1
|
Gołyszny M, Zieliński M, Obuchowicz E. Acute Stress Affects the Relaxin/Insulin-Like Family Peptide Receptor 3 mRNA Expression in Brain of Pubertal Male Wistar Rats. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22523. [PMID: 38970242 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The current literature suggests that relaxin-3/relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3 (RLN-3/RXFP-3) system is involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders because the results of anatomical and pharmacological studies have shown that the RLN-3 signaling pathway plays a role in modulating the stress response, anxiety, arousal, depression-like behavior, and neuroendocrine homeostasis. The risk of developing mental illnesses in adulthood is increased by exposure to stress in early periods of life. The available data indicate that puberty is especially characterized by the development of the neural system and emotionality and is a "stress-sensitive" period. The presented study assessed the short-term changes in the expression of RLN-3 and RXFP-3 mRNA in the stress-dependent brain regions in male pubertal Wistar rats that had been subjected to acute stress. Three stressors were applied from 42 to 44 postnatal days (first day: a single forced swim; second day: stress on an elevated platform that was repeated three times; third day: restraint stress three times). Anxiety (open field, elevated plus maze test) and anhedonic-like behavior (sucrose preference test) were estimated during these tests. The corticosterone (CORT) levels and blood morphology were estimated. We found that the RXFP-3 mRNA expression decreased in the brainstem, whereas it increased in the hypothalamus 72 h after acute stress. These molecular changes were accompanied by the increased levels of CORT and anxiety-like behavior detected in the open field test that had been conducted earlier, that is, 24 h after the stress procedure. These findings shed new light on the neurochemical changes that are involved in the compensatory response to adverse events in pubertal male rats and support other data that suggest a regulatory interplay between the RLN-3 pathway and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the mechanisms of anxiety-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sequeira MK, Stachowicz KM, Seo EH, Yount ST, Gourley SL. Cocaine disrupts action flexibility via glucocorticoid receptors. iScience 2024; 27:110148. [PMID: 38989467 PMCID: PMC11233908 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many addictive drugs increase stress hormone levels. They also alter the propensity of organisms to prospectively select actions based on long-term consequences. We hypothesized that cocaine causes inflexible action by increasing circulating stress hormone levels, activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We trained mice to generate two nose pokes for food and then required them to update action-consequence associations when one response was no longer reinforced. Cocaine delivered in adolescence or adulthood impaired the capacity of mice to update action strategies, and inhibiting CORT synthesis rescued action flexibility. Next, we reduced Nr3c1, encoding GR, in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a region of the brain responsible for interlacing new information into established routines. Nr3c1 silencing preserved action flexibility and dendritic spine abundance on excitatory neurons, despite cocaine. Spines are often considered substrates for learning and memory, leading to the discovery that cocaine degrades the representation of new action memories, obstructing action flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Sequeira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Stachowicz
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esther H Seo
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sophie T Yount
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos-Carrasco D, De la Casa LG. Stressing out! Effects of acute stress on prepulse inhibition and working memory. Psychophysiology 2024:e14599. [PMID: 38691020 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex serves as a pre-cognitive marker of sensorimotor gating, and its deficit may predict cognitive impairments. Startle reflex is modulated by many factors. Among them, stress has been a topic of interest, but its effects on both pre-cognitive and cognitive variables continue to yield divergent results. This study aims to analyze the effect of acute stress on PPI of the startle reflex and cognitive function (working memory, attention, inhibition, and verbal fluency). Participants were exposed to the MAST stress induction protocol or a stress-neutral task: stress group (n = 54) or control group (n = 54). Following stress induction, participants' startle responses were recorded, and cognition was assessed. The results revealed that participants in the stress group exhibited greater startle magnitude, lower PPI, and lower scores in working memory tests compared with the control group. Additionally, a correlation was found between working memory and PPI across all the participants, independent of stress group. These findings support the notion that after stress, both greater startle magnitude and diminished PPI could play an adaptive role by allowing for increased processing of stimuli potentially dangerous and stress-related. Similarly, our results lend support to the hypothesis that lower PPI may be predictive of cognitive impairment. Considering the impact of stress on both pre-cognitive (PPI) and cognitive (working memory) variables, we discuss the possibility that the effect of stress on PPI occurs through motivational priming and emphasize the relevance of considering stress in both basic and translational science.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhukovsky P, Ironside M, Duda JM, Moser AD, Null KE, Dhaynaut M, Normandin M, Guehl NJ, El Fakhri G, Alexander M, Holsen LM, Misra M, Narendran R, Hoye JM, Morris ED, Esfand SM, Goldstein JM, Pizzagalli DA. Acute Stress Increases Striatal Connectivity With Cortical Regions Enriched for μ and κ Opioid Receptors. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)00106-9. [PMID: 38395372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the neurobiological effects of stress is critical for addressing the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Using a dimensional approach involving individuals with differing degree of MDD risk, we investigated 1) the effects of acute stress on cortico-cortical and subcortical-cortical functional connectivity (FC) and 2) how such effects are related to gene expression and receptor maps. METHODS Across 115 participants (37 control, 39 remitted MDD, 39 current MDD), we evaluated the effects of stress on FC during the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Using partial least squares regression, we investigated genes whose expression in the Allen Human Brain Atlas was associated with anatomical patterns of stress-related FC change. Finally, we correlated stress-related FC change maps with opioid and GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) receptor distribution maps derived from positron emission tomography. RESULTS Results revealed robust effects of stress on global cortical connectivity, with increased global FC in frontoparietal and attentional networks and decreased global FC in the medial default mode network. Moreover, robust increases emerged in FC of the caudate, putamen, and amygdala with regions from the ventral attention/salience network, frontoparietal network, and motor networks. Such regions showed preferential expression of genes involved in cell-to-cell signaling (OPRM1, OPRK1, SST, GABRA3, GABRA5), similar to previous genetic MDD studies. CONCLUSIONS Acute stress altered global cortical connectivity and increased striatal connectivity with cortical regions that express genes that have previously been associated with imaging abnormalities in MDD and are rich in μ and κ opioid receptors. These findings point to overlapping circuitry underlying stress response, reward, and MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zhukovsky
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Ironside
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Jessica M Duda
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelia D Moser
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kaylee E Null
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madeline Alexander
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Holsen
- Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Innovation Center on Sex Differences in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory of Sex Differences in the Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jocelyn M Hoye
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Evan D Morris
- Yale Positron Emission Tomography Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shiba M Esfand
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Innovation Center on Sex Differences in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory of Sex Differences in the Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saito A, Murata H, Niitani K, Nagasaki J, Otoda A, Chujo Y, Yanagida J, Nishitani N, Deyama S, Kaneda K. Social defeat stress enhances the rewarding effects of cocaine through α 1A adrenoceptors in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 242:109757. [PMID: 37839511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Various stressors potentiate the rewarding effects of cocaine and contribute to cocaine cravings. However, it remains unclear whether psychosocial stress enhances the rewarding effects of cocaine. Accordingly, this study employed a cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm combined with social defeat (SD) exposure to investigate the effects of acute SD stress on cocaine reward in male mice. We found that SD stress immediately before the posttest significantly increased cocaine CPP, and systemic blockade of α1 adrenoceptors, but not β adrenoceptors, suppressed this increase. Fiber photometry recordings with GRABNE1m sensors revealed increased noradrenaline (NA) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in test mice in response to attacks by aggressor mice during SD. Moreover, the SD stress-induced enhancement of CPP was effectively suppressed by intra-mPFC infusion of an α1 adrenoceptor antagonist. In vitro whole-cell recordings demonstrated that silodosin, an α1A, but not α1B or α1D, adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibited NA-induced depolarizing currents and facilitation of excitatory synaptic transmissions. Consistently, intra-mPFC silodosin infusion significantly suppressed the SD stress-induced CPP enhancement. Conversely, intra-mPFC infusion of α1A adrenoceptor agonist augmented cocaine CPP in the absence of stress exposure. Additionally, intranasal silodosin administration attenuated the SD stress-induced enhancement of CPP, and chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC excitatory neurons also suppressed the SD stress-induced CPP enhancement. Together, these findings suggest that NA stimulation of α1A adrenoceptors and the subsequent activation of mPFC pyramidal cells may contribute to SD stress-induced amplification of the rewarding effects of cocaine, and intranasal silodosin administration may hold therapeutic potential for mitigating stress-associated cocaine craving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Haruka Murata
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhei Niitani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Junpei Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuki Otoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Chujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Junko Yanagida
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haass-Koffler CL, Magill M, Cannella N, Brown JC, Aoun EG, Cioe PA, Sinha R, Swift RM, Ciccocioppo R, Leggio L. Mifepristone as a pharmacological intervention for stress-induced alcohol craving: A human laboratory study. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13288. [PMID: 37369125 PMCID: PMC10313137 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical work suggests that mifepristone may be a viable treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This was a Phase 1/2, outpatient, cross-over, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with non-treatment-seeking individuals with AUD (N = 32). We assessed safety, alcohol craving and consumption, after 1-week mifepristone 600 mg/day administration, in a human laboratory study comprised of a single oral yohimbine administration (32.4 mg), a cue-reactivity procedure and alcohol self-administration. Safety was monitored by adverse events and hemodynamic parameters, alcohol craving by alcohol craving questionnaire and cue-induced saliva output. During the alcohol self-administration, we assessed alcohol pharmacokinetics, subjective effects and consumption. Outcomes were assessed using Generalized Estimating Equations and mediation analysis. Mild-moderate adverse events were reported in both conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between mifepristone and placebo in alcohol pharmacokinetics and subjective effects. Furthermore, blood pressure increased only in the placebo condition after the stress-induced laboratory procedures. Mifepristone, compared to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol craving and increased cortisol levels. Mifepristone-induced cortisol increase was not a mediator of alcohol craving. Mifepristone, compared to placebo, did not reduce alcohol consumption in the laboratory or in a naturalistic setting. This study successfully translated a developed preclinical procedure to a human laboratory study, confirming the safety of mifepristone in people with AUD and providing evidence to its role in reducing alcohol craving under stress procedures. The lack of effects on alcohol drinking may be related to the selection of non-treatment seekers and suggests future treatment-oriented trials should investigate mifepristone in people with AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L. Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence RI, Brown University
| | - Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Joshua C. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elie G. Aoun
- Division of Law, Ethics and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Patricia A. Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert M. Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, NIDA IRP and NIAAA DICBR, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haass-Koffler CL. Utilizing precision medicine to treat alcohol use disorder: A commentary on the α1 receptor antagonist. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:432-434. [PMID: 36852535 PMCID: PMC10050091 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saito-Takatsuji H, Yoshitomi Y, Yamamoto R, Furuyama T, Ishigaki Y, Kato N, Yonekura H, Ikeda T. Transthyretin Is Commonly Upregulated in the Hippocampus of Two Stress-Induced Depression Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043736. [PMID: 36835151 PMCID: PMC9964880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress can affect gene expression in the hippocampus, which alters neural and cerebrovascular functions, thereby contributing to the development of mental disorders such as depression. Although several differentially expressed genes in the depressed brain have been reported, gene expression changes in the stressed brain remain underexplored. Therefore, this study examines hippocampal gene expression in two mouse models of depression induced by forced swim stress (FSS) and repeated social defeat stress (R-SDS). Transthyretin (Ttr) was commonly upregulated in the hippocampus of both mouse models, as determined by microarray, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analyses. Evaluation of the effects of overexpressed Ttr in the hippocampus using adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer revealed that TTR overexpression induced depression-like behavior and upregulation of Lcn2 and several proinflammatory genes (Icam1 and Vcam1) in the hippocampus. Upregulation of these inflammation-related genes was confirmed in the hippocampus obtained from mice vulnerable to R-SDS. These results suggest that chronic stress upregulates Ttr expression in the hippocampus and that Ttr upregulation may be involved in the induction of depression-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Saito-Takatsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshitomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hideto Yonekura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-218-8111
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Raskind MA, Williams T, Holmes H, Hart K, Crews L, Poupore EL, Thomas RG, Darnell J, Daniels C, Goke K, Hendrickson R, Terry G, Mayer C, Simpson T, Saxon A, Rasmussen D, Peskind ER. A randomized controlled clinical trial of prazosin for alcohol use disorder in active duty soldiers: Predictive effects of elevated cardiovascular parameters. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:348-360. [PMID: 36809662 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive noradrenergic signaling contributes to aversive symptoms of alcohol withdrawal that interfere with abstinence or reductions in harmful use. METHODS To address this aspect of alcohol use disorder, 102 active-duty soldiers participating in command-mandated Army outpatient alcohol treatment were randomized to also receive the brain-penetrant alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin or placebo for 13 weeks. Primary outcomes were scores on the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), standard drink units (SDUs) per day averaged over each week, % days of any drinking per week, and % days of heavy drinking per week. RESULTS PACS declines did not differ significantly between the prazosin and placebo groups in the overall sample. In the subgroup with comorbid PTSD (n = 48), PACS declines were significantly greater in the prazosin than in the placebo condition (p < 0.05). Baseline alcohol consumption was markedly reduced by the pre-randomization outpatient alcohol treatment program, but the addition of prazosin treatment produced a greater slope of decline in SDUs per day compared to placebo (p = 0.01). Preplanned subgroup analyses were performed in soldiers with elevated baseline cardiovascular measures consistent with increased noradrenergic signaling. In soldiers with elevated standing heart rate (n = 15), prazosin reduced SDUs per day (p = 0.01), % days drinking (p = 0.03), and % days heavy drinking (p = 0.001) relative to placebo. In soldiers with elevated standing systolic blood pressure (n = 27), prazosin reduced SDUs per day (p = 0.04) and tended to reduce % days drinking (p = 0.056). Prazosin also reduced depressive symptoms and the incidence of emergent depressed mood more than placebo (p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively). During the final 4 weeks of prazosin vs. placebo treatment that followed completion of Army outpatient AUD treatment, alcohol consumption in soldiers with elevated baseline cardiovascular measures increased in those receiving placebo but remained suppressed in those receiving prazosin. CONCLUSIONS These results extend reports that higher pretreatment cardiovascular measures predict beneficial effects of prazosin, which may be useful for relapse prevention in patients with AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murray A Raskind
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tammy Williams
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Hollie Holmes
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim Hart
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura Crews
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Eileen L Poupore
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jolee Darnell
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Colin Daniels
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Goke
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Rebecca Hendrickson
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Garth Terry
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia Mayer
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tracy Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Saxon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Rasmussen
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Normalization of HPA Axis, Cholinergic Neurotransmission, and Inhibiting Brain Oxidative and Inflammatory Dynamics Are Associated with The Adaptogenic-like Effect of Rutin Against Psychosocial Defeat Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:60-75. [PMID: 36580190 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat stress (SDS) due to changes in biochemical functions has been implicated in the pathogenesis of affective and cognitive disorders. Employing pharmacological approach with adaptogens in the management and treatment of psychosocial stress is increasingly receiving scientific attention. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of rutin, a bioflavonoid with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory functions on neurobehavioral and neuro-biochemical changes in mice exposed to SDS. Groups of mice named the intruder mice received normal saline (10 mL/kg), rutin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), and ginseng (50 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 14 days, and then followed by 10 min daily SDS (physical/psychological) exposures to aggressor mice from days 7-14. Investigations consisting of neurobehavioral (locomotion, memory, anxiety, and depression) phenotypes, neuro-biochemical (oxidative, nitrergic, cholinergic, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) levels in discrete brain regions, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis consisting adrenal weight, corticosterone, and glucose concentrations were assessed. Rutin restored the neurobehavioral deficits and reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brains. Adrenal hypertrophy, increased serum glucose and corticosterone levels were significantly attenuated by rutin. SDS-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus were also suppressed by rutin in a brain-region-dependent manner. Moreover, SDS-induced oxidative stress characterized by low antioxidants (glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, catalase) and lipid peroxidation and nitrergic stress were reversed by rutin in discrete brain regions. Collectively, our data suggest that rutin possesses an adoptogenic potential in mice exposed to SDS via normalization of HPA, oxidative/nitrergic, and neuroinflammatory inhibitions. Thus, may be adopted in the management of neuropsychiatric syndrome due to psychosocial stress.
Collapse
|
11
|
Farinha-Ferreira M, Rei N, Fonseca-Gomes J, Miranda-Lourenço C, Serrão P, Vaz SH, Gomes JI, Martins V, de Alves Pereira B, Sebastião AM. Unexpected short- and long-term effects of chronic adolescent HU-210 exposure on emotional behavior. Neuropharmacology 2022; 214:109155. [PMID: 35660545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic adolescent cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure has been shown to lead to persistent increases in depressive-like behaviors. This has been a key obstacle to the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics. However, most of the published work has been performed with only three compounds, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CP55,940 and WIN55,212-2. Hypothesizing that different compounds may lead to distinct outcomes, we herein used the highly potent CB1R/CB2R full agonist HU-210, and first aimed at replicating cannabinoid-induced long-lasting effects, by exposing adolescent female Sprague-Dawley rats to increasing doses of HU-210, for 11 days and testing them at adulthood, after a 30-day drug washout. Surprisingly, HU-210 did not significantly impact adult anxious- or depressive-like behaviors. We then tested whether chronic adolescent HU-210 treatment resulted in short-term (24h) alterations in depressive-like behavior. Remarkably, HU-210 treatment simultaneously induced marked antidepressant- and prodepressant-like responses, in the modified forced swim (mFST) and sucrose preference tests (SPT), respectively. Hypothesizing that mFST results were a misleading artifact of HU-210-induced behavioral hyperreactivity to stress, we assessed plasmatic noradrenaline and corticosterone levels, under basal conditions and following an acute swim-stress episode. Notably, we found that while HU-210 did not alter basal noradrenaline or corticosterone levels, it greatly augmented the stress-induced increase in both. Our results show that, contrary to previously studied cannabinoid receptor agonists, HU-210 does not induce persisting depressive-like alterations, despite inducing marked short-term increases in stress-induced reactivity. By showing that not all cannabinoid receptor agonists may induce long-term negative effects, these results hold significant relevance for the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nádia Rei
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Fonseca-Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Miranda-Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana I Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Valéria Martins
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz de Alves Pereira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Associations of three major physiological stress systems with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with a depressive and/or anxiety disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:195-205. [PMID: 35202735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with depressive and/or anxiety disorders are at increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, but biological correlates signaling such risk remain unclear. Independent and cumulative dysregulations in physiological stress systems, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA-axis), immune-inflammatory system, and autonomous nervous system (ANS), may contribute to this risk. However, findings have either been heterogeneous or absent thus far. METHODS Associations between individual markers and cumulative indices of the HPA-axis (cortisol awakening response and evening cortisol), immune-inflammatory system (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α), and the ANS (heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and pre-ejection period) and the outcomes no suicide ideation with suicide attempt (SI-SA+), suicide ideation without suicide attempt (SI+SA-) and suicide ideation with suicide attempt (SI+SA+) were investigated in 1749 persons with depressive and/or anxiety disorders from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). RESULTS High levels of CRP and IL-6 were associated with SI-SA+ and SI+SA+ respectively when compared to non-suicidal patients after adjusting for confounders and multiple testing. Also, cumulative immune-inflammatory dysregulations were positively associated with SI+SA+, suggesting a dose-response effect. No significant associations were found between HPA-axis or ANS indicators and suicide-outcomes and between immune-inflammatory system markers or cumulative stress system dysregulations and SI+SA-. CONCLUSION Although stress system markers could not differentiate between SI+SA- and non-suicidal patients, findings indicate that dysregulations of individual and cumulative immune-inflammatory markers are associated with suicide attempts in depressive and/or anxiety patients. Thus, immune-inflammatory system dysregulation may be involved in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior, supporting further examination of the effects of anti-inflammatory interventions on suicidality.
Collapse
|
13
|
Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shimba A, Ejima A, Ikuta K. Pleiotropic Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Immune System in Circadian Rhythm and Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706951. [PMID: 34691020 PMCID: PMC8531522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex. Their production is controlled by circadian rhythm and stress, the latter of which includes physical restraint, hunger, and inflammation. Importantly, GCs have various effects on immunity, metabolism, and cognition, including pleiotropic effects on the immune system. In general, GCs have strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Indeed, they suppress inflammatory cytokine expression and cell-mediated immunity, leading to increased risks of some infections. However, recent studies have shown that endogenous GCs induced by the diurnal cycle and dietary restriction enhance immune responses against some infections by promoting the survival, redistribution, and response of T and B cells via cytokine and chemokine receptors. Furthermore, although GCs are reported to reduce expression of Th2 cytokines, GCs enhance type 2 immunity and IL-17-associated immunity in some stress conditions. Taken together, GCs have both immunoenhancing and immunosuppressive effects on the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aki Ejima
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Śmiałowska M, Zięba B, Domin H. A role of noradrenergic receptors in anxiolytic-like effect of high CRF in the rat frontal cortex. Neuropeptides 2021; 88:102162. [PMID: 34062382 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the brain as a hormonal modulator and neurotransmitter. The best known behavioral function of CRF is activation of stress and anxiety via the hypothalamus and limbic structures but the role of CRF in the cortex is still poorly understood. Our previous studies have shown anxiolytic-like effects of high doses of CRF injected into the Fr2 frontal cortex and involvement of CRF1 receptors (R) in that effect. These results seemed to be controversial as most other studies suggested anxiogenic and not anxiolytic effects of CRF1R stimulation. Since stress is associated with adrenergic system, in the present study, we focused on participation of alpha1 and alpha2 or beta adrenergic receptors in the anxiolytic-like effect of CRF. Moreover, we verified whether these effects of CRF in the Fr2 were really connected with CRF1R. Male Wistar rats were bilaterally microinjected with CRF in a dose of 0.2 μg/1 μl/site or with the specific agonist of CRF1R, stressin 1 (0.2-0.0125 μg/1 μl/site) into the Fr2 area. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was performed 30 min later to assess the anxiolysis. An involvement of noradrenergic receptors in the CRF induced anxiolytic-like effect in the Fr2 was studied by pretreatment with the alpha1 antagonist prazosin, alpha2 agonist clonidine, alpha2 antagonist RS 79948 or beta antagonist propranolol, 20-30 min before CRF. The influence on anxiety was assessed in the EPM test. The results show that anxiolytic behavior after CRF microinjection into the Fr2 area seems to be mainly connected with the CRF1R activation because a similar effect was observed after stressin 1 administration and it was blocked by CRF1R antagonist. The results observed after administration of noradrenergic ligands indicated that anxiolytic effects of CRF in the Fr2 engaged the alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors but not beta receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Śmiałowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 31-343 Kraków, 12 Smętna street, Poland.
| | - Barbara Zięba
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 31-343 Kraków, 12 Smętna street, Poland
| | - Helena Domin
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 31-343 Kraków, 12 Smętna street, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hundahl C, Kotzbeck P, Burm HB, Christiansen SH, Torz L, Helge AW, Madsen MP, Ratner C, Serup AK, Thompson JJ, Eichmann TO, Pers TH, Woldbye DPD, Piomelli D, Kiens B, Zechner R, Skov LJ, Holst B. Hypothalamic hormone-sensitive lipase regulates appetite and energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101174. [PMID: 33549847 PMCID: PMC7903013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of central hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) expression in the regulation of food intake and body weight in mice to clarify whether intracellular lipolysis in the mammalian hypothalamus plays a role in regulating appetite. Methods Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we investigated the role of HSL in the rodent brain in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis under basal conditions during acute stress and high-fat diet feeding. Results We found that HSL, a key enzyme in the catabolism of cellular lipid stores, is expressed in the appetite-regulating centers in the hypothalamus and is activated by acute stress through a mechanism similar to that observed in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Inhibition of HSL in rodent models by a synthetic ligand, global knockout, or brain-specific deletion of HSL prevents a decrease in food intake normally seen in response to acute stress and is associated with the increased expression of orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP). Increased food intake can be reversed by adeno-associated virus-mediated reintroduction of HSL in neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus. Importantly, metabolic stress induced by a high-fat diet also enhances the hyperphagic phenotype of HSL-deficient mice. Specific deletion of HSL in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) or AgRP neurons reveals that HSL in the VMH plays a role in both acute stress-induced food intake and high-fat diet-induced obesity. Conclusions Our results indicate that HSL activity in the mediobasal hypothalamus is involved in the acute reduction in food intake during the acute stress response and sensing of a high-fat diet. HSL is expressed in appetite-regulating nuclei of the mouse hypothalamus. HSL in the hypothalamus is activated via β-adrenergic receptor signaling. The anorexic response to acute stress is blunted in mice without hypothalamic HSL. Central HSL deficiency results in obesity in mice on a high-fat diet. HSL in SF1-positive neurons contributes to the anorexigenic stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Hundahl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hayley B Burm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren H Christiansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Aske W Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin P Madsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Ratner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Annette K Serup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jonatan J Thompson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - David P D Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Louise J Skov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:202-277. [PMID: 33328244 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Inserra
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Offensive Behavior, Striatal Glutamate Metabolites, and Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress in Chronic Anxiety. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207440. [PMID: 33050201 PMCID: PMC7589759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in anxiety-related behavior are associated with individual allostatic set-points in chronically stressed rats. Actively offensive rats with the externalizing indicators of sniffling and climbing the stimulus and material tearing during 10 days of predator scent stress had reduced plasma corticosterone, increased striatal glutamate metabolites, and increased adrenal 11-dehydrocorticosterone content compared to passively defensive rats with the internalizing indicators of freezing and grooming, as well as to controls without any behavioral changes. These findings suggest that rats that display active offensive activity in response to stress develop anxiety associated with decreased allostatic set-points and increased resistance to stress.
Collapse
|
19
|
Díaz-Hung ML, Martínez G, Hetz C. Emerging roles of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the nervous system: A link with adaptive behavior to environmental stress? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 350:29-61. [PMID: 32138903 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stressors elicit a neuroendocrine response leading to increased levels of glucocorticoids, allowing the organism to adapt to environmental changes and maintain homeostasis. Glucocorticoids have a broad effect in the body, modifying the activity of the immune system, metabolism, and behavior through the activation of receptors in the limbic system. Chronic exposition to stressors operates as a risk factor for psychiatric diseases such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Among the cellular alterations observed as a consequence of environmental stress, alterations to organelle function at the level of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are emerging as possible factors contributing to neuronal dysfunction. ER proteostasis alterations elicit the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved signaling network that re-establish protein homeostasis. In addition, in the context of brain function, the UPR has been associated to neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity. Recent studies suggest a role of the UPR in the adaptive behavior to stress, suggesting a mechanistic link between environmental and cellular stress. Here, we revise recent evidence supporting an evolutionary connection between the neuroendocrine system and the UPR to modulate behavioral adaptive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Díaz-Hung
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Martínez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Z, Gai Y, Zhou J, Liu J, Cui S. miR-375 mediates the CRF signaling pathway to regulate catecholamine biosynthesis by targeting Sp1 in porcine adrenal gland. Stress 2019; 22:332-346. [PMID: 30714474 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1561845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF) is a key regulator of catecholamines (CATs) biosynthesis in the adrenal gland. Furthermore, miR-375 has been confirmed to be localized in the mouse adrenal gland. However, the relationships between miR-375 and CRF in regulating CATs biosynthesis remain to be established. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between CRF and miR-375 in the regulation of CATs biosynthesis in the porcine adrenal gland. Eight adult female pigs (four controls; four injected intracerebroventricularly with 50 μg of CRF) were used for the in vivo experiments in this study. The results showed that miR-375 was exclusively localized in porcine adrenal medullary cells. Functional studies showed that miR-375 negatively regulated CATs synthesis in primary cells by affecting the expression of the CATs synthetases tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). CRF up-regulated the expression of CATs synthetase in primary adrenal medullary cells under basal conditions and upon endogenous miR-375 inhibition; the enhanced effects vanished when cellular miR-375 was overexpressed by transfecting miR-375-mic. CRF decreased the expression of miR-375 both in vivo and in vitro. Our in vitro results showed that CRF significantly decreased the expression of miR-375, perhaps by binding to CRFR1. miR-375 functions by directly binding to the 3'-UTR region of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which is involved in regulating Th and Dbh expression. These data collectively indicate that miR-375 plays an important role in regulating CATs synthesis and mediates the CRF signaling pathway in porcine adrenal medullary cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Yedan Gai
- a State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jinlian Zhou
- b The 306th Hospital of People's Liberation Army , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jiali Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Sheng Cui
- a State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Greenwald MK. Anti-stress neuropharmacological mechanisms and targets for addiction treatment: A translational framework. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:84-104. [PMID: 30238023 PMCID: PMC6138948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress-potentiated seeking and consumption of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opioids (i.e., key phenotypes for the most commonly abused substances). I evaluate neuropharmacological mechanisms in experimental models of drug-maintenance and relapse, which translate more readily to individuals presenting for treatment (who have initiated and progressed). An affective/motivational systems model (three dimensions: valence, arousal, control) is mapped onto a systems biology of addiction approach for addressing this problem. Based on quality of evidence to date, promising first-tier neurochemical receptor targets include: noradrenergic (α1 and β antagonist, α2 agonist), kappa-opioid antagonist, nociceptin antagonist, orexin-1 antagonist, and endocannabinoid modulation (e.g., cannabidiol, FAAH inhibition); second-tier candidates may include corticotropin releasing factor-1 antagonists, serotonergic agents (e.g., 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT3 antagonists), glutamatergic agents (e.g., mGluR2/3 agonist/positive allosteric modulator, mGluR5 antagonist/negative allosteric modulator), GABA-promoters (e.g., pregabalin, tiagabine), vasopressin 1b antagonist, NK-1 antagonist, and PPAR-γ agonist (e.g., pioglitazone). To address affective/motivational mechanisms of stress-related substance use, it may be advisable to combine agents with actions at complementary targets for greater efficacy but systematic studies are lacking except for interactions with the noradrenergic system. I note clinically-relevant factors that could mediate/moderate the efficacy of anti-stress therapeutics and identify research gaps that should be pursued. Finally, progress in developing anti-stress medications will depend on use of reliable CNS biomarkers to validate exposure-response relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kelly EA, Fudge JL. The neuroanatomic complexity of the CRF and DA systems and their interface: What we still don't know. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:247-259. [PMID: 29704516 PMCID: PMC5993645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide that mediates the stress response. Long known to contribute to regulation of the adrenal stress response initiated in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA), a complex pattern of extrahypothalamic CRF expression is also described in rodents and primates. Cross-talk between the CRF and midbrain dopamine (DA) systems links the stress response to DA regulation. Classically CRF + cells in the extended amygdala and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are considered the main source of this input, principally targeting the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, the anatomic complexity of both the DA and CRF system has been increasingly elaborated in the last decade. The DA neurons are now recognized as having diverse molecular, connectional and physiologic properties, predicted by their anatomic location. At the same time, the broad distribution of CRF cells in the brain has been increasingly delineated using different species and techniques. Here, we review updated information on both CRF localization and newer conceptualizations of the DA system to reconsider the CRF-DA interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Kelly
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Ernest J Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - J L Fudge
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Ernest J Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Ernest J Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Rochester, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Novick AM, Levandowski ML, Laumann LE, Philip NS, Price LH, Tyrka AR. The effects of early life stress on reward processing. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 101:80-103. [PMID: 29567510 PMCID: PMC5889741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), in the form of childhood maltreatment, abuse, or neglect, increases the risk for psychiatric sequelae later in life. The neurobiology of response to early stress and of reward processing overlap substantially, leading to the prediction that reward processing may be a primary mediator of the effects of early life stress. We describe a growing body of literature investigating the effects of early life stressors on reward processing in animals and humans. Despite variation in the reviewed studies, an emerging pattern of results indicates that ELS results in deficits of ventral striatum-related functions of reward responsiveness and approach motivation, especially when the stressor is experienced in early in development. For stressors experienced later in the juvenile period and adolescence, the animal literature suggests an opposite effect, in which ELS results in increased hedonic drive. Future research in this area will help elucidate the transdiagnostic impact of early life stress, and therefore potentially identify and intervene with at-risk youth, prior to the emergence of clinical psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Novick
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Corresponding author: Andrew M Novick, MD PhD, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA,
| | - Mateus L. Levandowski
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura E. Laumann
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Noah S. Philip
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Price
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Audrey R. Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pase CS, Roversi K, Roversi K, Vey LT, Dias VT, Veit JC, Maurer LH, Duarte T, Emanuelli T, Duarte M, Bürger ME. Maternal trans fat intake during pregnancy or lactation impairs memory and alters BDNF and TrkB levels in the hippocampus of adult offspring exposed to chronic mild stress. Physiol Behav 2017; 169:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
25
|
Lewis AE, Aesoy R, Bakke M. Role of EPAC in cAMP-Mediated Actions in Adrenocortical Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:63. [PMID: 27379015 PMCID: PMC4904129 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone regulates adrenal steroidogenesis mainly via the intracellular signaling molecule cAMP. The effects of cAMP are principally relayed by activating protein kinase A (PKA) and the more recently discovered exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP 1 and 2 (EPAC1 and EPAC2). While the intracellular roles of PKA have been extensively studied in steroidogenic tissues, those of EPACs are only emerging. EPAC1 and EPAC2 are encoded by the genes RAPGEF3 and RAPGEF4, respectively. Whereas EPAC1 is ubiquitously expressed, the expression of EPAC2 is more restricted, and typically found in endocrine tissues. Alternative promoter usage of RAPGEF4 gives rise to three different isoforms of EPAC2 that vary in their N-termini (EPAC2A, EPAC2B, and EPAC2C) and that exhibit distinct expression patterns. EPAC2A is expressed in the brain and pancreas, EPAC2B in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland and testis, and EPAC2C has until now only been found in the liver. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on EPAC expression and function with focus on the known roles of EPAC in adrenal gland physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia E. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Aurélia E. Lewis,
| | - Reidun Aesoy
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Effect of Acute and Chronic Social Stress on the Hippocampal Transcriptome in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142195. [PMID: 26556046 PMCID: PMC4640871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychogenic stress contributes to the formation of brain pathology. Using gene expression microarrays, we analyzed the hippocampal transcriptome of mice subjected to acute and chronic social stress of different duration. The longest period of social stress altered the expression of the highest number of genes and most of the stress-induced changes in transcription were reversible after 5 days of rest. Chronic stress affected genes involved in the functioning of the vascular system (Alas2, Hbb-b1, Hba-a2, Hba-a1), injury response (Vwf, Mgp, Cfh, Fbln5, Col3a1, Ctgf) and inflammation (S100a8, S100a9, Ctla2a, Ctla2b, Lcn2, Lrg1, Rsad2, Isg20). The results suggest that stress may affect brain functions through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system. An important issue raised in our work is also the risk of the contamination of brain tissue samples with choroid plexus. Such contamination would result in a consistent up- or down-regulation of genes, such as Ttr, Igf2, Igfbp2, Prlr, Enpp2, Sostdc1, 1500015O10RIK (Ecrg4), Kl, Clic6, Kcne2, F5, Slc4a5, and Aqp1. Our study suggests that some of the previously reported, supposedly specific changes in hippocampal gene expression, may be a result of the inclusion of choroid plexus in the hippocampal samples.
Collapse
|
27
|
Long J, Lee WS, Chough C, Bae IH, Kim BM. Synthesis toward CRHR1 Antagonists through 2,7-Dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-α][1,3,5]triazin-4(3H)-one C–H Arylation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4716-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502894r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Long
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Sup Lee
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Chieyeon Chough
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hak Bae
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bruder-Nascimento T, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC, Cordellini S. Chronic stress improves NO- and Ca2+ flux-dependent vascular function: a pharmacological study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 104:226-33. [PMID: 25884770 PMCID: PMC4386851 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Objective This study aimed at assessing whether chronic stress induces vascular alterations,
and whether these modulations are nitric oxide (NO) and Ca2+ dependent. Methods Wistar rats, 30 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control (C) and Stress
(St). Chronic stress consisted of immobilization for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, 15
weeks. Systolic blood pressure was assessed. Vascular studies on aortic rings were
performed. Concentration-effect curves were built for noradrenaline, in the
presence of L-NAME or prazosin, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and KCl. In
addition, Ca2+ flux was also evaluated. Results Chronic stress induced hypertension, decreased the vascular response to KCl and to
noradrenaline, and increased the vascular response to acetylcholine. L-NAME
blunted the difference observed in noradrenaline curves. Furthermore, contractile
response to Ca2+ was decreased in the aorta of stressed rats. Conclusion Our data suggest that the vascular response to chronic stress is an adaptation to
its deleterious effects, such as hypertension. In addition, this adaptation is NO-
and Ca2+-dependent. These data help to clarify the contribution of
stress to cardiovascular abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary to
better elucidate the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular dysfunction
associated with stressors. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; [online].ahead print,
PP.0-0)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dijon Henrique Salome Campos
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlose Cicogna
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lasheras MC, Laorden ML, Milanés MV, Núñez C. Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor mediates the activity of the reward system evoked by morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Neuropharmacology 2014; 95:168-80. [PMID: 25556110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different neurotransmitter systems are involved in behavioural and molecular responses to morphine. The brain stress system is activated by acute administration of drugs of abuse, being CRF the main neuropeptide of this circuitry. In this study we have studied the role of CRF1R in the rewarding effects of morphine using the CPP paradigm. For that, animals were treated with a CRF1R antagonist (CP-154,526) or vehicle during 6 days. Thirty min after receiving the antagonist, mice were injected with morphine on the same days that CP-154,526 was administered; another group received saline on the same days that vehicle was administered, and both groups were immediately conditioned. Control animals received vehicle and saline every day. On day 7, animals were tested for morphine-induced CPP. c-Fos, TH and OXA immunohistochemistry, NA turnover (HPLC), and corticosterone plasma concentration (RIA) were evaluated. Administration of a CRF1R antagonist CP-154,526 blocked the morphine-induced CPP and the increased NA turnover in the NAc in morphine-paired mice. CP-154-526 antagonised the enhancement in c-Fos expression evoked by morphine-induced CPP in the VTA and NAc, and the activation of the orexinergic neurons in the LLH. Present work demonstrates that morphine-induced CPP activates different brain areas involved in reward, and points out a critical role of CRF1R in molecular changes involved in morphine-conducted behaviours. Thus, our study supports a therapeutic potential of CRF1R antagonists in addictive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Lasheras
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stankiewicz AM, Goscik J, Swiergiel AH, Majewska A, Wieczorek M, Juszczak GR, Lisowski P. Social stress increases expression of hemoglobin genes in mouse prefrontal cortex. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:130. [PMID: 25472829 PMCID: PMC4269175 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to better understand the effects of social stress on the prefrontal cortex, we investigated gene expression in mice subjected to acute and repeated social encounters of different duration using microarrays. RESULTS The most important finding was identification of hemoglobin genes (Hbb-b1, Hbb-b2, Hba-a1, Hba-a2, Beta-S) as potential markers of chronic social stress in mice. Expression of these genes was progressively increased in animals subjected to 8 and 13 days of repeated stress and was correlated with altered expression of Mgp (Mglap), Fbln1, 1500015O10Rik (Ecrg4), SLC16A10, and Mndal. Chronic stress increased also expression of Timp1 and Ppbp that are involved in reaction to vascular injury. Acute stress did not affect expression of hemoglobin genes but it altered expression of Fam107a (Drr1) and Agxt2l1 (Etnppl) that have been implicated in psychiatric diseases. CONCLUSIONS The observed up-regulation of genes associated with vascular system and brain injury suggests that stressful social encounters may affect brain function through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Artur H Swiergiel
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Majewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Pomorska, 141/143, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Paweł Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland. .,iPS Cell-Based Disease Modeling Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, 13092, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hennessy MB, Schiml PA, Willen R, Watanasriyakul W, Johnson J, Garrett T. Selective social buffering of behavioral and endocrine responses and Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex of infants exposed to a novel environment. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 57:50-62. [PMID: 25355379 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the presence of the mother can reduce or "buffer" stress responses of her young in threatening conditions. We compared the effect of the mother, a familiar littermate, and an unfamiliar adult male on three classes of response shown by guinea pig pups in a novel environment: short latency active behaviors, particularly vocalizing; slower developing passive behaviors that appear mediated by inflammatory mechanisms; and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. We also examined Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex, a region hypothesized to mediate buffering effects. Only the mother significantly suppressed all classes of behavior. The greatest selectivity was observed for passive behavioral responses. Contrary to expectations, the adult male reduced plasma cortisol levels of pups as effectively as did the mother. The presence of the male also resulted in increased Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex and high levels of social interaction. Maternal buffering was not associated with prelimbic activity. These results confirm the ability of the mother to reduce active behavioral and HPA responses and suggest a specific maternal buffering effect on the later developing passive behavioral responses. The findings also demonstrate an unexpected ability of adult males to reduce HPA responses and raise the possibility that different social partners buffer HPA activity through different underlying processes.
Collapse
|
32
|
Acute effects of restraint, shock and training in the elevated T-Maze on noradrenaline and serotonin systems of the prefrontal cortex. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2014.17.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in cognitive functions and stress regulation. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in some regions of the central nervous system are modified by acute stress. The effects depend on the type of stressor and the time elapsed between the presence of the stressor and the assessment. The aims of the present study were to assess the acute effect of different stressors on NA and 5-HT activities in the PFC and its relation with corticosterone levels. Independent groups of male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were submitted to restraint, footshock or training in the elevated T-maze (ETMT). The animals were sacrificed immediately (T0) or one hour (T1) after stress exposure. An untreated group sacrificed concurrently with treated animals was included as control. Samples of the PFC were dissected and the concentration of NA, 5-HT and their metabolites were measured by HPLC. Corticosterone levels were measured in serum. None of the treatments modified NA levels in the PFC. Animals exposed to footshock or ETMT showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HT at T0. Restraint and footshock treatments were associated with higher corticosterone levels at T0 and T1 after the respective treatment. Taken together the results show that in the PFC, the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, and the corticosterone levels respond in different ways to different stressors.
Collapse
|
33
|
Boyson CO, Holly EN, Shimamoto A, Albrechet-Souza L, Weiner LA, DeBold JF, Miczek KA. Social stress and CRF-dopamine interactions in the VTA: role in long-term escalation of cocaine self-administration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6659-67. [PMID: 24806691 PMCID: PMC4012317 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3942-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of neuroadaptations in the genesis of escalated cocaine taking remains a topic of considerable interest. Intermittent social defeat stress induces both locomotor and dopaminergic cross-sensitization to cocaine, as well as escalated cocaine self-administration. The current study examines the role of corticotropin releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 (CRFR1, CRFR2) within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) during social defeat stress. This study investigated whether injecting either a CRFR1 or CRFR2 antagonist directly into the VTA before each social defeat would prevent the development of later (1) locomotor sensitization, (2) dopaminergic sensitization, and (3) escalated cocaine self-administration in rats. CRFR1 antagonist CP376395 (50 or 500 ng/side), CRFR2 antagonist Astressin2-B (100 or 1000 ng/side), or vehicle (aCSF) was microinjected into the VTA 20 min before social defeat stress (or handling) on days 1, 4, 7, and 10. Ten days later, rats were injected with cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and assessed for either locomotor sensitization, measured by walking activity, or dopaminergic sensitization, measured by extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) through in vivo microdialysis. Locomotor sensitization testing was followed by intravenous cocaine self-administration. Intra-VTA antagonism of CRFR1, but not CRFR2, inhibited the induction of locomotor cross-sensitization to cocaine, whereas both prevented dopaminergic cross-sensitization and escalated cocaine self-administration during a 24 h "binge." This may suggest dissociation between locomotor sensitization and cocaine taking. These data also suggest that interactions between CRF and VTA DA neurons projecting to the NAcSh are essential for the development of dopaminergic cross-sensitization to cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth N. Holly
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | - Akiko Shimamoto
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | | | - Lindsay A. Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | - Joseph F. DeBold
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | - Klaus A. Miczek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02110
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bethea CL, Kim A, Reddy AP, Chin A, Bethea SC, Cameron JL. Hypothalamic KISS1 expression, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and neurotransmitter innervation vary with stress and sensitivity in macaques. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:267-81. [PMID: 24617839 PMCID: PMC4012296 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of short-term psychosocial and metabolic stress in a monkey model of stress-induced amenorrhaea on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. KISS1 expression was determined by in situ hybridisation in the infundibular arcuate nucleus. Downstream of KISS1, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) axons in lateral areas rostral to the infundibular recess, serum luteinising hormone (LH) and serum oestradiol were measured by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Upstream of KISS1, norepinephrine axons in the rostral arcuate nucleus and serotonin axons in the anterior hypothalamus and periaqueductal grey were measured by immunohistochemistry. Female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) characterised as highly stress resilient (HSR) or stress sensitive (SS) were examined. After characterisation of stress sensitivity, monkeys were either not stressed, or mildly stressed for 5 days before euthanasia in the early follicular phase. Stress consisted of 5 days of 20% food reduction in a novel room with unfamiliar conspecifics. There was a significant increase in KISS1 expression in HSR and SS animals in the presence versus absence of stress (P = 0.005). GnRH axon density increased with stress in HSR and SS animals (P = 0.015), whereas LH showed a gradual but nonsignificant increase with stress. Oestradiol trended higher in HSR animals and there was no effect of stress (P = 0.83). Norepinephrine axon density (marked with dopamine β-hydroxylase) increased with stress in both HSR and SS groups (P ≤ 0.002), whereas serotonin axon density was higher in HSR compared to SS animals and there was no effect of stress (P = 0.03). The ratio of dopamine β-hydroxylase/oestradiol correlated with KISS1 (P = 0.052) and GnRH correlated with serum LH (P = 0.039). In conclusion, oestradiol inhibited KISS1 in the absence of stress, although stress increased norepinephrine, which may over-ride oestradiol inhibition of KISS1 expression. We speculate that neural pathways transduce stress to KISS1 neurones, which changes their sensitivity to oestradiol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Bethea
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Funk D, Coen K, Lê AD. The role of kappa opioid receptors in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Brain Behav 2014; 4:356-67. [PMID: 24944865 PMCID: PMC4055186 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress is related to heavy alcohol use and relapse in alcoholics. Using the reinstatement model, we have shown that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) underlies stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking in laboratory rodents. Little is known about how other neurotransmitters interact with CRF in these effects. Dynorphin and its receptor (kappa opioid receptor, KOR) are involved in stress responses and in alcohol seeking. KOR and CRF receptors (CRF R) may interact in the production of stress-related behaviors but it is not known whether this interaction is involved in reinstatement of alcohol seeking. METHODS Male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer alcohol (12% w/v). After extinction of responding, we determined the effects of the KOR agonist, U50,488 (2.5, 5 mg/kg) on reinstatement of alcohol seeking, and their sensitivity to the selective KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride (nor-BNI) (10 mg/kg) administered at different times before U50,488. We then examined the effects of nor-BNI on reinstatement induced by the stressor yohimbine (1.25 mg/kg) and on reinstatement induced by exposure to alcohol-associated cues. Finally, we determined whether CRF R1 blockade with antalarmin (10, 20 mg/kg) attenuates alcohol seeking induced by U50,488. RESULTS U50,488 reinstated alcohol seeking. Prior treatment with nor-BNI 2, but not 24 h before administration of U50,488 or yohimbine blocked reinstatement induced by these drugs. Cue-induced reinstatement was blocked by nor-BNI administered 2 h prior to testing. Finally, U50,488-induced reinstatement was blocked by antalarmin. CONCLUSIONS These data further support a role for KOR in reinstatement of alcohol seeking under nonstress and stressful conditions and that KOR and CRF R interact in these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Funk
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathleen Coen
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada
| | - A D Lê
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto Toronto, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rivier C. Role of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor in mediating alcohol-induced activation of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:221-33. [PMID: 24211830 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through brain-based mechanisms in which endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role. This review first discusses the evidence for this role, as well as the possible importance of intermediates such as vasopressin, nitric oxide and catecholamines. We then illustrate the long-term influence exerted by alcohol on the HPA axis, such as the ability of a first exposure to this drug during adolescence, to permanently blunt neuroendocrine responses to subsequent exposure of the drug. In view of the role played by CRF in addiction, it is likely that a better understanding of the mechanisms through which this drug stimulates the HPA axis may lead to the development of new therapies used in the treatment of alcohol abuse, including clinically relevant CRF antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rivier
- The Salk Institute, The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fox H, Sinha R. The role of guanfacine as a therapeutic agent to address stress-related pathophysiology in cocaine-dependent individuals. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:217-65. [PMID: 24484979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cocaine addiction is linked to changes within neural systems and brain regions that are critical mediators of stress system sensitivity and behavioral processes associated with the regulation of adaptive goal-directed behavior. This is characterized by the upregulation of core adrenergic and corticotropin-releasing factor mechanisms that subserve negative affect and anxiety and impinge upon intracellular pathways in the prefrontal cortex underlying cognitive regulation of stress and negative emotional state. Not only are these mechanisms essential to the severity of cocaine withdrawal symptoms, and hence the trajectory of clinical outcome, but also they may be particularly pertinent to the demography of cocaine dependence. The ability of guanfacine to target overlapping stress, reward, and anxiety pathophysiology suggests that it may be a useful agent for attenuating the stress- and cue-induced craving state not only in women but also in men. This is supported by recent research findings from our own laboratory. Additionally, the ability of guanfacine to improve regulatory mechanisms that are key to exerting cognitive and emotional control over drug-seeking behavior also suggests that guanfacine may be an effective medication for reducing craving and relapse vulnerability in many drugs of abuse. As cocaine-dependent individuals are typically polydrug abusers and women may be at a greater disadvantage for compulsive drug use than men, it is plausible that medications that target catecholaminergic frontostriatal inhibitory circuits and simultaneously reduce stress system arousal may provide added benefits for attenuating cocaine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fox
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut USA.
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kravets JL, Reyes BAS, Unterwald EM, Van Bockstaele EJ. Direct targeting of peptidergic amygdalar neurons by noradrenergic afferents: linking stress-integrative circuitry. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 220:541-58. [PMID: 24271021 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amygdalar norepinephrine (NE) plays a key role in regulating neural responses to emotionally arousing stimuli and is involved in memory consolidation of emotionally charged events. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin (DYN), two neuropeptides that mediate the physiological and behavioral responses to stress, are abundant in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and directly innervate brainstem noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Whether the CRF- and DYN-containing amygdalar neurons receive direct noradrenergic innervation has not yet been elucidated. The present study sought to define cellular substrates underlying noradrenergic modulation of CRF- and DYN-containing neurons in the CeA using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that NE-labeled axon terminals form synapses with CRF- and DYN-containing neurons in the CeA. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that approximately 31 % of NET-labeled axon terminals targeted CeA neurons that co-expressed DYN and CRF. As a major source of CRF innervation to the LC, it is also not known whether CRF-containing CeA neurons are directly targeted by noradrenergic afferents. To test this, retrograde tract tracing using FluoroGold from the LC was combined with immunocytochemical detection of CRF and NET in the CeA. Our results revealed a population of LC-projecting CRF-containing CeA neurons that are directly innervated by NE afferents. Analysis showed that approximately 34 % of NET-labeled axon terminals targeted LC-projecting CeA neurons that contain CRF. Taken together, these results indicate significant interactions between NE, CRF and DYN in this critical limbic region and reveal direct synaptic interactions of NE with amygdalar CRF that influence the LC-NE arousal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Kravets
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 S. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Maneti Y, Thipparaboina R. Effect of meditation on neurophysiological changes in stress mediated depression. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2013; 20:74-80. [PMID: 24439650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Meditation is a complex mental practice involving changes in sensory perception, cognition, hormonal and autonomic activity. It is widely used in psychological and medical practices for stress management as well as stress mediated mental disorders like depression. A growing body of literature has shown that meditation has profound effects on numerous physiological systems that are involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although meditation-based interventions have been associated with improvement in depressive symptoms and prevention of relapse, the physiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of meditation are not clearly defined and even paradoxical. This paper reviews many of the physiological abnormalities found in cytokine & stress mediated depression and the reversal of these anomalies by different meditation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bhangagarh, Guwahati 781032, Assam, India.
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bhangagarh, Guwahati 781032, Assam, India
| | - Yogeshwar Maneti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bhangagarh, Guwahati 781032, Assam, India
| | - Rajesh Thipparaboina
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Differential effect of orexin-1 and CRF-1 antagonism on stress circuits: a fMRI study in the rat with the pharmacological stressor Yohimbine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2120-30. [PMID: 23736277 PMCID: PMC3773661 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Translational approaches to study the neural substrates of stress and assess the mechanistic efficacy of novel anti-anxiety agents necessitate the use of stressors with a similar degree of saliency across species. The alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine represents an attractive experimental tool owing to its well-documented stress-inducing properties in humans and laboratory species. We investigated the neural substrates engaged by yohimbine in the rat brain by using functional magnetic resonance imaging and mapped their modulation by neurotransmitter systems involved in stress responses. Yohimbine elicited a composite pattern of brain activation, highlighting the recruitment of cortico-striato-thalamic regions and extra-hypothalamic stress neurocircuits. This effect was strongly attenuated by the α-2-adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine and by the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390, thus revealing a primary contribution of both norepinephrine and DA on the neurofunctional cascade elicited by the drug. Pretreatment with the corticotrophin-releasing factor type-1 receptor (CRF1R) antagonist CP154,526 produced a region-dependent inhibition of yohimbine-induced activation in the amygdala, striatum, and cingulate cortex, while the orexin type-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonists GSK1059865 robustly inhibited the response in fronto-hippocampal regions as well as in several key components of the extended amygdala. CP154,526 and GSK1059865 did not prevent yohimbine-induced plasma corticosterone release, a finding that corroborates a central origin of the effects mapped. Our findings provide novel insight into the brain substrates and neurochemical mediators engaged by the stress-inducing agent yohimbine. The differential pattern of inhibition produced by CRF1R and OX1R antagonists suggests that these two neuropeptide systems can modulate the functional response to stress via distinct central neural pathways.
Collapse
|
41
|
Stankiewicz AM, Swiergiel AH, Lisowski P. Epigenetics of stress adaptations in the brain. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:76-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
42
|
Kumar A, Rinwa P, Kaur G, Machawal L. Stress: Neurobiology, consequences and management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2013; 5:91-7. [PMID: 23833514 PMCID: PMC3697199 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, both physical and psychological, is attracting increasing attention among neuroresearchers. In the last 20 decades, there has been a surge of interest in the research of stress-induced manifestations and this approach has resulted in the development of more appropriate animal models for stress-associated pathologies and its therapeutic management. These stress models are an easy and convenient method for inducing both psychological and physical stress. To understand the behavioral changes underlying major depression, molecular and cellular studies are required. Dysregulation of the stress system may lead to disturbances in growth and development, and may this may further lead to the development of various other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the different types of stress and their neurobiology, including the different neurotransmitters affected. There are various complications associated with stress and their management through various pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. The use of herbs in the treatment of stress-related problems is practiced in both Indian and Western societies, and it has a vast market in terms of anti-stress medications and treatments. Non-pharmacological techniques such as meditation and yoga are nowadays becoming very popular as a stress-relieving therapy because of their greater effectiveness and no associated side effects. Therefore, this review highlights the changes under stress and stressor and their impact on different animal models in understanding the mechanisms of stress along with their effective and safe management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Puneet Rinwa
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lalit Machawal
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Effects of fluoxetine on CRF and CRF1 expression in rats exposed to the learned helplessness paradigm. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:647-59. [PMID: 22960774 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stress is a common antecedent reported by people suffering major depression. In these patients, extrahypothalamic brain areas, like the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala (BLA), have been found to be affected. The BLA synthesizes CRF, a mediator of the stress response, and projects to hippocampus. The main hippocampal target for this peptide is the CRF subtype 1 receptor (CRF1). Evidence points to a relationship between dysregulation of CRF/CRF1 extrahypothalamic signaling and depression. OBJECTIVE Because selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line pharmacological treatment for depression, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine on long-term changes in CRF/CRF1 signaling in animals showing a depressive-like behavior. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to the learned helplessness paradigm (LH). After evaluation of behavioral impairment, the animals were treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or saline for 21 days. We measured BLA CRF expression with RT-PCR and CRF1 expression in CA3 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus with in situ hybridization. We also studied the activation of one of CRF1's major intracellular signaling targets, the extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in CA3. RESULTS In saline-treated LH animals, CRF expression in the BLA increased, while hippocampal CRF1 expression and ERK1/2 activation decreased. Treatment with fluoxetine reversed the changes in CRF and CRF1 expressions, but not in ERK1/2 activation. CONCLUSION In animals exposed to the learned helplessness paradigm, there are long-term changes in CRF and CRF1 expression that are restored with a behaviorally effective antidepressant treatment.
Collapse
|
44
|
Charoenphandhu N, Nuntapornsak A, Wongdee K, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu J. Upregulated mRNA levels of SERT, NET, MAOB, and BDNF in various brain regions of ovariectomized rats exposed to chronic aversive stimuli. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23208077 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency increases the risk of anxiety and mood disorders, presumably by deranging metabolism of the monoamine neurotransmitters and the expression of their reuptake transporters in the brain. Although estrogen-deficient individuals were also susceptible to stress, little was known regarding the effect of stress on the levels of transcripts related to brain monoamine metabolism. Herein, we used quantitative real-time PCR to quantify the mRNA levels of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), monoamine oxidase-B (MAOB), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in various brain regions of ovariectomized (OVX) rats which had been exposed for 4 weeks to chronic aversive stimuli (CAS), such as water deprivation, cage tilt, and illumination. We found that CAS induced stress responses in OVX rats as indicated by increases in the adrenal gland weight and sucrose intake. After CAS exposure, mRNA levels of SERT and NET were upregulated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and periaqueductal gray. In addition, CAS also increased the mRNA levels of MAOB, an enzyme for dopamine degradation, in the same brain regions. However, CAS did not alter the mRNA levels of TPH or TH, both of which are rate-limiting enzymes for the synthesis of serotonin and norepinephrine in the dorsal raphé and locus coeruleus, respectively. Interestingly, mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor was upregulated in the hippocampus of CAS-exposed OVX rats, suggesting a compensatory mechanism which might counteract the stress-induced depression. Therefore, the present data have provided evidence to explain how stress affected brain monoamine metabolism in estrogen-deficient stressed patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
García-Pérez D, Laorden ML, Milanés MV, Núñez C. Glucocorticoids regulation of FosB/ΔFosB expression induced by chronic opiate exposure in the brain stress system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50264. [PMID: 23185589 PMCID: PMC3503985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse profoundly alters stress-responsive system. Repeated exposure to morphine leads to accumulation of the transcription factor ΔFosB, particularly in brain areas associated with reward and stress. The persistent effects of ΔFosB on target genes may play an important role in the plasticity induced by drugs of abuse. Recent evidence suggests that stress-related hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, GC) may induce adaptations in the brain stress system that is likely to involve alteration in gene expression and transcription factors. This study examined the role of GC in regulation of FosB/ΔFosB in both hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain stress systems during morphine dependence. For that, expression of FosB/ΔFosB was measured in control (sham-operated) and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats that were made opiate dependent after ten days of morphine treatment. In sham-operated rats, FosB/ΔFosB was induced after chronic morphine administration in all the brain stress areas investigated: nucleus accumbens(shell) (NAc), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central amygdala (CeA), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and nucleus of the solitary tract noradrenergic cell group (NTS-A(2)). Adrenalectomy attenuated the increased production of FosB/ΔFosB observed after chronic morphine exposure in NAc, CeA, and NTS. Furthermore, ADX decreased expression of FosB/ΔFosB within CRH-positive neurons of the BNST, PVN and CeA. Similar results were obtained in NTS-A(2) TH-positive neurons and NAc pro-dynorphin-positive neurons. These data suggest that neuroadaptation (estimated as accumulation of FosB/ΔFosB) to opiates in brain areas associated with stress is modulated by GC, supporting the evidence of a link between brain stress hormones and addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Pérez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
van Eekelen JAM, Ellis JA, Pennell CE, Craig J, Saffery R, Mattes E, Olsson CA. Stress-sensitive neurosignalling in depression: an integrated network biology approach to candidate gene selection for genetic association analysis. Ment Illn 2012; 4:e21. [PMID: 25478122 PMCID: PMC4253374 DOI: 10.4081/mi.2012.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk for depressive disorders is poorly understood despite consistent suggestions of a high heritable component. Most genetic studies have focused on risk associated with single variants, a strategy which has so far only yielded small (often non-replicable) risks for depressive disorders. In this paper we argue that more substantial risks are likely to emerge from genetic variants acting in synergy within and across larger neurobiological systems (polygenic risk factors). We show how knowledge of major integrated neurobiological systems provides a robust basis for defining and testing theoretically defensible polygenic risk factors. We do this by describing the architecture of the overall stress response. Maladaptation via impaired stress responsiveness is central to the aetiology of depression and anxiety and provides a framework for a systems biology approach to candidate gene selection. We propose principles for identifying genes and gene networks within the neurosystems involved in the stress response and for defining polygenic risk factors based on the neurobiology of stress-related behaviour. We conclude that knowledge of the neurobiology of the stress response system is likely to play a central role in future efforts to improve genetic prediction of depression and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Anke M. van Eekelen
- Developmental Neuroscience, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Justine A. Ellis
- Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- The School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia at King Edward Memorial Hospital
| | - Jeff Craig
- Developmental Epigenetics, Early Development and Disease, Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital
| | - Richard Saffery
- Developmental Epigenetics, Early Development and Disease, Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital
| | - Eugen Mattes
- Developmental Neuroscience, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Craig A. Olsson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; University of Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Martín F, Núñez C, Marín MT, Laorden ML, Kovács KJ, Milanés MV. Involvement of noradrenergic transmission in the PVN on CREB activation, TORC1 levels, and pituitary-adrenal axis activity during morphine withdrawal. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31119. [PMID: 22355339 PMCID: PMC3280277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical findings have shown that administration of adrenoceptor antagonists alleviated different aspects of drug withdrawal and dependence. The present study tested the hypothesis that changes in CREB activation and phosphorylated TORC1 levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) after naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal as well as the HPA axis activity arises from α1- and/or β-adrenoceptor activation. The effects of morphine dependence and withdrawal on CREB phosphorylation (pCREB), phosphorylated TORC1 (pTORC1), and HPA axis response were measured by Western-blot, immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay in rats pretreated with prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) or propranolol (β-adrenoceptor antagonist). In addition, the effects of morphine withdrawal on MHPG (the main NA metabolite at the central nervous system) and NA content and turnover were evaluated by HPLC. We found an increase in MHPG and NA turnover in morphine-withdrawn rats, which were accompanied by increased pCREB immunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone concentrations. Levels of the inactive form of TORC1 (pTORC1) were decreased during withdrawal. Prazosin but not propranolol blocked the rise in pCREB level and the decrease in pTORC1 immunoreactivity. In addition, the HPA axis response to morphine withdrawal was attenuated in prazosin-pretreated rats. Present results suggest that, during acute morphine withdrawal, NA may control the HPA axis activity through CREB activation at the PVN level. We concluded that the combined increase in CREB phosphorylation and decrease in pTORC1 levels might represent, in part, two of the mechanisms of CREB activation at the PVN during morphine withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Martín
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Marín
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Krisztina J. Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M. Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Becker HC. Effects of alcohol dependence and withdrawal on stress responsiveness and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Res 2012; 34:448-58. [PMID: 23584111 PMCID: PMC3860383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex relationship exists between alcohol-drinking behavior and stress. Alcohol has anxiety-reducing properties and can relieve stress, while at the same time acting as a stressor and activating the body's stress response systems. In particular, chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal can profoundly disturb the function of the body's neuroendocrine stress response system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. A hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which is produced and released from the hypothalamus and activates the pituitary in response to stress, plays a central role in the relationship between stress and alcohol dependence and withdrawal. Chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal lead to changes in CRF activity both within the HPA axis and in extrahypothalamic brain sites. This may mediate the emergence of certain withdrawal symptoms, which in turn influence the susceptibility to relapse. Alcohol-related dysregulation of the HPA axis and altered CRF activity within brain stress-reward circuitry also may play a role in the escalation of alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent individuals. Numerous mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the relationship between alcohol dependence, stress, and drinking behavior. These include the stress hormones released by the adrenal glands in response to HPA axis activation (i.e., corticosteroids), neuromodulators known as neuroactive steroids, CRF, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, and other stress-related molecules.
Collapse
|
49
|
Fox HC, Anderson GM, Tuit K, Hansen J, Kimmerling A, Siedlarz KM, Morgan PT, Sinha R. Prazosin effects on stress- and cue-induced craving and stress response in alcohol-dependent individuals: preliminary findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:351-60. [PMID: 21919922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress, alcohol cues, and dysregulated stress responses increase alcohol craving and relapse susceptibility, but few pharmacologic agents are known to decrease stress- and cue-induced alcohol craving and associated stress dysregulation in humans. Here we report findings from a preliminary efficacy study of the alpha-1 receptor antagonist, prazosin, in modulating these relapse-relevant factors in alcohol-dependent individuals. METHODS Seventeen early abstinent, treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals (12 men and 5 women) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 16 mg daily prazosin in a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner over 4 weeks. During week 4, all patients participated in a 3-day laboratory experiment involving 5-minute guided imagery exposure to stress, alcohol cue, and neutral-relaxing/control conditions, 1 exposure per day, on consecutive days in a random, counterbalanced order. Alcohol craving, anxiety, negative emotion, cardiovascular measures, and plasma hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA; cortisol, adenocorticotropic hormone) were assessed repeatedly in each session. RESULTS The prazosin group (n = 9) versus the placebo group (n = 8) showed significantly lower alcohol craving, anxiety, and negative emotion following stress exposure. The placebo group also showed significantly increased stress- and cue-induced alcohol craving, anxiety, negative emotion, and blood pressure (BP), as well as a blunted HPA response relative to the neutral condition, while the prazosin group showed no such increases in craving, anxiety, negative emotion, and BP, and no blunted HPA response to stress and alcohol cue exposure. CONCLUSIONS Prazosin appears efficacious in decreasing stress- and cue-induced alcohol craving and may normalize the stress dysregulation associated with early recovery from alcoholism. Further research to assess the efficacy of prazosin in reducing alcohol craving and stress-related relapse risk is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Fox
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Allen CD, Lee S, Koob GF, Rivier C. Immediate and prolonged effects of alcohol exposure on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult and adolescent rats. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S50-60. [PMID: 21300146 PMCID: PMC3098294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Part of this influence is likely exerted directly at the level of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene, but intermediates may also play a role. Here we review the effect of alcohol on this axis, provide new data on the effects of binge drinking during adolescence, and argue for a role of catecholaminergic circuits. Indeed, acute injection of this drug activates brain stem adrenergic and noradrenergic circuits, and their lesion, or blockade of α1 adrenergic receptors significantly blunts alcohol-induced ACTH release. As alcohol can influence the HPA axis even once discontinued, and alcohol consumption in young people is associated with increased adult drug abuse (a phenomenon possibly mediated by the HPA axis), we determined whether alcohol consumption during adolescence modified this axis. The number of CRF-immunoreactive (ir) cells/section was significantly decreased in the central nucleus of the amygdala of adolescent self-administering binge-drinking animals, compared to controls. When another group of adolescent binge-drinking rats was administered alcohol in adulthood, the number of colocalized c-fos-ir and PNMT-ir cells/brain stem section in the C3 area was significantly decreased, compared to controls. As the HPA axis response to alcohol is blunted in adult rats exposed to alcohol vapors during adolescence, a phenomenon which was not observed in our model of self-administration, it is possible that the blood alcohol levels achieved in various models play a role in the long-term consequences of exposure to alcohol early in life. Collectively, these results suggest an important role of brain catecholamines in modulating the short- and long-term consequences of alcohol administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camryn D Allen
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|