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Beausoleil C, Thébault A, Andersson P, Cabaton NJ, Ermler S, Fromenty B, Garoche C, Griffin JL, Hoffmann S, Kamstra JH, Kubickova B, Lenters V, Kos VM, Poupin N, Remy S, Sapounidou M, Zalko D, Legler J, Jacobs MN, Rousselle C. Weight of evidence evaluation of the metabolism disrupting effects of triphenyl phosphate using an expert knowledge elicitation approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 489:116995. [PMID: 38862081 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Identification of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in a regulatory context requires a high level of evidence. However, lines of evidence (e.g. human, in vivo, in vitro or in silico) are heterogeneous and incomplete for quantifying evidence of the adverse effects and mechanisms involved. To date, for the regulatory appraisal of metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs), no harmonised guidance to assess the weight of evidence has been developed at the EU or international level. To explore how to develop this, we applied a formal Expert Knowledge Elicitation (EKE) approach within the European GOLIATH project. EKE captures expert judgment in a quantitative manner and provides an estimate of uncertainty of the final opinion. As a proof of principle, we selected one suspected MDC -triphenyl phosphate (TPP) - based on its related adverse endpoints (obesity/adipogenicity) relevant to metabolic disruption and a putative Molecular Initiating Event (MIE): activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). We conducted a systematic literature review and assessed the quality of the lines of evidence with two independent groups of experts within GOLIATH, with the objective of categorising the metabolic disruption properties of TPP, by applying an EKE approach. Having followed the entire process separately, both groups arrived at the same conclusion, designating TPP as a "suspected MDC" with an overall quantitative agreement exceeding 85%, indicating robust reproducibility. The EKE method provides to be an important way to bring together scientists with diverse expertise and is recommended for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beausoleil
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Anne Thébault
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Nicolas J Cabaton
- INRAE. UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UT3, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Sibylle Ermler
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Genome Engineering and Maintenance, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1317, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Clémentine Garoche
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Julian L Griffin
- The Rowett Institute, Foresterhill Health Campus, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (RCE), Department of Toxicology, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Poupin
- INRAE. UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UT3, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Zalko
- INRAE. UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UT3, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam N Jacobs
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (RCE), Department of Toxicology, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Liao G, Weng X, Wang F, Kuen Yu YH, Arrandale VH, Chan AHS, Lu S, Tse LA. Estimated daily intake and cumulative risk assessment of organophosphate esters and associations with DNA damage among e-waste workers in Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142406. [PMID: 38782132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively used as additives in various products, including electronic equipment, which becomes e-waste when obsolete. Nevertheless, no study has evaluated OPEs exposure levels and the related health risks among e-waste workers in Hong Kong. Therefore, 201 first-spot morning urine samples were collected from 101 e-waste workers and 100 office workers to compare eight urinary OPE metabolites (mOPEs) levels in these groups. The concentrations of six mOPEs were similar in e-waste workers and office workers, except for significantly higher levels of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in e-waste workers and bis(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) in office workers. Spearman correlation analysis showed that most non-chlorinated mOPEs were correlated with each other in e-waste workers (i.e., nine out of ten pairs, including di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP) and di-o-cresyl phosphate (DoCP), DpCP and bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), DpCP and DPHP, DpCP and dibutyl phosphate (DBP), DoCP and BBOEP, DoCP and DPHP, DoCP and DBP, BBOEP and DPHP, DPHP and DBP), indicating that handling e-waste could be the exposure source of specific OPEs. The median values of estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) suggested that the health risks from OPEs exposures were under the recommended thresholds. However, linear regression models, Quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression found that urinary mOPEs elevated 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) levels individually or as a mixture, in which DPHP contributed prominently. In conclusion, although e-waste might not elevate the internal OPEs levels among the participating Hong Kong e-waste workers, attention should be paid to the potential DNA damage stimulated by OPEs under the currently recommended thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengze Liao
- J.C. School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The CUHK Centre for Public Health and Primary Care (Shenzhen) & Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueqiong Weng
- J.C. School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Wang
- J.C. School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The CUHK Centre for Public Health and Primary Care (Shenzhen) & Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Alan Hoi-Shou Chan
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- J.C. School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The CUHK Centre for Public Health and Primary Care (Shenzhen) & Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Zhang Z, Dai L, Yang K, Luo J, Zhang Y, Ding P, Tian J, Tuo X, Chi B. Molecular insight on the binding of halogenated organic phosphate esters to human serum albumin and its effect on cytotoxicity of halogenated organic phosphate esters. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132383. [PMID: 38754667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated Organic Phosphate Esters (OPEs) are commonly found in plasticizers and flame retardants. However, they are one kind of persistent contaminants that can pose a significant threat to human health and ecosystem as new environmental estrogen. In this study, two representative halogenated OPEs, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP) and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBP), were selected as experimental subjects to investigate their interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). Despite having similar structures, the two ligands exhibited contrasting effects on enzyme activity of HSA, TDCP inhibiting enzyme activity and TDBP activating it. Furthermore, both TDCP and TDBP could bind to HSA at site I, interacted with Arg222 and other residues, and made the conformation of HSA unfolded. Thermodynamic parameters indicated the main driving forces between TDBP and HSA were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, while TDCP was mainly hydrophobic force. Molecular simulations found that more hydrogen bonds of HSA-TDBP formed during the binding process, and the larger charge area of TDBP than TDCP could partially account for the differences observed in their binding abilities to HSA. Notably, the cytotoxicity of TDBP/TDCP was inversely proportional to their binding ability to HSA, implying a new method for determining the cytotoxicity of halogenated OPEs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lulu Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kaiyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianwen Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Baozhu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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Trinh HT, Truong DA, Duong HT, Bui TM, Hoang MTT, Nguyen PTT, Dinh CT, Nguyen TV, Tran LTT, Nguyen NTT, Le GT. Investigation of Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Esters in Hanoi, Vietnam: Assessment Exposure and Estimated Daily Intake. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:335-345. [PMID: 38664242 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have become one of the most common additives in various consumer products worldwide, therefore the exposure and impact of OPEs on human health are drawing a lot of attention. In this study, three metabolites of OPEs including bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethyl phosphate (DEP) were investigated in first-morning void urine samples taken from a population (age range: 3-76 years old) in Hanoi, Vietnam. The most dominant urinary OPE metabolite was DEP with the geometric mean of specific gravity adjust (SG-adjusted) concentration were 1960 ng mL-1 and detected frequency (DF) of 98%. Followed by DPhP (8.01 ng mL-1, DF: 100%) and BDCIPP (2.18 ng mL-1, DF: 51%). The results indicated that gender and age might have associations with the OPE metabolites variation in urine samples. The levels of OPE metabolites in urine samples from females were slightly higher than in males. An increase in age seems to have an association with a decrease in DPhP levels in urine. Exposure doses of parent OPEs were evaluated from the unadjusted urinary concentration of corresponding OPE metabolite. The estimated exposure doses of triethyl phosphate (TEP) (mean: 534,000 ng kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than its corresponding reference dose, suggesting the high potential risk from the current exposure doses of TEP to human health. The results of this work provided the initial information on the occurrence of three OPE metabolites in urine from Hanoi, Vietnam and estimated exposure dose of corresponding parent OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Dung Anh Truong
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Minh Bui
- Technical Department, Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality, Vietnam Certification Center (QUACERT), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thu Thi Nguyen
- Hanoi University of Industry, 298 Cau Dien Street, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Cuc Thi Dinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thu Thi Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nga Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Sun W, Wang G, Liu Z, Zhang X, Ding J, Han Y, Zhang H. Paternal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals induce intergenerational epigenetic influences on offspring: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108689. [PMID: 38688236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in ecological environments and have become a great issue of public health concern since the 1990 s. There is a deep scientific understanding of the toxicity of EDCs. However, recent studies have found that the abnormal physiological functions of the parents caused by EDCs could be transmitted to their unexposed offspring, leading to intergenerational toxicity. We questioned whether sustained epigenetic changes occur through the male germline. In this review, we (1) systematically searched the available research on the intergenerational impacts of EDCs in aquatic and mammal organisms, including 42 articles, (2) summarized the intergenerational genetic effects, such as decreased offspring survival, abnormal reproductive dysfunction, metabolic disorders, and behavioral abnormalities, (3) summarized the mechanisms of intergenerational toxicity through paternal interactions, and (4) propose suggestions on future research directions to develop a deeper understanding of the ecological risk of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenhui Sun
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | | | - Zhiquan Liu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | | | - Jiafeng Ding
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu Han
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Yang W, Braun JM, Vuong AM, Percy Z, Xu Y, Xie C, Deka R, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Yolton K, Cecil KM, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Patterns of urinary organophosphate ester metabolite trajectories in children: the HOME Study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:251-259. [PMID: 37777668 PMCID: PMC10988284 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have replaced flame retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants in consumer products, but few longitudinal studies have characterized childhood OPE exposure. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the exposure pattern of urinary OPE metabolites in children. METHODS We quantified three urinary OPE metabolites five times in children (1, 2, 3, 5, 8 years) from 312 mother-child pairs in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. We examined the associations of average maternal OPE metabolite concentrations with OPE metabolite concentrations in childhood, characterized childhood OPE trajectories with latent class growth analysis (LCGA), and examined factors related to trajectory membership. RESULTS Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) had the lowest median concentrations over time (0.66-0.97 mg/L) while the median concentrations of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) increased with age (1.44-3.80 mg/L). The median concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) fluctuated between 1.96 and 2.69 mg/L. Intraclass correlation coefficients for urinary metabolites measured at five time points indicated high variability within individuals (0.13-0.24). Average maternal urinary BCEP and BDCIPP were associated with concentrations in early childhood. Maternal education, the birth year of the child, and having a carpet in the main activity room were associated with BCEP and BDCIPP trajectory while none of the factors were associated with DPHP trajectory. SIGNIFICANCE The trajectory analysis showed different patterns of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations, suggesting the need to collect multiple samples to adequately reflect OPE exposure. IMPACT STATEMENT In this well-established cohort, we evaluated the patterns of urinary OPE metabolites in children ages 1-8 years. The number of repeated measures over childhood has not been achieved in prior studies. Our results suggested the high variability of urinary OPE metabolites within individuals. Maternal metabolite concentrations during pregnancy were related to child concentrations at ages 1-3 years. BCEP, BDCIPP, and DPHP demonstrated different trajectories in children, which suggests that multiple samples may be required to capture OPE exposure patterns in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zou C, Yang T, Zhang J, Chen X, Zhao J, Wu D, Yang C, Liu P, Huang X, Liu J, Xu B. A quantitative proteomic study reveals oxidative stress and synapse-related proteins contributed to TDCIPP exposure induced neurotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:116005. [PMID: 38262093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has been consistently identified in various environmental media and biological specimens. Current understanding of the in vivo toxicities of TDCIPP is limited, especially for potential for neurotoxic and cognitive impairment effects. To better evaluate the potential adverse effect of the chemical on learning and memory, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were administered TDCIPP via gavage at doses of 40, 120, and 360 mg/kg/day for a period of 90 days. Quantitative proteomic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were employed to assess alterations in proteins following exposure to TDCIPP. An open field test and the Morris Water Maze were used to assess anxiety and spatial learning memory capacity. Administration of TDCIPP induced anxiety and cognitive impairments in rats. Additionally, a noteworthy decrease in the number of neurons was observed in the hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses revealed dysregulation of numerous hippocampal proteins, particularly those associated with synapses (PKN1) or oxidative stress (GSTM4, NQO1, and BMAL1), which was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. In sum, the cognitive impairment of rats caused by TDCIPP exposure was associated with dysregulation of synaptic and oxidative stress-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China; College of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China; College of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jiuhong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Desheng Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Peiyi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Benhong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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8
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Marinello WP, Gillera SEA, Huang L, Rollman J, Reif DM, Patisaul HB. Uncovering the common factors of chemical exposure and behavior: Evaluating behavioral effects across a testing battery using factor analysis. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:264-273. [PMID: 37914043 PMCID: PMC11154886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although specific environmental chemical exposures, including flame retardants, are known risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), direct experimental evidence linking specific chemicals to NDDs is limited. Studies focusing on the mechanisms by which the social processing systems are vulnerable to chemical exposure are underrepresented in the literature, even though social impairments are defining characteristics of many NDDs. We have repeatedly demonstrated that exposure to Firemaster 550 (FM 550), a prevalent flame retardant mixture used in foam-based furniture and infant products, can adversely impact a variety of behavioral endpoints. Our recent work in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), a prosocial animal model, demonstrated that perinatal exposure to FM 550 sex specifically impacts socioemotional behavior. Here, we utilized a factor analysis approach on a battery of behavioral data from our prior study to extract underlying factors that potentially explain patterns within the FM 550 behavior data. This approach identified which aspects of the behavioral battery are most robust and informative, an outcome critical for future study designs. Pearson's correlation identified behavioral endpoints associated with distance and stranger interactions that were highly correlated across 5 behavioral tests. Using these behavioral endpoints, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) extracted 2 factors that could explain the data: Activity (distance traveled endpoints) and Sociability (time spent with a novel conspecific). Exposure to FM 550 significantly decreased Activity and decreased Sociability. This factor analysis approach to behavioral data offers the advantages of modeling numerous measured variables and simplifying the data set by presenting the data in terms of common, overarching factors in terms of behavioral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sagi Enicole A Gillera
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; ICF International Inc, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Lynn Huang
- Department of Statistics, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John Rollman
- Department of Statistics, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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9
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Newell AJ, Patisaul HB. Developmental organophosphate flame retardant exposure disrupts adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Wistar rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:104-114. [PMID: 37783313 PMCID: PMC10842265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) contamination is ubiquitous and bio-monitoring studies have shown that human exposure is widespread and may be unavoidable. OPFRs bear structural similarities to known neurotoxicants such as organophosphate insecticides and have been shown to have both endocrine disrupting and developmental neurotoxic effects. The perinatal period in rodents represents a critical period in the organization of the developing nervous system and insults during this time can impart profound changes on the trajectory of neural development and function, lasting into adulthood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) facilitates dentate gyrus function and broader hippocampal circuit activity in adults; however, the neurogenic potential of this process in adulthood is vulnerable to disruption by exogenous factors during early life. We sought to assess the impact of OPFRs on AHN in offspring of dams exposed during gestation and lactation. Results indicate that developmental OPFR exposure has significant, sex specific impacts on multiple markers of AHN in the dentate gyrus of rats. In males, OPFR exposure significantly reduced the number of neural progenitors the number of new/immature neurons and reduced dentate gyrus volume. In females, exposure increased the number of neural progenitors, decreased the number of new/immature neurons, but had no significant effect on dentate gyrus volume. These results further elucidate the developmental neurotoxic properties of OPFRs, emphasize the long-term impact of early life OPFR exposure on neural processes, and highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable in neurotoxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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10
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Peng Y, Shi C, Wang C, Li Y, Zeng L, Zhang J, Huang M, Zheng Y, Chen H, Chen C, Li H. Review on typical organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) requiring priority attention: Formation, occurrence, toxicological, and epidemiological studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132426. [PMID: 37683352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of primary metabolites of organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs), namely, organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), on the ecology, environment, and humans cannot be ignored. While extensive studies have been conducted on tri-OPEs, research on the environmental occurrence, toxicity, and health risks of di-OPEs is still in the preliminary stage. Understanding the current research status of di-OPEs is crucial for directing future investigations on the production, distribution, and risks associated with environmental organophosphate esters (OPEs). This paper specifically reviews the metabolization process from tri-OPEs to di-OPEs and the occurrence of di-OPEs in environmental media and organisms, proposes typical di-OPEs in different media, and classifies their toxicological and epidemiological findings. Through a comprehensive analysis, six di-OPEs were identified as typical di-OPEs that require prioritized research. These include di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP). This review provides new insights for subsequent toxicological studies on these typical di-OPEs, aiming to improve our understanding of their current status and provide guidance and ideas for research on the toxicity and health risks of di-OPEs. Ultimately, this review aims to enhance the risk warning system of environmental OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chongli Shi
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Mengyan Huang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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11
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Marinello WP, Gillera SEA, Han Y, Richardson JR, St Armour G, Horman BM, Patisaul HB. Gestational exposure to FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) disrupts the placenta-brain axis in a socially monogamous rodent species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 576:112041. [PMID: 37562579 PMCID: PMC10795011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Gestational flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to heightened risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Historically, toxicologists have relied on traditional, inbred rodent models, yet those do not always best model human vulnerability or biological systems, especially social systems. Here we used prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), a monogamous and bi-parental rodent, leveraged for decades to decipher the underpinnings of social behaviors, to examine the impact of fetal FR exposure on gene targets in the mid-gestational placenta and fetal brain. We previously established gestational exposure to the commercial mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) impairs sociality, particularly in males. FM 550 exposure disrupted placental monoamine production, particularly serotonin, and genes required for axon guidance and cellular respiration in the fetal brains. Effects were dose and sex specific. These data provide insights on the mechanisms by which FRs impair neurodevelopment and later in life social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Yoonhee Han
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Genevieve St Armour
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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12
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Chen FS, Chen CC, Tsai CC, Lu JH, You HL, Chen CM, Huang WT, Tsai KF, Cheng FJ, Kung CT, Li SH, Wang CC, Ou YC, Lee WC, Chang YT, Hashim F, Chao HR, Wang LJ. Urinary levels of organophosphate flame retardants metabolites in a young population from Southern Taiwan and potential health effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1173449. [PMID: 37334296 PMCID: PMC10272846 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1173449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely distributed in the environment and their metabolites are observed in urine, but little is known regarding OPFRs in a broad-spectrum young population from newborns to those aged 18 years. Objectives Investigate urinary levels of OPFRs and OPFR metabolites in Taiwanese infants, young children, schoolchildren, and adolescents within the general population. Methods Different age groups of subjects (n=136) were recruited from southern Taiwan to detect 10 OPFR metabolites in urine samples. Associations between urinary OPFRs and their corresponding metabolites and potential health status were also examined. Results The mean level of urinary Σ10 OPFR in this broad-spectrum young population is 2.25 μg/L (standard deviation (SD) of 1.91 μg/L). Σ10 OPFR metabolites in urine are 3.25 ± 2.84, 3.06 ± 2.21, 1.75 ± 1.10, and 2.32 ± 2.29 μg/L in the age groups comprising of newborns, 1-5 year-olds, 6-10 year-olds, and 11-18 year-olds, respectively, and borderline significant differences were found in the different age groups (p=0.125). The OPFR metabolites of TCEP, BCEP, DPHP, TBEP, DBEP, and BDCPP predominate in urine and comprise more than 90% of the total. TBEP was highly correlated with DBEP in this population (r=0.845, p<0.001). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Σ5OPFRs (TDCPP, TCEP, TBEP, TNBP, and TPHP) was 2,230, 461, 130, and 184 ng/kg bw/day for newborns, 1-5 yr children, 6-10 yr children, and 11-17 yr adolescents, respectively. The EDI of Σ5OPFRs for newborns was 4.83-17.2 times higher than the other age groups. Urinary OPFR metabolites are significantly correlated with birth length and chest circumference in newborns. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of urinary OPFR metabolite levels in a broad-spectrum young population. There tended to be higher exposure rates in both newborns and pre-schoolers, though little is known about their exposure levels or factors leading to exposure in the young population. Further studies should clarify the exposure levels and factor relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shun Chen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fahimah Hashim
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Ashley-Martin J, MacPherson S, Zhao Z, Gaudreau É, Provencher G, Fisher M, Borghese MM, Bouchard MF, Booij L, Arbuckle TE. Descriptive analysis of organophosphate ester metabolites in a pan-Canadian pregnancy cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163327. [PMID: 37030364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used in numerous consumer products for their flame retardant and plasticizing properties. Despite potential widespread exposure, biomonitoring data during critical windows of development are scarce and limited to the most widely studied metabolites. We quantified urinary concentrations of multiple OPE metabolites in a vulnerable Canadian population. Using data and biobanked specimens from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study (2008-2011), we measured first trimester urinary concentrations of 15 OPE metabolites as well as one flame retardant metabolite and quantified associations with sociodemographic and sample collection characteristics in 1865 pregnant participants. We applied 2 different analytical methods to quantify OPEs, one using UItra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and the other using Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) with sensitive limits of detection (0.008-0.1 μg/L). We modelled associations between sociodemographic and sample collection characteristics and specific gravity-standardized chemical concentrations. Six OPE metabolites were detected in the majority (68.1-97.4 %) of participants. Bis-(2-chloroethyl) hydrogen phosphate had the highest detection rate (97.4 %). Diphenyl phosphate had the highest geometric mean concentration (0.657 μg/L). Metabolites of tricresyl phosphate were detected in few participants. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics varied according to each OPE metabolite. Pre-pregnancy body mass index tended to be positively associated with OPE metabolite concentrations whereas age tended to be inversely associated with OPE concentrations. OPE concentrations were, on average, higher in urine samples collected in the summer than other seasons the winter. We present the largest biomonitoring study of OPE metabolites in pregnant people to date. These findings demonstrate widespread exposure to OPEs and their metabolites and identify subpopulations who may experience heightened exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ashley-Martin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Susan MacPherson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre du Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Gilles Provencher
- Centre du Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada; Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Research centre, Douglas Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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14
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Newell AJ, Kapps VA, Cai Y, Rai MR, St. Armour G, Horman BM, Rock KD, Witchey SK, Greenbaum A, Patisaul HB. Maternal organophosphate flame retardant exposure alters the developing mesencephalic dopamine system in fetal rat. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:357-373. [PMID: 36562574 PMCID: PMC9936211 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have become the predominant substitution for legacy brominated flame retardants but there is concern about their potential developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). OPFRs readily dissociate from the fireproofed substrate to the environment, and they (or their metabolites) have been detected in diverse matrices including air, water, soil, and biota, including human urine and breastmilk. Given this ubiquitous contamination, it becomes increasingly important to understand the potential effects of OPFRs on the developing nervous system. We have previously shown that maternal exposure to OPFRs results in neuroendocrine disruption, alterations to developmental metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and axonal extension in male fetal rats, and potentiates adult anxiety-like behaviors. The development of the serotonin and dopamine systems occur in parallel and interact, therefore, we first sought to enhance our prior 5-HT work by first examining the ascending 5-HT system on embryonic day 14 using whole mount clearing of fetal heads and 3-dimensional (3D) brain imaging. We also investigated the effects of maternal OPFR exposure on the development of the mesocortical dopamine system in the same animals through 2-dimensional and 3D analysis following immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Maternal OPFR exposure induced morphological changes to the putative ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra in both sexes and reduced the overall volume of this structure in males, whereas 5-HT nuclei were unchanged. Additionally, dopaminergic axogenesis was disrupted in OPFR exposed animals, as the dorsoventral spread of ventral telencephalic TH afferents were greater at embryonic day 14, while sparing 5-HT fibers. These results indicate maternal exposure to OPFRs alters the development trajectory of the embryonic dopaminergic system and adds to growing evidence of OPFR DNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Victoria A Kapps
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Yuheng Cai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Mani Ratnam Rai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Genevieve St. Armour
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Shannah K Witchey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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15
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Witchey SK, Sutherland V, Collins B, Roberts G, Shockley KR, Vallant M, Krause J, Cunny H, Waidyanatha S, Mylchreest E, Sparrow B, Moyer R, Behl M. Reproductive and developmental toxicity following exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers, triphenyl phosphate and isopropylated phenyl phosphate, in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 191:374-386. [PMID: 36562586 PMCID: PMC9936205 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two organophosphate esters used as flame retardants and plasticizers, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), have been detected in environmental samples around the world. Human exposure primarily occurs via oral ingestion with reported higher concentrations in children. Currently, there are no data to evaluate potential risk from exposure to either TPHP or IPP during fetal development. These short-term perinatal studies in rats provide preliminary toxicity data for TPHP and IPP, including information on transfer to fetus/offspring and across the pup blood-brain barrier. In separate experiments, TPHP or IPP were administered via dosed feed at concentrations 0, 1000, 3000, 10 000, 15 000, or 30 000 ppm to time-mated Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 28; offspring were provided dosed feed at the same concentration as their dam (PND 28-PND 56). TPHP- and IPP-related toxicity resulted in removal of both 30 000 ppm groups on GD 12 and 15 000 ppm IPP group after parturition. Body weight and organ weights were impacted with exposure in remaining dams. Reproductive performance was perturbed at ≥10 000 ppm TPHP and all IPP exposure groups. In offspring, both TPHP- and IPP-related toxicity was noted in pups at ≥10 000 ppm as well as reduction in bodyweights, delays in pubertal endpoints, and/or reduced cholinesterase enzyme activity starting at 1000 ppm TPHP or IPP. Preliminary internal dose assessment indicated gestational and lactational transfer following exposure to TPHP or IPP. These findings demonstrate that offspring development is sensitive to 1000 ppm TPHP or IPP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannah K Witchey
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Vicki Sutherland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-12, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
| | - Brad Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Georgia Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Molly Vallant
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Jeffrey Krause
- Social and Scientific Systems, Durham, North Carolina 27703, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Eve Mylchreest
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Barney Sparrow
- Life Sciences, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA
| | - Robert Moyer
- Life Sciences, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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16
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Guo Y, Liang C, Zeng MX, Wei GL, Zeng LX, Liu LY, Zeng EY. An overview of organophosphate esters and their metabolites in humans: Analytical methods, occurrence, and biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157669. [PMID: 35926632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have aroused due to their extensive distribution in the environment and humans, as well as their potential toxicities. Recent studies have demonstrated that some organophosphate di-esters are even more toxic than their respective tri-esters. This review summarized the current state of knowledge on the analytical methodologies (including sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and the feasibility of each potential human matrix), as well as the occurrences of OPEs and/or their metabolites (m-OPEs) in various human matrices. Organophosphate esters are readily metabolized in human thus only limited studies reported their occurrences in blood and breast milk, whereas abundant studies are available regarding the occurrences of m-OPEs rather than OPEs in urine. Since none of the matrix is suitable all the time, appropriate matrix should be selected depending on the aims of biomonitoring studies, e.g., high throughput screening or body burden estimation. Biomonitoring with non-invasive matrices such as hair and/or nail is useful to screen specific populations that might be under high exposure risks while urine is more suitable to provide valuable information on body burden. In terms of urinary monitoring, specific biomarkers have been identified for some OPE compounds, including tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Further studies are required to identify suitable urinary biomarkers for other OPE compounds, especially the emerging ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gao-Ling Wei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Managements, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Li-Xi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Witchey SK, Doyle MG, Fredenburg JD, St Armour G, Horman B, Odenkirk MT, Aylor DL, Baker ES, Patisaul HB. Impacts of Gestational FireMaster 550 Exposure on the Neonatal Cortex Are Sex Specific and Largely Attributable to the Organophosphate Esters. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 113:1262-1282. [PMID: 36075192 PMCID: PMC9992460 DOI: 10.1159/000526959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flame retardants (FRs) are common bodily and environmental pollutants, creating concern about their potential toxicity. We and others have found that the commercial mixture FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) or its individual brominated (BFR) and organophosphate ester (OPFR) components are potential developmental neurotoxicants. Using Wistar rats, we previously reported that developmental exposure to FM 550 or its component classes produced sex- and compound-specific effects on adult socioemotional behaviors. The underlying mechanisms driving the behavioral phenotypes are unknown. METHODS To further mechanistic understanding, here we conducted transcriptomics in parallel with a novel lipidomics approach using cortical tissues from newborn siblings of the rats in the published behavioral study. Inclusion of lipid composition is significant because it is rarely examined in developmental neurotoxicity studies. Pups were gestationally exposed via oral dosing to the dam to FM 550 or the BFR or OPFR components at environmentally relevant doses. RESULTS The neonatal cortex was highly sexually dimorphic in lipid and transcriptome composition, and males were more significantly impacted by FR exposure. Multiple adverse modes of action for the BFRs and OPFRs on neurodevelopment were identified, with the OPFRs being more disruptive than the BFRs via multiple mechanisms including dysregulation of mitochondrial function and disruption of cholinergic and glutamatergic systems. Disrupted mitochondrial function by environmental factors has been linked to a higher risk of autism spectrum disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Impacted lipid classes included ceramides, sphingomyelins, and triacylglycerides. Robust ceramide upregulation in the OPFR females could suggest a heightened risk of brain metabolic disease. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals multiple mechanisms by which the components of a common FR mixture are developmentally neurotoxic and that the OPFRs may be the compounds of greatest concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannah K Witchey
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob D Fredenburg
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genevieve St Armour
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melanie T Odenkirk
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Aylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Louis LM, Quirós-Alcalá L, Kuiper JR, Diette G, Hansel NN, McCormack MC, Meeker JD, Buckley JP. Variability and predictors of urinary organophosphate ester concentrations among school-aged children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113192. [PMID: 35346652 PMCID: PMC9232954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPE) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in a wide range of consumer products. Despite their widespread use, few studies have characterized pediatric exposures. We assessed variability and predictors of OPE exposures in a cohort panel study of 179 predominantly Black school-aged children with asthma in Baltimore City, MD. The study design included up to four seasonal week-long in-home study visits with urine sample collection on days 4 and 7 of each visit (nsamples = 618). We quantified concentrations of 9 urinary OPE biomarkers: bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEtp), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), di-benzyl phosphate (DBuP), di-benzyl phosphate, di-o-cresylphosphate, di-p-cresylphosphate (DPCP), di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo benzoic acid. We assessed potential predictors of exposure, including demographic factors, household characteristics, and cleaning behaviors. We calculated Spearman/tetrachoric correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to examine within-week and seasonal intra-individual variability, respectively. We assessed OPE predictors using linear models for continuous log2 concentrations (BDCPP and DPHP) and logistic models for odds of detection (BCEtP, DBuP, DPCP), with generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measures. For all OPEs, we observed moderate within-week correlations (rs: 0.31-0.63) and weak to moderate seasonal reliability (ICC: 0.18-0.38). BDCPP and DPHP concentrations were higher in the summer compared to other seasons. DPHP concentrations were lower among males than females (%diff: -53.5%; 95% CI: -62.7, -42.0) and among participants spending >12 h/day indoors compared to ≤12 h (%diff: -20.7%; 95% CI: -32.2, -7.3). BDCPP concentrations were lower among children aged 8-10 years compared to 5-7 years (%diff: -39.1%; 95% CI: -55.9, -15.9) and higher among children riding in a vehicle on the day of sample collection compared to those who had not (%diff: 28.5%; 95% CI: 3.4, 59.8). This study is the first to characterize within-week and seasonal variability and identify predictors of OPE biomarkers among Black school-aged children, a historically understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Louis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan R Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Diette
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meredith C McCormack
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Marinello WP, Gillera SEA, Fanning MJ, Malinsky LB, Rhodes CL, Horman BM, Patisaul HB. Effects of developmental exposure to FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) on microglia density, reactivity and morphology in a prosocial animal model. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:140-154. [PMID: 35526706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are known to shape brain sex differences critical for social and reproductive behaviors. Chemical exposures can disrupt brain sexual differentiation but there is limited data regarding how they may impact microglia distribution and function. We focused on the prevalent flame retardant mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) which is used in foam-based furniture and infant products including strollers and nursing pillows because it disrupts sexually dimorphic behaviors. We hypothesized early life FM 550 exposure would disrupt microglial distribution and reactivity in brain regions known to be highly sexually dimorphic or associated with social disorders in humans. We used prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) because they display spontaneous prosocial behaviors not seen in rats or mice and are thus a powerful model for studying chemical exposure-related impacts on social behaviors and their underlying neural systems. We have previously demonstrated that perinatal FM 550 exposure sex-specifically impacts socioemotional behaviors in prairie voles. We first established that, unlike in rats, the postnatal colonization of the prairie vole brain is not sexually dimorphic. Vole dams were then exposed to FM 550 (0, 500, 1000, 2000 µg/day) via subcutaneous injections through gestation, and pups were directly exposed beginning the day after birth until weaning. Adult offspring's brains were assessed for number and type (ramified, intermediate, ameboid) of microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cerebellum (lobules VI-VII) and amygdala. Effects were sex- and dose-specific in the regions of interests. Overall, FM 550 exposure resulted in reduced numbers of microglia in most regions examined, with the 1000 µg FM 550 exposed males particularly affected. To further quantify differences in microglia morphology in the 1000 µg FM 550 group, Sholl and skeleton analysis were carried out on individual microglia. Microglia from control females had a more ramified phenotype compared to control males while 1000 µg FM 550-exposed males had decreased branching and ramification compared to same-sex controls. Future studies will examine the impact on the exposure to FM 550 on microglia during development given the critical role of these cells in shaping neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Marley J Fanning
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lacey B Malinsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Cassie L Rhodes
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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20
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Individual and Combined Effects of Paternal Deprivation and Developmental Exposure to Firemaster 550 on Socio-Emotional Behavior in Prairie Voles. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050268. [PMID: 35622681 PMCID: PMC9147230 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is rapidly rising, suggesting a confluence of environmental factors that are likely contributing, including developmental exposure to environmental contaminants. Unfortunately, chemical exposures and social stressors frequently occur simultaneously in many communities, yet very few studies have sought to establish the combined effects on neurodevelopment or behavior. Social deficits are common to many NDDs, and we and others have shown that exposure to the chemical flame retardant mixture, Firemaster 550 (FM 550), or paternal deprivation impairs social behavior and neural function. Here, we used a spontaneously prosocial animal model, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), to explore the effects of perinatal chemical (FM 550) exposure alone or in combination with an early life stressor (paternal absence) on prosocial behavior. Dams were exposed to vehicle (sesame oil) or 1000 µg FM 550 orally via food treats from conception through weaning and the paternal absence groups were generated by removing the sires the day after birth. Adult offspring of both sexes were then subjected to open-field, sociability, and a partner preference test. Paternal deprivation (PD)-related effects included increased anxiety, decreased sociability, and impaired pair-bonding in both sexes. FM 550 effects include heightened anxiety and partner preference in females but reduced partner preference in males. The combination of FM 550 exposure and PD did not exacerbate any behaviors in either sex except for distance traveled by females in the partner preference test and, to a lesser extent, time spent with, and the number of visits to the non-social stimulus by males in the sociability test. FM 550 ameliorated the impacts of parental deprivation on partner preference behaviors in both sexes. This study is significant because it provides evidence that chemical and social stressors can have unique behavioral effects that differ by sex but may not produce worse outcomes in combination.
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21
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Neurotoxicity of Tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicology 2022; 474:153211. [PMID: 35595029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a new type of flame retardant, Organic Phosphate Flame Retardant has been widely used worldwide. The purpose of our research is to determine the neurotoxicity of Tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP) to Caenorhabditis elegans and its mechanism. L1 larvae wild-type C. elegans were exposed to different concentrations of TDCPP, and the effects on motor behavior (head thrashes, body bends, pumping times, Chemotaxis index), ROS levels, and p38-MAPK signaling pathway-related gene expression levels were measured. Three transgenic nematode strains, BZ555, DA1240, and EG1285, were also used to study the effects of TDCPP on nematode dopamine neurons, glutamate neurons, and GABA neurons. The results showed that TDCPP can inhibit the head thrashes and body bends of the nematode, reduce dopamine production, increase the level of ROS in the body, and affect the expression of genes related to the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. We next employed ROS production and motor behavior as toxicity assessment endpoints to determine the involvement of p38 MAPK signaling in the regulation of response to TDCPP. The results showed that the nematodes with low expression of pmk-1 were more sensitive to the TDCPP. It was suggested that TDCPP had neurotoxicity and regulated neurotoxicity to C. elegans by activating the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. The research in this article provides important information for revealing the environmental health risks of organophosphorus flame retardants and their toxic mechanism of action.
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22
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Collins B, Slade D, Aillon K, Stout M, Betz L, Waidyanatha S, Ryan K. Plasma concentrations of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and a metabolite bis(2-chloroisopropyl) 1-carboxyethyl phosphate in Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice from a chronic study of tris(chloropropyl) phosphate via feed. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:690-698. [PMID: 35433273 PMCID: PMC9010517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant and plasticizer used in manufacturing and multiple consumer products. Commercial TCPP is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and TCPP or its metabolites have been detected in human plasma and urine. In response to the demonstrated widespread human exposure and lack of toxicity data, the Division of the National Toxicology Program is investigating the chronic toxicity of TCPP following perinatal exposure in HSD:Sprague Dawley®SD® (HSD) rats (up to 20,000 ppm) and adult exposure in B6C3F1/N mice (females, up to 10,000 ppm; males up to 5000 ppm) to TCPP via feed. Systemic exposure and bioaccumulation were assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), the most abundant TCPP isomer. TCIPP concentrations in TCPP-exposed rats and mice ranged from 3.43 to 1180 ng/mL and increased with exposure concentration at all time points. No sex differences were observed in rats, but male mice had higher TCIPP concentrations than females. TCIPP did not bioaccumulate in rats or mice over the course of the study. Low TCIPP concentrations were seen in some control rats and mice that were attributed to background TCPP present during sample collection, preparation and/or analysis. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) 1-carboxyethyl phosphate (BCPCP), a TCPP metabolite, was quantified in plasma from control and selected exposed animals. Results showed increases in BCPCP concentration that were proportional to exposure concentration in rats and mice at concentrations much higher than TCIPP, indicating that BCPCP might be a more suitable biomarker of TCPP exposure. Tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) has widespread environmental exposure. We measured plasma levels of TCPP following chronic feed exposure in rodents. The most abundant isomer of TCPP (TCIPP) increased with exposure with no accumulation. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)1-carboxyethyl phosphate (BCPCP) levels were higher than TCIPP. Metabolite BCPCP may be a more suitable biomarker for TCPP exposure.
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23
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Yao C, Yang H, Li Y. A review on organophosphate flame retardants in the environment: Occurrence, accumulation, metabolism and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148837. [PMID: 34246143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as a substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are widely used in industrial production and life. The presence of OPFRs in the environment has an adverse effect on the ecological environment system. This review provides comprehensive data for the occurrence of OPFRs and their diester metabolites (OP diesters) in wastewater treatment plants, surface water, drinking water, sediment, soil, air and dust in the environment. In particular, the accumulation and metabolism of OPFRs in organisms and the types of metabolites and metabolic pathways are discussed for animals and plants. In addition, the toxicity of OP triesters and OP diesters in organisms is discussed. Although research on OPFRs has gradually increased in recent years, there are still many gaps to be filled, especially for metabolic and toxicity mechanisms that need in-depth study. This review also highlights the shortcomings of current research and provides suggestions for a basis for future research on OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hanpei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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24
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Patisaul HB, Behl M, Birnbaum LS, Blum A, Diamond ML, Rojello Fernández S, Hogberg HT, Kwiatkowski CF, Page JD, Soehl A, Stapleton HM. Beyond Cholinesterase Inhibition: Developmental Neurotoxicity of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:105001. [PMID: 34612677 PMCID: PMC8493874 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the toxicity of organophosphate esters has primarily been studied regarding their use as pesticides and their effects on the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Currently, flame retardants and plasticizers are the two largest market segments for organophosphate esters and they are found in a wide variety of products, including electronics, building materials, vehicles, furniture, car seats, plastics, and textiles. As a result, organophosphate esters and their metabolites are routinely found in human urine, blood, placental tissue, and breast milk across the globe. It has been asserted that their neurological effects are minimal given that they do not act on AChE in precisely the same way as organophosphate ester pesticides. OBJECTIVES This commentary describes research on the non-AChE neurodevelopmental toxicity of organophosphate esters used as flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs). Studies in humans, mammalian, nonmammalian, and in vitro models are presented, and relevant neurodevelopmental pathways, including adverse outcome pathways, are described. By highlighting this scientific evidence, we hope to elevate the level of concern for widespread human exposure to these OPEs and to provide recommendations for how to better protect public health. DISCUSSION Collectively, the findings presented demonstrate that OPEs can alter neurodevelopmental processes by interfering with noncholinergic pathways at environmentally relevant doses. Application of a pathways framework indicates several specific mechanisms of action, including perturbation of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid and disruption of the endocrine system. The effects may have implications for the development of cognitive and social skills in children. Our conclusion is that concern is warranted for the developmental neurotoxicity of OPE exposure. We thus describe important considerations for reducing harm and to provide recommendations for government and industry decision makers. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B. Patisaul
- College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | | | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol F. Kwiatkowski
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie D. Page
- Cancer Prevention & Education Society, Meads House, Leighterton, Tetbury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Hoffman K, Levasseur JL, Zhang S, Hay D, Herkert NJ, Stapleton HM. Monitoring Human Exposure to Organophosphate Esters: Comparing Silicone Wristbands with Spot Urine Samples as Predictors of Internal Dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:805-810. [PMID: 36159219 PMCID: PMC9496637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicone wristbands present a noninvasive exposure assessment tool and an alternative to traditional biomonitoring; however, questions about their utility remain as validation studies are limited. We sought to determine if wristbands provide quantitative estimates of internal organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure. We evaluated internal dose by measuring metabolite masses excreted in 24-hour urine samples collected over five days among ten adults. We compared internal dose to OPE concentrations in paired wristbands worn during collection and, as a comparison, evaluated metabolite levels in spot urine samples. Three of six OPE metabolites evaluated were detected in >98% of urine samples, and 24 of 34 assessed OPEs were detected in at least one wristband. OPE uptake in wristbands was linear over time (range=0.54-61.8 ng/g/day). OPE concentrations in spot urine and wristbands were not correlated with total diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) excreted in urine, which may be due to the range of possible DPHP parent compounds or dietary exposure. However, for tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), wristbands and spot urine samples were both moderately to strongly correlated with internal dose (all rs>0.56 and p<0.1), suggesting both perform well as integrated exposure estimates. Given the potential advantages of silicone wristbands, further studies investigating additional compounds are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Sharon Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Duncan Hay
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nicholas J Herkert
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Davis A, Ryan PB, Cohen JA, Harris D, Black M. Chemical exposures from upholstered furniture with various flame retardant technologies. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1473-1483. [PMID: 33624349 PMCID: PMC8451937 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Upholstered furniture is often manufactured with polyurethane foam (PUF) containing flame retardants (FRs) to prevent the risk of a fire and/or to meet flammability regulations, however, exposure to certain FRs and other chemicals have been linked to adverse health effects. This study developed a new methodology for evaluating volatile organic compound (VOC) and FR exposures to users of upholstered furniture by simulating use of a chair in a controlled exposure chamber and assessing the health significance of measured chemical exposure. Chairs with different fire-resistant technologies were evaluated for VOC and FR exposures via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact exposure routes. Data show that VOC exposure levels are lower than threshold levels defined by the US and global indoor air criteria. Brominated FRs were not detected from the studied chairs. The organophosphate FRs added to PUF were released into the surrounding air (0.4 ng/m3 ) and as dust (16 ng/m2 ). Exposure modeling showed that adults are exposed to FRs released from upholstered furniture mostly by dermal contact and children are exposed via dermal and ingestion exposure. Children are most susceptible to FR exposure/dose (2 times higher average daily dose than adults) due to their frequent hand to mouth contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Davis
- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.MariettaGAUSA
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Choi G, Keil AP, Richardson DB, Daniels JL, Hoffman K, Villanger GD, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Aase H, Engel SM. Pregnancy exposure to organophosphate esters and the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106549. [PMID: 33910116 PMCID: PMC8217330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of flame retardants in common use. OPEs can easily leach from materials, resulting in human exposure. Increasing concentrations have been reported in human populations over the past decade. Recent studies have linked prenatal OPE exposure to hyperactivity and attention problems in children. Such behaviors are often found among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, no study has investigated OPEs in relation to clinically assessed ADHD. OBJECTIVE To evaluate prenatal exposure to OPEs as risk factors for clinically assessed ADHD using a case-cohort study nested within the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). METHODS We included in the case group 295 ADHD cases obtained via linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry, and the sub-cohort group 555 children sampled at baseline, irrespective of their ADHD case status. Prenatal concentrations of OPE metabolites were measured in maternal urine collected at 17 weeks of gestation, and included diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydrogen phosphate (BBOEP), and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP). We estimated risk ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] using logistic regression, adjusting for season of urine collection, child sex, birth year, and maternal depression, education, and sum of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) concentration during pregnancy. To assess the overall impact of simultaneously decreasing exposure to all chemical constituents of an OPE-phthalate mixture, quantile based g-computation was implemented. The mixture constituents included OPE and phthalate metabolites commonly detected in our study. In all models, we considered effect measure modification by child sex and polymorphisms in genes encoding paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. Mediation analysis was conducted using thyroid function biomarkers estimated from maternal blood collected at 17 weeks of gestation. RESULTS DPHP was detected in nearly all samples (97.2%), with a higher geometric mean among the case group (0.70 µg/L) as compared to the sub-cohort (0.52 µg/L). DNBP was commonly detected as well (93.8%), while BBOEP (52.9%) and BDCIPP (22.9%) were detected less frequently. A higher risk of ADHD was observed in children with greater than median exposure to DPHP during pregnancy (risk ratio: 1.38 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.99]), which was slightly higher among girls (2.04 [1.03, 4.02]) and children of mothers with PON1 Q192R genotype QR (1.69 [0.89, 3.19]) or PON1 Q192R genotype RR (4.59 [1.38, 15.29]). The relationship between DPHP and ADHD (total risk ratio: 1.34 [0.90, 2.02]) was partially mediated through total triiodothyronine to total thyroxine ratio (natural direct effect: 1.29 [0.87, 1.94]; natural indirect effect: 1.04 [1.00, 1.10]; 12.48% mediated). We also observed an elevated risk of ADHD in relation to BDCIPP detection during pregnancy (1.50 [0.98, 2.28]). We did not observe notable differences in ADHD by DNBP (0.88 [0.62, 1.26]) or BBOEP (1.03 [0.73, 1.46]) during pregnancy. Simultaneously decreasing all constituents of common-detect OPE-phthalate mixture, specifically DPHP, DNBP, and 6 phthalate metabolites, by a quartile resulted in an ADHD risk ratio of 0.68 [0.64, 0.72]. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to DPHP and BDCIPP may increase the risk of ADHD. For DPHP, we observed potential modification by child sex and maternal PON1 Q192R genotype and partial mediation through maternal thyroid hormone imbalance at 17 weeks gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giehae Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie L Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wang Y, Yang M, Wang F, Chen X, Wu M, Ma J. Organophosphate Esters in Indoor Environment and Metabolites in Human Urine Collected from a Shanghai University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9212. [PMID: 34501802 PMCID: PMC8431728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In China, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used in indoor environments. However, there is little information regarding the internal and external exposure of university students to OPEs. Therefore, in this study, nine OPEs and eight OPE metabolites (mOPEs) were measured in indoor dust and atmospheric PM2.5 samples from a university campus in Shanghai, as well as in urine samples collected from the university students. The total concentration of OPEs in the indoor dust in female dormitories (1420 ng/g) was approximately twice that in male dormitories (645 ng/g). In terms of indoor PM2.5, the highest OPE concentration was found in meeting rooms (105 ng/m3, on average), followed by chemical laboratories (51.2 ng/m3), dormitories (44.9 ng/m3), and offices (34.9 ng/m3). The total concentrations of the eight mOPEs ranged from 279 pg/mL to 14,000 pg/mL, with a geometric mean value of 1590 pg/mL. The estimated daily intake values based on the indoor dust and PM2.5 OPE samples (external exposure) were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that deduced from the concentration of urinary mOPEs (internal exposure), indicating that dermal contact, dust ingestion, and inhalation do not contribute significantly to OPE exposure in the general population. Moreover, additional exposure routes lead to the accumulation of OPEs in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.W.); (M.Y.); (F.W.); (X.C.); (M.W.)
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Xie Q, Guan Q, Li L, Pan X, Ho CL, Liu X, Hou S, Chen D. Exposure of children and mothers to organophosphate esters: Prediction by house dust and silicone wristbands. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117011. [PMID: 33823314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous human exposure to organophosphorus tri-esters (tri-OPEs) has been reported worldwide. Previous studies investigated the feasibility of using house dust and wristbands to assess human OPE exposure. We hypothesized that these two approaches could differ in relative effectiveness in the characterization of children and adult exposure. In the participants recruited from Guangzhou, South China, urinary levels of major OPE metabolites, including diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and bis(butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), were significantly higher in children than their mothers (median 6.6 versus 3.7 ng/mL and 0.11 versus 0.06 ng/mL, respectively). The associations of dust or wristband-associated OPEs with urinary metabolites exhibited chemical-specific patterns, which also differed between children and mothers. Significant and marginally significant associations were determined between dust concentrations of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP), or tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and their metabolites in children urine and between dust tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), TPHP or TMPP and urinary metabolites in mothers. By contrast, wristbands exhibited better efficiency of predicting internal exposure to TDCIPP. While both house dust and wristbands exhibited the potential as a convenient approach for assessing long-term OPE exposure, their feasibility requires better investigations via larger-scale studies and standardized sampling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitong Xie
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qingxia Guan
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Minister of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Xiongfei Pan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Cheuk-Lam Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Sen Hou
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Car Dust: A Pilot Study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094803. [PMID: 33946299 PMCID: PMC8124401 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People may spend a significant amount of their daily time in cars and thus be exposed to chemicals present in car dust. Various chemicals are emitted from during car use, contaminating the car dust. In this study, we compiled published and unpublished data on the occurrence of phthalates, flame retardants (FRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Saudi car dust. Phthalates, a class of chemical commonly used as plasticizers in different car parts, were the major pollutants found in car dust, with a median value of ∑phthalates 1,279,000 ng/g. Among other chemicals, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were found to be between 1500-90,500 ng/g, which indicates their use as alternative FRs in the car industry. The daily exposure to Saudi drivers (regular and taxi drivers) was below the respective reference dose (RfD) values of the individual chemicals. However, the estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values due to chronic exposure to these chemicals was >1 × 10-5 for taxi drivers for phthalates and PAHs, indicating that the long-term exposure to these chemicals is a cause of concern for drivers who spend considerable time in cars. The study has some limitations, due to the small number of samples, lack of updated RfD values, and missing cancer slope factors for many studied chemicals. Despite these limitations, this study indicates the possible range of exposure to drivers from chemicals in car dust and warrants further extensive studies to confirm these patterns.
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Liu W, Luo D, Xia W, Tao Y, Wang L, Yu M, Hu L, Zhou A, Covaci A, Lin C, Xu S, Mei S, Li Y. Prenatal exposure to halogenated, aryl, and alkyl organophosphate esters and child neurodevelopment at two years of age. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124856. [PMID: 33383451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has been reported in toxicological studies, but epidemiological findings are limited. We aimed to assess the associations between prenatal OPE exposures and children's neurodevelopment at 2 years old. We measured urinary concentrations of OPEs collected in the first and third trimester from 184 pregnant women in Wuhan, China. Childhood neurodevelopment was assessed using the Chinese revision of Bayley Scale of Infant Development. A two-fold increase in the average of bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) was associated with 3.50 decrease in Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) score (95%CI: -5.86, -1.14) and 5.75 decrease in Mental Development Index (MDI) score (95%CI: -8.94, -2.55). Average of the molar concentrations of chlorinated-alkyl OPEs (ΣCl-OPEs) during pregnancy was inversely associated with PDI [β = -3.24 (95%CI: -5.95, -0.53)] and MDI scores [β = -5.86 (95%CI: -9.52, -2.20)]. Prenatal concentrations of BDCIPP and ΣCl-OPEs were inversely associated with neurodevelopment scores in boys, but not in girls. Our study provides evidence that elevated prenatal exposure to chlorinated-alkyl OPEs especially BDCIPP might be inversely associated with childhood neurodevelopment, and the effect seems to be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Surong Mei
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Ali N, Alhakamy NA, Ismail IMI, Nazar E, Summan AS, Shah Eqani SAMA, Malarvannan G. Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042125. [PMID: 33671626 PMCID: PMC7926922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we measured the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates in the settled dust (floor and air conditioner filter dust) and in suspended particulate matter (PM10) from different microenvironments (households (n = 20), offices (n = 10) and hotels (n = 10)) of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the major pollutant (contributing >85% of total chemicals burden) in all types of indoor dust with a concentration up to 3,901,500 ng g−1. While dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP together contributed >70% in PM10 (1900 ng m−3), which indicate PM10 as a significant source of exposure for DBP and DEHP in different Saudi indoor settings. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the major OPE in PM10 with a concentration of up to 185 ng m−3 and the occurrence of OPEs in indoor dust varied in studied indoor settings. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of studied chemicals via dust ingestion and inhalation of PM10 was below the reference dose (RfD) of individual chemicals. However, estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) with moderate risk (1.5 × 10−5) for Saudi adults and calculated hazardous index (HI) of >1 for Saudi children from DEHP showed a cause of concern to the local public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.I.I.); (A.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Iqbal M. I. Ismail
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.I.I.); (A.S.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehtisham Nazar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmed Saleh Summan
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (I.M.I.I.); (A.S.S.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akbar Shah Eqani
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (G.M.)
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Bastiaensen M, Gys C, Colles A, Verheyen V, Koppen G, Govarts E, Bruckers L, Morrens B, Loots I, De Decker A, Nelen V, Nawrot T, De Henauw S, Van Larebeke N, Schoeters G, Covaci A. Exposure levels, determinants and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in adolescents (14-15 years) from the Flemish Environment and Health Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106368. [PMID: 33421765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) in a variety of consumer products has led to widespread human exposure. Since certain PFRs are developmental and carcinogenic toxicants, detailed exposure assessments are essential to investigate the risk associated with environmental exposure levels. However, such data are still lacking for European countries. In this study, concentrations of thirteen PFR metabolites were measured in urine samples from 600 adolescents from Flanders, Belgium. 1-Hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), 2-hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEHEP), 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) and 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate (5-HO-EHDPHP) were frequently detected (>83%) in all participants. Comparisons with study populations from outside the EU showed that urinary levels of DPHP, BDCIPP and BCIPHIPP were generally within the same range. Only exposure to 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) was presumably higher in Flemish adolescents. However, determinants analysis through multivariate regression analyses did not reveal significant predictors that may explain this finding. Significantly higher levels of BDCIPP were observed in participants with new decorations at home, while adolescents with highly educated parents had higher levels of BBOEHEP and BDCIPP. Furthermore, multiple PFR metabolite concentrations followed a seasonal pattern. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated from the internal dose by including fractions of urinary excretion (FUE) estimated in in vitro metabolism studies. EDIs ranged from 6.3 ng/kg bw/day for TBOEP to 567.7 ng/kg bw/day for EHDPHP, which were well below the available oral reference doses for all investigated PFRs. This suggests that the associated risk is low at present. This is the first report on internal exposure to seven commonly used PFRs in a European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ann Colles
- VITO - Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Veerle Verheyen
- VITO - Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Govarts
- VITO - Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bert Morrens
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies De Decker
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nik Van Larebeke
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO - Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Rosenmai AK, Winge SB, Möller M, Lundqvist J, Wedebye EB, Nikolov NG, Lilith Johansson HK, Vinggaard AM. Organophosphate ester flame retardants have antiandrogenic potential and affect other endocrine related endpoints in vitro and in silico. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127703. [PMID: 32854002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are used to prevent ignition and spreading of fire. They are present in various human matrices suggesting adult, fetal, and neonate exposure. Endocrine related effects have been observed in vivo, but information at the molecular level is lacking for some OPFRs. Also, a better understanding of potential contribution from chemical substructures is needed. The aim of this study was to screen OPFRs for endocrine disruptive potential in vitro and in silico. We selected eleven substances to represent some OPFRs with 1) little information on endocrine activity and others to represent 2) varied chemical substructures. We used in vitro assays for androgen receptor (AR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and Nrf2 activity, effects on steroidogenesis, and transthyretin (TTR) binding, as well as in silico models covering estrogen, thyroid, and CYP3A4 induction related endpoints. Ten OPFRs affected AR and AhR activity, seven affected TTR binding, and five affected 17β-estradiol levels. Several substances had IC50-values below 10 μM and exhibited efficacious effects. These included TPHP, CDP, TMPP, TIPPP, and EHDPP for AR antagonism, suggesting that the degree of arylation and the size of the substance can play a role for the activity. Chlorinated OPFRs had low/no effect on TTR binding. No clear trend was observed for AhR and steroidogenesis, but all arylated OPFRs were predicted to have alert for estrogen receptor binding in an in silico model with metabolism simulator included. Collectively, our data suggest that OPFRs have endocrine disruptive potential warranting further studies to enable human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sofia Boeg Winge
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morlin Möller
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Bay Wedebye
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Georgiev Nikolov
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanna Katarina Lilith Johansson
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Witchey SK, Al Samara L, Horman BM, Stapleton HM, Patisaul HB. Perinatal exposure to FireMaster® 550 (FM550), brominated or organophosphate flame retardants produces sex and compound specific effects on adult Wistar rat socioemotional behavior. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104853. [PMID: 32949556 PMCID: PMC7726037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Firemaster 550 (FM550) is a flame retardant (FR) mixture that has become one of the most commonly used FRs in household items such as foam-based furniture and baby products. Because this mixture readily leaches from products, contamination of the environment and human tissues is widespread. Prior work by us and others has reported sex-specific behavioral deficits in rodents and zebrafish following early life exposure. In an effort to understand the mechanisms by which these behavioral effects occur, here we explored the effects of its constituents on behavioral outcomes previously shown to be altered by developmental FM550 exposure. The FM550 commercial mixture is composed of two brominated compounds (BFR) and two organophosphate compounds (OPFRs) at almost equivalent proportions. Both the BFR and the OPFR components are differentially metabolized and structurally distinct, but similar to known neurotoxicants. Here we examined adult Wistar rat offspring socioemotional behaviors following perinatal exposure (oral, to the dam) to vehicle, 2000 μg/day FM550, 1000 μg/day BFR or 1000 μg/day OPFR from gestation day 0 to weaning. Beginning on postnatal day 65 offspring from all groups were subjected to a series of behavioral tasks including open field, elevated plus maze, marble burying, social interaction tests, and running wheel. Effects were exposure-, sex- and task-specific, with BFR exposure resulting in the most consistent behavioral deficits. Overall, exposed females showed more deficits compared to males across all dose groups and tasks. These findings help elucidate how different classes of flame retardants, independently and as a mixture, contribute to sex-specific behavioral effects of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannah K Witchey
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Loujain Al Samara
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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Olisah C, Adams JB. Systematic mapping of organophosphate contaminant (OPC) research trends between 1990 and 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3481-3505. [PMID: 32435924 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the addition of polybrominated diphenyls and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to the world banned list, toxic organophosphate contaminants (OPCs) such as organophosphate flame retardants and organophosphate pesticides have been, respectively, used as substitutes. These chemicals are reported to be more toxic than their halogenated counterparts. It is rare to find a study that focuses on visualising the publication trends of these chemical classes. In this study, we employed a bibliometric model to systematically map research activities between 1990 and 2018 using OPC articles retrieved from the WoS and Scopus databases. A total of 1090 articles were retrieved from the hybrid databases with an article/author and author/article ratio of 0.33 and 3.02, respectively. Articles on OPC studies were positively correlated with the number of years (r2 = 0.96; y = 0.23x2 - 3.82x + 27.90) suggesting an increase in the number of articles on this subject in future. The USA ranked first in terms of articles (n = 245) and citations (n = 12,922) followed by China and India (203 and 89 articles, respectively). Articles from China and the USA had strong collaboration with other countries. Research priorities and top author keywords included pesticides (n = 112), organophosphate (n = 83) and acetylcholinesterase (n = 60) and were also well represented in keywords-plus. Developed countries had higher outputs compared to developing countries. It was observed that from our thematic literature classifications, human toxicity, ecotoxicological impacts, and environmental monitoring of OPCs were of greater importance to scholars, thus indicating the direction of future research. Futuristic studies need to foster partnership with policymakers, journalists, consultants, farmers, artisans and community workers on OPC research. This will not only enhance scientific communication and community engagement but will also increase the awareness of these pollutants to the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
| | - Janine B Adams
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
- DST/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystem, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Travis SC, Aga DS, Queirolo EI, Olson JR, Daleiro M, Kordas K. Catching flame retardants and pesticides in silicone wristbands: Evidence of exposure to current and legacy pollutants in Uruguayan children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140136. [PMID: 32927574 PMCID: PMC10989841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Children are exposed to many potentially toxic compounds in their daily lives and are vulnerable to the harmful effects. To date, very few non-invasive methods are available to quantify children's exposure to environmental chemicals. Due to their ease of implementation, silicone wristbands have emerged as passive samplers to study personal environmental exposures and have the potential to greatly increase our knowledge of chemical exposures in vulnerable population groups. Nevertheless, there is a limited number of studies monitoring children's exposures via silicone wristbands. In this study, we implemented this sampling technique in ongoing research activities in Montevideo, Uruguay which aim to monitor chemical exposures in a cohort of elementary school children. The silicone wristbands were worn by 24 children for 7 days; they were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for 45 chemical pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and novel halogenated flame-retardant chemicals (NHFRs). All classes of chemicals, except NHFRs, were identified in the passive samplers. The average number of analytes detected in each wristband was 13 ±3. OPFRs were consistently the most abundant class of analytes detected. Median concentrations of ΣOPFRs, ΣPBDEs, ΣPCBs, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) were 1020, 3.00, 0.52 and 3.79 ng/g wristband, respectively. Two major findings result from this research; differences in trends of two OPFRs (TCPP and TDCPP) are observed between studies in Uruguay and the United States, and the detection of DDT, a chemical banned in several countries, suggests that children's exposure profiles in these settings may differ from other parts of the world. This was the first study to examine children's exposome in South America using silicone wristbands and clearly points to a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Travis
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Elena I Queirolo
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Mónica Daleiro
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo, New York, United States.
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Hammel SC, Zhang S, Lorenzo AM, Eichner B, Stapleton HM, Hoffman K. Young infants' exposure to organophosphate esters: Breast milk as a potential source of exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:106009. [PMID: 32771876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are applied as both flame retardants and plasticizers to a variety of consumer items such as home furnishings, construction materials, and children's products. While some assessments have characterized exposure among toddlers and young children, little is known about the OPE exposure among infants, who are a vulnerable population due to their rapid development. Here, we collected spot urine samples from 6-week-old (n = 100) and 12-month-old infants (n = 63), with about half of the infants evaluated at both ages (n = 52), to characterize OPE exposure and determine what factors contributed to higher exposures. Five of six OPE metabolites analyzed were detected frequently (>70%). Diphenyl phosphate was detected in every urine sample, while bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP) was the most abundant metabolite measured overall. Concentrations of bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) and BCIPP [i.e., metabolites of tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)] were significantly greater among 6-week-old infants compared to 12-month-olds, while levels of other OPE metabolites were not statistically different in the first year of life. OPE metabolites were generally correlated with one another in samples collected at each age (rs = 0.25-0.75; p < 0.05), and except BCIPHIPP, concentrations of the same metabolite were correlated over time (rs = 0.41-0.53; p < 0.05). Breastfeeding at 6 weeks of age and owning a larger number of children's products were associated with increased concentrations of urinary BDCIPP. Infants who were currently receiving breast milk had higher levels of TCIPP metabolites; urinary BCIPP concentrations were 6.2 times higher in infants receiving breast milk at 6 weeks of age, and BCIPHIPP levels were 2.2 times higher for 12-month-old infants receiving breast milk (10β = 7.2; 95% CI: 1.6-32.1 and 10β = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2-8.1, respectively). Differences in the predominant TCIPP metabolite associated with breastfeeding may suggest differences in metabolism with age. Cumulatively, our results suggest levels of OPE exposure may be higher for infants than other age groups, including toddlers and older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health & Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amelia M Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brian Eichner
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health & Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health & Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States.
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Lee G, Kim S, Bastiaensen M, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Caballero Casero N, Gys C, Covaci A, Lee S, Lim JE, Mok S, Moon HB, Choi G, Choi K. Exposure to organophosphate esters, phthalates, and alternative plasticizers in association with uterine fibroids. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109874. [PMID: 32678732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals is suggested to be responsible for the development or progression of uterine fibroids. However, little is known about risks related to emerging chemicals, such as organophosphate esters (OPEs) and alternative plasticizers (APs). A case-control study was conducted to investigate whether exposures to OPEs, APs, and phthalates, were associated with uterine fibroids in women of reproductive age. For this purpose, the cases (n = 32) and the matching controls (n = 79) were chosen based on the results of gynecologic ultrasonography among premenopausal adult women in Korea and measured for metabolites of several OPEs, APs, and major phthalates. Logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations between chemical exposure and disease status. Factor analysis was conducted for multiple chemical exposure assessments as a secondary analysis. Among OPE metabolites, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP), and 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) were detected in >80% of the subjects. Among APs, metabolites of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPrHpP) were detected in >75% of the urine samples. The odds ratios (ORs) of uterine fibroids were significantly higher among the women with higher exposures to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), DPrHpP, and di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). In addition, urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), a sum of five di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑5DEHP), and mono(4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl) phthalate (OH-MINP) were significantly higher in the cases. In factor analysis, a factor heavily loaded with DPrHpP and DEHP was significantly associated with uterine fibroids, supporting the observation from the single chemical regression model. We found for the first time that several metabolites of OPEs and APs are associated with increased risks of uterine fibroids among pre-menopausal women. Further epidemiological and mechanistic studies are warranted to validate the associations observed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Wang C, Chen H, Li H, Yu J, Wang X, Liu Y. Review of emerging contaminant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate: Environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks to organisms and human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105946. [PMID: 32663715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is a halogen-containing organophosphorus chemical that is widely employed in various consumer products with a high production volume. As an additive flame retardant (FR), TDCPP tends to be released into the environment through multiple routes. It is ubiquitous in environmental media, biotic matrixes, and humans, and thus is deemed to be an emerging environmental contaminant. To date, significant levels of TDCPP and its primary diester metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, have been detected in human samples of seminal plasma, breast milk, blood plasma, placenta, and urine, thereby causing wide concern about the potential human health effects resulting from exposure to this chemical. Despite the progress in research on TDCPP over the past few years, we are still far from fully understanding the environmental behavior and health risks of this emerging contaminant. Thus, this paper critically reviews the environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks posed by TDCPP to organisms and human health among the literature published in the last decade. It has been demonstrated that TDCPP induces acute-, nerve-, developmental-, reproductive-, hepatic-, nephron-, and endocrine-disrupting toxicity in animals, which has caused increasing concern worldwide. Simultaneously, TDCPP induces cytotoxicity by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple human cell lines in vitro, and also causes endocrine-disrupting effects, including reproductive dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, according to human epidemiology studies. This review not only provides a better understanding of the behavior of this emerging contaminant in the environment, but also enhances the comprehension of the health risks posed by TDCPP exposure to ecosystems and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences. Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Wise CF, Hammel SC, Herkert N, Ma J, Motsinger-Reif A, Stapleton HM, Breen M. Comparative Exposure Assessment Using Silicone Passive Samplers Indicates That Domestic Dogs Are Sentinels To Support Human Health Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7409-7419. [PMID: 32401030 PMCID: PMC7655112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicone wristbands are promising passive samplers to support epidemiological studies in characterizing exposure to organic contaminants; however, investigating associated health risks remains challenging because of the latency period for many chronic diseases that take years to manifest. Dogs provide valuable insights as sentinels for exposure-related human disease because they share similar exposures in the home, have shorter life spans, share many clinical/biological features, and have closely related genomes. Here, we evaluated exposures among pet dogs and their owners using silicone dog tags and wristbands to determine if contaminant levels were correlated with validated exposure biomarkers. Significant correlations between measures on dog tags and wristbands were observed (rs = 0.38-0.90; p < 0.05). Correlations with their respective urinary biomarkers were stronger in dog tags compared to that in human wristbands (rs = 0.50-0.71; p < 0.01) for several organophosphate esters. This supports the value of using silicone bands with dogs to investigate health impacts on humans from shared exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Wise
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas Herkert
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
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Hou M, Shi Y, Jin Q, Cai Y. Organophosphate esters and their metabolites in paired human whole blood, serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105698. [PMID: 32278199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphate diester (di-OPE) metabolites in urine are usually used to assess human exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), whether they can reflect human exposure to all OPEs with great differences in chemical structures and properties is still currently unclear. In this study, we detected sixteen OPEs and ten di-OPEs in 52 paired whole blood, serum, and urine samples collected in Beijing, China to investigate the correlations between different compounds and matrices, thus providing proper biomarkers of human exposure to OPEs. The order of the median concentrations of ∑OPEs was whole blood (8.63 ng/mL) > serum (5.71 ng/mL) > urine (0.396 ng/mL), while those of ∑di-OPEs followed the order of urine (16.6 ng/mL) > whole blood (5.97 ng/mL) > serum (3.70 ng/mL). Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDPP) were the dominant OPEs in both whole blood and serum samples and were significantly correlated between these two matrices. The distribution of OPEs in human blood was evaluated according to serum-to-whole blood concentration ratios (S:WB ratios). The median S:WB ratios of triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BABP), EHDPP, and CDPP were lower than 1, indicating that these OPEs preferred to accumulated in blood cells rather than in serum/plasma. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP) was the major di-OPEs and was detected in almost all whole blood, serum and urine samples. The median whole blood: urine (WB:UR) ratios of di-OPEs were significantly and positively correlated with their logKow values, indicating that di-OPEs with low hydrophobicity were prone to excretion via urine. Based on the relationships between OPEs and di-OPEs in these matrices, the parent OPEs in whole blood can be recommended for use as alternative biomarkers of aryl-OPEs exposure in future human biomonitoring studies, in addition to metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Wiersielis KR, Adams S, Yasrebi A, Conde K, Roepke TA. Maternal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants alters locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in male and female adult offspring. Horm Behav 2020; 122:104759. [PMID: 32320692 PMCID: PMC8530209 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals found in our environment that interrupt typical endocrine function. Some flame retardants (FRs) are EDCs as shown in their interaction with steroid and nuclear receptors. Humans are consistently exposed to flame retardants as they are used in everyday items such as plastics, clothing, toys, and electronics. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers were used as the major FR until 2004, when they were replaced by organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). Previous research in rodent models utilizing a commercial flame retardant mixture containing OPFRs reported alterations in anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) for rodents perinatally exposed to OPFRs. In the present study we utilize wild-type mice maternally exposed (gestational day 7 to postnatal day 14) to either an OPFR mixture of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl), triphenyl phosphate, and tricresyl phosphate or a sesame seed oil vehicle. These mice were evaluated for anxiety-like behavior in adulthood on the open field test (OFT) and the light/dark box (LDB) as well as the EPM. Outcomes from the OFT and LDB indicate that males and females maternally exposed to OPFRs exhibit altered locomotor activity. Results of the EPM were sex-specific as we did not observe an effect in females; however, effects in males differed depending on exposure condition. Males maternally exposed to OPFRs exhibited an anxiolytic-like phenotype in contrast to their vehicle counterparts. This effect in perinatally OPFR-exposed males was not due to alterations in locomotor activity. Our research illustrates that there are sex- and exposure-dependent effects of perinatal OPFR exposure on adult locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Wiersielis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - S Adams
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - A Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - K Conde
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - T A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Kuiper JR, Stapleton HM, Wills-Karp M, Wang X, Burd I, Buckley JP. Predictors and reproducibility of urinary organophosphate ester metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and associations with birth outcomes in an urban population. Environ Health 2020; 19:55. [PMID: 32448197 PMCID: PMC7247187 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of goods. Despite ubiquitous human exposures and laboratory evidence that prenatal OPE exposures may disrupt offspring metabolism, perinatal studies of OPE health effects are limited. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine predictors and reproducibility of urinary OPE biomarker concentrations during pregnancy, and 2) Estimate the relation of prenatal OPE exposures with birth outcomes and cord blood adipokine and insulin concentrations. METHODS We analyzed five OPE metabolites in urine samples collected at up to three visits during pregnancy from 90 women enrolled in the ORigins of Child Health And Resilience in Development (ORCHARD) pregnancy cohort in Baltimore, MD from 2017 to 2019. To quantify the variability of metabolite concentrations during pregnancy, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each metabolite using mixed effects regression models. Using self-reported questionnaire data collected during gestation, we assessed possible sociodemographic and environmental/behavioral predictors of each OPE metabolite using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated exposure measures. We ascertained birth outcomes of 76 offspring from medical records, including weight-for-gestational age, length, ponderal index, and gestational age. In a subset of 37 infants, we measured cord blood concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and insulin. To account for repeated exposure measures, we used linear structural equation models to assess the relations of standard deviation (SD) increases in prenatal OPE metabolite factor scores with continuous birth outcomes and cord blood biomarker concentrations. RESULTS ICCs ranged from 0.09 for isopropylphenyl-phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) to 0.59 for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP). We observed little consistency in environmental or behavioral predictors of OPE exposures, although concentrations were generally lower for samples collected in the afternoon compared to morning and winter compared to other seasons. In adjusted analyses, a SD increase in BDCIPP concentration was associated with a 0.06 g/cm3 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.12) greater ponderal index. A SD increase in BDCIPP was associated with a 0.37 (95% CI: - 0.62, - 0.13) SD lower insulin concentration and 0.24 (95% CI: - 0.39, - 0.08) SD lower leptin concentration. Other OPEs were not associated with infant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest some OPEs may be metabolic disruptors warranting investigation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | | | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Organophosphate Esters: Are These Flame Retardants and Plasticizers Affecting Children's Health? Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 6:201-213. [PMID: 31755035 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are applied to a variety of consumer products, primarily as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs can leach out of products over time and are consequently prevalent in the environment and frequently detected in human biomonitoring studies. Exposure during pregnancy is of particular concern as OPEs have recently been detected in placental tissues, suggesting they may be transferred to the developing infant. Also, studies have now shown that children typically experience higher exposure to several OPEs compared with adults, indicating they may be disproportionately impacted by these compounds. This review summarizes the current literature on reproductive and child health outcomes of OPE exposures and highlights areas for future research. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental animal studies demonstrate potential for OPEs to adversely impact health, and a limited number of epidemiologic studies conducted in adult cohorts suggest that OPEs may interfere with the endocrine system. Neurodevelopment is perhaps the most well studied of children's health endpoints, and several studies indicate that prenatal and early life OPE exposures impact both cognitive and behavioral development. Associations have also been reported with reproductive outcomes (e.g., fertilization and pregnancy loss) and with the timing of parturition and preterm birth. Cross-sectional studies also demonstrate associations between OPEs and respiratory health outcomes, allergic disease, and measures of adiposity. An expanding body of research demonstrates that OPEs are associated with adverse reproductive health and birth outcomes, asthma and allergic disease, early growth and adiposity, and neurodevelopment. Still, additional research is urgently needed to elucidate the full impact of OPEs on children's health.
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Zhong X, Wu J, Ke W, Yu Y, Ji D, Kang J, Qiu J, Wang C, Yu P, Wei Y. Neonatal exposure to organophosphorus flame retardant TDCPP elicits neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampus via microglia-mediated inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:541-552. [PMID: 31894355 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a phosphorus-based flame retardant common in consumer goods and baby products. Concerns have been raised about TDCPP exposure and neurodevelopmental toxicity. However, the mechanism and early response for TDCPP-induced neurotoxicity are poorly understood. This study investigates the role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in TDCPP-induced neurotoxicity in mice and primary cells. TDCPP was administered to C57BL/6 pups (0, 5, or 50 mg/kg/day) via an oral gavage from postnatal days 10-38 (28 days). The results showed that TDCPP exposure for 28 days altered the gene expression of neuronal markers Tubb3, Nefh, and Nes, and led to apoptosis in the hippocampus. The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors Il-1β, Tnfα and Ccl2 dose dependently increased in the hippocampus at both 24 h and 28 days following exposure, accompanied by microglia activation characterized by an amoeboid-like phenotype. In in vitro studies using the primary microglia isolated from neonatal mice, exposure to TDCPP (0-100 μM) for 24 h resulted in cellular activation. It also increased the expression of genes responsible for inflammatory responses including surface markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These changes occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Neurite outgrowth of primary mouse hippocampal neurons was inhibited by treatment with the conditioned medium harvested from microglia exposed to TDCPP. These results reveal that neonatal exposure to TDCPP induces neuronal damage through microglia-mediated inflammation. This provides insight into the mechanism of TDCPP's neurodevelopmental toxicity, and suggests that microglial cell is a sensitive responder for OPFRs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weijian Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuejin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianmeng Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Can Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Ding J, Deng T, Ye X, Covaci A, Liu J, Yang F. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters and implications for exposure pathways in adolescents from Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133894. [PMID: 31425989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ten urinary biomarkers of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from six parent OPEs were analyzed in urine from adolescents students in Eastern China. Bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, urinary biomarker of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), was detected in all urine samples with the highest residual concentration of 6.2 ng/mL (median). Bis (1-chloro-propyl) hydroxyl-2-propyl phosphate, dibutyl phosphate, biomarkers of tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), respectively, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), were also frequently detected with median concentrations of 1.5, 2.6 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. Results indicate that exposure to OPEs, in particular to TDCIPP, TNBP, TCIPP and TCEP, was highly prevalent for adolescent students. The exposure pathways of OPEs were then evaluated according to the OPE internal body burdens (IBBs). Three pathways were identified as the main pathways for adolescents exposed to OPEs including dermal absorption, oral intake of food and dust and inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongqing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Gillera SEA, Marinello WP, Horman BM, Phillips AL, Ruis MT, Stapleton HM, Reif DM, Patisaul HB. Sex-specific effects of perinatal FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) exposure on socioemotional behavior in prairie voles. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 79:106840. [PMID: 31730801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly rising incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders with social deficits is raising concern that developmental exposure to environmental contaminants may be contributory. Firemaster 550 (FM 550) is one of the most prevalent flame-retardant (FR) mixtures used in foam-based furniture and baby products and contains both brominated and organophosphate components. We and others have published evidence of developmental neurotoxicity and sex specific effects of FM 550 on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviors. Using a prosocial animal model, we investigated the impact of perinatal FM 550 exposure on a range of socioemotional behaviors including anxiety, attachment, and memory. Virtually unknown to toxicologists, but widely used in the behavioral neurosciences, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) is a uniquely valuable model organism for examining environmental factors on sociality because this species is spontaneously prosocial, biparental, and displays attachment behaviors including pair bonding. Dams were exposed to 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 μg of FM 550 via subcutaneous (sc) injections throughout gestation, and pups were directly exposed beginning the day after birth until weaning. Adult offspring of both sexes were then subjected to multiple tasks including open field, novel object recognition, and partner preference. Effects were dose responsive and sex-specific, with females more greatly affected. Exposure-related outcomes in females included elevated anxiety, decreased social interaction, decreased exploratory motivation, and aversion to novelty. Exposed males also had social deficits, with males in all three dose groups failing to show a partner preference. Our studies demonstrate the utility of the prairie vole for investigating the impact of chemical exposures on social behavior and support the hypothesis that developmental FR exposure impacts the social brain. Future studies will probe the possible mechanisms by which these effects arise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew T Ruis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Blum A, Behl M, Birnbaum L, Diamond ML, Phillips A, Singla V, Sipes NS, Stapleton HM, Venier M. Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants: Are They a Regrettable Substitution for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:638-649. [PMID: 32494578 PMCID: PMC7269169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the entire class of organohalogen flame retardants, is declining, the use of organophosphate esters flame retardants (OPFRs) is increasing. In this paper, we ask whether OPFRs are a better choice than PBDEs. To address this question, we compared OPFRs with PBDEs for a wide range of properties. OPFRs exposure is ubiquitous in people and in outdoor and indoor environments, and are now often found at higher levels compared to PBDE peak exposure levels. Furthermore, data from toxicity testing, epidemiological studies, and risk assessments all suggest that there are health concerns at current exposure levels for both halogenated and non-halogenated OPFRs. Obtaining the scientific evidence needed for regulation of OPFRs can take many years. Given the large number of OPFRs in use, manufacturers can move towards healthier and safer products by developing innovative ways to reduce fire hazard for electronics enclosures, upholstered furniture, building materials and other consumer products without adding flame retardant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, and Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94705
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Allison Phillips
- Risk Assessment and Natural Resource Sciences Inc., Arcadis, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Veena Singla
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | - Marta Venier
- O’ Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401
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50
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Hu L, Tao Y, Luo D, Feng J, Wang L, Yu M, Li Y, Covaci A, Mei S. Simultaneous biomonitoring of 15 organophosphate flame retardants metabolites in urine samples by solvent induced phase transition extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:724-732. [PMID: 31200132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPFRs) are widely additives in consumer products and building materials. They are frequently detected in environmental media, including indoor air, water, soil, and dust. To provide a low-cost and multi-target tool for monitoring individual exposure to OPFRs, a high-throughput method for simultaneous detection of 15 urinary OFPR metabolites was established using solvent induced phase transition extraction (SIPTE) technique for sample pretreatment and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for target quantification. SIPTE is implemented by adding a hydrophobic solvent (methyl tert-butyl ether, used as the phase transition solution) to the homogeneous acetonitrile (ACN) aqueous solution for phase separation. Method performance was validated based on the evaluation indicators. The linear range of this present method was between 0.1 and 50 ng/mL for 15 urinary OPFR metabolites. The limits of detection (LODs) were from 0.012 to 0.25 ng/mL, and the spiked recoveries ranged of 71.3-117.6%, with corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 4.8 to 25.6%. Unlike most studies only focused on the determination of dialkyl and diaryl phosphate esters (DAPs), our analytical method also covered hydroxylated OPFRs metabolites (OH-OPFRs). Seven DAPs with detection frequencies (DF) more than 60% were detected in a small pilot study (n = 15). Besides, 4-hydroxy diphenyl phosphate (4-HO-DPHP) could be also detected in urine samples. Overall, this newly developed high-throughput analytical method could simultaneously determine 15 urinary OPFRs metabolites and screen these biomarkers of human exposure to OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Hospital Management Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jingwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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