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Li Y, Dahl K, Johnström P, Varnäs K, Farde L, Halldin C, Medd A, Maier D, Powell ME, Chen J, Van R, Patel J, Chaudhary A, Gao Y, Song Z, Haider A, Shao Y, Elmore CS, Liang S, Schou M. Radiosynthesis and Evaluation of 11C-Labeled Isoindolone-Based Positive Allosteric Modulators for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2414-2423. [PMID: 39144551 PMCID: PMC11320742 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurological diseases, prompting substantial interest in the development of mGluR2-targeted drug candidates. As part of our medicinal chemistry program, we synthesized a series of isoindolone derivatives and assessed their potential as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Notably, AZ12559322 exhibited high affinity (K i mGluR2 = 1.31 nM) and an excellent in vitro binding specificity of 89% while demonstrating selectivity over other mGluR subtypes (>4000-fold). Autoradiography with the radiolabeled counterpart, [3H]AZ12559322, revealed a heterogeneous accumulation with the highest binding in mGluR2-rich brain regions. Radioligand binding was significantly reduced by pretreatment with nonradioactive mGluR2 PAMs in brains of rats and nonhuman primates. Although positron emission tomography imaging of [11C]AZ12559322 (6a) revealed low brain uptake in a nonhuman primate, this study provides valuable guidance to further design novel isoindolone-based mGluR2 PAMs with improved brain exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Li
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- PET
Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D,
AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- PET
Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D,
AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Amy Medd
- Neuroscience,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Donna Maier
- Neuroscience,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Mark E. Powell
- Neuroscience,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Richard Van
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5251, United States
| | - Jimmy Patel
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yabiao Gao
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhendong Song
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5251, United States
| | - Charles S. Elmore
- Neuroscience,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
- Early
Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Steven Liang
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory
University, 1364 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Magnus Schou
- PET
Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D,
AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
- Department
of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
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2
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Yuan G, Dhaynaut M, Guehl NJ, Neelamegam R, Moon SH, Qu X, Poutiainen P, Afshar S, Fakhri GE, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. PET imaging studies to investigate functional expression of mGluR2 using [ 11C]mG2P001. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:296-308. [PMID: 36172629 PMCID: PMC9903221 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221130387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has been extensively studied for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Understanding of the mGluR2 function is pivotal in supporting the drug discovery targeting mGluR2. Herein, the positive allosteric modulation of mGluR2 was investigated via the in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using 2-((4-(2-[11C]methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ([11C]mG2P001). Distinct from the orthosteric compounds, pretreatment with the unlabeled mG2P001, a potent mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), resulted in a significant increase instead of decrease of the [11C]mG2P001 accumulation in rat brain detected by PET imaging. Subsequent in vitro studies with [3H]mG2P001 revealed the cooperative binding mechanism of mG2P001 with glutamate and its pharmacological effect that contributed to the enhanced binding of [3H]mG2P001 in transfected CHO cells expressing mGluR2. The in vivo PET imaging and quantitative analysis of [11C]mG2P001 in non-human primates (NHPs) further validated the characteristics of [11C]mG2P001 as an imaging ligand for mGluR2. Self-blocking studies in primates enhanced accumulation of [11C]mG2P001. Altogether, these studies show that [11C]mG2P001 is a sensitive biomarker for mGluR2 expression and the binding is affected by the tissue glutamate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiying Qu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 660, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Ibi D. Role of interaction of mGlu2 and 5-HT 2A receptors in antipsychotic effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173474. [PMID: 36244526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and increasing evidence shows that they interact functionally. Of note, the Gq/11-coupled serotonin 5-HT2A (5-HT2A) and the Gi/o-coupled metabotropic glutamate type 2 (mGlu2) receptors have been demonstrated to assemble into a functional heteromeric complex that modulates the function of each individual receptor. For conformation of the heteromeric complex, corresponding transmembrane-4 segment of 5-HT2A and mGlu2 are required. The 5-HT2A/mGlu2 heteromeric complex is necessary for the activation of Gq/11 proteins and for the subsequent increase in the levels of the intracellular messenger Ca2+. Furthermore, signaling via the heteromeric complex is dysregulated in the post-mortem brains of patients with schizophrenia, and could be linked to altered cortical function. From a behavioral perspective, this complex contributes to the hallucinatory and antipsychotic behaviors associated with 5-HT2A and mGlu2/3 agonists, respectively. Synaptic and epigenetic mechanisms have also been found to be significantly associated with the mGlu2/5-HT2A heteromeric complex. This review summarizes the role of crosstalk between mGlu2 and 5-HT2A in the mechanism of antipsychotic effects and introduces recent key advancements on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ibi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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4
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Yuan G, Dhaynaut M, Guehl NJ, Afshar S, Huynh D, Moon SH, Iyengar SM, Jain MK, Pickett JE, Kang HJ, Ondrechen MJ, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of [ 18F]mG2P026 as a High-Contrast PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9939-9954. [PMID: 35802702 PMCID: PMC9434700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An array of triazolopyridines based on JNJ-46356479 (6) were synthesized as potential positron emission tomography radiotracers for metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). The selected candidates 8-10 featured enhanced positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity (20-fold max.) and mGluR2 agonist activity (25-fold max.) compared to compound 6 in the cAMP GloSensor assays. Radiolabeling of compounds 8 and 9 (mG2P026) was achieved via Cu-mediated radiofluorination with satisfactory radiochemical yield, >5% (non-decay-corrected); high molar activity, >180 GBq/μmol; and excellent radiochemical purity, >98%. Preliminary characterization of [18F]8 and [18F]9 in rats confirmed their excellent brain permeability and binding kinetics. Further evaluation of [18F]9 in a non-human primate confirmed its superior brain heterogeneity in mapping mGluR2 and higher affinity than [18F]6. Pretreatment with different classes of PAMs in rats and a primate led to similarly enhanced brain uptake of [18F]9. As a selective ligand, [18F]9 has the potential to be developed for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Dalena Huynh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini M Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Julie E Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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5
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Yuan G, Dhaynaut M, Lan Y, Guehl NJ, Huynh D, Iyengar SM, Afshar S, Jain MK, Pickett JE, Kang HJ, Wang H, Moon SH, Ondrechen MJ, Wang C, Shoup TM, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. Synthesis and Characterization of 5-(2-Fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyrano[2,3- b]pyridine-7-carboxamide as a PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2593-2609. [PMID: 35089713 PMCID: PMC9434702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is a therapeutic target for several neuropsychiatric disorders. An mGluR2 function in etiology could be unveiled by positron emission tomography (PET). In this regard, 5-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-7-carboxamide ([11C]13, [11C]mG2N001), a potent negative allosteric modulator (NAM), was developed to support this endeavor. [11C]13 was synthesized via the O-[11C]methylation of phenol 24 with a high molar activity of 212 ± 76 GBq/μmol (n = 5) and excellent radiochemical purity (>99%). PET imaging of [11C]13 in rats demonstrated its superior brain heterogeneity and reduced accumulation with pretreatment of mGluR2 NAMs, VU6001966 (9) and MNI-137 (26), the extent of which revealed a time-dependent drug effect of the blocking agents. In a nonhuman primate, [11C]13 selectively accumulated in mGluR2-rich regions and resulted in high-contrast brain images. Therefore, [11C]13 is a potential candidate for translational PET imaging of the mGluR2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yu Lan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Dalena Huynh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini M Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Julie E Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Watanabe M, Marcy B, Hiroki A, Watase H, Kinoshita K, Iijima M, Marumo T, Zarate CA, Chaki S. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of TP0473292 (TS-161), A Prodrug of a Novel Orthosteric mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist TP0178894, in Healthy Subjects and Its Antidepressant-Like Effects in Rodents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:106-117. [PMID: 34534292 PMCID: PMC8832229 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP0473292 (the active ingredient of TS-161) is a prodrug of a novel metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of patients with depression. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of orally administered TS-161 in healthy subjects. METHODS This was a first-in-human, phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose (15-400 mg TS-161) and 10-day multiple-ascending dose (50-150 mg TS-161) study in healthy subjects, conducted from June 2019 through February 2020. Plasma and urine concentrations of the prodrug and its metabolites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the active metabolite TP0178894 were measured to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles after oral administration of TS-161. RESULTS Following single and multiple doses, TP0473292 was extensively converted into its active metabolite TP0178894. Plasma concentrations of TP0178894 reached peak (Cmax) within 5 hours post dose and declined with a t1/2 <13 hours. Plasma exposures of TP0178894 increased with increasing dose. TP0178894 penetrated into CSF and reached a Cmax of 9.892 ng/mL at a single dose of 100 mg, which was comparable with IC50 values of antagonist activity at mGlu2/3 receptors. The most frequently observed adverse events that showed exposure-related incidence during the study were nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. CONCLUSIONS The mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist prodrug TP0473292 is safe and well-tolerated, is orally bioavailable in humans with extensive conversion into the active metabolite TP0178894 with sufficient CSF penetration to exert the anticipated pharmacological effects, and is a promising candidate for further clinical development in treatment of patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Watanabe
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, USA,Correspondence: Mai Watanabe, MS, Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., 350 Mt. Kemble Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA ()
| | - Brian Marcy
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos A Zarate
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Olivero G, Vergassola M, Cisani F, Roggeri A, Pittaluga A. Presynaptic Release-regulating Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:655-672. [PMID: 31775600 PMCID: PMC7457419 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191127112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors represent the largest family of glutamate receptors in mammals and act as fine tuners of the chemical transmission in central nervous system (CNS). In the last decade, results concerning the expression and the subcellular localization of mGlu receptors further clarified their role in physio-pathological conditions. Concomitantly, their pharmacological characterization largely improved thanks to the identification of new compounds (chemical ligands and antibodies recognizing epitopic sequences of the receptor proteins) that allowed to decipher the protein compositions of the naive receptors. mGlu receptors are expressed at the presynaptic site of chemical synapses. Here, they modulate intraterminal enzymatic pathways controlling the migration and the fusion of vesicles to synaptic membranes as well as the phosphorylation of colocalized receptors. Both the control of transmitter exocytosis and the phosphorylation of colocalized receptors elicited by mGlu receptors are relevant events that dictate the plasticity of nerve terminals, and account for the main role of presynaptic mGlu receptors as modulators of neuronal signalling. The role of the presynaptic mGlu receptors in the CNS has been the matter of several studies and this review aims at briefly summarizing the recent observations obtained with isolated nerve endings (we refer to as synaptosomes). We focus on the pharmacological characterization of these receptors and on their receptor-receptor interaction / oligo-dimerization in nerve endings that could be relevant to the development of new therapeutic approaches for the cure of central pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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8
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Yuan G, Guehl NJ, Zheng B, Qu X, Moon SH, Dhaynaut M, Shoup TM, Afshar S, Kang HJ, Zhang Z, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. Synthesis and Characterization of [ 18F]JNJ-46356479 as the First 18F-Labeled PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:527-536. [PMID: 33559035 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has been implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. We have previously developed [11C]7 as a PET radioligand for imaging mGluR2. Herein, [18F]JNJ-46356479 ([18F]8) was synthesized and characterized as the first 18F-labeled mGluR2 imaging ligand to enhance diagnostic approaches for mGluR2-related disorders. PROCEDURES JNJ-46356479 (8) was radiolabeled via the copper (I)-mediated radiofluorination of organoborane 9. In vivo PET imaging experiments with [18F]8 were conducted first in C57BL/6 J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats to obtain whole body biodistribution and brain uptake profile. Subsequent PET studies were done in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) to investigate the uptake of [18F]8 in the brain, its metabolic stability, as well as pharmacokinetic properties. RESULTS JNJ-46356479 (8) exhibited excellent selectivity against other mGluRs. In vivo PET imaging studies showed reversible and specific binding characteristic of [18F]8 in rodents. In the non-human primate, [18F]8 displayed good in vivo metabolic stability, excellent brain permeability, fast and reversible kinetics with moderate heterogeneity across brain regions. Pre-treatment studies with compound 7 revealed time-dependent decrease of [18F]8 accumulation in mGluR2 rich regions based on SUV values with the highest decrease in the nucleus accumbens (18.7 ± 5.9%) followed by the cerebellum (18.0 ± 7.9%), the parietal cortex (16.9 ± 7.8%), and the hippocampus (16.8 ± 6.9%), similar to results obtained in the rat studies. However, the volume of distribution (VT) results derived from 2T4k model showed enhanced VT from a blocking study with compound 7. This is probably because of the potentiating effect of compound 7 as an mGluR2 PAM as well as related non-specific binding in the tissue data. CONCLUSIONS [18F]8 readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and demonstrates fast and reversible kinetics both in rodents and in a non-human primate. Further investigation of [18F]8 on its binding specificity would warrant translational study in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Baohui Zheng
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xiying Qu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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9
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Cieślik P, Wierońska JM. Regulation of Glutamatergic Activity via Bidirectional Activation of Two Select Receptors as a Novel Approach in Antipsychotic Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228811. [PMID: 33233865 PMCID: PMC7699963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects approximately 1-2% of the population and develops in early adulthood. The disease is characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. A large percentage of patients with schizophrenia have a treatment-resistant disease, and the risk of developing adverse effects is high. Many researchers have attempted to introduce new antipsychotic drugs to the clinic, but most of these treatments failed, and the diversity of schizophrenic symptoms is one of the causes of disappointing results. The present review summarizes the results of our latest papers, showing that the simultaneous activation of two receptors with sub-effective doses of their ligands induces similar effects as the highest dose of each compound alone. The treatments were focused on inhibiting the increased glutamate release responsible for schizophrenia arousal, without interacting with dopamine (D2) receptors. Ligands activating metabotropic receptors for glutamate, GABAB or muscarinic receptors were used, and the compounds were administered in several different combinations. Some combinations reversed all schizophrenia-related deficits in animal models, but others were active only in select models of schizophrenia symptoms (i.e., cognitive or negative symptoms).
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10
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Yuan G, Qu X, Zheng B, Neelamegam R, Afshar S, Iyengar S, Pan C, Wang J, Kang HJ, Ondrechen MJ, Poutiainen P, El Fakhri G, Zhang Z, Brownell AL. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Ligands for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12060-12072. [PMID: 32981322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Three benzimidazole derivatives (13-15) have been synthetized as potential positron emission tomography (PET) imaging ligands for mGluR2 in the brain. Of these compounds, 13 exhibits potent binding affinity (IC50 = 7.6 ± 0.9 nM), positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity (EC50 = 51.2 nM), and excellent selectivity against other mGluR subtypes (>100-fold). [11C]13 was synthesized via O-[11C]methylation of its phenol precursor 25 with [11C]methyl iodide. The achieved radiochemical yield was 20 ± 2% (n = 10, decay-corrected) based on [11C]CO2 with a radiochemical purity of >98% and molar activity of 98 ± 30 GBq/μmol EOS. Ex vivo biodistribution studies revealed reversible accumulation of [11C]13 and hepatobiliary and urinary excretions. PET imaging studies in rats demonstrated that [11C]13 accumulated in the mGluR2-rich brain regions. Pre-administration of mGluR2-selective PAM, 17 reduced the brain uptake of [11C]13, indicating a selective binding. Therefore, [11C]13 is a potential PET imaging ligand for mGluR2 in different central nervous system-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Xiying Qu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Baohui Zheng
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chuzhi Pan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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11
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Urabe H, Miyakoshi N, Ohtake N, Nozoe A, Ochi M, Fukasawa M, Kinoshita K, Yamaguchi JI, Marumo T, Hikichi H, Chaki S, Hashihayata T. Discovery of MGS0274, an ester prodrug of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 agonist with improved oral bioavailability. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112521. [PMID: 32698110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that MGS0008 is a selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu2/3 receptor) agonist that is effective in animal models of schizophrenia. MGS0008 is a highly hydrophilic glutamate analog and is therefore expected to show low oral bioavailability in humans. To improve the oral bioavailability of MGS0008, ester prodrugs of MGS0008 were synthesized and their usefulness was evaluated. Among the prodrugs, the l-menthol-ester prodrug 4h demonstrated preferable lipophilicity, good chemical stability, and a high conversion rate to MGS0008 in human and monkey liver microsomes. A pharmacokinetic study in monkeys revealed that the oral bioavailability of MGS0008 after oral dosing of compound 4h was approximately 15-fold higher than that after oral dosing of MGS0008. Based on these findings, a diastereomer of compound 4h (compound 4j, or MGS0274), was selected as a candidate for clinical drug development, and its besylate is currently under development for the treatment of schizophrenia (Development code: TS-134).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Urabe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
| | - Naoki Miyakoshi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ohtake
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiko Nozoe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoki Ochi
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Misako Fukasawa
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohnosuke Kinoshita
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yamaguchi
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Marumo
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hikichi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashihayata
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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12
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Watanabe M, Marcy B, Kinoshita K, Fukasawa M, Hikichi H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Gevorkyan H, Yoshida S. Safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of MGS0274 besylate (TS-134), a novel metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:2286-2301. [PMID: 32353162 PMCID: PMC7576618 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of a novel mGlu2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, MGS0274 besylate (TS‐134), were investigated in healthy subjects. Methods Phase 1 single‐ascending dose (5–20 mg) and multiple‐ascending dose titration (5–80 mg) studies were conducted in healthy male and female subjects. Both studies were randomized, double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled. In one cohort of single‐ascending dose study (10 mg), concentrations of MGS0008, the active compound, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured for up to 24 hours postdose. Results Following single and multiple oral administrations, MGS0274 was rapidly absorbed and extensively converted into MGS0008, which reached a maximum concentration (Cmax) in plasma within 4 hours postdose and declined with a terminal half‐life (t1/2) of around 10 hours. Plasma exposure to MGS0274 was minimal, accounting for approximately 3% of the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of MGS0008. Plasma Cmax and AUC of MGS0008 at steady state increased dose proportionally (5–80 mg). MGS0008 penetrated into CSF, with a CSF‐to‐plasma Cmax ratio of 3.66%, and was eliminated with a t1/2 of approximately 16 hours. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events observed following single and multiple oral administration included headache, nausea, somnolence, dizziness and vomiting. Conclusion TS‐134 is orally bioavailable in humans and converts rapidly and extensively to MGS0008, which exhibits good CSF penetration. Orally administered TS‐134 was safe and generally well‐tolerated; hence, TS‐134 is a promising candidate for further clinical development for the treatment of disorders in which glutamatergic abnormalities are involved, such as schizophrenia.
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13
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Discovery of dihydropyrazino-benzimidazole derivatives as metabotropic glutamate receptor-2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Kinoshita K, Ochi M, Iwata K, Fukasawa M, Yamaguchi J. Preclinical disposition of MGS0274 besylate, a prodrug of a potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist MGS0008 for the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00520. [PMID: 31523433 PMCID: PMC6743422 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MGS0274 besylate is an ester-based lipophilic prodrug of a metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 and mGlu3 receptor agonist MGS0008 and being developed for the treatment of schizophrenia. We investigated the disposition of these compounds in rats and monkeys and in vitro metabolism in humans to evaluate whether MGS0274 besylate could be useful as a prodrug in humans. After the oral administration of MGS0274 besylate to monkeys (2.89 mg/kg), MGS0008 was immediately found in plasma, reached a maximum concentration at 4 hours postdose, and decreased with a terminal half-life of 16.7 hours; MGS0274 was barely detectable. The oral bioavailability as MGS0008 was 83.7%, which was approximately 20-fold greater than that after oral dosing of MGS0008 (3.8%). In rats, MGS0008 penetrated the cerebrospinal fluid and was eliminated slower than from plasma. The in vitro metabolism study indicated that MGS0274 was rapidly hydrolyzed to MGS0008, which was not further metabolized. After the intravenous administration of MGS0008 to rats and monkeys, almost all the dose was excreted unchanged in urine. These results suggested that MGS0274 was, as expected, presystemically hydrolyzed to MGS0008 after gastrointestinal absorption and that MGS0008 was distributed throughout the body without further metabolism and ultimately excreted in urine in the animals. Furthermore, the hydrolytic activity against MGS0274 in the human liver S9 fraction was comparable to that in monkeys, suggesting the possibility of the rapid presystemic hydrolysis of MGS0274 to MGS0008 in humans, as it is in monkeys. Consequently, MGS0274 besylate is expected to function as a preferable prodrug in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohnosuke Kinoshita
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Motoki Ochi
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Katsuya Iwata
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Misako Fukasawa
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Yamaguchi
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
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15
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Zhand N, Attwood DG, Harvey PD. Glutamate modulators for treatment of schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmip.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Abnormalities of glutamatergic transmission are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Among the glutamate receptors, metabotropic (mGlu) 2/3 receptors have recently gained much attention as molecular targets for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety. Both orthosteric and allosteric antagonists of mGlu2/3 receptors have been synthesized, and their therapeutic potential has been examined. These research activities have demonstrated the promise of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as potential treatment agents for the above-mentioned neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, it has been considered that the antidepressant effects of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists are worthy of pursuing, since the antidepressant profiles as well as synaptic/neural mechanisms involved in the actions of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists are similar to those of ketamine, which has been demonstrated to show potent, rapid and sustained efficacy in patients with depression, even those resistant to the conventionally prescribed antidepressants. In this chapter, the general pharmacology of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists and their therapeutic potential are reviewed. In particular, I focus on the usefulness of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as novel antidepressants, in comparison with ketamine.
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17
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Kumata K, Hatori A, Yamasaki T, Zhang Y, Mori W, Fujinaga M, Xie L, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-(2-fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl)-5-((2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methoxy)picolinamide for PET imaging of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in the rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:483-491. [PMID: 30611634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has been suggested as a therapeutic target for treating schizophrenia-like symptoms arising from increased glutamate transmission in the human forebrain. However, no reliable positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer allowing for in vivo visualization of mGluR2 in the human brain is currently available. In this study, we synthesized 4-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-5-((2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methoxy)picolinamide ([11C]1) and evaluated its potential as a PET tracer for imaging mGluR2 in the rodent brain. Compound 1, a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of mGluR2, showed high in vitro binding affinity (IC50: 26 nM) for mGluR2 overexpressed in human cells. [11C]1 was synthesized by O-[11C]methylation of the phenol precursor 2 with [11C]methyl iodide. After the reaction, HPLC purification and formulation, [11C]1 of 7.4 ± 2.8 GBq (n = 8) was obtained from [11C]carbon dioxide of 22.5 ± 4.8 GBq (n = 8) with >99% radiochemical purity and 70 ± 32 GBq/μmol (n = 8) molar activity at the end of synthesis. In vitro autoradiography for rat brains showed that [11C]1 binding was heterogeneously distributed in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. This pattern is consistent with the regional distribution pattern of mGluR2 in the rodent brain. The radioactivity was significantly reduced by self- or MNI-137 (a mGluR2 NAM) blocking. Small-animal PET studies indicated a low in vivo specific binding of [11C]1 in the rat brain. The brain uptake was increased in a P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistant protein double knockout mouse, when compared to a wild-type mouse. While [11C]1 presented limited potential as an in vivo PET tracer for mGluR2, we suggested that it can be used as a lead compound for developing new radiotracers with improved in vivo brain properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Services Co., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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18
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Szabó G, Túrós GI, Kolok S, Vastag M, Sánta Z, Dékány M, Lévay GI, Greiner I, Natsumi M, Tatsuya W, Keserű GM. Fragment Based Optimization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) Positive Allosteric Modulators in the Absence of Structural Information. J Med Chem 2018; 62:234-246. [PMID: 29505715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been implicated as potential pharmacotherapy for psychiatric conditions. Screening our corporate compound deck, we identified a benzotriazole fragment (4) that was rapidly optimized to a potent and metabolically stable early lead (16). The highly lipophilic character of 16, together with its limited solubility, permeability, and high protein binding, however, did not allow reaching of the proof of concept in vivo. Since further attempts on the optimization of druglike properties were unsuccessful, the original hit 4 has been revisited and was optimized following the principles of fragment based drug discovery (FBDD). Lacking structural information on the receptor-ligand complex, we implemented a group efficiency (GE) based strategy and identified a new fragment like lead (60) with more balanced profile. Significant improvement achieved on the druglike properties nominated the compound for in vivo proof of concept studies that revealed the chemotype being a promising PAM lead targeting mGluR2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - György I Túrós
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Sánta
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Miklós Dékány
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - György I Lévay
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Minami Natsumi
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho , Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033 , Japan
| | - Watanabe Tatsuya
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho , Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033 , Japan
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 2 Magyar Tudósok Körútja , Budapest 1117 , Hungary
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19
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Gupta I, Young AMJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell is unaffected by phencyclidine pretreatment: In vitro assessment using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry rat brain slices. Brain Res 2018. [PMID: 29524437 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The non-competitive glutamate antagonist, phencyclidine is used in rodents to model behavioural deficits see in schizophrenia. Importantly, these deficits endure long after the cessation of short-term chronic treatment (sub-chronic), indicating that the drug treatment causes long-term changes in the physiology and/or chemistry of the brain. There is evidence that this may occur through glutamatergic modulation of mesolimbic dopamine release, perhaps involving metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). This study sought to investigate the effect of sub-chronic phencyclidine pretreatment on modulation of dopamine neurotransmission by metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 5 (mGluR2 and mGluR5) in the nucleus accumbens shell in vitro, with the hypothesis that phencyclidine pretreatment would disrupt the mGluR-mediated modulation of dopamine release. We showed that the orthosteric mGluR2 agonist LY379268 (0.1 µM, 1 µM and 10 µM) and mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator CDPPB (1 µM and 10 µM) both attenuated potassium-evoked dopamine release, underscoring their role in modulating dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. Sub-chronic PCP treatment, which caused cognitive deficits measured by performance in the novel object recognition task, modelling aspects of behavioral deficits seen in schizophrenia, induced neurobiological changes that enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, but had no effect on mGluR2 or mGluR5 mediated changes in dopamine release. Therefore it is unlikely that schizophrenia-related behavioural changes seen after sub-chronic phencyclidine pre-treatment are mediated through mGluR modulation of dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Andrew M J Young
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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20
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Monn JA, Henry SS, Massey SM, Clawson DK, Chen Q, Diseroad BA, Bhardwaj RM, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Carter JH, Getman BG, Adragni K, Broad LM, Sanger HE, Ursu D, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL, Hao J. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4 β-Amide-Substituted 2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates. Identification of (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-Amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid (LY2794193), a Highly Potent and Selective mGlu 3 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2303-2328. [PMID: 29350927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple therapeutic opportunities have been suggested for compounds capable of selective activation of metabotropic glutamate 3 (mGlu3) receptors, but small molecule tools are lacking. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify potent, selective, and systemically bioavailable agonists for mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, a series of C4β-N-linked variants of (1 S,2 S,5 R,6 S)-2-amino-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 1 (LY354740) were prepared and evaluated for both mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor binding affinity and functional cellular responses. From this investigation we identified (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 8p (LY2794193), a molecule that demonstrates remarkable mGlu3 receptor selectivity. Crystallization of 8p with the amino terminal domain of hmGlu3 revealed critical binding interactions for this ligand with residues adjacent to the glutamate binding site, while pharmacokinetic assessment of 8p combined with its effect in an mGlu2 receptor-dependent behavioral model provides estimates for doses of this compound that would be expected to selectively engage and activate central mGlu3 receptors in vivo.
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21
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Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Zhang Y, Mori W, Fujinaga M, Xie L, Okubo T, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of three novel radiotracers for imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 in rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3139-3143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McColm J, Brittain C, Suriyapperuma S, Swanson S, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Foster J, Soon D, Jackson K. Evaluation of single and multiple doses of a novel mGlu2 agonist, a potential antipsychotic therapy, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1654-1667. [PMID: 28156011 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of a novel mGlu2 agonist were assessed in healthy males. METHODS In two, Phase 1 investigator- and subject-blind, placebo-controlled studies, oral doses of prodrug LY2979165 were evaluated: single doses (20-150 mg, N = 30) and multiple once-daily (QD) doses (20-400 mg; N = 84), using a titration regimen. The plasma and urine PK of LY2979165 and active moiety, 2812223, were measured. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected to determine PK and neurotransmitter levels. Safety parameters were assessed throughout. RESULTS Nausea and vomiting were dose limiting following single doses; dose titration allowed higher doses to be tested over 14 days. The most common adverse events related to LY2979165 were dizziness, vomiting, nausea, somnolence and headache. The plasma PK of 2812223 were approximately linear with minimal accumulation with QD dosing. Conversion of LY2979165 to 2812223 was extensive, with minimal LY2979165 measurable in plasma. There was no effect of food on the PK of LY2979165 and 2812223. After 60 mg LY2979165 single-dose, 2812223 exposure in CSF was approximately 2-6% and plasma exposure and peak concentrations were approximately four-fold higher than the mGlu2 agonist in vitro EC50 value. No consistent effects were observed on CSF neurotransmitter levels. CONCLUSIONS Oral doses of LY2979165 up to 60 mg as a single dose and up to 400 mg given as multiple QD doses, using a titration regimen, were well tolerated with linear PK. Overall, these data support further clinical evaluation of LY2979165.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danny Soon
- Lilly-NUS Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Singapore
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23
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Ma Y, Kumata K, Yui J, Zhang Y, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Fujinaga M, Nengaki N, Xie L, Wang H, Zhang MR. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-[ 11 C]methoxyphenyl)-piperidin-1-yl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile ([ 11 C]CMDC) for PET imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in the rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1014-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chappell MD, Li R, Smith SC, Dressman BA, Tromiczak EG, Tripp AE, Blanco MJ, Vetman T, Quimby SJ, Matt J, Britton TC, Fivush AM, Schkeryantz JM, Mayhugh D, Erickson JA, Bures MG, Jaramillo C, Carpintero M, Diego JED, Barberis M, Garcia-Cerrada S, Soriano JF, Antonysamy S, Atwell S, MacEwan I, Condon B, Sougias C, Wang J, Zhang A, Conners K, Groshong C, Wasserman SR, Koss JW, Witkin JM, Li X, Overshiner C, Wafford KA, Seidel W, Wang XS, Heinz BA, Swanson S, Catlow JT, Bedwell DW, Monn JA, Mitch CH, Ornstein PL. Discovery of (1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-Amino-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid Hydrochloride (LY3020371·HCl): A Potent, Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Antagonist with Antidepressant-Like Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10974-10993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Discovery
Chemistry Synthesis Group, Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A. Avda. de la Industria, 30 Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Mercedes Carpintero
- Discovery
Chemistry Synthesis Group, Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A. Avda. de la Industria, 30 Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - José Eugenio de Diego
- Discovery
Chemistry Synthesis Group, Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A. Avda. de la Industria, 30 Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Mario Barberis
- Discovery
Chemistry Synthesis Group, Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A. Avda. de la Industria, 30 Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Susana Garcia-Cerrada
- Discovery
Chemistry Synthesis Group, Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A. Avda. de la Industria, 30 Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - José F. Soriano
- Discovery
Chemistry Synthesis Group, Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A. Avda. de la Industria, 30 Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Stephen Antonysamy
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shane Atwell
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Iain MacEwan
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bradley Condon
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christine Sougias
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kris Conners
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chris Groshong
- Structural
Biology, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen R. Wasserman
- Structural Biology,
Eli Lilly and Company, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Building 438A, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John W. Koss
- Structural Biology,
Eli Lilly and Company, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Building 438A, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | | | - Keith A. Wafford
- Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, U.K. GU20 6PH
| | - Wesley Seidel
- Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, U.K. GU20 6PH
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25
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Griebel G, Pichat P, Boulay D, Naimoli V, Potestio L, Featherstone R, Sahni S, Defex H, Desvignes C, Slowinski F, Vigé X, Bergis OE, Sher R, Kosley R, Kongsamut S, Black MD, Varty GB. The mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator, SAR218645, improves memory and attention deficits in translational models of cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35320. [PMID: 27734956 PMCID: PMC5062470 DOI: 10.1038/srep35320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Normalization of altered glutamate neurotransmission through activation of the mGluR2 has emerged as a new approach to treat schizophrenia. These studies describe a potent brain penetrant mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), SAR218645. The compound behaves as a selective PAM of mGluR2 in recombinant and native receptor expression systems, increasing the affinity of glutamate at mGluR2 as inferred by competition and GTPγ35S binding assays. SAR218645 augmented the mGluR2-mediated response to glutamate in a rat recombinant mGluR2 forced-coupled Ca2+ mobilization assay. SAR218645 potentiated mGluR2 agonist-induced contralateral turning. When SAR218645 was tested in models of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, it reduced head twitch behavior induced by DOI, but it failed to inhibit conditioned avoidance and hyperactivity using pharmacological and transgenic models. Results from experiments in models of the cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia showed that SAR218645 improved MK-801-induced episodic memory deficits in rats and attenuated working memory impairment in NMDA Nr1neo-/- mice. The drug reversed disrupted latent inhibition and auditory-evoked potential in mice and rats, respectively, two endophenotypes of schizophrenia. This profile positions SAR218645 as a promising candidate for the treatment of cognitive symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those with abnormal attention and sensory gating abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi R&D, Strategy, Science Policy &External Innovation, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Pichat
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Denis Boulay
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Lisa Potestio
- Sanofi R&D, 1041 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Henry Defex
- Sanofi R&D, 1041 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Xavier Vigé
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Rosy Sher
- Sanofi R&D, 1041 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Mark D Black
- Sanofi R&D, 1041 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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26
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5-HT2A and mGlu2/3 receptor interactions: on their relevance to cognitive function and psychosis. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:1-11. [PMID: 26292187 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and glutamate have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders but also in the mechanism of antipsychotic and hallucinogenic drug actions. Furthermore, close antagonistic interactions between 5-HT2A and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu)2/3 receptors have been established over the last decades on the basis of numerous electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral studies. Besides synaptic mechanisms, more recent findings suggested that heterodimeric 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor complexes in the prefrontal cortex may account for the functional crosstalk between these two receptor subtypes. In this review, we focus on in-vitro and in-vivo studies documenting the important relationship between 5-HT2A and mGlu2/3 receptors, with relevance to both normal behavioral function and psychosis.
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27
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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28
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Muguruza C, Meana JJ, Callado LF. Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as Targets for Novel Antipsychotic Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:130. [PMID: 27242534 PMCID: PMC4873505 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder which substantially impairs patients' quality of life. Despite the extensive research in this field, the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia remain unknown. Different neurotransmitter systems and functional networks have been found to be affected in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. In this context, postmortem brain studies as well as genetic assays have suggested alterations in Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in schizophrenia. Despite many years of drug research, several needs in the treatment of schizophrenia have not been addressed sufficiently. In fact, only 5-10% of patients with schizophrenia successfully achieve a full recovery after treatment. In recent years mGluRs have turned up as novel targets for the design of new antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia. Concretely, Group II mGluRs are of particular interest due to their regulatory role in neurotransmission modulating glutamatergic activity in brain synapses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that orthosteric Group II mGluR agonists exhibit antipsychotic-like properties in animal models of schizophrenia. However, when these compounds have been tested in human clinical studies with schizophrenic patients results have been inconclusive. Nevertheless, it has been recently suggested that this apparent lack of efficacy in schizophrenic patients may be related to previous exposure to atypical antipsychotics. Moreover, the role of the functional heterocomplex formed by 5-HT2A and mGlu2 receptors in the clinical response to Group II mGluR agonists is currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muguruza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHULeioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalMadrid, Spain
| | - J. Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHULeioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalMadrid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHULeioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalMadrid, Spain
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29
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Litman RE, Smith MA, Doherty JJ, Cross A, Raines S, Gertsik L, Zukin SR. AZD8529, a positive allosteric modulator at the mGluR2 receptor, does not improve symptoms in schizophrenia: A proof of principle study. Schizophr Res 2016; 172:152-7. [PMID: 26922656 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of metabotropic glutamate (mGluR2/3) receptors has been proposed as an alternative mechanism to dopaminergic-based antipsychotics to correct glutamatergic deficits hypothesized to underlie schizophrenia symptoms. This study investigates the efficacy and safety of AZD8529, a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) at the mGlu2 receptor, in symptomatic patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Patients were randomized to receive AZD8529 40 mg, risperidone 4 mg, or placebo as monotherapy. Treatment lasted for 28 days, and clinical efficacy was assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores. RESULTS There were no significant differences between patients treated with AZD8529 versus placebo in change from baseline to endpoint in PANSS total, negative and positive symptom subscale, or CGI-S scores. In contrast, risperidone demonstrated significant efficacy relative to placebo. CONCLUSION These results do not support a role for the mGluR-2 PAM AZD8529 as an antipsychotic and indicate that positive modulation of mGluR type 2 receptors alone is not sufficient for antipsychotic effects in acutely ill schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Litman
- CBH Health, LLC, 9210 Corporate Blvd., Suite 110, Rockville, MD, United States; Georgetown University, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Mark A Smith
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19542, United States; Teva Pharmaceuticals, 41 Moores Rd., Frazer, PA 19355, United States
| | - James J Doherty
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19542, United States; Sage Therapeutics, 215 First St., Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Alan Cross
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19542, United States
| | - Shane Raines
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19542, United States; 2b Analytics, LLC, 128 Westminster Dr., Wallingford, PA 19086, United States
| | - Lev Gertsik
- California Clinical Trials Medical Group, 1560 East Chevy Chase Dr., Suite 140, Glendale, CA 91206, United States
| | - Stephen R Zukin
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19542, United States; Forest Research Institute, Jersey City, NJ, United States; Haborside Financial Center, Plaza V, Jersey City, NJ 07311, United States
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30
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Monn JA, Prieto L, Taboada L, Hao J, Reinhard MR, Henry SS, Beadle CD, Walton L, Man T, Rudyk H, Clark B, Tupper D, Baker SR, Lamas C, Montero C, Marcos A, Blanco J, Bures M, Clawson DK, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang X, Carter JH, Getman BG, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4-(Thiotriazolyl)-substituted-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates. Identification of (1R,2S,4R,5R,6R)-2-Amino-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid (LY2812223), a Highly Potent, Functionally Selective mGlu2 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7526-48. [PMID: 26313429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of orthosteric mGlu(2/3) receptor agonists capable of discriminating between individual mGlu2 and mGlu3 subtypes has been highly challenging owing to the glutamate-site sequence homology between these proteins. Herein we detail the preparation and characterization of a series of molecules related to (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate 1 (LY354740) bearing C4-thiotriazole substituents. On the basis of second messenger responses in cells expressing other recombinant human mGlu2/3 subtypes, a number of high potency and efficacy mGlu2 receptor agonists exhibiting low potency mGlu3 partial agonist/antagonist activity were identified. From this, (1R,2S,4R,5R,6R)-2-amino-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 14a (LY2812223) was further characterized. Cocrystallization of 14a with the amino terminal domains of hmGlu2 and hmGlu3 combined with site-directed mutation studies has clarified the underlying molecular basis of this unique pharmacology. Evaluation of 14a in a rat model responsive to mGlu2 receptor activation coupled with a measure of central drug disposition provides evidence that this molecule engages and activates central mGlu2 receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Monn
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lourdes Prieto
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lorena Taboada
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew R Reinhard
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven S Henry
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christopher D Beadle
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lesley Walton
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Teresa Man
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Helene Rudyk
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Barry Clark
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David Tupper
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - S Richard Baker
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Lamas
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Montero
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Alicia Marcos
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jaime Blanco
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark Bures
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David K Clawson
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Shane Atwell
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Frances Lu
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Marijane Russell
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xushan Wang
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joan H Carter
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian G Getman
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John T Catlow
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven Swanson
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Bryan G Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David B Shaw
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David L McKinzie
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Drop 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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31
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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32
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In the grey zone between epilepsy and schizophrenia: alterations in group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:221-32. [PMID: 25539775 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The glutamate system plays an important role in the formation of synapses during brain development and synaptic plasticity. Dysfunctions in glutamate regulation may lead to hyperexcitatory neuronal networks and neurotoxicity. Glutamate excess is possibly of great importance in the pathophysiology of several neurological and psychiatric disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. Interestingly, cross talk between these disorders has been well documented: psychiatric comorbidities are frequent in epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the highest risk factors for developing psychosis. Therefore, dysfunctions in glutamatergic neurotransmission might constitute a common pathological mechanism. A major negative feedback system is regulated by the presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors including mGlu2/3 receptors. These receptors are predominantly localised extrasynaptically in basal ganglia and limbic structures. Hence, mGlu2/3 receptors are an interesting target for the treatment of disorders like epilepsy and schizophrenia. A dysfunction in the glutamate system may be associated with alterations in mGlu2/3 receptor expression. In this review, we describe the localization of mGlu2/3 receptors in the healthy brain of mice, rats and humans. Secondly, changes in mGlu2/3 receptor density of the brain regions affected in epilepsy and schizophrenia are summarised. Increased mGlu2/3 receptor density might represent a compensatory mechanism of the brain to regulate elevated glutamate levels, while reduced mGlu2/3 receptor density in some brain regions may further contribute to the aberrant hyperexcitability. Further research considering the mGlu2/3 receptor can contribute significantly to the understanding of the etiological and therapeutic role of group II mGlu receptor in epilepsy, epilepsy with psychosis and schizophrenia.
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33
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Hikichi H, Hiyoshi T, Marumo T, Tomishima Y, Kaku A, Iida I, Urabe H, Tamita T, Yasuhara A, Karasawa JI, Chaki S. Antipsychotic profiles of TASP0443294, a novel and orally active positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:352-61. [PMID: 25837934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The stimulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 receptor has been shown to be effective in a number of animal models of schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the antipsychotic profiles of (2S)-5-methyl-2-{[4-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)phenoxy]methyl}-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazole-6-carboxamide (TASP0443294), a newly synthesized positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu2 receptor. TASP0443294 potentiated the response of human mGlu2 and rat mGlu2 receptors to glutamate with EC50 values of 277 and 149 nM, respectively, without affecting the glutamate response of human mGlu3 receptor. TASP0443294 was distributed in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid after peroral administration in rats. The peroral administration of TASP0443294 inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats, which was attenuated by an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, and improved social memory impairment induced by 5R,10S-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) in rats. Furthermore, TASP0443294 reduced the ketamine-induced basal gamma hyperactivity in the prefrontal cortex and suppressed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in rats. These findings indicate that TASP0443294 is an mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator with antipsychotic activity, and that the suppression of aberrant gamma oscillations and REM sleep could be considered as neurophysiological biomarkers for TASP0443294.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Hikichi
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Tetsuaki Hiyoshi
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Marumo
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Tomishima
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kaku
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Izumi Iida
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Urabe
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tamita
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Akito Yasuhara
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Karasawa
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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34
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Monn JA, Prieto L, Taboada L, Pedregal C, Hao J, Reinhard MR, Henry SS, Goldsmith PJ, Beadle CD, Walton L, Man T, Rudyk H, Clark B, Tupper D, Baker SR, Lamas C, Montero C, Marcos A, Blanco J, Bures M, Clawson DK, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang X, Carter JH, Xiang C, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Sanger H, Broad LM, Johnson MP, Knopp KL, Simmons RMA, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4-Disubstituted Analogs of 1S,2S,5R,6S-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate: Identification of a Potent, Selective Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist and Determination of Agonist-Bound Human mGlu2 and mGlu3 Amino Terminal Domain Structures. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1776-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501612y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Monn
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lourdes Prieto
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lorena Taboada
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Concepcion Pedregal
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matt R. Reinhard
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven S. Henry
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul J. Goldsmith
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christopher D. Beadle
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lesley Walton
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Teresa Man
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Helene Rudyk
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Barry Clark
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David Tupper
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - S. Richard Baker
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Lamas
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Montero
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Alicia Marcos
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jaime Blanco
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark Bures
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David K. Clawson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Shane Atwell
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Frances Lu
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Marijane Russell
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Beverly A. Heinz
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xushan Wang
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joan H. Carter
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John T. Catlow
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven Swanson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Helen Sanger
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lisa M. Broad
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael P. Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kelly L. Knopp
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rosa M. A. Simmons
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Bryan G. Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David B. Shaw
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David L. McKinzie
- Discovery Chemistry
Research and Technologies, ‡Quantitative Biology, §Structural Biology, ∥Drug Disposition,
and ⊥Neuroscience
Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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35
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Reynolds GP, McGowan OO, Dalton CF. Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry: the relevance of receptor and transporter polymorphisms. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:654-72. [PMID: 24354796 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of severe mental illness, and of psychiatric disorders in general, is limited in its efficacy and tolerability. There appear to be substantial interindividual differences in response to psychiatric drug treatments that are generally far greater than the differences between individual drugs; likewise, the occurrence of adverse effects also varies profoundly between individuals. These differences are thought to reflect, at least in part, genetic variability. The action of psychiatric drugs primarily involves effects on synaptic neurotransmission; the genes for neurotransmitter receptors and transporters have provided strong candidates in pharmacogenetic research in psychiatry. This paper reviews some aspects of the pharmacogenetics of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. A focus on serotonin, catecholamines and amino acid transmitter systems reflects the direction of research efforts, while relevant results from some genome-wide association studies are also presented. There are many inconsistencies, particularly between candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. However, some consistency is seen in candidate gene studies supporting established pharmacological mechanisms of antipsychotic and antidepressant response with associations of functional genetic polymorphisms in, respectively, the dopamine D2 receptor and serotonin transporter and receptors. More recently identified effects of genes related to amino acid neurotransmission on the outcome of treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar illness or depression reflect the growing understanding of the roles of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid dysfunction in severe mental illness. A complete understanding of psychiatric pharmacogenomics will also need to take into account epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, that influence individual responses to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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36
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Hiyoshi T, Marumo T, Hikichi H, Tomishima Y, Urabe H, Tamita T, Iida I, Yasuhara A, Karasawa JI, Chaki S. Neurophysiologic and antipsychotic profiles of TASP0433864, a novel positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:642-53. [PMID: 25277141 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and the activation of metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptor may exert antipsychotic effects by normalizing glutamate transmission. In the present study, we investigated the neurophysiologic and antipsychotic profiles of TASP0433864 [(2S)-2-[(4-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]-5-methyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazole-6-carboxamide], a newly synthesized positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu2 receptor. TASP0433864 exhibited PAM activity at human and rat mGlu2 receptors with EC50 values of 199 and 206 nM, respectively, without exerting agonist activity at rat mGlu2 receptor. TASP0433864 produced a leftward and upward shift in the concentration-response curve of glutamate-increased guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate binding to mGlu2 receptor. In contrast, TASP0433864 had negligible activities for other mGlu receptors, including mGlu3 receptor, and did not have any affinity for other receptors or transporters. In hippocampal slices, TASP0433864 potentiated an inhibitory effect of DCG-IV [(2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxylcyclopropyl)glycine], a mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, on the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the dentate gyrus, indicating that TASP0433864 potentiates the mGlu2 receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release. Moreover, TASP0433864 inhibited both MK-801 [(5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate]- and ketamine-increased cortical γ band oscillation in the rat cortical electroencephalogram, which have been considered to reflect the excess activation of cortical pyramidal neurons. The inhibitory effect of TASP0433864 on cortical activation was also observed in the mouse 2-deoxy-glucose uptake study. In a behavioral study, TASP0433864 significantly inhibited both ketamine- and methamphetamine-increased locomotor activities in mice and rats, respectively. Collectively, these findings indicate that TASP0433864 is a selective mGlu2 receptor PAM with antipsychotic activity, and the attenuation of excess glutamatergic neurotransmission may be involved in the action of TASP0433864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Hiyoshi
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Marumo
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hikichi
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Tomishima
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Urabe
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tamita
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Izumi Iida
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Akito Yasuhara
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Karasawa
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.M., H.H., Y.T., J.K., S.C.), Chemistry Laboratories (H.U., T.T., A.Y.), and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (I.I.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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37
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Fujáková M, Páleníček T, Brunovský M, Gorman I, Tylš F, Kubešová A, Řípová D, Krajča V, Horáček J. The effect of ((−)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268), an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, on EEG power spectra and coherence in ketamine model of psychosis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:212-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Zavodnick AD, Ali R. N-Acetylcysteine and metabotropic glutamate receptors: implications for the treatment of schizophrenia: a literature review. Psychiatr Q 2014; 85:177-85. [PMID: 24390716 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-013-9281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to review the available data regarding metabotropic glutamate receptors in the pathology of Schizophrenia. Further, to investigate the potential utility of N-acetylcysteine as it relates to metabotropic glutamate receptors. A PubMed based literature review was conducted using keywords related to glutamate receptors, Schizophrenia and N-acetylcysteine from June 2012 through August of 2012. Relevant cited references of selected articles were also reviewed. The knowledge base regarding glutamate receptors, both ionotropic and metabotropic is rapidly expanding. New agonists of various subsets of metabotropic glutamate receptors are available and have demonstrated potential utility in animal models. N-acetylcysteine indirectly stimulates presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors and has shown efficacy in two double-blind randomized controlled trials. Metabotropic glutamate receptors contribute to an understanding of glutamate dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Agents which lead to stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, inclusive of N-acetylcysteine show promise as novel agents in the treatment of this disorder. An understanding of the various metabotropic glutamate receptors will be a growing necessity as agents which target them continue to emerge and enter clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Daniel Zavodnick
- Psychiatry Intern, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Carilion Clinic - Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA,
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Rubio MD, Drummond JB, Meador-Woodruff JH. Glutamate receptor abnormalities in schizophrenia: implications for innovative treatments. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:1-18. [PMID: 24116269 PMCID: PMC3792192 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness that afflicts 1% of the population worldwide, resulting in substantial impact to patients, their families, and health care delivery systems. For many years, schizophrenia has been felt to be associated with dysregulated dopaminergic neurotransmission as a key feature of the pathophysiology of the illness. Although numerous studies point to dopaminergic abnormalities in schizophrenia, dopamine dysfunction cannot completely account for all of the symptoms seen in schizophrenia, and dopamine-based treatments are often inadequate and can be associated with serious side effects. More recently, converging lines of evidence have suggested that there are abnormalities of glutamate transmission in schizophrenia. Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves numerous molecules that facilitate glutamate release, receptor activation, glutamate reuptake, and other synaptic activities. Evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia primarily has implicated the NMDA and AMPA subtypes of the glutamate receptor. The expression of these receptors and other molecules associated with glutamate neurotransmission has been systematically studied in the brain in schizophrenia. These studies have generally revealed region- and molecule-specific changes in glutamate receptor transcript and protein expression in this illness. Given that glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, recent drug development efforts have targeted the glutamate system. Much effort to date has focused on modulation of the NMDA receptor, although more recently other glutamate receptors and transporters have been the targets of drug development. These efforts have been promising thus far, and ongoing efforts to develop additional drugs that modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission are underway that may hold the potential for novel classes of more effective treatments for this serious psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Rubio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
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Uehara T, Sumiyoshi T, Rujescu D, Genius J, Matsuoka T, Takasaki I, Itoh H, Kurachi M. Neonatal exposure to MK-801 reduces mRNA expression of mGlu3 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent rats. Synapse 2014; 68:202-8. [PMID: 24549941 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered as a "neurodegenerative" and "neurodevelopmental" disorder, the pathophysiology of which may include hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) or subsequent pathways. Accordingly, administration of NMDA-R antagonists to rodents during the perinatal period may emulate some core pathophysiological aspects of schizophrenia. The effect of 4-day (postnatal day; PD 7-10) administration of MK-801, a selective NMDA-R antagonist, on gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, and amygdala was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Specifically, we sought to determine whether genes related to Glu transmissions, for example those encoding for NMDA-Rs, metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs), or Glu transporters, were altered by neonatal treatment with MK-801. Model rats showed downregulation of the mGluR3 subtype in the mPFC around puberty, especially at PD 35 in response to MK-801 or during ontogenesis without pharmacological manipulations. Genes encoding for other mGluRs subtypes, that is NMDA-Rs and Glu transporters, were not affected by the neonatal insult. These results suggest that NMDA-R antagonism in the early course of development modulates the expression of mGluR3 in mPFC around puberty. Thus, mGluR3 may serve as a potential target to prevent the onset and progression of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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Lee YA, Goto Y. Reconsideration of animal models of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders with evolutionary perspective. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:1120-6. [PMID: 24199948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies utilizing animal models for understanding biological mechanisms of such psychiatric disorders as schizophrenia have been now flourishing. Animal models are a essential part of translational research, and without them, it is not possible to develop therapeutic strategies to treat psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, importance of animal models has been increasingly emphasized. However, on the other side, limitations of such an animal model approach have been growingly deceptive. The aim of this review article is to discuss limitations of translational research utilizing animal models, and propose a new direction of research with evolutionary perspective to understand psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Lee
- Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
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Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Hao J, Reinhard MR, Bures MG, Heinz BA, Wang X, Carter JH, Getman BG, Stephenson GA, Herin M, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, McKinzie DL, Henry SS. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of 4-Substituted-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates: Identification of New Potent and Selective Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4442-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Monn
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew J. Valli
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven M. Massey
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew R. Reinhard
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark G. Bures
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Beverly A. Heinz
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xushan Wang
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joan H. Carter
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian G. Getman
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gregory A. Stephenson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Marc Herin
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John T. Catlow
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven Swanson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Bryan G. Johnson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David L. McKinzie
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven S. Henry
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, §Preformulation, ∥Drug Disposition and ⊥Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46285, United States
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Mouri A, Nagai T, Ibi D, Yamada K. Animal models of schizophrenia for molecular and pharmacological intervention and potential candidate molecules. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 53:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Durand D, Carniglia L, Caruso C, Lasaga M. mGlu3 receptor and astrocytes: partners in neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:1-11. [PMID: 22564439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are currently studied intensively because of their now highlighted relevance as key players with neurons that modulate a wide range of central functions, from synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis to regulation of metabolic and neuroinflammatory processes. Since the discovery of mGlu3 receptors on astrocytes, accumulating evidence supports a role of these receptors not only in maintaining synaptic homeostasis and treating psychiatric disorders but also in promoting astrocyte survival in several pathologic conditions. This review focuses on providing up-to-date knowledge regarding effects of activating astroglial mGlu3 receptors on psychiatric disorders, astrocyte and neuronal survival, and neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 Piso 10, CABA 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wierońska JM, Stachowicz K, Acher F, Lech T, Pilc A. Opposing efficacy of group III mGlu receptor activators, LSP1-2111 and AMN082, in animal models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:481-94. [PMID: 21952670 PMCID: PMC3299972 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several studies have suggested that modulation of the glutamatergic system via metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) could be a new and efficient way to achieve antipsychotic-like activity. OBJECTIVES Here, we decided to investigate the possible role of the group III mGlu receptor ligands, LSP1-2111, the group III mGlu receptor orthosteric agonist, preferentially stimulating mGlu4 receptors especially in low doses, and AMN082, the mGlu7 receptor positive modulator. We used MK-801- and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity tests, as well as DOI-induced head twitches in mice as models for positive symptoms of psychosis. The C57Bl/6J mGlu7 receptor knockout mice were used to confirm that AMN082-induced effect was receptor specific. A non-selective antagonist of the group II/III mGlu receptors, LY341495, was used to block LSP1-2111-induced effects. RESULTS LSP1-2111 (1, 2, and 5 mg kg(-1)) dose dependently inhibited both MK-801- and amphetamine-induced hyperactivities. Moreover, the drug antagonized DOI-induced head twitches. The effects of the drug were antagonized by LY341495 administration (1.5 mg kg(-1), i.p.). In contrast, AMN082 (3 and 6 mg kg(-1)) had no effect on amphetamine-induced hyperactivity but induced an enhancement of MK-801-induced hyperactivity and DOI-induced head twitches in mice. In C57Bl/6J mGlu7 receptor knockout animals (KO), those effects of AMN082 were not observed. Moreover, mGlu7 KO animals were less sensitive for DOI-induced effect than their wild type littermates. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we propose that among group III mGlu receptors, mGlu4 receptor may be a promising target for the development of novel antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Francine Acher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601 CNRS, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Tomasz Lech
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland ,Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 31-531 Kraków, Poland
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Ago Y, Araki R, Yano K, Kawasaki T, Chaki S, Nakazato A, Onoe H, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Takuma K, Matsuda T. The Selective Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonist MGS0028 Reverses Isolation Rearing–Induced Abnormal Behaviors in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:295-8. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11200sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Wischhof L, Koch M. Pre-treatment with the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 attenuates DOI-induced impulsive responding and regional c-Fos protein expression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:387-400. [PMID: 21863235 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Overactivation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)(2A) receptors causes impulsivity and attentional deficits. Since 5-HT(2A) receptors are known to entertain antagonistic interactions with metabotropic glutamate (mGlu)2/3 receptors, this interaction may provide an alternative target for a novel class of antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES/METHODS The study characterizes interactions between 5-HT(2A) and mGlu2/3 receptors implicated in impulse control. Hooded Lister rats were trained in a 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and treated with the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropan hydrochloride (DOI, 0.1 mg/kg) and the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 (1 mg/kg). In addition, associated drug-induced changes in neuronal activity were assessed via c-Fos immunoreactivity (Fos IR), and co-localization of c-Fos and GABAergic markers was detected using double immunofluorescence labeling. RESULTS Systemic DOI caused impulsive overresponding that was attenuated in animals pre-treated with LY379268. LY379268 itself had no significant effect on the rats' performance in the 5-CSRTT. DOI enhanced Fos IR within fronto-cortical and limbic brain structures, and this effect was blocked by LY379268 pre-treatment. Double immunofluorescence labeling showed a specific co-localization of DOI-elicited Fos IR with GABAergic (GAD(67)-positive) cells lacking the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin while LY379268 increased Fos IR in GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that impulsivity is possibly due to a primary increase in Glu transmission mediated via 5-HT(2A) receptor activation. Thus, mGlu2/3 receptor agonists might have some potential for treating motor impulsivity-related impairments while their cognitive enhancing effects were not confirmed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wischhof
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Matrisciano F, Dong E, Gavin DP, Nicoletti F, Guidotti A. Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors promotes DNA demethylation in the mouse brain. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:174-82. [PMID: 21505039 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and -3 receptors) has shown a potential antipsychotic activity, yet the underlying mechanism is only partially known. Altered epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and currently used medications exert chromatin remodeling effects. Here, we show that systemic injection of the brain-permeant mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268; 0.3-1 mg/kg i.p.) increased the mRNA and protein levels of growth arrest and DNA damage 45-β (Gadd45-β), a molecular player of DNA demethylation, in the mouse frontal cortex and hippocampus. Induction of Gadd45-β by LY379268 was abrogated by the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist (2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid (LY341495; 1 mg/kg i.p.). Treatment with LY379268 also increased the amount of Gadd45-β bound to specific promoter regions of reelin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67). We directly assessed gene promoter methylation in control mice and in mice pretreated for 7 days with the methylating agent methionine (750 mg/kg i.p.). Both single and repeated injections with LY379268 reduce cytosine methylation in the promoters of the three genes, although the effect on the GAD67 was significant only in response to repeated injections. Single and repeated treatment with LY379268 could also reverse the defect in social interaction seen in mice pretreated with methionine. The action of LY379268 on Gadd45-β was mimicked by valproate and clozapine but not haloperidol. These findings show that pharmacological activation of mGlu2/3 receptors has a strong impact on the epigenetic regulation of genes that have been linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Matrisciano
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Takatsu Y, Fujita Y, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS, Hashimoto K. Orally active glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitor 2-MPPA attenuates dizocilpine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits in mice. Brain Res 2011; 1371:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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