derivatives have been viewed as attractive phosphonate prodrug forms because of their straightforward synthesis, lack of phosphorus stereochemistry, plasma stability and nontoxic amino acid metabolites. However, the efficiency of bis-amidate prodrug forms is unclear, as prior studies on this class of prodrugs have not evaluated their activation kinetics. Here, we synthetized a small panel of bis-amidate prodrugs of butyrophilin ligands as potential immunotherapy agents. These compounds were examined relative to other prodrug forms delivering the same payload for their stability in plasma and cell lysate, their ability to stimulate T cell proliferation in human PBMCs, and their activation kinetics in a leukemia co-culture model of T cell cytokine production. The bis-amidate prodrugs demonstrate high plasma stability and improved cellular phosphoantigen activity relative to the free phosphonic acid. However, the efficiency of bis-amidate activation is low relative to other prodrugs that contain at least one ester such as aryl-amidate, aryl-acyloxyalkyl ester, and bis-acyloxyalkyl ester forms. Therefore, bis-amidate prodrugs do not drive rapid cellular payload accumulation and they would be more useful for payloads in which slower, sustained-release kinetics are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Xueting Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States.
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5
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Česnek M, Šafránek M, Dračínský M, Tloušťová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Hayes MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Halogen-Dance-Based Synthesis of Phosphonomethoxyethyl (PME) Substituted 2-Aminothiazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100568. [PMID: 34636150 PMCID: PMC8741643 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) was designed as inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases (ACs), where adenine was replaced with 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles. The target compounds were prepared using the halogen dance reaction. Final AC inhibitors were evaluated in cell-based assays (prodrugs) and cell-free assays (phosphono diphosphates). Novel ANPs were potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) from Bordetella pertussis and edema factor (EF) from Bacillus anthracis, with substantial selectivity over mammalian enzymes AC1, AC2, and AC5. Six of the new ANPs were more potent or equipotent ACT inhibitors (IC50 =9-18 nM), and one of them was more potent EF inhibitor (IC50 =12 nM), compared to adefovir diphosphate (PMEApp) with IC50 =18 nM for ACT and IC50 =36 nM for EF. Thus, these compounds represent the most potent ACT/EF inhibitors based on ANPs reported to date. The potency of the phosphonodiamidates to inhibit ACT activity in J774A.1 macrophage cells was somewhat weaker, where the most potent derivative had IC50 =490 nM compared to IC50 =150 nM of the analogous adefovir phosphonodiamidate. The results suggest that more efficient type of phosphonate prodrugs would be desirable to increase concentrations of the ANP-based active species in the cells in order to proceed with the development of ANPs as potential antitoxin therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 16000, Prague 6 (Czech
Republic
| | - Michal Šafránek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 16000, Prague 6 (Czech
Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 16000, Prague 6 (Czech
Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 16000, Prague 6 (Czech
Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 16000, Prague 6 (Czech
Republic
| | - Michael P. Hayes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West
Lafayette, IN – 47907 (USA)
| | - Val J. Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West
Lafayette, IN – 47907 (USA)
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, 16000, Prague 6 (Czech
Republic
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6
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Krečmerová M, Majer P, Rais R, Slusher BS. Phosphonates and Phosphonate Prodrugs in Medicinal Chemistry: Past Successes and Future Prospects. Front Chem 2022; 10:889737. [PMID: 35668826 PMCID: PMC9163707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with a phosphonate group, i.e., -P(O)(OH)2 group attached directly to the molecule via a P-C bond serve as suitable non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics in various biomedical applications. In principle, they often inhibit enzymes utilizing various phosphates as substrates. In this review we focus mainly on biologically active phosphonates that originated from our institute (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague); i.e., acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, e.g., adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir) and derivatives of non-nucleoside phosphonates such as 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Principal strategies of their syntheses and modifications to prodrugs is reported. Besides clinically used ANP antivirals, a special attention is paid to new biologically active molecules with respect to emerging infections and arising resistance of many pathogens against standard treatments. These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called "open-ring" derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs. When transformed into an appropriate prodrug by derivatizing their charged functionalities, all these compounds show promising potential to become drug candidates for the treatment of viral infections. ANP prodrugs with suitable pharmacokinetics include amino acid phosphoramidates, pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) esters, alkyl and alkoxyalkyl esters, salicylic esters, (methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl) methyl (ODOL) esters and peptidomimetic prodrugs. We also focus on the story of cytostatics related to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine and its prodrugs which eventually led to development of the veterinary drug rabacfosadine. Various new ANP structures are also currently investigated as antiparasitics, especially antimalarial agents e.g., guanine and hypoxanthine derivatives with 2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl moiety, their thia-analogues and N-branched derivatives. In addition to ANPs and their analogs, we also describe prodrugs of 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors, including 2-PMPA have been found efficacious in various preclinical models of neurological disorders which are caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Unfortunately its highly polar character and hence low bioavailability severely limits its potential for clinical use. To overcome this problem, various prodrug strategies have been used to mask carboxylates and/or phosphonate functionalities with pivaloyloxymethyl, POC, ODOL and alkyl esters. Chemistry and biological characterization led to identification of prodrugs with 44-80 fold greater oral bioavailability (tetra-ODOL-2-PMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marcela Krečmerová,
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, Oncology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Variability in the response of HBV D-subgenotypes to antiviral therapy: designing pan D-subgenotypic reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol 2021; 96:e0180021. [PMID: 34730399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01800-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are recommended as first-line monotherapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Multiple HBV genotypes/subgenotypes have been described, but their impact on treatment response remains largely elusive. We investigated the effectiveness of ETV/TDF on HBV/D-subgenotypes, D1/D2/D3/D5, studied the structural/functional differences in subgenotype-specific reverse transcriptase (RT) domains of viral polymerase and identified novel molecules with robust inhibitory activity on various D-subgenotypes. Transfection of Huh7 cells with full-length D1/D2/D3/D5 and in vitro TDF/ETV susceptibility assays demonstrated that D1/D2 had greater susceptibility to TDF/ETV while D3/D5 exhibited poorer response. Additionally, HBV load was substantially reduced in TDF-treated CHB patients carrying D1/D2 but minimally reduced in D3/D5-infected patients. Comparison of RT sequences of D-subgenotypes led to identification of unique subgenotype-specific residues and molecular modeling/docking/simulation studies depicted differential bindings of TDF/ETV to the active site of their respective RTs. Replacement of signature residues in D3/D5 HBV clones with corresponding amino acids seen in D1/D2 improved their susceptibility to TDF/ETV. Using high throughput virtual screening, we identified N(9)-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] (FPMP) derivatives of purine bases, including N6-substituted (S)-FPMP derivative of 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) (OB-123-VK), as potential binders of RT of different D-subgenotypes. We synthesized (S)-FPMPG prodrugs (FK-381-FEE/FK-381-SEE/FK-382) and tested their effectiveness along with OB-123-VK. Both OB-123-VK and FK-381-FEE exerted similar antiviral activities against all D-subgenotypes, although FK-381-FEE was more potent. Our study highlighted the natural variation in therapeutic response of D1/D2/D3/D5 and emphasized the need for HBV subgenotype determination before treatment. Novel molecules described here could benefit future design/discovery of pan-D-subgenotypic inhibitors. Importance: Current treatment of chronic hepatitis B relies heavily on nucleotide/nucleoside analogs in particular, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) to keep HBV replication under control and prevent end-stage liver diseases. However, it was unclear whether the therapeutic effects of TDF/ETV differ among patients infected with different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes. HBV genotype D is the most widespread of all HBV genotypes and multiple D-subgenotypes have been described. We here report that different subgenotypes of HBV genotype-D exhibit variable response towards TDF and ETV and this could be attributed to naturally occurring amino acid changes in the reverse transcriptase domain of the subgenotype-specific polymerase. Further, we identified novel molecules and also synthesized prodrugs that are equally effective on different D-subgenotypes and could facilitate management of HBV/D-infected patients irrespective of D-subgenotype.
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8
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Břehová P, Chaloupecká E, Česnek M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Tloušťová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Soto-Velasquez MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 2-aminothiazole base as inhibitors of bacterial and mammalian adenylate cyclases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113581. [PMID: 34102377 PMCID: PMC8373703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) was synthesized as potential adenylate cyclase inhibitors, where the adenine nucleobase of adefovir (PMEA) was replaced with a 5-substituted 2-aminothiazole moiety. The design was based on the structure of MB05032, a potent and selective inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and a good mimic of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). From the series of eighteen novel ANPs, which were prepared as phosphoroamidate prodrugs, fourteen compounds were potent (single digit micromolar or submicromolar) inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), mostly without observed cytotoxicity in J774A.1 macrophage cells. Selected phosphono diphosphates (nucleoside triphosphate analogues) were potent inhibitors of ACT (IC50 as low as 37 nM) and B. anthracis edema factor (IC50 as low as 235 nM) in enzymatic assays. Furthermore, several ANPs were found to be selective mammalian AC1 inhibitors in HEK293 cell-based assays (although with some associated cytotoxicity) and one compound exhibited selective inhibition of mammalian AC2 (only 12% of remaining adenylate cyclase activity) but no observed cytotoxicity. The mammalian AC1 inhibitors may represent potential leads in development of agents for treatment of human inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Chaloupecká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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9
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Frydrych J, Keough DT, Chavchich M, Travis J, Dračínský M, Edstein MD, Guddat LW, Hocková D, Janeba Z. Nucleotide analogues containing a pyrrolidine, piperidine or piperazine ring: Synthesis and evaluation of inhibition of plasmodial and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases and in vitro antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113416. [PMID: 33887682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the Plasmodium genus are unable to produce purine nucleotides de novo and depend completely on the salvage pathway. This fact makes plasmodial hypoxanthine-guanine-(xanthine) phosphoribosyltransferase [HG(X)PRT] a valuable target for development of antimalarial agents. A series of nucleotide analogues was designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum HGXPRT, P. vivax HGPRT and human HGPRT. These novel nucleoside phosphonates have a pyrrolidine, piperidine or piperazine ring incorporated into the linker connecting the purine base to a phosphonate group(s) and exhibited a broad range of Ki values between 0.15 and 72 μM. The corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs, able to cross cell membranes, have been synthesized and evaluated in a P. falciparum infected human erythrocyte assay. Of the eight prodrugs evaluated seven exhibited in vitro antimalarial activity with IC50 values within the range of 2.5-12.1 μM. The bis-phosphoramidate prodrug 13a with a mean (SD) IC50 of 2.5 ± 0.7 μM against the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum W2 strain exhibited low cytotoxicity in the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell lines at a concentration of 100 μM suggesting good selectivity for further structure-activity relationship investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frydrych
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4068, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Jye Travis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4068, Australia; Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4068, Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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10
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Groaz E, De Jonghe S. Overview of Biologically Active Nucleoside Phosphonates. Front Chem 2021; 8:616863. [PMID: 33490040 PMCID: PMC7821050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.616863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the phosphonate motif featuring a carbon-phosphorous bond as bioisosteric replacement of the labile P–O bond is widely recognized as an attractive structural concept in different areas of medicinal chemistry, since it addresses the very fundamental principles of enzymatic stability and minimized metabolic activation. This review discusses the most influential successes in drug design with special emphasis on nucleoside phosphonates and their prodrugs as antiviral and cancer treatment agents. A description of structurally related analogs able to interfere with the transmission of other infectious diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and parasites will then follow. Finally, molecules acting as agonists/antagonists of P2X and P2Y receptors along with nucleotidase inhibitors will also be covered. This review aims to guide readers through the fundamentals of nucleoside phosphonate therapeutics in order to inspire the future design of molecules to target infections that are refractory to currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Khan R, Ulusan S, Banerjee S, Dogan Ö. Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activities of Novel Aziridinyl Phosphonic Acid Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900375. [PMID: 31512351 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New aziridine 2-phosphonic acids were prepared by monohydrolysis of the aziridine 2-phosphonates that were obtained by the modified Gabriel-Cromwell reaction of vinyl phosphonate or α-tosylvinyl phosphonate with a primary amine or a chiral amine. The cellular cytotoxicity of these compounds was tested against the HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and the CCD-18Co normal colon fibroblast lines using the MTT assay. Three of the synthesized phosphonic acid derivatives 2e (ethyl hydrogen {(2S)-1-[(1S)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethyl]aziridin-2-yl}phosphonate), 2h (ethyl hydrogen (1-benzylaziridin-2-yl)phosphonate), and 2i (ethyl hydrogen (1-cyclohexylaziridin-2-yl)phosphonate) showed higher cytotoxicity than the reference cancer treatment agent etoposide. Cell death was through a robust induction of apoptosis even more effectively than etoposide, a well-known apoptosis inducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ulusan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özdemir Dogan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Lentini NA, Hsiao CHC, Crull GB, Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Alanyl Phosphonamidate Stereoisomers Derived from a Butyrophilin Ligand. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1284-1289. [PMID: 31531198 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryloxy phosphonamidate derivatives of a butyrophilin 3A1 ligand are stimulants of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. However, when bonded to an aryl ester and an amine, the phosphorus is stereogenic, and past compounds were studied as racemates. To determine the impact of stereochemistry on the activity, we now have prepared phosphonate derivatives of l- and d-alanine ethyl ester, separated the diastereomers, and evaluated their biological activity as single stereoisomers. The results demonstrate that phosphonamidates substituted with l-alanine stimulate Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells at lower concentrations than the racemic glycine counterpart, while those derived from d-alanine require higher concentrations. All four diastereomers are more active than charged phosphoantigens such as HMBPP. Surprisingly, only a 2-fold difference was observed between the l-alanine phosphorus isomers, with the R P isomer more potent. This suggests that the small phosphoantigen scaffold reduces but does not eliminate dependence upon phosphorus stereochemistry for cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - George B. Crull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
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13
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Pomeisl K, Krečmerová M, Pohl R, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Synthesis of fluorinated acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine base moiety. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:130529. [PMID: 32287433 PMCID: PMC7111758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With respect to the strong antiviral activity of (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-azacytosine various types of its side chain fluorinated analogues were prepared. The title compound, (S)-1-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-azacytosine (FPMP-5-azaC) was synthesised by the condensation reaction of (S)-2-[(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)methoxy)-3-fluoropropyl p-toluenesulfonate with a sodium salt of 5-azacytosine followed by separation of appropriate N1 and O2 regioisomers and ester hydrolysis. Transformations of FPMP-5-azaC to its 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytosine counterpart, amino acid phosphoramidate prodrugs and systems with an annelated five-membered imidazole ring, i.e. imidazo [1,2-a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives were also carried out. 1-(2-Phosphonomethoxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-5-azacytosine was prepared from 5-azacytosine and trifluoromethyloxirane to form 1-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-5-azacytosine which was treated with diisopropyl bromomethanephosphonate followed by deprotection of esters. Antiviral activity of all newly prepared compounds was studied. FPMP-5-azaC diisopropyl ester inhibited the replication of herpes viruses with EC50 values that were about three times higher than that of the reference anti-HCMV drug ganciclovir without displaying cytotoxicity. 5-Azacytosine acyclic nucleoside phosphonates fluorinated in the aliphatic side chain have been synthesized. Stabilized analogues with 5,6-dihydro arrangement and/or with an annelated five-membered ring were also prepared. Diisopropyl phosphonate esters were converted to amino acid amidate prodrugs. In most cases, antiviral activity of the compounds was only marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Pomeisl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Baszczyňski O, Kaiser MM, Česnek M, Břehová P, Jansa P, Procházková E, Dračínský M, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Janeba Z. Xanthine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with potent antiviral activity against varicella-zoster virus and human cytomegalovirus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2019; 26:2040206618813050. [PMID: 30497281 PMCID: PMC6287304 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618813050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While noncanonic xanthine nucleotides XMP/dXMP play an important role in balancing and maintaining intracellular purine nucleotide pool as well as in potential mutagenesis, surprisingly, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates bearing a xanthine nucleobase have not been studied so far for their antiviral properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of xanthine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates and evaluation of their activity against a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses. Two acyclic nucleoside phosphonates within the series, namely 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]xanthine (PMEX) and 9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]xanthine (HPMPX), were shown to possess activity against several human herpesviruses. The most potent compound was PMEX, a xanthine analogue of adefovir (PMEA). PMEX exhibited a single digit µM activity against VZV (EC50 = 2.6 µM, TK+ Oka strain) and HCMV (EC50 = 8.5 µM, Davis strain), while its hexadecyloxypropyl monoester derivative was active against HSV-1 and HSV-2 (EC50 values between 1.8 and 4.0 µM). In contrast to acyclovir, PMEX remained active against the TK- VZV 07-1 strain with EC50 = 4.58 µM. PMEX was suggested to act as an inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and represents the first reported xanthine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with potent antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Snoeck
- 2 Laboratory of Virology and Chemotheraphy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- 2 Laboratory of Virology and Chemotheraphy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Česnek M, Skácel J, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Soto-Velasquez MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Nucleobase Modified Adefovir (PMEA) Analogues as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclases from Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1779-1796. [PMID: 29968968 PMCID: PMC6415679 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 13 acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) as bisamidate prodrugs was prepared. Five compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic and selective inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) in J774A.1 macrophage cell-based assays. The 8-aza-7-deazapurine derivative of adefovir (PMEA) was found to be the most potent ACT inhibitor in the series (IC50 =16 nm) with substantial selectivity over mammalian adenylate cyclases (mACs). AC inhibitory properties of the most potent analogues were confirmed by direct evaluation of the corresponding phosphonodiphosphates in cell-free assays and were found to be potent inhibitors of both ACT and edema factor (EF) from Bacillus anthracis (IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 21 nm). Moreover, 7-halo-7-deazapurine analogues of PMEA were discovered to be potent and selective mammalian AC1 inhibitors (no inhibition of AC2 and AC5) with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 to 5.6 μm in HEK293 cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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16
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Pileggi E, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Preparation of Pyrimidine Alkenyl Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonoamidates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 74:e56. [DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pileggi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University; Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University; Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University; Cardiff United Kingdom
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17
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Kaiser MM, Novák P, Rosenbergová Š, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Rosenberg I, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Bearing (R
)- or (S
)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonoethoxy)propyl] (HPEP) Moiety as Monomers for the Synthesis of Modified Oligonucleotides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Rosenbergová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rosenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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18
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Pileggi E, Serpi M, Andrei G, Schols D, Snoeck R, Pertusati F. Expedient synthesis and biological evaluation of alkenyl acyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3596-3609. [PMID: 29880251 PMCID: PMC7126595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of phosphonoamidate prodrugs (ProTides) of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANPs) is highlighted by the approval of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate for the treatment of HIV and HBV infections. In the present paper we are reporting an expedient, one-pot, two-steps synthesis of allyl phosphonoamidates and diamidates that offers a time saving strategy when compared to literature methods. The use of these substrates in the cross metathesis reactions with alkenyl functionalised thymine and uracil nucleobases is reported. ANPs prodrugs synthesized via this methodology were evaluated for their antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses. It is anticipated that the use of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-napthyl as aryloxy moiety is capable to confer antiviral activity among a series of otherwise inactive uracil ProTides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pileggi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
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19
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De Clercq E. Tanovea® for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:265-269. [PMID: 29778492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tanovea® (first named GS-9219, then VDC-1101, generic name: rabacfosadine) is a pro-prodrug or "double" prodrug of PMEG [9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine], which has been conditionally approved by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs. Tanovea has been demonstrated to be effective against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in dogs, as well as canine cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, spontaneous canine multiple myeloma, naïve canine multicentric lymphoma and relapsed canine B-cell lymphoma. As a double prodrug of PMEG, GS-9219 is first converted intracellularly by hydrolysis to cPr-PMEDAP, then deaminated to PMEG, which is then phosphorylated twice to its active metabolite PMEGpp, acting at the level of the cellular DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Sharma R, Pramanik MM, Chandramouli B, Rastogi N, Kumar N. Understanding organellar protein folding capacities and assessing their pharmacological modulation by small molecules. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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21
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Frydrych J, Skácel J, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Gnanasekaran R, Lepšík M, Soto-Velasquez M, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Synthesis of α-Branched Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:199-206. [PMID: 29235265 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF), key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase activity, represents a potential method for treating or preventing toxemia related to whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. Novel α-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) having a hemiaminal ether moiety were synthesized as potential inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases. ANPs prepared as bisamidates were not cytotoxic, but did not exhibit any profound activity (IC50 >10 μm) toward ACT in J774A.1 macrophages. The apparent lack of activity of the bisamidates is speculated to be due to the inefficient formation of the biologically active species (ANPpp) in the cells. Conversely, two 5-haloanthraniloyl-substituted ANPs in the form of diphosphates were shown to be potent ACT and EF inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 55 to 362 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frydrych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ramachandran Gnanasekaran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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22
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Špaček P, Keough DT, Chavchich M, Dračínský M, Janeba Z, Naesens L, Edstein MD, Guddat LW, Hocková D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Asymmetric Acyclic Nucleoside Bisphosphonates as Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Human Hypoxanthine–Guanine–(Xanthine) Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7539-7554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Špaček
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Laboratory
of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research—KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Synthesis and evaluation of symmetric acyclic nucleoside bisphosphonates as inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases and the antimalarial activity of their prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4008-4030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Krečmerová M, Dračínský M, Snoeck R, Balzarini J, Pomeisl K, Andrei G. New prodrugs of two pyrimidine acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: Synthesis and antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4637-4648. [PMID: 28757102 PMCID: PMC7126465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidine (PMEO-DAPy) and 1-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-5-azacytosine (PME-5-azaC) prodrugs were prepared with a pro-moiety consisting of carbonyloxymethyl esters (POM, POC), alkoxyalkyl esters, amino acid phosphoramidates and/or tyrosine. The activity of the prodrugs was evaluated in vitro against different virus families. None of the synthesized prodrugs demonstrated activity against RNA viruses but some of them proved active against herpesviruses [including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)]. The bis(POC) and the bis(amino acid) phosphoramidate prodrugs of PMEO-DAPy inhibited herpesvirus replication at lower doses than the parent compound although the selectivity against HSV and VZV was only slightly improved compared to PMEO-DAPy. The mono-octadecyl ester of PME-5-azaC emerged as the most potent and selective PME-5-azaC prodrug against HSV, VZV and HCMV with EC50’s of 0.15–1.12 µM while PME-5-azaC only had marginal anti-herpesvirus activity. Although the bis(hexadecylamido-l-tyrosyl) and the bis(POM) esters of PME-5-azaC were also very potent anti-herpesvirus drugs, these were less selective than the mono-octadecyl ester prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Pomeisl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Luo M, Groaz E, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Kalkeri R, Ptak RG, Hartman T, Buckheit RW, Schols D, De Jonghe S, Herdewijn P. Expanding the Antiviral Spectrum of 3-Fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates: Diamyl Aspartate Amidate Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6220-6238. [PMID: 28682067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleosides containing a 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (FPMP) side chain are known to be moderately potent antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents, while being completely devoid of antiviral activity against a wide range of DNA viruses. The derivatization of the phosphonic acid functionality of FPMPs with a diamyl aspartate phenoxyamidate group led to a novel generation of compounds that not only demonstrate drastically improved antiretroviral potency but also are characterized by an expanded spectrum of activity that also covers hepatitis B and herpes viruses. The best compound, the (S)-FPMPA amidate prodrug, exerts anti-HIV-1 activity in TZM-bl and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at low nanomolar concentrations and displays excellent potency against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This prodrug is stable in acid and human plasma media, but it is efficiently processed in human liver microsomes with a half-life of 2 min. The (R) isomeric guanine derivative emerged as a selectively active anti-HIV and anti-HBV inhibitor, while being nontoxic to human hepatoblastoma cells. Notably, the pyrimidine containing prodrug (S)-Asp-FPMPC is the only congener within this series to demonstrate micromolar antihuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute , 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Roger G Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute , 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Tracy Hartman
- Anti-Infective Research, ImQuest BioSciences , Frederick, Maryland 21704, United States
| | - Robert W Buckheit
- Anti-Infective Research, ImQuest BioSciences , Frederick, Maryland 21704, United States
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 bus 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pertusati F, Serafini S, Albadry N, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Phosphonoamidate prodrugs of C5-substituted pyrimidine acyclic nucleosides for antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:262-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Gałȩzowska J, Czapor-Irzabek H, Janicki R, Chmielewska E, Janek T. New aspects of coordination chemistry and biological activity of NTMP-related diphosphonates containing a heterocyclic ring. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two aminodiphosphonic chelating agents are studied toward a series of metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+) to give a thermodynamic picture of their binding abilities and the influence of free ligands and their complexes on human melanoma and human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gałȩzowska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wroclaw
- Poland
| | - H. Czapor-Irzabek
- Laboratory of Elemental Analysis and Structural Research
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wroclaw
- Poland
| | - R. Janicki
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- F. Joliot-Curie 14
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - E. Chmielewska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- Wrocław
- Poland
| | - T. Janek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wroclaw
- Poland
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29
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Břehová P, Šmídková M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Velasquez MPS, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potent Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2534-2546. [PMID: 27775243 PMCID: PMC5198786 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) are key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. There is an urgent need to develop potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial ACs with prospects for the development of potential antibacterial therapeutics and to study their molecular interactions with the target enzymes. Novel fluorescent 5-chloroanthraniloyl-substituted acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (Cl-ANT-ANPs) were designed and synthesized in the form of their diphosphates (Cl-ANT-ANPpp) as competitive ACT and EF inhibitors with sub-micromolar potency (IC50 values: 11-622 nm). Fluorescence experiments indicated that Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues bind to the ACT active site, and docking studies suggested that the Cl-ANT group interacts with Phe306 and Leu60. Interestingly, the increase in direct fluorescence with Cl-ANT-ANPpp having an ester linker was strictly calmodulin (CaM)-dependent, whereas Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues with an amide linker, upon binding to ACT, increased the fluorescence even in the absence of CaM. Such a dependence of binding on structural modification could be exploited in the future design of potent inhibitors of bacterial ACs. Furthermore, one Cl-ANT-ANP in the form of a bisamidate prodrug was able to inhibit B. pertussis ACT activity in macrophage cells with IC50 =12 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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31
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Yellepeddi VK, Palakurthi S. Recent Advances in Topical Ocular Drug Delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:67-82. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Kashyap Yellepeddi
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas
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32
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Kaiser MM, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Dračínský M, Lee YJ, Tian Y, Janeba Z. Synthesis and biological properties of prodrugs of (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:374-380. [PMID: 26706348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lack of antiviral activity of recently described (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid, or (S)-CPMEA in brief, has been speculated to possibly be due to the increased hydrophilicity of the molecule and, thus, by its limited cellular permeability. Efficient syntheses of novel lipophilic prodrugs of (S)-CPMEA masking either the carboxylic group or preferably both the phosphonate and carboxylic moieties, have been developed in order to increase bioavailability of the parent compound. Two prodrugs of (S)-CPMEA, namely phosphonate bis-amidate 15 and phenyloxy amidate 16, exhibited pan-genotypic anti-HCV activity at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Yang Tian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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33
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Phosphonylated Acyclic Guanosine Analogues with the 1,2,3-Triazole Linker. Molecules 2015; 20:18789-807. [PMID: 26501246 PMCID: PMC6332235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of {4-[(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}alkylphosphonates and {4-[(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}alkylphosphonates as acyclic analogues of guanosine were synthesized and assessed for antiviral activity against a broad range of DNA and RNA viruses and for their cytostatic activity toward three cancerous cell lines (HeLa, L1210 and CEM). They were devoid of antiviral activity; however, several phosphonates were found slightly cytostatic against HeLa cells at an IC50 in the 80–210 µM range. Compounds (1R,2S)-17k and (1S,2S)-17k showed the highest inhibitory effects (IC50 = 15–30 µM) against the proliferation of murine leukemia (L1210) and human T-lymphocyte (CEM) cell lines.
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34
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Kaiser MM, Hocková D, Wang TH, Dračínský M, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Procházková E, Edstein MD, Chavchich M, Keough DT, Guddat LW, Janeba Z. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Inhibitors ofPlasmodium falciparumand Human 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1707-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Hocková D, Janeba Z, Naesens L, Edstein MD, Chavchich M, Keough DT, Guddat LW. Antimalarial activity of prodrugs of N-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonate inhibitors of 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5502-10. [PMID: 26275679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) that contain a 6-oxopurine base are good inhibitors of the human and Plasmodium falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs), key enzymes of the purine salvage pathway. Chemical modifications, based on the crystal structures of several inhibitors in complex with the human PRTase, led to the design of a new class of inhibitors--the aza-ANPs. Because of the negative charges of the phosphonic acid moiety, their ability to cross cell membranes is, however, limited. Thus, phosphoramidate prodrugs of the aza-ANPs were prepared to improve permeability. These prodrugs arrest parasitemia with IC50 values in the micromolar range against Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte cultures (both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Pf strains). The prodrugs exhibit low cytotoxicity in several human cell lines. Thus, they fulfill two essential criteria to qualify them as promising antimalarial drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, QLD 4051, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, QLD 4051, Australia
| | - Dianne T Keough
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia.
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36
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Česnek M, Jansa P, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Brust TF, Pávek P, Trejtnar F, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Bisamidate Prodrugs of 2-Substituted 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir) as Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin from Bordetella pertussis. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1351-64. [PMID: 26136378 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel small-molecule agents to treat Bordetella pertussis infections are highly desirable, as pertussis (whooping cough) remains a serious health threat worldwide. In this study, a series of 2-substituted derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir), in their isopropyl ester bis(L-phenylalanine) prodrug form, were designed and synthesized as potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) isolated from B. pertussis. The series consists of PMEA analogues bearing either a linear or branched aliphatic chain or a heteroatom at the C2 position of the purine moiety. Compounds with a small C2 substituent showed high potency against ACT without cytotoxic effects as well as good selectivity over human adenylate cyclase isoforms AC1, AC2, and AC5. The most potent ACT inhibitor was found to be the bisamidate prodrug of the 2-fluoro PMEA derivative (IC50 =0.145 μM). Although the bisamidate prodrugs reported herein exhibit overall lower activity than the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrug (adefovir dipivoxil), their toxicity and plasma stability profiles are superior. Furthermore, the bisamidate prodrug was shown to be more stable in plasma than in macrophage homogenate, indicating that the free phosphonate can be effectively distributed to target tissues, such as the lungs. Thus, ACT inhibitors based on acyclic nucleoside phosphonates may represent a new strategy to treat whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 (USA)
| | - Petr Pávek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic).,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - František Trejtnar
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 (USA)
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic).
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37
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Eng WS, Hocková D, Špaček P, Janeba Z, West NP, Woods K, Naesens LMJ, Keough DT, Guddat LW. First Crystal Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferase: Complexes with GMP and Pyrophosphate and with Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Whose Prodrugs Have Antituberculosis Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4822-38. [PMID: 25915781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease affecting millions of lives. Because of emerging resistance to current medications, new therapeutic drugs are needed. One potential new target is hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (MtHGPRT), a key enzyme of the purine salvage pathway. Here, newly synthesized acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) have been shown to be competitive inhibitors of MtHGPRT with Ki values as low as 0.69 μM. Prodrugs of these compounds arrest the growth of a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis with MIC50 values as low as 4.5 μM and possess low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells (CC50 values as high as >300 μM). In addition, the first crystal structures of MtHGPRT (2.03-2.76 Å resolution) have been determined, three of these in complex with novel ANPs and one with GMP and pyrophosphate. These data provide a solid foundation for the further development of ANPs as selective inhibitors of MtHGPRT and as antituberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Soon Eng
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Špaček
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas P West
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Kyra Woods
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Lieve M J Naesens
- §Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dianne T Keough
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
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38
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Pertusati F, McGuigan C, Serpi M. Symmetrical diamidate prodrugs of nucleotide analogues for drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 60:15.6.1-15.6.10. [PMID: 25754890 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1506s60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of pronucleotides to circumvent the well-known drawbacks of nucleotide analogs has played a significant role in the area of antiviral and anticancer drug delivery. Several motifs have been designed to mask the negative charges on the phosphorus moiety of either nucleoside monophosphates or nucleoside phosphonates, in order to increase their hydrophobicity and allow entry of the compound into the cell. Among them the bis-amidate analogs, having two identical amino acids as masking groups through a P-N bond, represent a more recent approach for the delivery of nucleotide analogs, endowed with antiviral or anticancer activity. Different synthetic strategies are commonly used for preparing phosphorodiamidates of nucleosides. In this protocol, we would like to focus on the description of the synthetic methodology that in our hand gave the best results using 2'-3'-didehydro-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T, Stavudine) as model nucleoside. A second strategy for preparing diamidates of nucleoside phosphonates will be reported using {[2-(6-amino-9 H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy]methyl}phosphonic acid (PMEA, adefovir) as model substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, United Kingdom
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39
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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40
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Sekhar KC, Syed R, Golla M, Kumar M V J, Yellapu NK, Chippada AR, Chamarthi NR. Novel heteroaryl phosphonicdiamides PTPs inhibitors as anti-hyperglycemic agents. Daru 2014; 22:76. [PMID: 25542373 PMCID: PMC4305230 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-014-0076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic and oral administration of benzylamine improves glucose tolerance. Picolylamine is a selective functional antagonist of the human adenosine A2B receptor. Phosphonic diamide derivatives enhance the cellular permeability and in turn their biological activities. METHODS A series of heteroaryl phosphonicdiamide derivatives were designed as therapeutics to control and manage type2 diabetes. Initially defined Lipinski parameters encouraged them as safer drugs. Molecular docking of these compounds against Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), the potential therapeutic target of type 2 diabetes, revealed their potential binding ability explaining their anti-diabetic activity in terms of PTP inhibition. Human intestinal absorption, Caco-2 cell permeability, MDCK cell permeability, BBB penetration, skin permeability and plasma protein binding abilities of the title compounds were calculated by PreADMET server. A convenient method has been developed for the synthesis of title compounds through the formation of 1-ethoxy-N,N'-bis(4-fluorobenzyl/pyridin-3-ylmethyl)phosphinediamine by the reaction of 4-fluorobenzylamine/ 3-picolylamine with ethyldichlorophosphite, subsequently reacted with heteroaryl halides using lanthanum(III) chloride as a catalyst. RESULTS All the compounds exhibited significant in vitro anti-oxidant activity and in vivo evaluation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat models revealed that the normal glycemic levels were observed on 12(th) day by 9a and 20(th) day by 5b, 5c, 9e and 9f. The remaining compounds also exhibited normal glycemic levels by 25(th) day. CONCLUSION The results from molecular modeling, in vitro and in vivo studies are suggesting them as safer and effective therapeutic agents against type2 diabetes. Graphical Abstract Development of PTPs inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasheed Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Madhava Golla
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Jyothi Kumar M V
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Biomedical informatics Center, Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Appa Rao Chippada
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Naga Raju Chamarthi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
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41
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Keough DT, Hocková D, Janeba Z, Wang TH, Naesens L, Edstein MD, Chavchich M, Guddat LW. Aza-acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Containing a Second Phosphonate Group As Inhibitors of the Human, Plasmodium falciparum and vivax 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases and Their Prodrugs As Antimalarial Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 58:827-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501416t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne T. Keough
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Queensland Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Wang
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Queensland Australia
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Queensland Australia
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42
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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43
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Patil NS, Deshmukh GB, Patil SV, Bholay AD, Gaikwad ND. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-aryl maleimide derivatives clubbed with α-hydroxyphosphonates. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:490-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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PMPA and PMEA prodrugs for the treatment of HIV infections and human papillomavirus (HPV) associated neoplasia and cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Amidate prodrugs of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine as inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:664-71. [PMID: 24145524 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01685-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is the key virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis that facilitates its invasion into the mammalian body. 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine diphosphate (PMEApp), the active metabolite of the antiviral drug bis(POM)PMEA (adefovir dipivoxil), has been shown to inhibit ACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate six novel amidate prodrugs of PMEA, both phenyloxy phosphonamidates and phosphonodiamidates, for their ability to inhibit ACT activity in the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. The two phenyloxy phosphonamidate prodrugs exhibited greater inhibitory activity (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 22 and 46 nM) than the phosphonodiamidates (IC50 = 84 to 3,960 nM). The inhibitory activity of the prodrugs correlated with their lipophilicity and the degree of their hydrolysis into free PMEA in J774A.1 cells. Although the prodrugs did not inhibit ACT as effectively as bis(POM)PMEA (IC50 = 6 nM), they were significantly less cytotoxic. Moreover, they all reduced apoptotic effects of ACT and prevented an ACT-induced elevation of intracellular [Ca(2+)]i. The amidate prodrugs were less susceptible to degradation in Caco-2 cells compared to bis(POM)PMEA, while they exerted good transepithelial permeability in this assay. As a consequence, a large amount of intact amidate prodrug is expected to be available to target macrophages in vivo. This feature makes nontoxic amidate prodrugs attractive candidates for further investigation as novel antimicrobial agents.
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46
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McGuigan C, Bourdin C, Derudas M, Hamon N, Hinsinger K, Kandil S, Madela K, Meneghesso S, Pertusati F, Serpi M, Slusarczyk M, Chamberlain S, Kolykhalov A, Vernachio J, Vanpouille C, Introini A, Margolis L, Balzarini J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphorodiamidate prodrugs of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:326-40. [PMID: 24177359 PMCID: PMC4358806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the application of the phosphorodiamidate phosphate prodrug approach to a series of thirteen nucleoside analogs with antiviral or anticancer activity. Twenty-five symmetrical phosphorodiamidates were synthesized, bearing esterified l-Alanine (and in one case d-Alanine) in the prodrug moiety, each as single stereoisomer. The presence of an achiral phosphorus represents a potential advantage over the phosphoramidate ProTide approach, where diastereoisomeric mixtures are routinely obtained, and different biological profiles may be expected from the diastereoisomers. Optimization of the synthetic pathway allowed us to identify two general methods depending on the particular nucleoside analogs. All the compounds were biologically evaluated in antiviral and anticancer assays and several showed improvement of activity compared to their parent nucleosides, as in the case of ddA, d4T, abacavir and acyclovir against HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. The biological results were supported by metabolism studies with carboxypeptidase Y monitored by 31P NMR to investigate their bioactivation. This work further validates the phosphorodiamidate approach as a monophosphate prodrug motif with broad application in the antiviral and anticancer fields. Application of diamidate approach to nucleoside analogs as potential antiviral and anticancer agents. A markedly improved antiviral activity was observed in some cases, whilst the parent nucleosides were inactive. Inhibitory effect on the proliferation of tumor cell lines was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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47
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Baszczyňski O, Janeba Z. Medicinal Chemistry of Fluorinated Cyclic and Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates. Med Res Rev 2013; 33:1304-44. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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48
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De Clercq E. The Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs): Antonín Holý's Legacy. Med Res Rev 2013; 33:1278-303. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven Belgium
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49
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Keough DT, Špaček P, Hocková D, Tichý T, Vrbková S, Slavětínská L, Janeba Z, Naesens L, Edstein MD, Chavchich M, Wang TH, de Jersey J, Guddat LW. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Containing a Second Phosphonate Group Are Potent Inhibitors of 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases and Have Antimalarial Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2513-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne T. Keough
- The School of Chemistry and
Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Petr Špaček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tichý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Vrbková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat
10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051,
Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051,
Australia
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Wang
- The School of Chemistry and
Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - John de Jersey
- The School of Chemistry and
Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- The School of Chemistry and
Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
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50
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Krečmerová M, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Sázelová P, Kašička V, Neyts J, Auwerx J, Kiss E, Goris N, Stepan G, Janeba Z. 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (R)-PMPDAP and its prodrugs: optimized preparation, including identification of by-products formed, and antiviral evaluation in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1199-208. [PMID: 23375089 PMCID: PMC7127208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New large-scale synthetic approach to antiretroviral agent 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine, (R)-PMPDAP, was developed. Reaction of (R)-propanediol carbonate with 2,6-diaminopurine afforded exclusively (R)-9-(2-hydroxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine which was subsequently used for introduction of a phosphonomethyl residue using TsOCH2P(O)(OiPr)2 or BrCH2P(O)(OiPr)2 followed by deprotection of ester groups. All minor ingredients and by-products formed during the process were identified and further studied. The final product was obtained in high yield and its high enantiomeric purity (>99%) was confirmed by chiral capillary electrophoretic analysis using β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. Antiretroviral activity data of (R)-PMPDAP and its diverse prodrugs against HIV and FIV were investigated. Akin to (R)-PMPDAP, both prodrugs inhibit FIV replication in a selective manner. Compared to the parent molecule, the amidate prodrug was 10-fold less active against FIV in cell culture, whereas the alkoxyalkyl ester prodrug was 200-fold more potent in inhibiting FIV replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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