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Navarro-Murillo E, Rico-Fernandez P, Barquero-Peralbo JI, Arias A, Garcia-Ordiales E. PAH levels in sediments from a coastal area heavily subjected to anthropogenic pressure (Asturias, north of Spain). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115933. [PMID: 38184860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Ninety-two sediment samples collected along the Asturias coastline (north of Spain), were studied based on their concentrations of 16PAHs. Concentrations of Σ16PAH showed an average of 12.650 mg kg-1 d.w., which is higher than most other studies conducted around the world. The origins of PAHs present in the sediments are mainly from fuel combustion in industrial processes. The main source of PAH to the coastal system seems to be the Nalón River, which played a significant past role related to different industrial activities, highlighting thermal power stations located in the basin. On the other hand, the Avilés Estuary, hotspot of the regional heavy metallurgical industry was the area with the highest concentrations of Σ16PAH, with an average of 5 to 6 times higher than the rest studied. The risk assessment of Σ16PAH concentrations in the study area showed a high potential risk of contamination transfer to other environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enol Navarro-Murillo
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, 33004 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pelayo Rico-Fernandez
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, 33004 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Barquero-Peralbo
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Pl. Manuel Meca 1, 13400 Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain; Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Pl. Manuel Meca 1, 13400 Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Andrés Arias
- Organisms and Systems Department (BOS), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Efren Garcia-Ordiales
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; Centro Universitario para la Investigación y el Desarrollo del Agua (CUIDA), Edificio de Investigación del Campus de Mieres, University of Oviedo, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Spain.
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2
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Yakan SD, Çelik İE, Özkan K. Abundance and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of twelve alpine lakes in the Central Taurus Mountains. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:974. [PMID: 37470877 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The regions of Bolkar Mountains and Aladağlar accommodate a unique ecosystem in Turkey, due to being in a transitional climate between the continental and the Mediterranean and hosting alpine lakes which are considered as good indicators of regional and atmospheric pollution due to being far from direct human impact. On the other hand, these regions are surrounded by various power plants, and also subject to occasional human activities, where anthropogenic effects are expected to be. Sediment samples were collected from 12 lakes in Central Taurus Mountains, 6 lakes in Bolkar Mountains, and 6 lakes in Aladağlar. Fifteen PAHs, identified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as lake water chemical characteristics were determined. The distribution of analyzed PAHs was investigated, and PAH diagnostic ratios were calculated to identify their potential sources. It was a remarkable observation that only low-molecular-weight PAHs exist in the lakes of Aladağlar, whereas high-molecular-weight PAHs are also found in the lakes of Bolkar Mountains, likely reflecting more isolated characteristics of the Aladağlar region. As compatible with this observation, total PAHs (T-PAHs) were found lower in Aladağlar (0.00-105.78 ng/g w.w.) than in Bolkar Mountains (9.08-380.16 ng/g w.w.). Overall, T-PAHs of sampled lakes were found in a similar range when they are compared to the other high-altitude alpine lakes around the world, indicating no significant difference in terms of atmospheric pollution of the global average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Deniz Yakan
- Department of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İmran Eren Çelik
- Department of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Korhan Özkan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
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3
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Wang H, Chen Z, Walker TR, Wang Y, Luo Q, Wu H, Wang X. Characterization, source apportionment and risk assessment of PAHs in urban surface dust in Shenyang city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3639-3654. [PMID: 34687406 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics, profile composition, ecological and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface dust collected from Shenyang city, China, were investigated. Concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged between 371.57 and 3300.04 μg/kg (mean 1244.76 ± 715.25 μg/kg). Fluoranthene was the most abundant individual PAHs, followed by pyrene, and high molecular weight PAHs, more than three times of low molecular weight PAHs, were the predominant components. Profiles of PAHs showed that 4-ring PAHs were dominant, followed by 3-ring and 5-ring PAHs, and indicated that combustion sources accounted for the most PAHs. Results of diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization all suggested that pyrogenic sources were the most important source of PAHs in urban dust, followed by natural gas combustion and petrogenic sources, and traffic emissions would play an increasingly critical role with the increasing of vehicles. Health risk assessment suggested children were the most vulnerable to PAHs compared to adolescents and adults. Ingestion was the most important exposure pathway. The total lifetime cancer risk of 43.33% of sampling sites was higher than 10-6, but the TLCR at all sites was much lower than the highest acceptable risk established by USEPA (10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China.
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Zijian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environmental and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China
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4
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Bateni F, Mehdinia A, Lundin L, Hashtroudi MS. Distribution, source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133859. [PMID: 35149014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 43 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial sediments of the Persian Gulf were investigated. The sediments were sampled from 60 offshore stations during an oceanographic cruise in the winter of 2012. Gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the PAHs determinations in sediment samples. The concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs and 4 nitrated PAHs were 9.0-201.5 ng g-1 dw, 3.3-60.3 ng g-1 dw, 15.2-172.7 ng g-1 dw and 0.1-8.3 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Among 21 parental PAHs, naphthalene (29.35 ng g-1 dw), phenanthrene (4.6 ng g-1 dw), and pyrene (3.18 ng g-1 dw) were the most abundant compound. 1-acenaphthenone (43.41 ng g-1 dw) and 2-methylnaphthalene (7.15 ng g-1 dw) showed the highest concentration in the oxy- and methyl-PAHs, respectively. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs were between not detected to 4 ng g-1 dw. According to the ecological risk assessment, the calculated total toxicity of PAHs was at below the lethal level on benthic organisms in all stations in the Persian Gulf, but there is risk of toxicity for the benthic organism in the Gulf of Oman (from the Strait of Hormuz to Jask). In general, nitrogenated and oxygenated derivatives did not show a significant risk in the study area. Based on the diagnostic ratios, the mixed sources (both petrogenic and pyrogenic) and pyrogenic sources have been identified for PAHs. Biomass combustion source has been identified for the stations near flares and gas fields. Principle component analysis-multivariate linear regression analysis for source identification shows that maritime traffic, abundant flares that burn the gas in oil, gas fields and dust storms have a major impact on the production of PAHs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bateni
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
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Eça GF, Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, de Souza MM, Costa PG, Leite AS, Fillmann G, Hatje V. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and shellfish from Todos os Santos bay, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112944. [PMID: 34536703 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the occurrence of 24 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and shellfish (Anomalocardia flexuosa, Crassostrea rhizophorae, and Mytella guyanensis) of Todos os Santos bay (BTS, Brazil). Total PAHs levels ranged from 89 to 921 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.) in sediments, and from 66 to 505 ng g-1 d.w. in shellfish, signalizing that BTS was moderately contaminated by PAHs, mostly from pyrogenic activities. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of total PAHs ranged from 0.20 to 2.9 and did not show a clear trend among the studied species. BAFs of high molecular weight compounds were higher for A. flexuosa (specie found buried in fine sediment), while those of low molecular weight compounds were higher for C. rhizophorae (specie found in the roots of mangrove trees). High concentrations of PAHs, especially benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, suggest that contamination compromises shellfish quality and raise concern about seafood consumption safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmara F Eça
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
| | - Ana C R Albergaria-Barbosa
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Marinha, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia UFBA, Campus de Ondina, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil.
| | - Manuel M de Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Halófitas, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G Costa
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriele S Leite
- Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais-NEA, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Instituto de Química & Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Campus de Ondina, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil.
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Wang AT, Li J, Wang Q, Fang B, Yuan GL, Duan XC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sedimentary cores of Tibetan Plateau: Influence of global warming on cold trapping. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116916. [PMID: 33744784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cold condensation is an important pathway for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depositing at remote alpine lakes after long-range atmospheric transportation. However, in the context of global warming, the obvious temperature rise in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) might have an impact on the air deposition of PAHs by controlling the extent of cold condensation. To investigate the influence of rising temperatures on the atmospheric deposition of PAHs, two dated sedimentary cores from Pumoyum Co Lake (PC) and Selin Co Lake (SC) were collected, respectively and concentrations of 16 individual PAHs were measured. In both PC and SC, the total concentration of 16 PAHs presented relatively lower levels in four historical periods of "hot anomaly" including 1973-1975, 1988-1989, 1998-1999, and 2006-2007. This indicated that the hot temperatures might restrict the atmospheric deposition of PAHs. Besides, the results of the principal component analysis did discriminate those "hot anomalies". As the temperature kept increasing in TP, for low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs, the influence of rising temperatures on the cold condensation was different. Therefore, it was identified that the effect of global warming on the environmental fate of POPs cannot be neglected, especially in alpine regions like TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ting Wang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bin Fang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xu-Chuan Duan
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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León VM, Viñas L, Concha-Graña E, Fernández-González V, Salgueiro-González N, Moscoso-Pérez C, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Campillo JA. Identification of contaminants of emerging concern with potential environmental risk in Spanish continental shelf sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140505. [PMID: 32721718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), alkylphenols, organotin compounds, phthalates, alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, current-use pesticides (CUPs) and personal care products (PCPs) was characterized in 29 surface sediments from two Spanish Iberian continental shelf areas (14 on the Atlantic and 15 on the Mediterranean coasts). Concretely, 115 organic contaminants were determined and a specific methodology was used for each contaminant group, including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and traditional ones, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs). PAHs, alkylated PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were found in all samples, showing mean concentrations per group higher than 20 ng/g (16-4974 ng/g d.w.) in the subregions under consideration (Galician, Cantabrian, Levantine-Balearic and Strait-Alboran). CUPs and PCPs were found in the majority of samples at very low concentrations of ng/g (1.4-46.8 ng/g d.w.), whereas organotins and PFAS were found principally in sediments from the Mediterranean subregions (2.5-3.9 ng/g d.w.). Different distribution patterns were observed for the contaminant groups and subregions under consideration as a consequence of the diverse predominant sources (industrial, urban, transport and agricultural activities) and environmental behavior (mainly hydrophobicity and persistence). Risk assessment confirmed the impact of phthalates, alkylphenols, PAHs and PCBs on Atlantic ecosystems and of alkylphenols, chlorpyrifos, phthalates, TBT, PAHs, OCPs and PCBs on the Mediterranean ones. Furthermore, the presence of CUPs, PCPs and PFAS in sediments from the Spanish continental shelf located between 2 and 31 km from the coast suggested that those contaminants may also provoke adverse effects on coastal marine ecosystems between their sources and their depositional areas. CAPSULE: Alkylphenols, phthalates and organotins may provoke adverse effects on Spanish coastal marine ecosystems from their sources to the sediment depositional areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Moscoso-Pérez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
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Hu T, Mao Y, Liu W, Cheng C, Shi M, Chen Z, Tian Q, Zhang J, Qi S, Xing X. Fate of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in Xiangyang, central China during 2018 Chinese spring festival: Influence of fireworks burning and air-mass transport. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:1-10. [PMID: 32933723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Variations of levels, possible source and air mass transmission were investigated for 16 USEPA priority-controlled PAHs in PM2.5 during 2018 Chinese Spring Festival (CSF) in Xiangyang City, central China which is the North-South pollutant airmass transport channel of China. Totally 37 samples were collected. Mass concentrations of Σ16PAHs for the Pre-CSF day (Pre-CSFD), during the CSF day (CSFD) and after the CSF day (Af-CSFD) are 33.78 ± 17.68 ng/m3, 22.98 ± 6.49 ng/m3, and 8.99 ± 4.44 ng/m3, respectively. High resolution samples showed that Σ16PAHs are higher in the morning (06:00-11:00) or afternoon (11:30-16:30), than those in the evening (17:00-22:00) and at night (22:30-05:30), whereas the result is reversed during the CSFD. Fireworks burning can obviously increase the mass concentration of PAHs. Air mass trajectory indicated that Xiangyang is a sink area of pollutants for northwest and southeast, and the sources of the northeast and southwest. The air mass only can be transmitted out through northeast and southwest. It is effective for improvement of air quality in Wuhan and Hunan to control fireworks emission in Henan and local areas. Fireworks burning was an important source for PAHs during CSFD, biomass, coal combustion, and traffic emission were the main sources of PAHs for Pre-CSFD and Af-CSFD periods. The health risk on the CSFD was higher than the acceptable levels, especially during the intensive fireworks burning, the risk value far exceed 1.0 × 10-4, controlling burning fireworks is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Hu
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Zhanle Chen
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Qian Tian
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China.
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9
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Guimarães LM, De França EJ, de Arruda GN, Albergaria-Barbosa ACRD. Historical inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the preserved tropical estuary of the Itapicuru River, Bahia, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111218. [PMID: 32510369 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to evaluate temporal changes in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the estuary of the Itapicuru (Brazil). A sediment core was sampled in the study area. Concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. A gas flow proportional counter was used to estimate the sedimentation rate through the determination of 210Pb. Granulometric fractions and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were also evaluated. Concentrations of TOC and PAHs ranged from 0.65 to 2.51% and 1.98 to 43.1 ng g-1 (dry weight), respectively. Significant correlations (p < .05) were found between the mud content in the sediment core samples and concentrations of both TOC and PAHs. Higher PAH concentrations occurred after the 1950s. The main sources of PAHs over time were local human activities on the northern coast of the state of Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Medeiros Guimarães
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Marinha, Instituto de Geociências - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, sn, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Elvis Joacir De França
- Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Av. Professor Luís Freire, 200, Recife, PE 50740-545, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cecília Rizzatti de Albergaria-Barbosa
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Marinha, Instituto de Geociências - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, sn, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Laboratório de Estudos do Petróleo, Instituto de Geociências - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, sn, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil.
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Abbasnejad B, Keshavarzi B, Mohammadi Z, Moore F, Abbasnejad A. Characteristics, distribution, source apportionment, and potential health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Kerman metropolis, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:668-685. [PMID: 30714393 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1566523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of street dust-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kerman metropolis as a typical arid urban area were determined to investigate the contamination, molecular composition, toxicity, and sources of PAHs. Sixteen individual PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority list were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in street dust samples from 30 sites. ∑PAHs ranged between 165 and 5314.7 µg·kg-1 with a mean of 770.8 µg·kg-1. The most abundant individual PAHs were fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, respectively. High molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) made 74.8% of ∑PAHs mass and were dominant in all sites. Source apportionment was performed using ring classification, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression. The results indicated that primary contributors of PAHs in the street dust of Kerman could be liquid fossil fuel combustion, natural gas combustion, and petrogenic sources, accounting for 82.4%, 11.5%, and 6.1%, respectively. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk is 8.13 × 10-4 for children and 6.27 × 10-4 for adults. Hence, both children and adults in Kerman are potentially exposed to a high carcinogenic risk via ingestion and dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abbasnejad
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zargham Mohammadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ahmad Abbasnejad
- Department of Geology, College of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman , Iran
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Balgobin A, Ramroop Singh N. Source apportionment and seasonal cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of sediments in a multi-use coastal environment containing a Ramsar wetland, for a Caribbean island. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:474-486. [PMID: 30759411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic pollutants for which some are known carcinogens, there is limited information on the cancer risk such substances pose to the population via marine sediments, despite a significant part of the world's food supply being derived from the coastal environment. This study was conducted in a heavily industrialized and urbanized coastal area, in Trinidad. PAHs were quantified in sediments during the dry and wet seasons and were observed to be significantly higher in the wet season compared to the dry season. Also emerging from this study is that PAH levels were lower, in the areas where natural gas is the dominant energy source for industries, compared with those areas where crude oil-based fossil fuel is predominantly used. Perylene levels were demonstrated to be of biogenic origin near the protected wetland area. It was observed that nearshore sediment PAHs concentrations were higher than offshore levels. The sources of PAHs, identified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) in the marine sediments, were vehicular combustion of gasoline and diesel, biomass burning, industrial combustion and oil spills. The mean Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks (ILCR) due to fish consumption from this region during the dry and wet seasons was >1 × 10-4, indicating a high cancer risk to the human population. The annual non-cancer risk (HQ) was high >1 at the 90th percentile level with an adverse risk to about 14% of the population. These results can be utilized for developing an effective environmental management policy for coastal areas in Trinidad and the wider Caribbean region, given that much of the islands' populations depend on the coastal regions for seafood. In addition, these results may assist in boosting current efforts of policymakers, towards phasing out crude oil-based fossil fuels for cleaner energy sources, such as compressed natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Balgobin
- Center for Maritime and Ocean Studies, Chaguaramas Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Natasha Ramroop Singh
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, O'Meara Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago
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12
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Sheikh Fakhradini S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Lahijanzadeh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment of Hoor Al-Azim wetland, Iran: a focus on source apportionment, environmental risk assessment, and sediment-water partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:233. [PMID: 30900011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, source, and ecological risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment samples in Hoor Al-Azim wetland, a significant freshwater wetland in Lower Mesopotamia, were evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 15.3 to 160.15 ng/L, and 15.78 to 410.2 μg/Kg in water and sediment, respectively. PAHs pollution levels in sediments compared with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) were found to be moderate in two stations and low in water and the rest of sediment stations. Based on the diagnostic ratio analysis, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), the mean percentage contributions were 62.62% for mixed pyrogenic and petrogenic sources (e.g., unburned and combusted fossil fuels from fishing boats and vehicle engines, incomplete combustion, oil leakage), 20.68% for auto emission, and 16.7% for pyrogenic sources (fossil fuels and biomass combustion). According to the sediment risk assessment indices such as mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q), the ecological risk of multiple PAHs was low. Risk quotient (RQ) calculation of water samples suggested high ecological risk level for Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and low to moderate for other individual PAHs and ΣPAHs. The result of PAHs partitioning between sediment and water phases revealed that most PAHs prefer to accumulate in sediment. Sediments probably act as a secondary source for some PAHs in the oil collection and pumping station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikh Fakhradini
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
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de Almeida M, do Nascimento DV, de Oliveira Mafalda P, Patire VF, de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of a Tropical Bay influenced by anthropogenic activities (Todos os Santos Bay, BA, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:399-407. [PMID: 30503449 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution and origin of 16 Priority PAHs in surficial sediment samples of Todos os Santos Bay (TSB, Brazil). Total PAHs concentrations ranged from below the method detection limit (<DL) to 533 ng g-1 (dry weight). The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQcarc) of PAHs in the studied area ranged from 0 to 104 ng g-1 and were lower when compared to other contaminated bays in the world. Diagnostic ratios indicated that pyrogenic processes, such as pyrolysis of fossil fuel, biomass, and coal, were the main PAHs sources for sediments. Proximity of the sources, the hydrodynamics and geochemistry of the sediments were the factor influencing the distribution of PAHs along the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos de Almeida
- Laboratory of Petroleum Studies, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Marine Geochemistry, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Vasconcelos do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Petroleum Studies, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Oliveira Mafalda
- Laboratory of Plankton, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Faria Patire
- Ekman, Environmental and Oceanographic Services, Avenida das Américas, Bloco 2, 700, 21931-004 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Rizzatti de Albergaria-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Petroleum Studies, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Marine Geochemistry, Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Cassin D, Dominik J, Botter M, Zonta R. PAH and PCB contamination in the sediments of the Venice Lagoon (Italy) before the installation of the MOSE flood defence works. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24951-24964. [PMID: 29931647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the shallow water areas of the Venice Lagoon (415 km2) was investigated in the surface (0-5 cm) and sub-surface (5-10 cm) sediments by collecting cores from 380 sites. The concentrations of 14 PAHs (USEPA priority pollutants) and seven PCB indicator congeners were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography (GC), respectively. PAH and PCB concentrations ranged from 2.75 to 9980 ng g-1 d.w. and from 0.01 to 60.1 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. Their concentrations never exceeded the probable effect level (PEL) stipulated in the respective quality guidelines. In addition, the average total PAH levels expressed as B[a]P toxicity equivalents (total TEQ) were lower in the sediments of the Venice Lagoon than in other literature-reported zones in the Mediterranean. PAH profiles and ratios showed that they originated not only largely from high-temperature pyrolytic processes attributable primarily to the burning of fossil fuels but also partly from petroleum spillage. Comparison of tetra-to-hepta PCB congeners enabled the PCB profiles observed in the lagoon environment to be characterised as Aroclor 1254 and 1260 (1:1). Compared to other marine coastal areas and harbours in the Mediterranean, the Venice Lagoon sediments showed a low mean value but a wide range of concentrations. The estimation of PAH and PCB inventories indicated the low contribution of atmospheric deposition relative to local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cassin
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
| | - Janusz Dominik
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
| | - Margherita Botter
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
| | - Roberto Zonta
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy.
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Pérez-Fernández B, Viñas L, Bargiela J. Occurrence and toxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments under mussel farming influence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15862-15872. [PMID: 29582331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of marine resources for mussel culture has become increasingly important, particularly on the European Atlantic coast and notably in the Galician Rías in the northwest of Spain. Despite its importance, there is a lack of research and analysis in this area and of the potential problems that it could cause to the environment. This paper details the findings of a study that aimed to find the probable environmental impact of mussel culture activities and to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content derived from this activity. The Ría de Arousa, where you can find over 70% of all installed rafts in Galicia, was selected for the present study, and nearly 40 marine sediment samples were collected there. The sediments were extracted by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) procedure, and the quantification of PAHs was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with the aid of deuterated PAH internal standards. The total concentration of parental PAHs ranged from 11.66 to 30,272-ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.), with a mean value of 3907-ng g-1 d.w.; the concentration of alkyl PAHs varied from 3.72 to 1187-ng g-1 d.w., with a mean value of 205.1-ng g-1 d.w. Compositional patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) and hieratical cluster association (HCA) yielded a sediment classification where the mussel raft impact is pointed out. PAH ratios indicated a predominance of combustion sources, except in two samples, located in small harbors. Only one station showed total potential carcinogenic PAH values in the range that would frequently cause negative biological effects, and the toxic equivalent concentrations based on BaP equivalents identified another ten positions where biological effects would occur occasionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanogáfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanogáfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai, 36390, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jesica Bargiela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanogáfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai, 36390, Vigo, Spain
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16
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Guo W, Wang S, Wang Y, Lu S, Gao Y. Sorptive removal of phenanthrene from aqueous solutions using magnetic and non-magnetic rice husk-derived biochars. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172382. [PMID: 29892423 PMCID: PMC5990792 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A magnetically modified rice husk biochar (MBC) was successfully prepared by a hydrothermal method from original biochar (BC) and subsequently used to remove phenanthrene (PHE) from aqueous solutions. The porosity, specific surface area and hydrophobicity of BC were significantly improved (approx. two times) after magnetic modification. The adsorption data fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models. Compared with BC, MBC had a faster adsorption rate and higher adsorption capacity of PHE. The adsorption equilibrium for PHE on MBC was achieved within 1.0 h. The maximum adsorption capacity of PHE on MBC was 97.6 mg g-1 based on the analysis of the Sips model, which was significantly higher than that of other sources of BCs. The adsorption mechanism of the two BCs was mainly attributed to the action of surface functional groups and π-π-conjugated reactions. The adsorption of PHE on MBC mainly occurred in the functional groups of C-O and Fe3O4, but that on BC was mainly in the functional groups of -OH, N-H, C=C and C-O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Wei Guo e-mail:
| | - Shujuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunkai Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Shaoyong Lu e-mail:
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium
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17
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Aliabadian M, Shadmehri Toosi A. Spatial distribution and composition of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hopanes in superficial sediments of the coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:195-223. [PMID: 28216134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first quantitative report on petroleum biomarkers from the coral reefs systems of the Persian Gulf. 120 reef surface sediment samples from ten fragile coral reef ecosystems were collected and analyzed for grain size, biogenic elements, elemental ratios, and petroleum biomarkers (n-alkanes, PAHs1 and Hopanes) to assess the sources and early diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter. The mean grain size of the reef sediments ranged from 13.56 to 37.11% (Clay), 26.92 to 51.73% (Sand) and 35.97 to 43.85% (Silt). TOC2 (3.35-9.72 mg.g-1) and TON3 (0.4-1.10 mg.g-1) were identified as influencing factors on the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons, whilst BC4 (1.08-3.28 mg.g-1) and TIN5 (0.13-0.86) did not exhibit any determining effect. Although BC and TIN demonstrated heterogeneous spatial distribution, TOC and TON indicated homogenous distribution with continually upward trend in concentration from the east to west ward of the Gulf. The mean calculated TOC/TN ratios vacillated according to the stations (p < 0.05) from 2.96 at Shidvar Island to 8.64 at Hengam Island. The high TOC/TN ratios were observed in the Hengam (8.64), Kharg (8.04) and Siri (6.29), respectively, suggesting a predominant marine origin. The mean concentrations of ∑C11-35n-alkanes, ∑30 PAHs and ∑9Hopanes were found in the ranges of 385-937 μg.g-1dw, (overall mean:590 μg.g-1dw), 326-793 ng.g-1dw (499 ng.g-1dw), 88 to 568 ng.g-1 d (258 ng.g-1dw), respectively. Higher concentrations of detected petroleum biomarkers in reef sediments were chiefly distributed near main industrial areas, Kharg, Lavan and Siri, whilst the lower concentrations were in Hormoz and Qeshm. In addition, one-way ANOVA6 analysis demonstrated considerably significant differences (p < 0.05) among concentration of detected total petroleum hydrocarbons between most sampling locations. Some sampling sites especially Kharg, Lavan, Siri and Lark indicated higher concentration of n-alkanes due to the higher maintenance of organic matter by high clay content in the sediments. Furthermore, most sediment samples, except for Hormoz, Qeshm and Hengam showed an even carbon preference for n-alkanes which could be correlated to bacterial input. NPMDS7 analysis also demonstrated that among the congeners of petroleum biomarkers, n-C12,n-C14, n-C16,n-C18 and n-C20 for n-alkanes, Phe8 and Naph9 along with their Alkyl homologues for PAHs (2-3 rings accounted for 60%) and C30αβ and C29αβ for Hopanes were discriminated from their other congeners in the whole study area. Our results based on the PCA10 analysis and diagnostic indices of AHs11 and PAHs along with ring classification of PAHs, in addition, the ubiquitous presence of UCM,12 and Hopanes revealed that the main sources of the pollution were petroleum and petroleum combustion mainly from offshore oil exploration and extraction, discharge of pollutants from shipping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, TarbiatModares University(TMU), Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, TarbiatModares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Aliabadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shadmehri Toosi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
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Li T, Sun G, Ma S, Liang K, Yang C, Li B, Luo W. Inferring sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the western Taiwan Strait through end-member mixing analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:166-176. [PMID: 27531142 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentration, spatial distribution, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated based on measurements of 16 PAH compounds in surface sediments of the western Taiwan Strait. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.41 to 218.54ngg-1. Cluster analysis identified three site clusters representing the northern, central and southern regions. Sedimentary PAHs mainly originated from a mixture of pyrolytic and petrogenic in the north, from pyrolytic in the central, and from petrogenic in the south. An end-member mixing model was performed using PAH compound data to estimate mixing proportions for unknown end-members (i.e., extreme-value sample points) proposed by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the analyzed samples can be expressed as mixtures of three end-members, and the mixing of different end-members was strongly related to the transport pathway controlled by two currents, which alternately prevail in the Taiwan Strait during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guihua Sun
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Ma
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Chupeng Yang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Luo
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
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Smol M, Włodarczyk-Makuła M. The Effectiveness in the Removal of PAHs from Aqueous Solutions in Physical and Chemical Processes: A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2015.1105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Smol
- The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
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20
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Duran R, Cravo-Laureau C. Role of environmental factors and microorganisms in determining the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:814-830. [PMID: 28201512 PMCID: PMC5091036 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in marine ecosystems and originate from natural sources and anthropogenic activities. PAHs enter the marine environment in two main ways, corresponding to chronic pollution or acute pollution by oil spills. The global PAH fluxes in marine environments are controlled by the microbial degradation and the biological pump, which plays a role in particle settling and in sequestration through bioaccumulation. Due to their low water solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs tightly adhere to sediments leading to accumulation in coastal and deep sediments. Microbial assemblages play an important role in determining the fate of PAHs in water and sediments, supporting the functioning of biogeochemical cycles and the microbial loop. This review summarises the knowledge recently acquired in terms of both chronic and acute PAH pollution. The importance of the microbial ecology in PAH-polluted marine ecosystems is highlighted as well as the importance of gaining further in-depth knowledge of the environmental services provided by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Duran
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
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21
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Dincer Kırman Z, Sericano JL, Wade TL, Bianchi TS, Marcantonio F, Kolker AS. Composition and depth distribution of hydrocarbons in Barataria Bay marsh sediments after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:101-113. [PMID: 27064616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, an estimate 4.1 million barrels of oil were accidentally released into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) during the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Oil Spill. One and a half years after this incident, a set of subtidal and intertidal marsh sediment cores were collected from five stations in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA, and analyzed to determine the spatial and vertical distributions and source of hydrocarbon residues based on their chemical composition. An archived core, collected before the DWH oil spill from the same area, was also analyzed to assess the pre-spill hydrocarbon distribution in the area. Analyses of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and stable carbon isotope showed that the distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in Barataria Bay was patchy and limited in areal extent. Significant TPH and ΣPAH concentrations (77,399 μg/g and 219,065 ng/g, respectively) were detected in the surface sediments of one core (i.e., core A) to a depth of 9 cm. Based on a sedimentation rate of 0.39 cm yr(-1), determined using (137)Cs, the presence of anthropogenic hydrocarbons in these sediment core deposited ca. 50 to 60 years ago. The historical background hydrocarbon concentrations increased significantly at the sediment surface and can be attributed to recent inputs. Although the oil present in the bay's sediments has undergone moderate weathering, biomarker analyses performed on core A samples likely indicated the presence of hydrocarbons from the DWH oil spill. The effects of oiling events on Barataria Bay and other marsh ecosystems in this region remain uncertain, as oil undergoes weathering changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Dincer Kırman
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - José L Sericano
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Thomas S Bianchi
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Franco Marcantonio
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alexander S Kolker
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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22
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Salgueiro-González N, Turnes-Carou I, Viñas L, Besada V, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Occurrence of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in wild mussel samples from the Spanish Atlantic coast and Bay of Biscay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:360-365. [PMID: 27001713 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were selected as bioindicators of chemical pollution to evaluate the occurrence and spatial distribution of five endocrine disrupting compounds in the Spanish Atlantic coast and Bay of Biscay. A total of 24 samples were collected in May, 2011 and analysed by selective pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination. Branched alkylphenols (4-tert-octylphenol and nonylphenol) were determined in more than 90% of the analysed samples whereas the presence of linear alkylphenols (4-n-octylphenol and 4-n-nonylphenol) was scarcely detected (<12% of the samples). Wastewater treatment plants discharges and nautical, fishing and shipping activities were considered the primary sources of contamination by alkylphenols. Bisphenol A was found in 16% of the analysed samples associated to punctual industrial discharges. A total endocrine disrupting compound (alkylphenols and bisphenol A) average concentration of 604ngg(-1) dw was calculated and nonylphenol was the main contributor in almost all sampling points.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - I Turnes-Carou
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - L Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - V Besada
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - S Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - P López-Mahía
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - D Prada-Rodríguez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Sun RX, Lin Q, Ke CL, Du FY, Gu YG, Cao K, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments and marine organisms from the Daya Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:325-332. [PMID: 26778499 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the marine ecosystem of the Daya Bay, South China. The PAH concentrations ranged from 340 to 710 ng/g dry weight in the sediments and from 110 to 520 ng/g wet weight in marine organisms, respectively. The dominant compounds were three- and four-ring PAHs in the sediments (53%-89%) and two- and three-ring PAHs in the marine species (67%-94%), respectively. PAHs mainly originated from both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. Comparison with the effects-based sediment quality guideline values suggested that the ecological risk caused by the total PAHs was relatively low (less than 25% incidence of adverse effects) in the sedimentary environment. The median cancer risk level via seafood consumption (1.6 × 10(-5) for urban residents and 1.2 × 10(-5) for rural residents, respectively) was slightly higher than the maximum admissible level (10(-5)) set by US EPA, but lower than the priority risk level (10(-4)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Xia Sun
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510300, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qin Lin
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510300, China.
| | - Chang-Liang Ke
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Fei-Yan Du
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yang-Guang Gu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture for South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Center of Fishery Resources and Ecology Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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24
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Maciel DC, de Souza JRB, Taniguchi S, Bícego MC, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a an urbanized tropical estuary and adjacent shelf, Northeast of Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:429-433. [PMID: 26478460 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Located in Northeastern Brazil, the Capibaribe Estuarine System is an important ecosystem that supplies food and protection for nursery of several species with ecological and economic importance. It is located inside an urbanized area, receives untreated domestic and industrial effluents, and houses some marinas and the Harbor of Recife, which are very important to national and international communities. The distribution and sources of PAHs were investigated in sediments from CES and adjacent shelf. Total PAH concentrations ranged from non-detectable to 497.6 μg g(-1). Pyrolytic sources predominated in most of sites, but petrogenic PAHs were also recorded. The concentration decrease of PAHs toward adjacent shelf suggests that the main source of these compounds is in the upper portion of estuary, where there is an intense discharge of sewage, but atmospheric input also seems to be relevant to the area. The results reinforce the important role of an estuary in contaminant retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Claudino Maciel
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Botelho de Souza
- Laboratório de Comunidades Marinhas (Lacmar), Departamento de Zoologia da da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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25
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Sammarco PW, Kolian SR, Warby RAF, Bouldin JL, Subra WA, Porter SA. Concentrations in human blood of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Gulf of Mexico. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:829-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Tang Z, Guo J, Liao H, Zhao X, Wu F, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Giesy JP. Spatial and temporal distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Taihu Lake, eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5350-5358. [PMID: 25354436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal distributions of concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments and dated sediment core from Taihu Lake in eastern China were determined. The sum of concentrations of PAHs (sum of total 16 USEPA priority PAH (∑PAHs)) of the entire Taihu Lake ranged from 2.9 × 10(2) to 8.4 × 10(2) ng/g dry mass (dm). Concentrations of ∑PAHs in surface sediments near more urbanized regions of the lake shore were greater than those in areas more remote from the urban centers. Temporal trends in concentrations of ∑PAHs ranged from 5.1 × 10(2) to 1.5 × 10(3) ng/g dm, increasing from deeper layers to surface sediments with some fluctuations, especially in the past three decades after the inception of China's Reform and Opening Up Policy, in which China's economy and urbanization underwent rapid development. Forensic analysis of surface sediments indicates that PAHs originated primarily from combustion of grass/wood/coal except for the special function water area, which was most likely influenced by petroleum products of traveling vessels. Vertical profiles of relative concentrations of PAHs suggested that the contribution of lesser-molecular-weight PAHs was gradually decreasing, while due to the heavier consumption of petroleum products, the proportion of greater-molecular-weight PAHs was increasing. When assessed by use of the rather conservative, apparent effect threshold method, concentrations of ∑PAHs in sediments from most locations in Taihu Lake are predicted to pose little risk of harm to benthic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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27
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Yang ZZ, Li YF, Fan J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in deposited bedroom dust collected from Xinxiang, a fast developing city in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4150. [PMID: 25404542 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the contamination levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the indoor environment, 16 PAHs were measured in 20 deposited bedroom dust (DBD) samples collected from four residential areas in Xinxiang City. The total PAH concentrations (∑PAHs, defined as the sum of 16 PAHs) in 20 DBD samples ranged from 1.47 to 21.8 μg/g dry weight. PAH ratios indicated that main sources of PAHs in most DBD samples were coal, grasses, and wood combustion. Correlation analysis showed that there were no significant positive correlations between ∑PAH concentrations in DBD and the number of family members or duration of residence. Analysis using the t test revealed that tobacco smoke was a source of PAHs in DBD and that an unattached kitchen may be a significant influencing factor related to PAHs in DBD collected from residential areas in Xinxiang City. Our results showed that the kitchen exhaust fan or hood had no significant influence on total PAHs in DBD, and there was no significant difference in ∑PAH concentrations in DBD in homes which used liquefied petroleum gas and those which used natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhi Yang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, People's Republic of China
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28
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León VM, García I, Martínez-Gómez C, Campillo JA, Benedicto J. Heterogeneous distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments and red mullet along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 87:352-363. [PMID: 25173597 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations was characterised in surface sediments and red mullet from eleven Iberian Mediterranean coastal areas. Mean PAH concentrations ranged from 28 to 1006 and from 3 to 40 μg kg(-1)d.w. in sediment and red mullet muscle, respectively. The highest PAH concentrations in sediments were detected close to main ports and urban nuclei. However, concentrations of PAHs in red mullet showed little correspondence with PAH concentrations of the sediments due to its metabolic capacity. Phenanthrene was the predominant homologue in red mullet, whereas fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the most abundant ones in sediments. Significant correlations between PAHs and organic carbon or fine fraction in sediments were only found in some areas. PAH concentrations in sediments were lower than environmental criteria in the majority of cases, except for benzo(g,h,i)perylene in 25% of samples from the Barcelona coastal area and for several homologues close to the port of Sagunto.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - I García
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Martínez-Gómez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Benedicto
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
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Li C, Huo S, Yu Z, Xi B, Zeng X, Wu F. Spatial distribution, potential risk assessment, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of Lake Chaohu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12028-12039. [PMID: 24920262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine sediment samples were collected from Lake Chaohu, a shallow eutrophic lake in Eastern China, and were analyzed for 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to determine the spatial distribution and exposure risks of PAHs. Three receptor models, the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the Unmix model, were used in combination with the PAHs diagnostic ratios to investigate the potential source apportionment of PAHs. A clear gradient in the spatial distribution and the potential toxicity of PAHs was observed from west to east in the sediments of Lake Chaohu. ∑15PAH concentrations and the TEQ were in the range of 80.82-30 365.01 ng g(-1) d.w. and 40.77-614.03, respectively. The highest values of the aforementioned variables were attributed to urban-industrial pollution sources in the west lake region, and the levels decreased away from the river inlets. The three different models yielded excellent correlation coefficients between the predicted and measured levels of the 15 PAH compounds. Similarly, source apportionment results were derived from the three receptor models and the PAH diagnostic ratios, suggesting that the highest contribution to the PAHs was from coal combustion and wood combustion, followed by vehicular emissions. The PMF model yielded the following contributions to the PAHs from gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, unburned petroleum emissions, and wood combustion: 34.49, 24.61, 16.11, 13.01, and 11.78 %, respectively. The PMF model produced more detailed source apportionment results for the PAHs than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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30
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Zong H, Ma X, Na G, Huo C, Yuan X, Zhang Z. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mariculture zones of China's northern Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:172-178. [PMID: 24952456 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in water and sediment samples collected from three mariculture zones in China's northern Yellow Sea. In these samples, total PAH concentrations ranged from 110.8 ng/L to 997.2 ng/L and 142.2 ng/gdry weight (dw) to 750.2 ng/gdw, respectively. The log KOC values of the various PAH compounds examined in this study increased with the log KOW values, which is consistent with the prediction regarding PAH behavior in the environment. However, these KOC values were lower than the predicted values as a result of the effects of organic matters, which were abundant in the mariculture water. The isomeric ratios of the PAHs in sediment indicated that the source of the PAHs in the mariculture zones were mainly pyrolytic. The TEQ(carc) values of PAHs ranged from 7 ng TEQ/gdw to 92 ng TEQ/gdw, and only a few samples met the safe criterion with respect to individual PAH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humin Zong
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Dalian, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Dalian, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Dalian, China
| | - Chuanlin Huo
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Dalian, China
| | - Xiutang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Dalian, China.
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31
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Nguyen TC, Loganathan P, Nguyen TV, Vigneswaran S, Kandasamy J, Slee D, Stevenson G, Naidu R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: Comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:339-48. [PMID: 24732030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) considered as priority environmental pollutants were analysed in surface natural soils (NS), road-deposited sediments (RDS), and water sediments (WS) at Kogarah in Sydney, Australia. Comparisons were made of their concentration distributions, likely sources and potential toxicities. The concentrations (mg/kg) in NS, RDS, and WS ranged from 0.40 to 7.49 (mean 2.80), 1.65 to 4.00 (mean 2.91), and 0.49 to 5.19 (mean 1.76), respectively. PAHs were dominated by relatively high molecular weight compounds with more than three fused benzene rings, indicating that high temperature combustion processes were their predominant sources. The proportions of high molecular weight PAHs with five or six fused benzene rings were higher in NS than in RDS, whereas the low molecular weight PAHs were higher in RDS. Concentrations of all PAHs compounds were observed to be the lowest in WS. The concentrations of most of the high molecular weight PAHs significantly correlated with each other in RDS and WS. All PAHs (except naphthalene) were significantly correlated in NS suggesting a common PAH source. Ratios for individual diagnostic PAHs demonstrated that the primary source of PAHs in WS and NS was of pyrogenic origin (combustion of petroleum (vehicle exhaust), grass, and wood) while in RDS it was petrogenic (i.e. unburned or leaked fuel and oil, road asphalt, and tyre particles) as well as pyrogenic. The potential toxicities of PAHs calculated using a toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) were all low but higher for NS compared to WS and RDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Chung Nguyen
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Paripurnanda Loganathan
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tien Vinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Jaya Kandasamy
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Danny Slee
- National Measurement Institute (NMI), PO Box 138, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Gavin Stevenson
- National Measurement Institute (NMI), PO Box 138, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- CERAR and CRC CARE, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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Barhoumi B, LeMenach K, Devier MH, Ben Ameur W, Etcheber H, Budzinski H, Cachot J, Driss MR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia: levels, sources, and toxicological significance. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2653-2669. [PMID: 24346349 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To assess the status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia), 18 surface sediment samples were collected in March 2011 and analyzed for 14 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total concentrations of the 14 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 16.9 to 394.1 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) with a mean concentration of 85.5 ng g(-1) dw. Compared with other lagoons, coasts, and bays in the world, the concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments of the Bizerte Lagoon are low to moderate. The PAHs' composition pattern was dominated by the presence of four-ring PAHs (45.8 %) followed by five-ring (26.8 %) and three-ring PAHs (12.7 %). The PAH source analysis suggested that the main origin of PAHs in the sediments of the lagoon was mainly from pyrolytic sources. According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the USA, the levels of PAHs in the Bizerte Lagoon should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent values calculated for the samples varied from 3.1 to 53.7 ng g(-1) dw with an average of 10.6 ng g(-1) dw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (05/UR/12-03), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
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Bizarro C, Ros O, Vallejo A, Prieto A, Etxebarria N, Cajaraville MP, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M. Intersex condition and molecular markers of endocrine disruption in relation with burdens of emerging pollutants in thicklip grey mullets (Chelon labrosus) from Basque estuaries (South-East Bay of Biscay). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 96:19-28. [PMID: 24262030 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere with the functioning of the endocrine system, causing reproductive and developmental disturbances in aquatic wildlife. Appearance of intersex gonads and elevated plasma levels of vitellogenin in male fish are well known biomarkers of exposure to xenoestrogenic EDCs. In the present study, intersex condition and transcription levels of vtg and cyp19a1b were assessed in five thicklip grey mullet populations from the Basque coast (Bay of Biscay). Levels of EDCs (estrogenic hormones, polycyclic musks, bisphenol-A, phthalates, alkylphenols and pesticides) were determined in water and fish bile. Intersex gonads were observed in three out of five mullet populations. Vtg and cyp19a1b were up-regulated in mullet populations with relatively higher EDCs load. Phthalates and pesticides were the most abundant EDCs in bile, followed by alkylphenols, musks, bisphenol-A and estrogenic hormones. Statistically significant correlations were found between concentrations of individual and total EDCs in bile and water samples and transcription levels of vtg and cyp19a1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bizarro
- Dep. Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), UPV/EHU, Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - O Ros
- Dep. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Vallejo
- Dep. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Dep. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - N Etxebarria
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), UPV/EHU, Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; Dep. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M P Cajaraville
- Dep. Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), UPV/EHU, Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Ortiz-Zarragoitia
- Dep. Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), UPV/EHU, Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
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Zhao X, Ding J, You H. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from Songhua River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:131-143. [PMID: 23609889 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Songhua River, Harbin, China, were investigated. Seventy-seven samples, 42 water and 35 sediment samples, were collected in April and October of 2007 and January of 2008. The concentrations of total PAHs in water ranged from 163.54 to 2,746.25 ng/L with the average value of 934.62 ng/L, which were predominated by 2- and 3-ring PAHs. The concentrations of total 16 PAHs in sediment ranged from 68.25 to 654.15 ng/g dw with the average value of 234.15 ng/g dw, which were predominated by 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs. Statistical analysis of the PAH concentrations shown that the highest concentrations of the total PAHs were found during rainy season (October of 2007) and the lowest during snowy season (January of 2008). Ratios of specific PAH compounds, including fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) (Flu/(Flu + Pyr)) and phenanthrene/(phenanthrene + anthracene) (An/(Ant + PhA)), were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contaminations. These ratios reflected pyrolytic inputs of PAHs in Songhua River water and a mixed pattern of pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in the Songhua River sediments. Ecotoxicological risk levels calculated for PAHs suggested that there were individual PAHs, which can less frequently cause biological impairment in some samples, but no samples had constituents that may frequently cause biological impairment. Total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent of ΣcPAHs varied from 10.03 to 29.7 ng/g dw and from 0.36 to 1.92 ng/g dw for total toxic tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalent. The level of PAHs indicated a low toxicological risk to this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhao
- The State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment (HIT), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Sammarco PW, Kolian SR, Warby RAF, Bouldin JL, Subra WA, Porter SA. Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 73:129-143. [PMID: 23831318 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the geographic extent of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood during/after the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (April 20-July 15, 2010; 28.736667°N, -88.386944°W). TPH, PAHs, and 12 compound classes were examined, particularly C1-benzo(a)anthracenes/chrysenes, C-2-/C-4-phenanthrenes/anthracenes, and C3-naphthalenes. Sediment TPH, PAHs, and all classes peaked near Pensacola, Florida, and Galveston, Texas. Seawater TPH peaked off Pensacola; all of the above classes peaked off the Mississippi River, Louisiana and Galveston. Biota TPH and PAHs peaked near the Mississippi River; C-3 napthalenes peaked near the spill site. Seafood TPH peaked near the spill site, with PAHs and all classes peaking near Pensacola. We recommend that oil concentrations continued to be monitored in these media well after the spill has ceased to assist in defining re-opening dates for fisheries; closures should be maintained until hydrocarbon levels are deemed within appropriate limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sammarco
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON), 8124 Hwy. 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA.
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El Nemr A, El-Sadaawy MM, Khaled A, Draz SO. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:4571-4589. [PMID: 23054267 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marine sediment samples were collected from ten sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast in April 2010. All sediment samples were analyzed for aliphatic (C7 to C34) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as total organic carbon (TOC) contents and grain size analysis. Total aliphatic hydrocarbons ranged from 1621.82 to 9069.99 ng/g (dry weight), while aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) varied between 208.69 and 1020.02 ng/g with an average of 530.68 ± 225.86 ng/g dwt. Good correlations observed between certain PAH concentrations allowed to identify its origin. The average TOC percent was varied from 0.13 to 1.46 %. Principal component analysis was used to determine the sources of hydrocarbon pollutants in sediments of Mediterranean. Additionally, special PAHs compound ratios suggest the petrogenic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Nemr
- Environmental Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Lang YH, Yang X, Wang H, Yang W, Li GL. Diagnostic Ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization to Identify Potential Sources of PAHS in Sediments of the Rizhao Offshore, China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.762935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Long Y, Dai T, Wu Q. Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Chang-Zhu-Tan Region, Hunan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:1377-1390. [PMID: 22644120 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Street dusts collected from 20 locations in the Chang-Zhu-Tan (Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan) region, Hunan, China, in May to July 2006, were investigated for sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The individual PAH concentrations were in the range of 10-4316 ng g(-1), and ∑PAHs(16) levels were in the range of 3,515-24,488 ng g(-1), with a mean of 8,760 ng g(-1). The high-molecular-weight PAHs (four to six rings), ranging from 47.51 to 82.11 %, with a mean of 74.79 %, were the dominant PAH compounds in almost all of the dusts. The isomer ratios suggested a rather uniform mixture of coal combustion and petroleum PAH sources. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis indicate that the main sources of the 16 PAHs were coal combustion/vehicle exhaust, coking/petroleum, and plant combustion, with contribution rates of 50.9, 35.01, and 14.08, respectively. The spatial distributions of PAH concentrations were significantly related to the distribution of industries, traffic circulation, and farmland in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Long
- Department of Geology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S OA2, Canada.
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Hu NJ, Huang P, Liu JH, Shi XF, Ma DY, Liu Y. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1031-1040. [PMID: 22855357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A total of 112 surface sediment samples covering virtually the entire Bohai Sea were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in order to provide the extensive information of recent occurrence levels, distribution, possible sources, and potential biological risk of these compounds in this area. Surface sediment samples were collected from the Bohai Sea using a stainless steel grab sampler. Sixteen PAHs were determined by a Finnigan TRACE DSQ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Diagnostic ratios, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) with multivariate linear regression (MLR) were performed to identify and quantitatively apportion the major sources of sedimentary PAHs in the Bohai Sea. Concentrations of total PAHs in the Bohai Sea ranged widely from 97.2 to 300.7 ng/g (mean, 175.7 ± 37.3 ng/g). High concentrations of PAHs were found in the vicinity of Luan River Estuary-Qinhuangdao Harbor, Cao River Estuary-Bohai Sea Center, and north of the Yellow River Estuary. The three-ring PAHs were most abundant, accounting for about 37 ± 5 % of total PAHs. The four-ring and five-ring PAHs were the next dominant ones comprising approximately 29 ± 7 and 23 ± 3 % of total PAHs, respectively. Concentrations of acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene are higher than Canadian interim marine sediment quality guideline values at most of the sites in the study area. Contamination levels of PAHs in the Bohai Sea were low in comparison with other coastal sediments in China and developed countries. The distribution pattern of PAHs and source identification implied that PAH contamination in the Bohai Sea mainly originates from petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Further PCA/MLR analysis suggested that the contributions of spilled oil products (petrogenic), coal combustion, and traffic-related pollution were 39, 38, and 23 %, respectively. Pyrogenic sources (coal combustion and traffic-related pollution) contributed 61 % of anthropogenic PAHs to sediments, which indicates that energy consumption could be a dominant factor in PAH pollution in this area. Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene are the three main species of PAHs with more ecotoxicological concern in the Bohai Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Jing Hu
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
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An Evaluation of Bera Lake (Malaysia) Sediment Contamination Using Sediment Quality Guidelines. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/387035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bera Lake is known as the first RAMSAR site and is the largest natural lake in Malaysia. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and Geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate Bera Lake sediment contamination. Five undisturbed cores were collected from Bera Lake sediment. Major and trace levels of elements were determined for 132 subsamples using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results marked two major groups of metallic elements bonded to the terrestrial and organic-rich sediments. Terrestrial sediments were strongly associated with accumulation of Li, Al, Pb, Cu, Cr, Na, Mg, Sr, and K during main fluxes of metals. However, a strong positive correlation was obtained between Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Ca, and Cd elements and TOC and TN. The Mn/Fe ratio revealed a long-term redox and acidic condition at Bera Lake. Geoaccumulation index for all individual metals has classified Bera Lake sediment as low to moderately polluted. However, elemental values when compared with thresholds limits of SQG indicated that Bera Lake sediments were contaminated by arsenic and iron. Results prove that deforestation during the five phases of land developments since 1972 has significantly contributed to the existence of metals fluxes into the area.
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Monza LB, Loewy RM, Savini MC, Pechen de d'Angelo AM. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Neuquen River, Argentine Patagonia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:370-379. [PMID: 23379941 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.728097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution and probable sources of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (AHs, PAHs) were investigated in surface sediments collected along the bank of the Neuquen River, Argentina. Total concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons ranged between 0.41 and 125 μg/g dw. Six stations presented low values of resolved aliphatic hydrocarbons and the n-alkane distribution indexes applied suggested a clear biogenic source. These values can be considered the baseline levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons for the river sediments. This constitutes important information for the assessment of future impacts since a strong impulse in the exploitation of shale gas and shale oil in these zones is nowadays undergoing. For the other 11 stations, a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons of petrogenic and biogenic origin was observed. The spatial distribution reflects local inputs of these pollutants with a significant increase in concentrations in the lower course, where two major cities are located. The highest values of total aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in this sector which, in turn, was the only one where individual PAHs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana B Monza
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Research and Development of Northern Patagonia (IDEPA), National University of Comahue, Neuquen, Argentina.
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Hong Y, Yu S, Yu G, Liu Y, Li G, Wang M. Impacts of urbanization on surface sediment quality: evidence from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contaminations in the Grand Canal of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1352-1363. [PMID: 22743985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic pollutants, especially synthetic organic compounds, can indicate paces of anthropogenic activities. Effects of urbanization on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) distributions in surface sediment were conducted in urban sections of the Grand Canal, China, consisting of a four-level urbanization gradient. MATERIALS AND METHODS The four-level urbanization gradients include three countryside towns, two small-size cities, three medium-size cities, and a large-size city. Diagnostic ratio analysis and factor analysis-multiple linear regression model were used for source apportionment of PAHs. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of USA and Canada were employed to assess ecological risks of PAHs and PCBs in surface sediments of the Canal. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ranges of PAH and PCB concentrations in surface sediments were 0.66-22 mg/kg and 0.5-93 μg/kg, respectively. Coal-related sources were primary PAH sources and followed by vehicular emission. Total concentration, composition, and source apportionment of PAHs exhibited urbanization gradient effects. Total PCB concentrations increased with the urbanization gradient, while total PAHs concentration in surface sediments presented an inverted U Kuznets curve with the urbanization gradient. Elevated concentrations of both PAHs and PCBs ranged at effect range low levels or interim SQG, assessed by USA and Canadian SQGs. CONCLUSIONS PAHs and PCBs in surface sediments of the Grand Canal showed urbanization gradient effects and low ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
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Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:110-9. [PMID: 22243855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) diagnostic ratios have recently come into common use as a tool for identifying and assessing pollution emission sources. Some diagnostic ratios are based on parent PAHs, others on the proportions of alkyl-substituted to non-substituted molecules. The ratios are applicable to PAHs determined in different environmental media: air (gas + particle phase), water, sediment, soil, as well as biomonitor organisms such as leaves or coniferous needles, and mussels. These ratios distinguish PAH pollution originating from petroleum products, petroleum combustion and biomass or coal burning. The compounds involved in each ratio have the same molar mass, so it is assumed they have similar physicochemical properties. Numerous studies show that diagnostic ratios change in value to different extents during phase transfers and environmental degradation. The paper reviews applications of diagnostic ratios, comments on their use and specifies their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland.
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Brown AS, Brown RJC. Correlations in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in UK ambient air and implications for source apportionment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2072-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em10963h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beiras R, Durán I, Parra S, Urrutia MB, Besada V, Bellas J, Viñas L, Sánchez-Marín P, González-Quijano A, Franco MA, Nieto Ó, González JJ. Linking chemical contamination to biological effects in coastal pollution monitoring. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:9-17. [PMID: 21805214 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To establish the connection between pollutant levels and their harmful effects on living resources, coastal monitoring programmes have incorporated biological tools, such as the scope for growth (SFG) in marine mussels and benthic macrofauna community indices. Although the relation between oxygen-depleting anthropogenic inputs and the alteration of benthic communities is well described, the effects of chemical pollutants are unknown because they are not expected to favour any particular taxa. In this study, the combined efforts of five research teams involved in the investigative monitoring of marine pollution allowed the generation of a multiyear data set for Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). Multivariate analysis of these data allowed the identification of the chemical-matrix combinations responsible for most of the variability among sites and the construction of a chemical pollution index (CPI) that significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with biological effects at both the individual and the community levels. We report a consistent reduction in the physiological fitness of local populations of mussels as chemical pollution increases. The energy balance was more sensitive to pollution than individual physiological rates, but the reduction in the SFG was primarily due to significantly decreased clearance rates. We also found a decrease in benthic macrofauna diversity as chemical pollution increases. This diversity reduction resulted not from altered evenness, as the classic paradigm might suggest, but from a loss of species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT (Universidade de Vigo), Illa de Toralla, 36331 Galicia, Spain.
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Barakat AO, Mostafa A, Wade TL, Sweet ST, El Sayed NB. Distribution and characteristics of PAHs in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1969-78. [PMID: 21764083 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To assess the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt, 26 sediment samples from the coastline, harbours, estuaries and coastal lakes were collected and analyzed. The sediment PAH concentrations of thirty-nine 2-6 ring PAHs ranged from 13.5 to 22,600 ng/g. PAH profiles varied according to the nature of the site and its proximity to sources. Industrialized and urbanized region showed high level of PAHs contamination. In general, the contamination levels of PAHs were similar to those observed in contaminated and slightly contaminated sediments of the Mediterranean Sea. Molecular indices based on ratios of selected PAH concentrations were used to differentiate PAHs from pyrogenic and petrogenic and mixed origins. Good correlations were observed between the petrogenic index, MP/P, A-PAHs/P-PAHs and HMW/LMW. Finally, PAH levels in sediments were compared with Sediments Quality Guidelines (ERM-ERL) for evaluation of probable toxic effects on organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem O Barakat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharrem Bek, Alexandria 21511, Egypt.
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Guo W, Pei Y, Yang Z, Chen H. Historical changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) input in Lake Baiyangdian related to regional socio-economic development. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 187:441-449. [PMID: 21292391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over a period of almost 180 years was studied in a sediment core collected from Lake Baiyangdian in northern China. Total PAHs concentration varied from 97.2 to 2402 ng g(-1) dry weight. We found the highest total PAH concentration in 1940s and 1990s, and a decreasing trend from 1990 until present. The warfare and increasing economic activity had the largest impact on the PAH vertical distribution. The implemented measures for pollution control in catchment since 1990 might reduce point source input of PAH in some degree in recently. The historical record of PAHs is different from the developed countries and areas due to difference in socio-economic development condition. PAHs in the core are dominantly pyrogenic in source, i.e., they are mainly from the incomplete combustion of wood and coal. PAHs from terrigenous organic matter input decreased obviously from the 1950s due to rainfall reduction during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
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Guo W, Pei Y, Yang Z, Wang C. Assessment on the distribution and partitioning characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Baiyangdian, a shallow freshwater lake in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:681-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00583e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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