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Zhou X. Recent advances of tryptanthrin and its derivatives as potential anticancer agents. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1127-1147. [PMID: 38665827 PMCID: PMC11042161 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00698k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tryptanthrin is one of the well-known natural alkaloids with a broad spectrum of biological activities and can act as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitubercular, and other agents. Owing to its potent anticancer activity, tryptanthrin has been widely explored for the therapy of various cancers besides being effective against other diseases. Tryptanthrin with a pharmacological indoloquinazoline moiety can not only be modified by different functional groups to achieve various tryptanthrin derivatives, which may realize the improvement of anticancer activity, but also bind with different metal ions to obtain varied tryptanthrin metal complexes as potential anticancer agents, due to their higher anticancer activities in comparison with tryptanthrin (or its derivatives) and cisplatin. This review outlines the recent advances in the syntheses, structures, and anticancer activities of tryptanthrin derivatives and their metal complexes, trying to reveal their structure-activity relationships and to provide a helpful way for medicinal chemists in the development of new and effective tryptanthrin-based anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Second Clinical Medicine College of Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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2
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Watanabe K, Maruyama Y, Iwashita H, Kato H, Hirayama J, Hattori A. N1-Acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine, which decreases in the hippocampus with aging, improves long-term memory via CaMKII/CREB phosphorylation. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12934. [PMID: 38241676 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is a molecule ubiquitous in nature and involved in several physiological functions. In the brain, melatonin is converted to N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and then to N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), which has been reported to strongly enhance long-term object memory formation. However, the synthesis of AMK in brain tissues and the underlying mechanisms regarding memory formation remain largely unknown. In the present study, young and old individuals from a melatonin-producing strain, C3H/He mice, were employed. The amount of AMK in the pineal gland and plasma was very low compared with those of melatonin at night; conversely, in the hippocampus, the amount of AMK was higher than that of melatonin. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (Ido) mRNA was expressed in multiple brain tissues, whereas tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Tdo) mRNA was expressed only in the hippocampus, and its lysate had melatonin to AFMK conversion activity, which was blocked by the TDO inhibitor. The expression levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and PSD-95 in whole hippocampal tissue were significantly increased with AMK treatment. Before increasing in the whole tissue, CREB phosphorylation was significantly enhanced in the nuclear fraction. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, we found that downregulated genes in hippocampus of old C3H/He mice were more enriched for long-term potentiation (LTP) pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that LTP and neuroactive receptor interaction gene sets were enriched in hippocampus of old mice. In addition, Ido1 and Tdo mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of old mice compared with young mice, and the decrease in Tdo mRNA was more pronounced than Ido1. Furthermore, there was a higher decrease in AMK levels, which was less than 1/10 that of young mice, than in melatonin levels in the hippocampus of old mice. In conclusion, we first demonstrated the Tdo-related melatonin to AMK metabolism in the hippocampus and suggest a novel mechanism of AMK involved in LTP and memory formation. These results support AMK as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Sport and Wellness, College of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Niiza, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hikaru Iwashita
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Kato
- Department of Sport and Wellness, College of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Niiza, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Sport and Wellness, College of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Niiza, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Suvieri C, De Marchis F, Mandarano M, Ambrosino S, Rossini S, Mondanelli G, Gargaro M, Panfili E, Orabona C, Pallotta MT, Belladonna ML, Volpi C. Membrane Localization and Phosphorylation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells: First Steps in Exploring Its Signaling Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16236. [PMID: 38003426 PMCID: PMC10671178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is a paralog of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan-degrading enzyme producing immunomodulatory molecules. However, the two proteins are unlikely to carry out the same functions. IDO2 shows little or no tryptophan catabolic activity and exerts contrasting immunomodulatory roles in a context-dependent manner in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The recently described potential non-enzymatic activity of IDO2 has suggested its possible involvement in alternative pathways, resulting in either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in different models. In a previous study on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, we found that IDO2 expression revealed at the plasma membrane level of tumor cells was significantly associated with poor prognosis. In this study, the A549 human cell line, basally expressing IDO2, was used as an in vitro model of human lung adenocarcinoma to gain more insights into a possible alternative function of IDO2 different from the catalytic one. In these cells, immunocytochemistry and isopycnic sucrose gradient analyses confirmed the IDO2 protein localization in the cell membrane compartment, and the immunoprecipitation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins revealed that kinase activities can target IDO2. The different localization from the cytosolic one and the phosphorylation state are the first indications for the signaling function of IDO2, suggesting that the IDO2 non-enzymatic role in cancer cells is worthy of deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suvieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
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Teske KA, Su W, Corona CR, Wen J, Deng J, Ping Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Wilkinson J, Beck MT, Nealey KR, Vasta JD, Cong M, Meisenheimer PL, Kuai L, Robers MB. DELs enable the development of BRET probes for target engagement studies in cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:987-998.e24. [PMID: 37490918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) provide unmatched chemical diversity and starting points for novel drug modalities. Here, we describe a workflow that exploits the bifunctional attributes of DEL ligands as a platform to generate BRET probes for live cell target engagement studies. To establish proof of concept, we performed a DEL screen using aurora kinase A and successfully converted aurora DEL ligands as cell-active BRET probes. Aurora BRET probes enabled the validation and stratification of the chemical series identified from primary selection data. Furthermore, we have evaluated the effective repurposing of pre-existing DEL screen data to find suitable leads for BRET probe development. Our findings support the use of DEL workflows as an engine to create cell-active BRET probes independent of structure or compound SAR. The combination of DEL and BRET technology accelerates hit-to-lead studies in a live cell setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Teske
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Wenji Su
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Cesear R Corona
- Promega Biosciences Incorporated, 277 Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jason Deng
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yan Ping
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zaihong Zhang
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Michael T Beck
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kendra R Nealey
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - James D Vasta
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mei Cong
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | | | - Letian Kuai
- WuXi AppTec Headquarters, 288 Fute Shong Road Waigaopqiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong District, Shanghai 200131, China.
| | - Matthew B Robers
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA.
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5
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Kotajima M, Choi JH, Kondo M, D’Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Yasuma T, Gabazza EC, Miwa Y, Shoda C, Lee D, Nakai A, Kurihara T, Wu J, Hirai H, Kawagishi H. Axl, Immune Checkpoint Molecules and HIF Inhibitors from the Culture Broth of Lepista luscina. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248925. [PMID: 36558053 PMCID: PMC9781456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from the culture broth of Lepista luscina. This is the first time that compound 1 was isolated from a natural source. The structure of compound 1 was identified via 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data. Compounds 1 and 2 along with 8-nitrotryptanthrin (4) were evaluated for their biological activities using the A549 lung cancer cell line. As a result, 1 and 2 inhibited the expression of Axl and immune checkpoint molecules. In addition, compounds 1, 2 and 4 were tested for HIF inhibitory activity. Compound 2 demonstrated statistically significant HIF inhibitory effects on NIH3T3 cells and 1 and 2 against ARPE19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaya Kotajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 524-8507, Japan
| | - Taro Yasuma
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 524-8507, Japan
| | - Esteban C. Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 524-8507, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Miwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shina-nomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Chiho Shoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shina-nomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shina-nomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shina-nomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shina-nomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jing Wu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Li Y, Yang S, Yang S. Rb1 negatively regulates bone formation and remodeling through inhibiting transcriptional regulation of YAP in Glut1 and OPG expression and glucose metabolism in male mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101630. [PMID: 36343919 PMCID: PMC9672361 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes constant bone formation and remodeling, and glucose as a major nutrient is necessary for bone formation and remodeling. Retinoblastoma (Rb1) is a critical regulator of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) fate, but how Rb1 regulates bone formation and remodeling is poorly understood. METHODS We generated MSCs- and osteoprogenitors-specific Rb1 knockout mouse models and utilized these models to explore the function and mechanism of Rb1 in regulating bone formation and remodeling in vivo and in vitro primary cell culture. RESULTS Rb1 deficiency in MSCs significantly increased bone mass and impaired osteoclastogenesis. Consistently, depletion of Rb1 in osteoprogenitors significantly promoted bone formation. Mechanistically, loss of Rb1 in MSCs elevated YAP nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of YAP/TEAD1 complex, thereby increasing the transcriptional expression of Glut1 and OPG. Moreover Prx1-Cre; Rb1f/f mice displayed hypoglycemia with increased systemic glucose tolerance instead of increased insulin level. In vitro data revealed that Rb1-mutant MSCs enhanced glucose uptake and lactate and ATP production. Increased osteogenesis caused by increased glucose metabolism and decreased osteoclastogenesis caused by increased expression of OPG eventually resulted in increased bone formation and remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Rb1 in MSCs inhibits YAP-medicated Glut1 and OPG expression to control glucose metabolism, osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis during bone formation and remodeling, which provide new insights that controlling Rb1 signaling may be a potential strategy for osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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He G, Wan S, Wu Y, Chu Z, Shen H, Zhang S, Chen L, Bao Z, Gu S, Huang J, Huang L, Gong G, Zou Y, Zhu Q, Xu Y. Discovery of the First Selective IDO2 Inhibitor As Novel Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14348-14365. [PMID: 35952367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a closely related homologue of well-studied immunomodulatory enzyme IDO1, has been identified as a pathogenic mediator of inflammatory autoimmunity in preclinical models. Therapeutic targeting IDO2 in autoimmune diseases has been challenging due to the lack of small-molecule IDO2 inhibitors. Here, based on our previously developed IDO1/IDO2 dual inhibitor, guided by the homology model of the IDO2 structure, we discovered compound 22, the most potent inhibitor targeting IDO2 with good in vitro inhibitory activity (IDO2 IC50 = 112 nM). Notably, treatment with 22 alleviated disease severity and reduced inflammatory cytokines in both the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model and adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat model. Our study offered for the first time a selective small-molecule IDO2 inhibitor 22 with IC50 at the nanomolar level, which may be used not only as a candidate compound for the treatment of autoimmune diseases but also as a tool compound for further IDO2-related mechanistic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Sheng Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yunze Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Linya Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zijing Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shuhui Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junzhang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoqing Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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8
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Li Y, Yang S, Yang S. Verteporfin Inhibits the Progression of Spontaneous Osteosarcoma Caused by Trp53 and Rb1 Deficiency in Ctsk-Expressing Cells via Impeding Hippo Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:1361. [PMID: 35456040 PMCID: PMC9031376 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in children and adolescents. Others and our previous studies have shown that Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as core components of the Hippo pathway are crucial regulators of osteosarcoma formation and progression. Recent studies demonstrated that verteporfin (VP) is an inhibitor of YAP/TAZ signaling in xenograft osteosarcoma. However, whether VP can inhibit primary osteosarcoma in mice is unknown. Mutations of Trp53 and Rb1 occur in approximately 50~70% of human osteosarcoma. In this study, we successfully generated the Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice in which Trp53/Rb1 was ablated in Ctsk-expressing cells and found that Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice spontaneously developed osteosarcoma with increased expansive osteoid lesions in the cortical bone with aging. Loss of Trp53/Rb1 in Ctsk-expressing cells significantly promoted the expression and nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ. Micro-CT results showed that inhibition of YAP/TAZ by VP delays osteosarcoma progression and protected against bone erosion in Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice. Importantly, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves displayed a significantly longer survival rate after VP treatment in Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice compared to non-injected groups. In vitro studies further showed that VP inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion in Trp53/Rb1-mutant Ctsk-expressing cells. Moreover, the results from promoter luciferase activity analysis showed that the transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ was significantly increased in osteosarcoma tissue from Ctsk-Cre;Trp53f/f/Rb1f/f mice, which was attenuated by VP treatment. Overall, these findings suggest that targeting Hippo pathway by VP may be a potential therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic & Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.L.); (S.Y.)
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Yuasa HJ. Inhibitory effect of ascorbate on tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biochem 2022; 171:653-661. [PMID: 35244712 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyze the same reaction, oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to N-formyl-kynurenine. In both enzymes, the ferric (FeIII) form is inactive, and ascorbate (Asc) is frequently used as a reductant in in vitro assays to activate the enzymes by reducing the heme iron. Recently, it has been reported that Asc activates IDO2 by acting as a reductant, however, it is also a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Here, the effect of Asc on human TDO (hTDO) is investigated. Similar to its interaction with IDO2, Asc acts as both a reductant and a competitive inhibitor of hTDO in the absence of catalase, and its inhibitory effect was enhanced by the addition of H2O2. Interestingly, however, no inhibitory effect of Asc was observed in the presence of catalase. TDO is known to be activated by H2O2 and a ferryl-oxo (FeIV=O) intermediate (Compound II) is generated during the activation process. The observation that Asc acts as a competitive inhibitor of hTDO only in the absence of catalase can be explained by assuming that the target of Asc is Compound II. Asc seems to compete with L-Trp in an unusual manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Julie Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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10
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Shoket H, Pandita M, Sharma M, Kumar R, Rakwal A, Wazir S, Verma V, Salunke DB, Bairwa NK. Genetic interaction between F-box motif encoding YDR131C and retrograde signaling-related RTG1 regulates the stress response and apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22864. [PMID: 34309121 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The retrograde signaling pathway is well conserved from yeast to humans, which regulates cell adaptation during stress conditions and prevents cell death. One of its components, RTG1 encoded Rtg1p in association with Rtg3p communicates between mitochondria, nucleus, and peroxisome during stress for adaptation, by regulation of transcription. The F-box motif protein encoded by YDR131C constitutes a part of SCF Ydr131c -E3 ligase complex, with unknown function; however, it is known that retrograde signaling is modulated by the E3 ligase complex. This study reports epistasis interaction between YDR131C and RTG1, which regulates cell growth, response to genotoxic stress, decreased apoptosis, resistance to petite mutation, and cell wall integrity. The cells of ydr131cΔrtg1Δ genetic background exhibits growth rate improvement however, sensitivity to hydroxyurea, itraconazole antifungal agent and synthetic indoloquinazoline-based alkaloid (8-fluorotryptanthrin, RK64), which disrupts the cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The epistatic interaction between YDR131C and RTG1 indicates a link between protein degradation and retrograde signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Shoket
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Monika Pandita
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Meenu Sharma
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ayushi Rakwal
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Shreya Wazir
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Vijeshwar Verma
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutic and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Narendra K Bairwa
- Genome Stability Regulation Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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11
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Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070606. [PMID: 34201791 PMCID: PMC8308824 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies are unquestionably a significant public health problem. Their effective treatment is still a big challenge for modern medicine. Tumors have developed a wide range of mechanisms to evade an immune and therapeutic response. As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for research on solutions aimed at overcoming this problem. An accumulation of tryptophan metabolites belonging to the kynurenine pathway can enhance neoplastic progression because it causes the suppression of immune system response against cancer cells. They are also involved in the development of the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to antitumor therapy. Kynurenine belongs to the most potent immunosuppressive metabolites of this pathway and has a significant impact on the development of malignancies. This fact prompted researchers to assess whether targeting the enzymes responsible for its synthesis could be an effective therapeutic strategy for various cancers. To date, numerous studies, both preclinical and clinical, have been conducted on this topic, especially regarding the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and their results can be considered noteworthy. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge about the role of the kynurenine pathway in neoplastic progression and the findings regarding the usefulness of modulating its activity in anticancer therapy.
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12
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Yuasa HJ, Stocker R. Methylene blue and ascorbate interfere with the accurate determination of the kinetic properties of IDO2. FEBS J 2021; 288:4892-4904. [PMID: 33686747 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (Trp) to N-formylkynurenine. Two IDOs, IDO1 and IDO2, are present in vertebrates. IDO1 is a high-affinity Trp-degrading enzyme involved in several physiological processes. By comparison, IDO2 generally has been reported to have low affinity (high Km -value) for Trp, and the enzyme's in vivo function remains unclear. Using IDOs from different species, we show that compared with ferrous-oxy (Fe2+ -O2 ) IDO1, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 is substantially more stable and engages in multiple turnovers of the reaction in the absence of a reductant. Without reductant, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 showed Km -values in the range of 80-356 μM, that is, values substantially lower than reported previously and close to the physiological concentrations of Trp. Methylene blue and ascorbate (Asc), used commonly as the reducing system for IDO activity determination, significantly affected the enzymatic activity of IDO2: In combination, the two reductants increased the apparent Km - and kcat -values 8- to 117-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Asc alone both activated and inhibited IDO2 by acting as a source of electrons and as a weak competitive inhibitor, respectively. In addition, ferric (Fe3+ ) IDO1 and IDO2 exhibited weak dioxygenase activity, similar to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Our results shed new light in the enzymatic activity of IDO2, and they support the view that this isoform of IDO also participates in the metabolism of Trp in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Roland Stocker
- Arterial Inflammation and Redox Biology Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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13
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Chen S, Tan J, Zhang A. The ups, downs and new trends of IDO1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104815. [PMID: 33773223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an emerging driving force in the development of innovative strategies to fight against cancer. Despite the significant clinical benefits that many cancer patients have gained, the generally average response rate of ~ 20% is far behind the expectation for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Combination of ICIs with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors is considered as an alternative solution and has proved effective in tremendous preclinical studies. However, the failure of phase III ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 trial seriously dampened the enthusiasm on the rationality of IDO1-targeting strategy. Fortunately, in spite of the ups and downs in the developmental journey of IDO1 inhibitors, multiple new approaches have been proposed to bridge the gap between lab to the clinic. Here, we review the recent advances in the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting IDO1 especially the new trend of IDO1 inhibitors after ECHO-301 clinical trials, including dual or pan-inhibitors targeting IDO1 and TDO or IDO2, apo-IDO1 inhibitors, IDO1 PROTACs, as well as other IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Chen
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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14
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Yan D, Xu J, Tan X. Inhibitory investigation of niacin derivatives on metalloenzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 for its immunomodulatory function. Metallomics 2021; 13:6102551. [PMID: 33638642 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) have received wide attention for their roles in cancer immunotherapy. It highlights the important role of metalloenzymes in performing human physiological functions. Herein, the recombinant human IDO1 was expressed and purified successfully, and the protein molecule was characterized by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and metalloenzymology. A series of niacin derivatives were investigated with regard to their inhibition on metalloenzyme IDO1, and the resulting potential anti-cancer activities in cell lines. Among the niacin derivatives, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-butane-1,3-dione (compound 9) was found to be the most effective inhibitor to IDO1 in HepG-2 cells, with an EC50 of 11 µM with low cytotoxicity. The IC50 value of compound 9 with trifluoroethyl group in enzymatic inhibition was shown to be ∼5 times more potent than a positive control 4-phenylimidazole. The interaction between compound 9 and IDO1 was verified by isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking study. The most favorable molecular docking results revealed that functional groups of compound 9 contributed to the binding of 9 to IDO1 through IDO1-heme coordination, H-bond interactions and hydrophobic contacts. Our finding provides a strategy for the development of new inhibitor candidates for the therapeutic inhibition of IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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16
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Dolšak A, Gobec S, Sova M. Indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases as important future therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107746. [PMID: 33212094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine is the first and rate-limiting step of the tryptophan metabolic pathway (i.e., the kynurenine pathway). This conversion is catalyzed by three enzyme isoforms: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). As this pathway generates numerous metabolites that are involved in various pathological conditions, IDOs and TDO represent important targets for therapeutic intervention. This pathway has especially drawn attention due to its importance in tumor resistance. Over the last decade, a large number of IDO and TDO inhibitors have been developed, many of which have entered clinical trials. Here, detailed structural comparisons of these three enzymes (with emphasis on their active sites), their involvement in cellular signaling, and their role(s) in pathological conditions are discussed. Furthermore, the most important recent inhibitors described in papers and patents and involved in clinical trials are reviewed, with a focus on both selective and multiple inhibitors. A short overview of the biochemical and cellular assays used for inhibitory potency evaluation is also presented. This review summarizes recent advances on IDO and TDO as potential drug targets, and provides the key features and perspectives for further research and development of potent inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolšak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Sova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:379-401. [PMID: 30760888 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp metabolism in disorders ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disease have stimulated interest in therapeutically targeting the KP, particularly the main rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2 and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) as well as kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). However, although small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors showed promise in early-stage cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, a phase III trial was negative. This Review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Trp metabolism, highlighting the vast opportunities and challenges for drug development in multiple diseases.
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18
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Yang D, Zhang S, Fang X, Guo L, Hu N, Guo Z, Li X, Yang S, He JC, Kuang C, Yang Q. N-Benzyl/Aryl Substituted Tryptanthrin as Dual Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9161-9174. [PMID: 31580660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, has emerged as a key target in cancer immunotherapy because of its role in enabling cancers to evade the immune system. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) catalyze the same reaction and play a potential role in cancer immunotherapy. Starting from our previously discovered tryptanthrin IDO1 inhibitor scaffold, we synthesized novel N-benzyl/aryl substituted tryptanthrin derivatives and evaluated their inhibitory efficacy on IDO1, TDO, and IDO2. Most compounds showed similar high inhibitory activities on both IDO1 and TDO, which were significantly superior over that of IDO2 with magnitude difference. We showed that N-benzyl/aryl substituted tryptanthrin directly interacted with IDO1, TDO, and IDO2, significantly augmented the proliferation of T cells in vitro, blocked the kynurenine pathway, and suppressed tumor growth when administered to LLC and H22 tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Leilei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Zhanling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xishuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Jin Chao He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Department of Chemistry , Tongji University , Siping Road 1239 , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
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Amara R, Awad H, Chaker D, Bentabed‐Ababsa G, Lassagne F, Erb W, Chevallier F, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Fajloun Z, Vidal J, Mongin F. Conversion of Isatins to Tryptanthrins, Heterocycles Endowed with a Myriad of Bioactivities. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rim Amara
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella BP 1524 El M'Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Haçan Awad
- Faculty of Sciences 3 Lebanese University Campus El‐Kobbeh Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Diana Chaker
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST Lebanese University 1300 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Ghenia Bentabed‐Ababsa
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella BP 1524 El M'Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Frédéric Lassagne
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - William Erb
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3 Lebanese University Campus El‐Kobbeh Tripoli Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST Lebanese University 1300 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Joëlle Vidal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Florence Mongin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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20
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Winters M, DuHadaway JB, Pham KN, Lewis-Ballester A, Badir S, Wai J, Sheikh E, Yeh SR, Prendergast GC, Muller AJ, Malachowski WP. Diaryl hydroxylamines as pan or dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 and tryptophan dioxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:455-464. [PMID: 30469041 PMCID: PMC6318801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) catabolizing enzymes play an important and complex role in the development of cancer. Significant evidence implicates them in a range of inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Whereas inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) have been reported and analyzed in the clinic, fewer inhibitors have been described for tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) which also have been implicated more recently in cancer, inflammation and immune control. Consequently the development of dual or pan inhibitors of these Trp catabolizing enzymes may represent a therapeutically important area of research. This is the first report to describe the development of dual and pan inhibitors of IDO1, TDO and IDO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Winters
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Khoa N Pham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Ariel Lewis-Ballester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Shorouk Badir
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Jenny Wai
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Eesha Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology and, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory activities of tryptanthrin derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 160:133-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Iron-containing enzymes such as heme enzymes play crucial roles in biological systems. Three distinct heme-containing dioxygenase enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of l-tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway in mammals. Overexpression of these enzymes causes depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of metabolic products, which contributes to tumor immune tolerance and immune dysregulation in a variety of disease pathologies. In the past few decades, IDO1 has garnered the most attention as a therapeutic target with great potential in cancer immunotherapy. Many potential inhibitors of IDO1 have been designed, synthesized and evaluated, among which indoximod (d-1-MT), INCB024360, GDC-0919 (formerly NLG-919), and an IDO1 peptide-based vaccine have advanced to the clinical trial stage. However, recently, the roles of TDO and IDO2 have been elucidated in immune suppression. In this review, the current drug discovery landscape for targeting TDO, IDO1 and IDO2 is highlighted, with particular attention to the recent use of drugs in clinical trials. Moreover, the crystal structures of these enzymes, in complex with inhibitors, and the mechanisms of Trp catabolism in the first step, are summarized to provide information for facilitating the discovery of new enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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23
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Prendergast GC, Malachowski WP, DuHadaway JB, Muller AJ. Discovery of IDO1 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside. Cancer Res 2018; 77:6795-6811. [PMID: 29247038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) are emerging at the vanguard of experimental agents in oncology. Here, pioneers of this new drug class provide a bench-to-bedside review on preclinical validation of IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target and on the discovery and development of a set of mechanistically distinct compounds, indoximod, epacadostat, and navoximod, that were first to be evaluated as IDO inhibitors in clinical trials. As immunometabolic adjuvants to widen therapeutic windows, IDO inhibitors may leverage not only immuno-oncology modalities but also chemotherapy and radiotherapy as standards of care in the oncology clinic. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6795-811. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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Qin QP, Zou BQ, Tan MX, Wang SL, Liu YC, Liang H. Tryptanthrin derivative copper(ii) complexes with high antitumor activity by inhibiting telomerase activity, and inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and S-phase arrest in BEL-7402. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Try-Cu exhibited its antitumor activity mainly via inhibiting telomerase by interaction with the c-myc promoter and disrupting mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Pin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
| | - Bi-Qun Zou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Guilin Normal College, 21 Xinyi Road
- Gulin 541001
| | - Ming-Xiong Tan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Long Wang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
| | - Yan-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
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26
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Inflammatory Reprogramming with IDO1 Inhibitors: Turning Immunologically Unresponsive 'Cold' Tumors 'Hot'. Trends Cancer 2017; 4:38-58. [PMID: 29413421 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We discuss how small-molecule inhibitors of the tryptophan (Trp) catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) represent a vanguard of new immunometabolic adjuvants to safely enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, radiotherapy, or 'immunogenic' chemotherapy by leveraging responses to tumor neoantigens. IDO inhibitors re-program inflammatory processes to help clear tumors by blunting tumor neovascularization and restoring immunosurveillance. Studies of regulatory and effector pathways illuminate IDO as an inflammatory modifier. Recent work suggests that coordinate targeting of the Trp catabolic enzymes tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and IDO2 may also safely broaden efficacy. Understanding IDO inhibitors as adjuvants to turn immunologically 'cold' tumors 'hot' can seed new concepts in how to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy while limiting collateral damage.
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Jusof FF, Bakmiwewa SM, Weiser S, Too LK, Metz R, Prendergast GC, Fraser ST, Hunt NH, Ball HJ. Investigation of the Tissue Distribution and Physiological Roles of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-2. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917735098. [PMID: 29051706 PMCID: PMC5638149 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917735098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) is 1 of the 3 enzymes that can catalyze the first step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Of the 2 other enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is highly expressed in the liver and has a role in tryptophan homeostasis, whereas indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) expression is induced by inflammatory stimuli. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 is reportedly expressed comparatively narrow, including in liver, kidney, brain, and in certain immune cell types, and it does not appear to contribute significantly to systemic tryptophan catabolism under normal physiological conditions. Here, we report the identification of an alternative splicing pattern, including the use of an alternative first exon, that is conserved in the mouse Ido1 and Ido2 genes. These findings prompted us to assess IDO2 protein expression and enzymatic activity in tissues. Our analysis, undertaken in Ido2 +/+ and Ido2−/− mice using immunohistochemistry and measurement of tryptophan and kynurenine levels, suggested an even more restricted pattern of tissue expression than previously reported. We found IDO2 protein to be expressed in the liver with a perinuclear/nuclear, rather than cytoplasmic, distribution. Consistent with earlier reports, we found Ido2 −/− mice to be phenotypically similar to their Ido2+/+ counterparts regarding levels of tryptophan and kynurenine in the plasma and liver. Our findings suggest a specialized function or regulatory role for IDO2 associated with its particular subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita F Jusof
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Supun M Bakmiwewa
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Weiser
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lay Khoon Too
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Stuart T Fraser
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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28
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Prendergast GC, Malachowski WJ, Mondal A, Scherle P, Muller AJ. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Therapeutic Inhibition in Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 336:175-203. [PMID: 29413890 PMCID: PMC6054468 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has attracted enormous attention in driving cancer immunosuppression, neovascularization, and metastasis. IDO1 suppresses local CD8+ T effector cells and natural killer cells and induces CD4+ T regulatory cells (iTreg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The structurally distinct enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) also has been implicated recently in immune escape and metastatic progression. Lastly, emerging evidence suggests that the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2 may support IDO1-mediated iTreg and contribute to B-cell inflammed states in certain cancers. IDO1 and TDO are upregulated widely in neoplastic cells but also variably in stromal, endothelial, and innate immune cells of the tumor microenviroment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Pharmacological and genetic proofs in preclinical models of cancer have validated IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target. IDO1 inhibitors have limited activity on their own but greatly enhance "immunogenic" chemotherapy or immune checkpoint drugs. IDO/TDO function is rooted in inflammatory programming, thereby influencing tumor neovascularization, MDSC generation, and metastasis beyond effects on adaptive immune tolerance. Discovery and development of two small molecule enzyme inhibitors of IDO1 have advanced furthest to date in Phase II/III human trials (epacadostat and navoximod, respectively). Indoximod, a tryptophan mimetic compound with a different mechanism of action in the IDO pathway has also advanced in multiple Phase II trials. Second generation combined IDO/TDO inhibitors may broaden impact in cancer treatment, for example, in addressing IDO1 bypass (inherent resistance) or acquired resistance to IDO1 inhibitors. This review surveys knowledge about IDO1 function and how IDO1 inhibitors reprogram inflammation to heighten therapeutic responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | | | - Arpita Mondal
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Corporation Inc., Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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29
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Nienhaus K, Nickel E, Nienhaus GU. Substrate binding in human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1: A spectroscopic analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:453-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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