1
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Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi N, Hafizah Mukhtar N, Ravindar L, Suhaily Saaidin A, Huda Abd Karim N, Hamizah Ali A, Kartini Agustar H, Ismail N, Yee Ling L, Ebihara M, Izzaty Hassan N. Exploring antimalarial potential: Conjugating organometallic moieties with organic fragments for enhanced efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107510. [PMID: 38833991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In the search for novel ligands with efficacy against various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases, molecular hybridization of organometallic units into biologically active scaffolds has been hailed as an appealing strategy in medicinal chemistry. The conjugation to organometallic fragments can be achieved by an appropriate linker or by directly coordinating the existing drugs to a metal. The success of Ferroquine (FQ, SR97193), an effective chloroquine-ferrocene conjugate currently undergoing the patient-exploratory phase as a combination therapy with the novel triaminopyrimidine ZY-19489 for malaria, has sparked intense interest in organometallic compound drug discovery. We present the evolution of organometallic antimalarial agents over the last decade, focusing on the parent moiety's class and the type of organometallics involved. Four main organometallic antimalarial compounds have been chosen based on conjugated organic moieties: existing antimalarial drugs, other clinical drugs, hybrid drugs, and promising scaffolds of thiosemicarbazones, benzimidazoles, and chalcones, in particular. The presented insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on organometallic compound drug development for malaria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hafizah Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Suhaily Saaidin
- Center of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Abd Karim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norzila Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicinal Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lau Yee Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Opačak S, Kovač MP, Landais C, Debeljak Ž, Golding TM, Smith GS, Brozovic A, Kirin SI. Dissimilar effect of organometallic ruthenium complexes on the viability of MDR and non-MDR experimental models. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112614. [PMID: 38781850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes containing triphenylphosphine diamide ligands were prepared, characterized, and tested for their biological activity against various cancer cell lines and the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The effect of M (mono-substituted) and B (bis-substituted) complexes on the human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line was investigated using the MTT assay. Five (B2, B3, B5, B6, and B13) of the 24 synthesized ruthenium complexes showed significant effects with IC50 values ranging between 0.3 and 2.3 μM. Evaluation of the potential biomolecular targets of B2 and B13 by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed relevant interactions with BSA and only a weak affinity for ctDNA. Complexes M2, B2, M13 and B13 were selected for further biological characterization. Their effect on the viability of two ovarian cancer cell lines was compared to normal cell lines, denoting their selectivity. Upon treatment of four different drug-resistant gynaecological cancer cell lines, differing in their multidrug-resistant phenotypes, the efficacy of the bis-substituted complexes was shown to be greater than their mono-substituted counterparts. The non-MDR cells are sensitive to all the tested complexes, compared to MDR cells which are less sensitive. Upon investigation of complexes M2, M13, B2, and B13 against sensitive and multidrug-resistant parasite strains of P. falciparum, the bis-substituted complexes were again shown to be the most potent, with submicromolar activity against both strains. Furthermore, the resistance indexes for the complexes were approximately equal to 1, which is at least 5-fold lower than chloroquine diphosphate, suggesting the ability of these complexes to retain their activity in resistant forms of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Opačak
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Margareta Pernar Kovač
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Corentin Landais
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Debeljak
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, J Huttlera 4, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Srećko I Kirin
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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3
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Welsh A, Matshitse R, Khan SF, Nyokong T, Prince S, Smith GS. Trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: Evaluation as photosensitizers for enhanced cervical cancer treatment. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112545. [PMID: 38581803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes anchored to benzimidazole-triazine / trisamine scaffolds were investigated as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The trinuclear complexes were noted to produce a significant amount of singlet oxygen in both DMF and aqueous media, are photostable and show appreciable emission quantum yields (ɸem). In our experimental setting, despite the moderate phototoxic activity in the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, the phototoxic indices (PI) of the trinuclear complexes are superior relative to the PIs of a clinically approved photosensitizer, Photofrin®, and the pro-drug 5-aminolevulinic acid (PI: >7 relative to PI: >1 and PI: 4.4 for 5-aminolevulinic acid and Photofrin®, respectively). Furthermore, the ruthenium complexes were noted to show appreciable long-term cytotoxicity upon light irradiation in HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, this long-term activity of the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes embodies their ability to reduce the probability of the recurrence of cervical cancer. Taken together, this presents a strong motivation for the development of polymetallic complexes as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, ,South Africa
| | - Refilwe Matshitse
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Saif F Khan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, ,South Africa.
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Welsh A, Serala K, Prince S, Smith GS. Selective Targeting of Regulated Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells by Trinuclear Ruthenium(II)-Arene Complexes. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6673-6686. [PMID: 38569098 PMCID: PMC11056987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of benzimidazole-based trinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene complexes (1-3) to selectively target the rare cancer rhabdomyosarcoma is reported. Preliminary cytotoxic evaluations of the ruthenium complexes in an eight-cancer cell line panel revealed enhanced, selective cytotoxicity toward rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RMS). The trinuclear complex 1 was noted to show superior short- and long-term cytotoxicity in RMS cell lines and enhanced selectivity relative to cisplatin. Remarkably, 1 inhibits the migration of metastatic RMS cells and maintains superior activity in a 3D multicellular spheroid model in comparison to that of the clinically used cisplatin. Mechanistic insights reveal that 1 effectively induces genomic DNA damage, initiates autophagy, and prompts the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in RMS cells. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first trinuclear ruthenium(II) arene complex to selectively kill RMS cells in 2D and 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athi Welsh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Karabo Serala
- Department
of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department
of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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5
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Wang Y, Luo YZ, Liu ZJ, Yao ZJ. Cationic N,S-chelate half-sandwich iridium complexes: synthesis, characterization, anticancer and antiplasmodial activity. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7090-7098. [PMID: 37667825 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrazole-based ligands and their corresponding cationic N,S-chelate half-sandwich iridium complexes were successfully synthesized. All iridium complexes exhibited good anticancer activity against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic activity of unsubstituted iridium complex 1 is greater than that of cisplatin against MCF-7 cells. In addition, the cationic half-sandwich iridium complexes are also efficient in antiplasmodial study and complex 1 displayed the best activity as its IC50 was observed to be approximately 0.11 μM against the CQS-NF54 strain. These iridium complexes generally exhibited enhanced activity against the CQS-NF54 strain in comparison with that against the CQR-K1 strain. An "IC50 speed assay" investigation against the CQS-NF54 strain indicated complexes 1-3 to be fast-acting complexes that reach their lowest IC50 values within 16 hours. All complexes were fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, and the structure of the iridium complex was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Yu-Zhou Luo
- Scientific Research Office, Guangzhou College of Commerce, Guangzhou, 511363, China.
| | - Zhen-Jiang Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Zi-Jian Yao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
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6
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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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7
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Escala N, Pineda LM, Ng MG, Coronado LM, Spadafora C, del Olmo E. Antiplasmodial activity, structure-activity relationship and studies on the action of novel benzimidazole derivatives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:285. [PMID: 36609676 PMCID: PMC9822940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria cases and deaths keep being excessively high every year. Some inroads gained in the last two decades have been eroded especially due to the surge of resistance to most antimalarials. The search for new molecules that can replace the ones currently in use cannot stop. In this report, the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives guided by structure-activity parameters is presented. Thirty-six molecules obtained are analyzed according to their activity against P. falciparum HB3 strain based on the type of substituent on rings A and B, their electron donor/withdrawing, as well as their dimension/spatial properties. There is a preference for electron donating groups on ring A, such as Me in position 5, or better, 5, 6-diMe. Ring B must be of the pyridine type such as picolinamide, other modifications are generally not favorable. Two molecules, 1 and 33 displayed antiplasmodial activity in the high nanomolar range against the chloroquine sensitive strain, with selectivity indexes above 10. Activity results of 1, 12 and 16 on a chloroquine resistance strain indicated an activity close to chloroquine for compound 1. Analysis of some of their effect on the parasites seem to suggest that 1 and 33 affect only the parasite and use a route other than interference with hemozoin biocrystallization, the route used by chloroquine and most antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Escala
- grid.452531.4Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pineda
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Michelle G. Ng
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lorena M. Coronado
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama City, Panama.
| | - Esther del Olmo
- grid.452531.4Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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8
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Kumari G, Gupta A, Sah RK, Gautam A, Saini M, Gupta A, Kushawaha AK, Singh S, Sasmal PK. Development of Mitochondria Targeting AIE-Active Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes as Potent Antimalarial Agents. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202411. [PMID: 36515128 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to conventional antimalarial treatments remains a major cause for concern. New drugs that target the distinct development stages of Plasmodium parasites are required to address this risk. Herein, water-soluble aggregation-induced emission active cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes (Ir1-Ir12) are developed for the elimination of malaria parasites. Remarkably, these complexes show potent antimalarial activity in low nanomolar range against 3D7 (chloroquine and artemisinin sensitive strain), RKL9 (chloroquine resistant strain), and R539T (artemisinin resistant strains) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with faster killing rate of malaria parasites. Concomitantly, these complexes exhibit efficient in vivo antimalarial activity against both the asexual and gametocyte stages of Plasmodium berghei malaria parasite, suggesting promising transmission-blocking potential. The complexes tend to localize into mitochondria of P. falciparum determined by image and cell-based assay. The mechanistic studies reveal that these complexes exert their antimalarial activity by increasing reactive oxygen species levels and disrupting its mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, the mitochondrial-dependent antimalarial activity of these complexes is confirmed in yeast model. Thus, this study for the first time highlights the potential role of targeting P. falciparum mitochondria by iridium complexes in discovering and developing the next-generation antimalarial agents for treating multidrug resistant malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ajay Gupta
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Raj Kumar Sah
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aryan Gautam
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Monika Saini
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budhha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akhilesh K Kushawaha
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pijus K Sasmal
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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9
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Msimango N, Welsh A, Prince S, Smith GS. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of trinuclear N^N quinolinyl-benzimidazole-based PGM complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Heteroleptic Rh(III) Phenylpyridyl Complexes Based on an Aminoquinoline-Benzimidazole Hybrid Scaffold: Antiplasmodial evaluation and mechanistic insights. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Britten NS, Butler JA. Ruthenium metallotherapeutics: novel approaches to combatting parasitic infections. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5159-5178. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220401105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parasitic infections cause a combined global mortality rate of over one million people per annum and represent some of the most challenging diseases for medical intervention. Current chemotherapeutic strategies often require prolonged treatment, coupled with subsequent drug-induced cytotoxic morbidity to the host, while resistance generation is also a major concern. Metals have been used extensively throughout the history of medicine, with more recent applications as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. Ruthenium metallotherapeutic antiparasitic agents are highly effective at targeting a range of key parasites, including the causative agents of malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis and other orphan diseases, while demonstrating lower cytotoxicity profiles than current treatment strategies. Generally, such compounds also demonstrate activity against multiple cellular target sites within parasites, including inhibition of enzyme function, cell membrane perturbation, and alterations to metabolic pathways, therefore reducing the opportunity for resistance generation. This review provides a comprehensive and subjective analysis of the rapidly developing area of ruthenium metal-based antiparasitic chemotherapeutics, in the context of rational drug design and potential clinical approaches to combatting human parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Britten
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Butler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Jordaan L, Ndlovu MT, Mkhize S, Ngubane S, Loots L, Duffy S, Avery VM, Chellan P. Investigating the antiplasmodial activity of substituted cyclopentadienyl rhodium and iridium complexes of 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Welsh A, Mbaba M, Prince S, Smith GS. Synthesis, molecular modeling and preliminary anticancer evaluation of 2-ferrocenylbenzimidazole metallofragments. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Yang Y, Wang CM, Pan FH, Qin QP, Xie QJ, Chen Q, Liang H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of mixed-ligand cyclometalated iridium(III)-quinoline complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16273-16280. [PMID: 34730150 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of gaining new insight into the underlying apoptosis mechanisms and in vivo efficacy of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes as metalodrugs, six new cyclometalated Ir(III)-quinoline complexes, [Ir(1a)(2pq)2] (2a), [Ir(1b)(2pq)2] (2b), [Ir(1c)(2pq)2] (2c), [Ir(1d)(2pq)2] (2d), [Ir(1e)(2pq)2] (2e), and [Ir(1f)(2pq)2] (2f) (2pq = 2-phenylisoquinoline), have been synthesized using 5,7-dihalo-8-hydroxylquinoline ligands (1a-1f) and [Ir(2pq)2Cl]2 precursors and characterized. Complexes 2a-2f have shown potent anticancer activity against cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3/DDP and A549/DDP cells (IC50 = 0.11-1.83 μM), following the order 2e > 2f > 2b > 2c > 2d > 2a. Confocal microscopy images suggest that 2e and 2b could act as red-color probes for specific cell imaging and efficiently initiate apoptosis and autophagy in the mitochondria, cell cytosol, and nucleus. Overexpression of beclin1, caspase-9, cytochrome c, LC3II, and apaf-1; inhibition of p62, cyclin D1, cyclin A2, and CDK2; and a substantial rapid accumulation suggest a paraptotic mode of cell death induced by autophagy, DNA damage, and mitochondrial stress. In addition, the inhibitory rate of 2e on A549/DDP tumor growth was 64.1% at a concentration of 10.0 mg kg-1, which is clearly higher than that of cisplatin. According to the biological assay, the cyclometalated Ir(III)-quinoline complex 2e exhibited a higher anticancer effect than 2b, which may be associated with the electronic effect of the methyl group of the 1e ligand of 2e playing a key role in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng-Ming Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P. R. China.
| | - Feng-Hua Pan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China.
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Qiu-Ji Xie
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China.
| | - Qing Chen
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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15
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Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Xie FL, Huang ZT, Bai L, Zhu JW, Xu HH, Long QQ, Guo QF, Wu Y, Liu SH. Antitumor activity studies of iridium (III) polypyridine complexes-loaded liposomes against gastric tumor cell in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111603. [PMID: 34564032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two iridium (III) polypyridine complexes [Ir(ppy)2(BIP)]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, BIP = 2-biphenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ir1), [Ir(piq)2(BIP)]PF6 (piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline, Ir2) and their liposomes Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo were synthesized and characterized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity against several cancer cells (A549, HepG2, SGC-7901, Bel-7402, HeLa) and non-cancer cell (mouse embryonic fibroblast, NIH3T3). The results showed that Ir1lipo displays the high cytotoxicity toward SGC-7901 with IC50 value of 5.8 ± 0.2 μM, while the complexes have no cytotoxicity toward A549, HepG2, Bel-7402 and HeLa cells. The cell colony demonstrated that the iridium (III) complexes-loaded liposomes can inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Moreover, they also cause autophagy, induce a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. These results suggest that the complexes encapsulated liposomes Ir1lipo and Ir2lipo inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and activating the PI3K (phosphoinositide-3 kinase)/ AKT (protein kinase B) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Zhi-Tong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qing-Qin Long
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Qi-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
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17
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Scarim CB, de Farias RL, Chiba DE, Chin CM. Insight into Recent Drug Discoveries against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp Parasites: New Metal-based Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2334-2381. [PMID: 34533436 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210917114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds of metal-based compounds can act as pharmacophore groups in several ligands to treat various diseases, including tropical infectious diseases (TID). In this review article, we investigate the contribution of these moieties to medicinal inorganic chemistry in the last seven years against TID, including American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness), leishmania, and malaria. The most potent metal-based complexes are displayed and highlighted in figures, tables and graphics; according to their pharmacological activities (IC50 > 10µM) against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp parasites. We highlight the current progresses and viewpoints of these metal-based complexes, with a specific focus on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Renan Lira de Farias
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Eidy Chiba
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
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18
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Patel D, Athar M, Jha PC. Exploring Ruthenium‐Based Organometallic Inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum Calcium Dependent Kinase 2 (PfCDPK2): A Combined Ensemble Docking, QM/MM and Molecular Dynamics Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Institute of Advanced Research Gujarat 382426 India
| | - Mohd Athar
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar 382030 Gujarat India
- Center for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics InStem Bangalore 560065 Karnataka India
| | - Prakash C. Jha
- School of Applied Material Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar 382030 Gujarat India
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19
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Melis DR, Barnett CB, Wiesner L, Nordlander E, Smith GS. Quinoline-triazole half-sandwich iridium(III) complexes: synthesis, antiplasmodial activity and preliminary transfer hydrogenation studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11543-11555. [PMID: 32697227 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01935f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iridium(iii) half-sandwich complexes containing 7-chloroquinoline-1,2,3-triazole hybrid ligands were synthesised and their inhibitory activities evaluated against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. Supporting computational analysis revealed that metal coordination to the quinoline nitrogen occurs first, forming a kinetic product that, upon heating over time, forms a more stable cyclometallated thermodynamic product. Single crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the proposed molecular structures of both isolated kinetic and thermodynamic products. Complexation with iridium significantly enhances the in vitro activity of selected ligands against the chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) Plasmodium falciparum strain, with selected complexes being over one hundred times more active than their respective ligands. No cross-resistance was observed in the chloroquine-resistant (K1) strain. No cytotoxicity was observed for selected complexes tested against the mammalian Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cell line. In addition, speed-of-action assays and β-haematin inhibition studies were performed. Through preliminary qualitative and quantitative cell-free experiments, it was found that the two most active neutral, cyclometallated complexes can act as transfer hydrogenation catalysts, by reducing β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH in the presence of a hydrogen source, sodium formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Melis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Christopher B Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Munteanu AC, Uivarosi V. Ruthenium Complexes in the Fight against Pathogenic Microorganisms. An Extensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:874. [PMID: 34199283 PMCID: PMC8232020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. Clearly, one can see the need to develop new, more effective, antimicrobial agents that go beyond the explored 'chemical space'. In this regard, their unique modes of action (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox activation, ligand exchange, depletion of substrates involved in vital cellular processes) render metal complexes as promising drug candidates. Several Ru (II/III) complexes have been included in, or are currently undergoing, clinical trials as anticancer agents. Based on the in-depth knowledge of their chemical properties and biological behavior, the interest in developing new ruthenium compounds as antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral drugs has risen. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Ru (II/III) frameworks as antimicrobial agents. Some aspects regarding the relationship between their chemical structure and mechanism of action, cellular localization, and/or metabolism of the ruthenium complexes in bacterial and eukaryotic cells are discussed as well. Regarding the antiviral activity, in light of current events related to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Ru (II/III) compounds used against SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., BOLD-100) are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Păunescu E, Boubaker G, Desiatkina O, Anghel N, Amdouni Y, Hemphill A, Furrer J. The quest of the best - A SAR study of trithiolato-bridged dinuclear Ruthenium(II)-Arene compounds presenting antiparasitic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113610. [PMID: 34144354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A structure activity relationship (SAR) study of a library of 56 compounds (54 ruthenium and 2 osmium derivatives) based on the trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene scaffold (general formula [(η6-arene)2Ru2(μ2-SR)3]+, symmetric and [(η6-arene)2Ru2(μ2-SR1)2(μ2-SR2)]+, mixed, respectively) is reported. The 56 compounds (of which 34 are newly designed drug candidates) were synthesized by introducing chemical modifications at the level of bridge thiols, and they were grouped into eight families according to their structural features. The selected fittings were guided by previous results and focused on a fine-tuning of the physico-chemical and steric properties. Newly synthesized complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis, and four single-crystal X-ray structures were obtained. The in vitro biological assessment of the compounds was realized by applying a three-step screening cascade: (i) evaluation of the activity against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites expressing β-galactosidase (T. gondii-β-gal) grown in human foreskin fibroblast monolayers (HFF) and assessment of toxicity in non-infected HFF host cells; (ii) dose-response assays using selected compound, and (iii) studies on the effects in murine splenocytes. A primary screening was performed at 1 and 0.1 μM, and resulted in the selection of 39 compounds that inhibited parasite proliferation at 1 μM by more than 95% and reduced the viability of HFF by less than 49%. In the secondary screening, dose-response assays showed that the selected compounds exhibited half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for T. gondii-β-gal between 0.01 μM and 0.45 μM, with 30 compounds displaying an IC50 lower than 0.1 μM. When applied to non-infected HFF monolayers at 2.5 μM, 8 compounds caused more than 90% and 31 compounds more than 30% viability impairment. The tertiary screening included 14 compounds that did not cause HFF viability loss higher than 50% at 2.5 μM. These derivatives were assessed for potential immunosuppressive activities. First, splenocyte viability was assessed after treatment of cells with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with compounds applied at 0.1 and 0.5 μM. Subsequently, the 5 compounds exhibiting the lowest splenocyte toxicity were further evaluated for their potential to inhibit B and T cell proliferation. Overall, compound 55 [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)2Ru2(μ2-SC6H4-o-CF3)2(μ2-SC6H4-p-OH)]Cl exhibited the most favorable features, and will be investigated as a scaffold for further optimization in terms of anti-parasitic efficacy and drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Păunescu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Desiatkina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yosra Amdouni
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, 2020, Tunisia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Mansour AM, Radacki K, Shehab OR. Half-sandwich triazolato Rh(III) compound of pyridylbenzimidazole ligand with cell selective toxicity towards Cryptococcus neoformans. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Mbaba M, Golding TM, Smith GS. Recent Advances in the Biological Investigation of Organometallic Platinum-Group Metal (Ir, Ru, Rh, Os, Pd, Pt) Complexes as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225276. [PMID: 33198217 PMCID: PMC7698227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of the recent pandemic and emergence of infectious diseases of viral origin, research on parasitic diseases such as malaria continues to remain critical and innovative methods are required to target the rising widespread resistance that renders conventional therapies unusable. The prolific use of auxiliary metallo-fragments has augmented the search for novel drug regimens in an attempt to combat rising resistance. The development of organometallic compounds (those containing metal-carbon bonds) as antimalarial drugs has been exemplified by the clinical development of ferroquine in the nascent field of Bioorganometallic Chemistry. With their inherent physicochemical properties, organometallic complexes can modulate the discipline of chemical biology by proffering different modes of action and targeting various enzymes. With the beneficiation of platinum group metals (PGMs) in mind, this review aims to describe recent studies on the antimalarial activity of PGM-based organometallic complexes. This review does not provide an exhaustive coverage of the literature but focusses on recent advances of bioorganometallic antimalarial drug leads, including a brief mention of recent trends comprising interactions with biomolecules such as heme and intracellular catalysis. This resource can be used in parallel with complementary reviews on metal-based complexes tested against malaria.
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24
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Wang Y, Jin J, Shu L, Li T, Lu S, Subarkhan MKM, Chen C, Wang H. New Organometallic Ruthenium(II) Compounds Synergistically Show Cytotoxic, Antimetastatic and Antiangiogenic Activities for the Treatment of Metastatic Cancer. Chemistry 2020; 26:15170-15182. [PMID: 32639591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we newly designed and synthesized a small library of ten structurally related C,N-cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes containing various pyridine-functionalized NHC ligand and chelating bipyridyl ligands (e.g., 2,2'-bipyridine, 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)). The complexes were well characterized by NMR, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. Among the new ruthenium(II) derivatives, we identified that the complex Ru8 bearing bulky moieties (i.e., phen and pentamethyl benzene) had the most potent cytotoxicity against all tested cancer cell lines, generating dose- and cell line-dependent IC50 values at the range of 3.3-15.0 μm. More significantly, Ru8 not only efficiently inhibited the metastasis process against invasion and migration of tumor cells but also exhibited potent antivascular effects by suppressing HUVEC cells migration and tube formation in vitro and blocking vessel generation in vivo (chicken chorioallantoic membrane model). In a metastatic A2780 tumor xenograft-bearing mouse model, administration of Ru8 outperformed antimetastatic agent NAMI-A and clinically approved cisplatin in terms of antitumor efficacy and inhibition of metastases to other organs. Overall, these data provided compelling evidence that the new cyclometalated ruthenium complex Ru8 is an attractive agent because of synergistically suppressing bulky tumors and metastasized tumor nudes. Therefore, the complex Ru8 deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Jin
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Tongyu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Siming Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Kasim Mohamed Subarkhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, P.R. China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
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25
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Al-Hakimi AN, Alminderej F, Aroua L, Alhag SK, Alfaifi MY, M SO, Mahyoub JA, Eldin I. Elbehairi S, Alnafisah AS. Design, synthesis, characterization of zirconium (IV), cadmium (II) and iron (III) complexes derived from Schiff base 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole, 2-hydroxynaphtadehyde and evaluation of their biological activity. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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26
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Milheiro SA, Gonçalves J, Lopes RMRM, Madureira M, Lobo L, Lopes A, Nogueira F, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, M Piedade MF, Pinto SN, Florindo PR, Moreira R. Half-Sandwich Cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) Complexes: A New Antimalarial Chemotype. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12722-12732. [PMID: 32838513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A small library of "half-sandwich" cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) compounds of the general formula [(η5-C5R5)Ru(PPh3)(N-N)][PF6], a scaffold hitherto absent from the toolbox of antiplasmodials, was screened for activity against the blood stage of CQ-sensitive 3D7-GFP, CQ-resistant Dd2, and artemisinin-resistant IPC5202 Plasmodium falciparum strains and the liver stage of Plasmodium berghei. The best-performing compounds displayed dual-stage activity, with single-digit nanomolar IC50 values against blood-stage malaria parasites, nanomolar activity against liver-stage parasites, and residual cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Huh7 mammalian cells. The parasitic absorption/distribution of 7-nitrobenzoxadiazole-appended fluorescent compounds Ru4 and Ru5 was investigated by confocal fluorescence microscopy, revealing parasite-selective absorption in infected erythrocytes and nuclear accumulation of both compounds. The lead compound Ru2 impaired asexual parasite differentiation, exhibiting fast parasiticidal activity against both ring and trophozoite stages of a synchronized culture of the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. These results point to cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) complexes as a highly promising chemotype for the development of dual-stage antiplasmodials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Milheiro
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M R M Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Madureira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lis Lobo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Lopes
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Florindo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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27
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Baartzes N, Jordaan A, Warner DF, Combrinck J, Taylor D, Chibale K, Smith GS. Antimicrobial evaluation of neutral and cationic iridium(III) and rhodium(III) aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrid complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112694. [PMID: 32861176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral and cationic Ir(III) and Rh(III) aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrid complexes were synthesised and their inhibitory activities evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In general, the hybrid complexes display good activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 strain of P. falciparum. The neutral Ir(III)- and Rh(III)-Cp∗ complexes were the most active (IC50 = 0.488 μM for IrIII), maintaining activity against the multidrug-resistant K1 strain. Low to no cytotoxicity against the Chinese hamster ovarian cell line was observed for the tested complexes. Selected active hybrid complexes demonstrated significant inhibition of β-haematin formation in a cell-free NP-40 assay, suggesting an effect on the host haemoglobin degradation pathway as a potential contributing mechanism of action. When tested against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, most hybrid complexes displayed moderate to good activity. Again, the neutral complexes outperformed the cationic complexes, with the neutral Ir(III)-Cp∗ complexes proving most active (MIC90 = 0.488-1.490 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Baartzes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Audrey Jordaan
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Rafikova K, Binbay NE, Meriç N, Kerimkulova A, Zazybin A, Binbay V, Okumuş V, Kayan C, Işik U, Arslan N, Aydemir M. Biological assays and theoretical density functional theory calculations of Rh(I), Ir(III), and Ru(II) complexes of chiral phosphinite ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadichakhan Rafikova
- Kazakh‐British Technical UniversitySchool of Chemical Engineering Almaty 050000 Kazakhstan
- Satbayev UniversityInstitute of Chemical and Biological Technologies Almaty 050013 Kazakhstan
| | - Nil Ertekin Binbay
- Department of Electronics, Technical Vocational SchoolDicle University 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Nermin Meriç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceDicle University 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Aygul Kerimkulova
- Satbayev UniversityInstitute of Chemical and Biological Technologies Almaty 050013 Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey Zazybin
- Kazakh‐British Technical UniversitySchool of Chemical Engineering Almaty 050000 Kazakhstan
| | - Veysel Binbay
- Department of Physics, Institute of Natural ScienceDicle University 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Veysi Okumuş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and ArtSiirt University 56100 Turkey
| | - Cezmi Kayan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceDicle University 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Uğur Işik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceDicle University 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Nevin Arslan
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of AgricultureŞırnak University 73000 Şırnak Turkey
| | - Murat Aydemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceDicle University 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
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29
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Malaza SSP, Makhubela BCE. Direct and indirect CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by Ir(III), Rh(III), Ru(II), and Os(II) half-sandwich complexes to generate formates and N,N-diethylformamide. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Welsh A, Rylands LI, Arion VB, Prince S, Smith GS. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of benzimidazole-based, trinuclear neutral cyclometallated and cationic, N^N-chelated ruthenium(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1143-1156. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-phenyl and 2-pyridyl tris-benzimidazole ligands was reacted with the [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 dimer to yield the corresponding neutral cyclometallated and cationic trinuclear organoruthenium(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Cape Town
- South Africa
| | - Laa-iqa Rylands
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Cape Town
- South Africa
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology
- University of Cape Town
- Faculty of Health Science
- South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Cape Town
- South Africa
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31
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Ge X, Liu X, Tian Z, Chen S, Liu X, Guo L, Gong P, Ling B, Yuan X, Liu Z. Half‐sandwich Ruthenium (II) complexes with triphenylamine modified dipyridine skeleton and application in biology/luminescence imaging. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Ge
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xicheng Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shujiao Chen
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Peiwei Gong
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Baoping Ling
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xiang‐Ai Yuan
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, The Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165 China
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32
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Baartzes N, Stringer T, Seldon R, Warner DF, Taylor D, Wittlin S, Chibale K, Smith GS. Bioisosteric ferrocenyl aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrids: Antimicrobial evaluation and mechanistic insights. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:121-133. [PMID: 31301563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenyl- and bioisosteric ferrocenyl-derived aminoquinoline-benzimidazole hybrid compounds were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 and multi-drug resistant K1 strains of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. All compounds were active against the two strains, generally showing enhanced activity in the K1 strain, with resistance indices less than 1. Cytotoxicity studies using Chinese hamster ovarian cells revealed that the hybrids were relatively non-cytotoxic and demonstrated selective killing of the parasite. Based on favourable in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity data, the most active phenyl (4c) and ferrocenyl (5b) hybrids were tested in vivo against the rodent Plasmodium berghei mouse model. Both compounds caused a reduction in parasitemia relative to the control, with 5c displaying superior activity (92% reduction in parasitemia at 4 × 50 mg/kg oral doses). The most active phenyl and ferrocenyl derivatives showed inhibition of β-haematin formation in a NP-40 detergent-mediated assay, indicating a possible contributing mechanism of antiplasmodial action. The most active ferrocenyl hybrid did not display appreciable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a ROS-induced DNA cleavage gel electrophoresis study. The compounds were also screened for their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The hybrids containing a more hydrophobic substituent had enhanced activity (<32.7 μM) compared to those with a less hydrophobic substituent (>62.5 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baartzes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Stringer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Seldon
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - D Taylor
- H3D, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - G S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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33
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Wei QM, Wang ZF, Qin QP, Wang SL, Tan MX, Zou BQ, Yao PF, Liang H. Inhibition of telomerase activity and SK-OV-3/DDP cell apoptosis by rhodium(III) and iron(III) complexes with 4′-(3-thiophenecarboxaldehyde)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Kondraganti L, Manabolu SB, Dittakavi R. Synthesis of Benzimidazoles
via
Domino Intra and Intermolecular
C‐N
Cross‐Coupling Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kondraganti
- Department of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada Kakinada- 533 003 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Surendra babu Manabolu
- Department of ChemistryInstitution: GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University HTP campus, Rudraram, Medak 502 329 Telangana India
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