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Nikolaevich SP, Nikolaevich GS, Samidinovich TS, Vladimirovna SN, Andreevich KD, Vladimirovich TI, Nikolaevich NG, Pavlovna MI. Carbon accumulation features in different functional zones of cities in the steppe zone. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:601. [PMID: 38849677 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This article presents findings on the study of content, profile distribution, and reserves of various carbon forms (organic carbon (TOC) and inorganic carbon (IC)) in Urbic Technosols and Ekranic Technosols within the residential zone of the city, alongside zonal Calcic Chernozems in the recreational zone of Rostov-on-Don, Aksai, and Bataysk. It was revealed that the TOC content in the upper horizons of Urbic Technosols is significantly lower than in the chernozem horizons of fallow areas, registering at 2.59 ± 0.79% and 3.25 ± 0.94%, respectively. IC exhibits an inverse trend, with maximum content observed in the upper horizons of Ekranic Technosols. Down the soil profile, disparities in TOC and IC contents are mitigated. This specificity in TOC accumulation and profile distribution signifies a "bipartite" profile alteration in buried chernozems, affecting solely the upper stratum rather than the entire soil profile. The presence of woody vegetation in the dry-steppe zone positively influences TOC accumulation. Calcic Chernozems beneath woody vegetation showcase the highest TOC reserves within the 30-cm layer (10.61 ± 1.45 kg/m2). Calcic Chernozems of fallow areas under natural steppe vegetation contain 8.94 ± 1.75 kg/m2, Technosols of the residential zone 8.44 ± 2.47 kg/m2. For Technosols of the residential zone, a weakening of the dependence of TOC and IC content on the depth of the soil horizon is observed.
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Liu J, Yuan W, Ouyang Q, Bao Z, Xiao J, Xiong X, Cao H, Zhong Q, Wan Y, Wei X, Zhang Y, Xiao T, Wang J. A novel application of thallium isotopes in tracing metal(loid)s migration and related sources in contaminated paddy soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163404. [PMID: 37059145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal, which is harmful to plants and animals even in trace amounts. Migration behaviors of Tl in paddy soils system remain largely unknown. Herein, Tl isotopic compositions have been employed for the first time to explore Tl transfer and pathway in paddy soil system. The results showed considerably large Tl isotopic variations (ε205Tl = -0.99 ± 0.45 ~ 24.57 ± 0.27), which may result from interconversion between Tl(I) and Tl(III) under alternative redox conditions in the paddy system. Overall higher ε205Tl values of paddy soils in the deeper layers were probably attributed to abundant presence of Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides and occasionally extreme redox conditions during alternative dry-wet process which oxidized Tl(I) to Tl(III). A ternary mixing model using Tl isotopic compositions further disclosed that industrial waste contributed predominantly to Tl contamination in the studied soil, with an average contribution rate of 73.23%. All these findings indicate that Tl isotopes can be used as an efficient tracer for fingerprinting Tl pathway in complicated scenarios even under varied redox conditions, providing significant prospect in diverse environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenhuan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi'en Ouyang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi'an Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinni Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiaohui Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuebing Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xudong Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis Campus, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Waters Quality & Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Liu N, Chen HG, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhang J, Qu G, He B, Meng TQ, Xiong CL, Pan A, Yin Y, Liang Y, Shi J, Wang YX, Hu L, Jiang G. Exogenous Metals Atlas in Spermatozoa at Single-Cell Resolution in Relation to Human Semen Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7358-7369. [PMID: 37144275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While exogenous metal/metalloid (metal) exposure has been associated with reduced human semen quality, no study has assessed the associations of exogenous metals in human spermatozoa with semen quality. Here, we developed a strategy to explore the associations between exogenous metals in spermatozoa at single-cell resolution and human semen quality among 84 men screened as sperm donors, who provided 266 semen samples within 90 days. A cellular atlas of exogenous metals at the single-cell level was created with mass cytometry (CyTOF) technology, which concurrently displayed 18 metals in more than 50 000 single sperm. Exogenous metals in spermatozoa at single-cell resolution were extremely heterogeneous and diverse. Further analysis using multivariable linear regression and linear mixed-effects models revealed that the heterogeneity and prevalence of the exogenous metals at single-cell resolution were associated with semen quality. The heterogeneity of lead (Pb), tin (Sn), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr) was negatively associated with sperm concentration and count, while their prevalence showed positive associations. These findings revealed that the heterogeneous properties of exogenous metals in spermatozoa were associated with human semen quality, highlighting the importance of assessing exogenous metals in spermatozoa at single-cell resolution to evaluate male reproductive health risk precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
| | - Heng-Gui Chen
- Clinical Research and Translation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guohuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
| | - Tian-Qing Meng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Xiong
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310042, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Ouyang Q, Liu J, Yuan W, Wei X, Liu Y, Bao Z, Huang Y, Wang J. Stable thallium (Tl) isotopic signature as a reliable source tracer in river sediments impacted by mining activities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130859. [PMID: 36736213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is an extremely toxic metal, whose geochemical behavior remains poorly understood. This study aims to clarify the migration pathway and source apportionment of Tl in sediments from a watershed downstream of an open and large-scale pyrite mine area in south China, using high-precised Tl isotopic compositions. Results showed that Tl isotopic fractionations were mainly influenced by the anthropogenic Tl sources in all the sediments as a whole from the studied watershed, while in situ mineral adsorption and biological activity were limited. Moreover, plot of ε205Tl vs. 1/Tl further illustrated that three possible end-members, viz. background sediments, pyrite tailings, and sewage treatment wastes were ascribed to predominant sources of Tl enrichment in the sediments. A ternary mixing model unveiled that waste from pyrite mining activities (i.e., both pyrite tailings and sewage treatment wastes) affected the downstream sediments up to 10 km. All these findings suggest that Tl isotopic signature is a reliable tool to trace Tl sources in the sediments impacted by mining activities. It is highly critical for further target-oriented and precise remediation of Tl contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi'en Ouyang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenhuan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xudong Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova, Agripolis Campus, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Yanyi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi'an Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yeliang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, and Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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5
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Luo X, Wu C, Lin Y, Li W, Deng M, Tan J, Xue S. Soil heavy metal pollution from Pb/Zn smelting regions in China and the remediation potential of biomineralization. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:662-677. [PMID: 36375948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Smelting activities pose serious environmental problems due to the local and regional heavy metal pollution in soils they cause. It is therefore important to understand the pollution situation and its source in the contaminated soils. In this paper, data on heavy metal pollution in soils resulting from Pb/Zn smelting (published in the last 10 years) in China was summarized. The heavy metal pollution was analyzed from a macroscopic point of view. The results indicated that Pb, Zn, As and Cd were common contaminants that were present in soils with extremely high concentrations. Because of the extreme carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity that heavy metals pose, remediation of the soils contaminated by smelting is urgently required. The primary anthropogenic activities contributing to soil pollution in smelting areas and the progressive development of accurate source identification were performed. Due to the advantages of biominerals, the potential of biomineralization for heavy metal contaminated soils was introduced. Furthermore, the prospects of geochemical fraction analysis, combined source identification methods as well as several optimization methods for biomineralization are presented, to provide a reference for pollution investigation and remediation in smelting contaminated soils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Luo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yongcheng Lin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Waichin Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Deng
- School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingqiang Tan
- School of Geosciences and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shengguo Xue
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Li N, Li Y, Wei J, Liu K, Wang G, Zhang H, Wen J, Cheng X. Source-oriented ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of West Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13909-13919. [PMID: 36547827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The geographical location of West Taihu Lake determines that it is the entrance of the whole Taihu Lake, and the intensive industries around it pose a great threat to the ecology of Taihu Lake. We innovatively combined Pb isotope ratio analysis with ecological risk assessment index to quantify the source-oriented ecological risk of heavy metals (HMs) in the sediments of West Taihu Lake. In this study, the representative HMs Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd in the surface (0-2 cm) sediments of West Tai Lake were determined, and the ecological risk assessment of HM sources was carried out based on the Pb isotope ratio and ecological risk index. The results showed that HMs were significantly enriched in the south and the west of the study area. The average geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of Pb was unpolluted, Cr and Zn were between unpolluted and moderately polluted, and Cd was moderately polluted. The average ecological risk index (Ei) of Pb, Cr, and Zn was low, and only Cd reached a considerable risk (ECd = 120.7), which accounted for 89.8% of the comprehensive ecological risk index (RI). However, the RI in the whole study area (RI = 134.4) still indicated low risk. There was a significant correlation between Pb and other HMs (P < 0.05). The IsoSource analysis showed that the order of contribution rate was fossil fuels (48.0%) > industrial sources (35.8%) > natural sources (14.9%) > agricultural sources (1.3%). The HM pollution caused by fossil fuel combustion and industrial activities reaches a moderate ecological risk, whereas natural sources and agricultural sources pose a low risk. Overall, the main sources of HM pollution are anthropogenic, which pose moderate ecological risk to the study area and should be paid more attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Xuanwu District, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Xuanwu District, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiaxiang Wei
- Transportation Institute, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genmei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Xuanwu District, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanchao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Xuanwu District, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiale Wen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Xuanwu District, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Xuanwu District, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
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Ghani J, Nawab J, Faiq ME, Ullah S, Alam A, Ahmad I, Ali SW, Khan S, Ahmad I, Muhammad A, Ur Rahman SA, Abbas M, Rashid A, Hasan SZ, Hamza A. Multi-geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in urban children's park soils in Pakistan: A risk assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119961. [PMID: 35977638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, contamination of urban children's parks (UCPs) with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has been attracting more and more interest; however, assessment of eco-environmental and child exposure risks particularly in developing countries remains limited. The current study investigated PTE (Cr, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) concentrations, potential sources, and their health risk assessment in UCP soils of 12 major cities in Pakistan. The results showed that the mean concentration of Ni exceeded the SEPA-permissible limit in all UCP sites, while other PTEs were found to be within acceptable limits. The soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and soil particles size were determined in UCPs soils. The contamination factor and pollution load index results indicated low to moderate pollution levels (CF < 3) and (PLI<1) for all PTEs except Ni in some of the selected cities. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plotting determined the normal distribution line for all PTEs in the UCPs. Principal component analysis showed the mixed sources of contamination from industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, wastewater irrigation, as well as solid waste disposal and natural sources of soil parent materials in all park sites. ANOVA results showed that all the PTEs except Cd had moderate to higher contamination values than the reference site. The risk assessment study revealed that children had high exposure to the selected PTEs via all exposure pathways. The hazard index (HI) mean value (1.82E+00) of Ni for all exposure pathways was greater than 1, while total risk value of Cr (1.00E-03) had exceeded USEPA limit, indicating cancer risk. Consequently, the study of UCPs soils revealed PTEs contamination that could pose a potential health risk to the local population in the studied UCPs regions of Pakistan. Thus, the present study recommends that the influx of PTEs originating from natural and anthropogenic sources should be mitigated and government should implement strict enforcement of environmental regulations and proper management, as well as air quality monitoring guidelines for public health should be strictly adopted to reduce traffic- and industrial emission-related to PTEs in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Eshaq Faiq
- College of Marine and Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Sajid Ullah
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, 2600, Afghanistan
| | - Arshad Alam
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asim Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aziz Ur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rashid
- School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shah Zaib Hasan
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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8
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Wu H, Wang J, Guo J, Hu X, Bao H, Chen J. Record of heavy metals in Huguangyan Maar Lake sediments: Response to anthropogenic atmospheric pollution in Southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154829. [PMID: 35346700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The historical atmospheric heavy metal pollution of southern China over the past 200 years was explored by analyzing radiometric dating, heavy metals, and Pb isotopes from a sediment core in Huguangyan Maar Lake. Zn, Cd, Sb, Tl, and Pb in the lake are closely related to anthropogenic activities, while Cr and Ni are mainly derived from the weathering of basalt surrounding the lake. Atmospheric Zn, Cd, Sb, and Tl increased rapidly after 1980, consistent with the local industrial development. The increase of atmospheric Pb in southern China occurred earlier than in other regions of China, with the increase after 1850. War and the use of leaded gasoline were the main causes for the rapid increase in atmospheric Pb during 1910-1950. From 1950 to 2000, the input of Pb from anthropogenic activities decreased gradually due to the stable social environment. After 2000, atmospheric Pb continued to rise due to continued industrial development. The three-end-member model of Pb isotopes indicates that coal combustion is the main source of current atmospheric Pb. The proportion of Pb derived from vehicle exhaust emissions reached a peak in the 1960s, then gradually decreased and further reduced with the ban on leaded gasoline after 2000. These results are important in identifying the sources of atmospheric heavy metal pollution and in formulating pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jingfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Jianyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hongyun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jingan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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9
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Kucharska K, Binkowski ŁJ, Zaguła G, Dudzik K. Spatial, temporal and environmental differences in concentrations of lead in the blood of Mute swans from summer and winter sites in Poland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154698. [PMID: 35318064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic pollutant and represents a serious threat to wildlife, affecting various systems in animal bodies. Especially prone to Pb poisoning are waterbirds, which may inadvertently ingest spent gunshot, fishing sinkers and contaminated sediments. This research thus focused on evaluating Pb concentrations in the blood of 170 Mute swans (Cygnus olor; a widespread species of waterbirds) at their summer (urban locations in Małopolskie and rural locations in Świętokrzyskie regions) and winter (the urban section of Wisła River in Krakow) sites in Poland (Europe). The study concentrated on comparing blood Pb concentrations according to sites and locations, verifying the influence of sex and age factors, examining the impact on hematocrit (Ht), glutathione (GSH) levels and body condition. Mean blood Pb concentrations (measured with ICP-OES) differed significantly between summer and winter sites (Regression by Maximum Likelihood Estimation (RML), p < 0.001) reaching higher values at winter sites. Concentrations did not differ from year to year (RML, p = 0.028). At summer sites, concentrations differed from location to location: swans from urban locations in Małopolskie had higher blood Pb concentrations (0.055 μg/g) than from rural Świętokrzyskie (0.008 μg/g; RML, p < 0.001). In summer and winter birds, neither sex nor age groups differed significantly the concentrations (RML, p > 0.231). Pb concentrations correlated weakly with Ht and GSH levels (Spearman test) and had no influence on body condition (proxied by scaled mass index; GLM, p = 0.246). We concluded that differences between summer and winter sites were dictated mainly by the type of habitat (rural vs. urban) that birds occupied in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kucharska
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Łukasz J Binkowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Zaguła
- Department of Bioenergy, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Dudzik
- Eagle Conservation Committee, K. Jagiellończyka 4, 10-062 Olsztyn, Poland.
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10
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Dong C, Liu J, Harvey P, Yan C. Characteristics and sources of Pb exposure via household dust from the urban area of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151984. [PMID: 34871683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Household dust has been considered as an important pathway for children's environmental Pb exposure. Shanghai was one of the first cities in China that removed Pb from petrol and has been shown in our previous study to have the lowest childhood blood Pb levels in China. This study therefore examines household dust Pb (PbHD) in Shanghai in order to determine the extent and exposure risks of PbHD. Household vacuum cleaner dust samples (n = 40) were collected and analyzed for total Pb concentration, bio-accessible Pb concentration and Pb isotopic compositions (PbIC). The mean concentration of PbHD was 195 mg/kg, which is between 7 and 10 times the Pb concentration of background soil samples from Shanghai. Among the investigated homes, those living in neighborhoods with lower average estate prices have higher dust Pb exposure risks for children. Bio-accessibility of Pb in household dust ranged between 53 and 91%, with a mean value of 71%. Analysis of PbIC of household dust samples (208Pb/206Pb: 2.1096 ± 0.0054; 207Pb/206Pb: 0.8648 ± 0.0025) are a close match to PbIC of coal combustion and solid waste incineration and fit well with those of outdoor air PbIC and urban surface soil PbIC of Shanghai. The study shows that children living in Shanghai are subject to PbHD exposure, with children living in the homes with lower average price having increased susceptibility to PbHD exposure. The data indicate that PbHD is derived primarily from contemporary coal combustion and solid waste incineration rather than common legacy Pb sources (e.g., Pb petrol and paint). Practices including closing doors and windows on days with poor air quality or high wind and preventing shoe wearing inside homes will aid in minimizing outdoor surface soil and ambient particulate intrusion indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyin Dong
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
| | - Junxia Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Paul Harvey
- Environmental Science Solutions, Sydney, Australia; Biami Scientific Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chonghuai Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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11
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Cong L, Zhou S, Niyogi D, Wu Y, Yan G, Dai L, Liu S, Zhang Z, Hu Y. Concentrations and isotopic analysis for the sources and transfer of lead in an urban atmosphere-plant-soil system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114771. [PMID: 35248929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead pollution has attracted significant attention over the years. However, research on the transfer of lead between urban atmospheric particles, soils, and plants remains rare. We measured lead concentrations and lead isotope ratios in total suspended particles (TSP), soil, and plants in an urban wetland in Beijing. The study period was September 2016-August 2017- covering all four seasons. The concentrations of lead in the atmospheric particles vary from 3.13 to 6.68 mg/m3. It is significantly higher in autumn than that in spring and summer (P < 0.05). There is also a significant difference between summer and winter (P < 0.05). The soil lead concentrations range from 57 to 114 mg/kg, with the highest concentration in spring, followed by summer, winter and autumn. The lead concentrations are 1.28-7.75 mg/kg in plants. The concentration was highest in spring and significantly higher than in summer. The bioaccumulation factor of Phragmites australis was 0.064 (<0.1), indicating that lead is not easily transferred to plants. Unlike the bioaccumulation factors, translocation factors have much higher values, indicating a higher transfer within the plants. Results also indicate an interesting seasonal pattern with almost 97% of lead in plants during spring being of atmospheric origin, whereas in autumn, soilborne sources contribute almost 94%. The isotopic compositions of lead in the urban atmosphere-soil-plant system show that lead pollution results from the mixing of geogenic and anthropogenic materials. Vehicle exhaust, crustal rocks and ore deposits are likely primary sources of lead pollution within the study domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cong
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shijun Zhou
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dev Niyogi
- Department of Agronomy and Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, And Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guoxin Yan
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liyi Dai
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Songyang Liu
- Xi 'an International Port Park City Appearance Garden and Ecological Environment Bureau, Xi'an, 610026, China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yuanhui Hu
- Department of International Cooperation and International Cooperation Project Center, National Forestry and Grass Administration, Beijing, 100714, China.
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Liu J, Ouyang Q, Wang L, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wei X, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Yuan W, Xiao T. Quantification of smelter-derived contributions to thallium contamination in river sediments: Novel insights from thallium isotope evidence. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127594. [PMID: 34763928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thallium(Tl), an extremely toxic metal, is posing great hazards to water safety through anthropogenic activities (e.g., Pb-Zn smelter) and natural weathering in riverine systems. However, the relative contribution from each source remains obscure. This study investigated enrichment pattern of Tl and its isotopic compositions in sediment profiles from a recipient river, which was continuously collecting various Tl-bearing wastes discharged from a large Pb-Zn smelter in South China. Results show that high Tl content and ultra-fine particles (~ μm) of Tl-bearing mineral assemblages, probably derived from Pb-Zn smelting wastes, were ubiquitously observed in both of the depth profiles. In addition, the sediments generally yielded intermediate ε205Tl values of -3.76 to 1.01, which resembled those found in smelting wastes. A ternary mixing model was for the first time proposed for quantifying relative Tl contributions from each possible source. The calculation suggests that the smelter wastes are the major contributors, contributing approximately 80% of Tl contamination. All these results indicate that Tl isotope can be used as powerful proxies for quantitatively identifying potential different contributors in the environment. This is of critical importance to further implementation of pollution control and remediation strategy for the riverine systems in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qi'en Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xudong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
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13
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Zhang XY, Geng LP, Gao PP, Dong JW, Zhou C, Li HB, Chen MM, Xue PY, Liu WJ. Bioimaging of Pb by LA-ICP-MS and Pb isotopic compositions reveal distributions and origins of Pb in wheat grain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149729. [PMID: 34454135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in agroecosystems has increased recently, especially in northern China, which poses serious risks to crop safety and human health via food chain. Wheat grains can accumulate high levels of Pb even when wheat is planted in soils with low levels of Pb. However, the influence of atmospheric deposition on the accumulation and distribution of Pb in wheat grain is still unclear. A field survey was conducted in three districts (A: a district with industrial and traffic pollution; B: a district with traffic pollution; and C: an unpolluted district) in Hebei Province, North China. The grain of wheat cultivated in district A accumulated more Pb from soil and atmospheric deposition than those in other districts, and the bran from district A contained 3.50 and 2.04 times more Pb than those from districts B and C, respectively. The Pb distribution pattern in wheat grain detected by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was characterized by accumulation mostly in the pericarp and seed coat rather than in the crease, embryo and endosperm. Furthermore, Pb isotopic data showed that airborne Pb was the major source (>50%) of Pb in wheat grain. Interestingly, average contributions of Pb from atmospheric deposition to white flour (78.22%) were higher than its contributions to bran (56.27%). In addition, wheat flag leaves were exposed to PbSO4 at the booting stage, and much greater Pb accumulation (0.33-0.48 mg/kg) was observed in exposed wheat grain than in the control (P < 0.05), PbSO4 constituted most (82.80-100%) of the Pb in the wheat grain. In summary, the results confirmed the efficient foliar Pb uptake and transfer from atmospheric deposition into wheat grain. It would be a new sight for understanding the contribution of airborne Pb to Pb accumulation in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Li-Ping Geng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pei-Pei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jun-Wen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology of Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pei-Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Wen-Ju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
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14
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Huang J, Wu Y, Sun J, Li X, Geng X, Zhao M, Sun T, Fan Z. Health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in park soils of the largest megacity in China by using Monte Carlo simulation coupled with Positive matrix factorization model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125629. [PMID: 33740718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban Parks are important places for residents to engage in outdoor activities, and whether heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in park soils are harmful to human health has aroused people's concern. A total of 204 topsoil samples containing nine HMs were collected from 78 urban parks of Shanghai in China, and used to assess the health risks caused by HMs in soils. The results revealed that the Hg, Cd and Pb were the main enriched pollutants and posed higher ecological risks than the other HMs. Four HM sources (including natural sources, agricultural activities, industrial production and traffic emissions) were identified by combining the Positive matrix factorization model and Correlation analysis, with the contribution rate of 48.24%, 7.03%, 13.04% and 31.69%, respectively. The assessment of Probabilistic health risks indicated that the Non-carcinogenic risks for all populations were negligible. However, the Total carcinogenic risk cannot be negligible and children were more susceptible than adults. The assessment results of source-oriented health risks showed that industrial production and traffic emissions were estimated to be the most important anthropogenic sources of health risks for all populations. Our results provide scientific support needed for the prevention and control of HM pollution in urban parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaxun Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaolei Geng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Menglu Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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15
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Zhang W, Han J, Wu H, Zhong Q, Liu W, He S, Zhang L. Diversity patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities in urban and suburban park soils of Shanghai, China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11231. [PMID: 33959419 PMCID: PMC8053383 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid expansion of urbanization leads to significant losses of soil ecological functions. Microbes directly participate in key soil processes and play crucial roles in maintaining soil functions. However, we still have a limited understanding of underlying mechanisms shaping microbial communities and the interactions among microbial taxa in park soils. METHODS In this study, the community variations of bacteria and fungi in urban and suburban park soils were investigated in Shanghai, China. Real-time PCR and high-throughput Illumina sequencing were used to examine the microbial abundance and community composition, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that soil molecular biomass and fungal abundance in urban park soils were significantly higher than those in suburban park soils, while no significant difference was observed in the bacterial abundance between urban and suburban park soils. The alpha diversity of soil microbes in urban and suburban park soils was similar to each other, except for Chao1 index of fungal communities. The results of similarity analysis (ANOSIM) revealed remarkable differences in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities between urban and suburban park soils. Specifically, park soils in urban areas were enriched with the phyla Methylomirabilota and Verrucomicrobiota, while the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota was higher in suburban park soils. Moreover, the fungal class Eurotiomycetes was also enriched in urban park soils. Compared with suburban park soils, nodes and average paths of the bacterial and fungal networks were higher in urban park soils, but the number of module hubs and connectors of the bacterial networks and negative interactions among bacterial taxa were lower. Compared with suburban park soils, Acidobacteriota bacterium and Mortierellomycota fungus played more important roles in the ecological networks of urban park soils. Soil available zinc (Zn), available nitrogen (N), pH, and total potassium (K) significantly affected fungal community composition in park soils in Shanghai. Soil available Zn was also the most important factor affecting the bacterial community composition in this study. CONCLUSION There were significant differences in the soil molecular biomass, fungal abundance, and the community composition and co-occurrence relations of both soil bacterial and fungal communities between urban and suburban park soils. Soil available Zn played an important part in shaping the structures of both the bacterial and fungal communities in park soils in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Jigang Han
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibing Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanwen He
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai, China
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16
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Wang L, Jin Y, Weiss DJ, Schleicher NJ, Wilcke W, Wu L, Guo Q, Chen J, O'Connor D, Hou D. Possible application of stable isotope compositions for the identification of metal sources in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124812. [PMID: 33340973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metals in soil are potentially harmful to humans and ecosystems. Stable isotope measurement may provide "fingerprint" information on the sources of metals. In light of the rapid progress in this emerging field, we present a state-of-the-art overview of how useful stable isotopes are in soil metal source identification. Distinct isotope signals in different sources are the key prerequisites for source apportionment. In this context, Zn and Cd isotopes are particularly helpful for the identification of combustion-related industrial sources, since high-temperature evaporation-condensation would largely fractionate the isotopes of both elements. The mass-independent fractionation of Hg isotopes during photochemical reactions allows for the identification of atmospheric sources. However, compared with traditionally used Sr and Pb isotopes for source tracking whose variations are due to the radiogenic processes, the biogeochemical low-temperature fractionation of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Tl isotopes renders much uncertainty, since large intra-source variations may overlap the distinct signatures of inter-source variations (i.e., blur the source signals). Stable isotope signatures of non-metallic elements can also aid in source identification in an indirect way. In fact, the soils are often contaminated with different elements. In this case, a combination of stable isotope analysis with mineralogical or statistical approaches would provide more accurate results. Furthermore, isotope-based source identification will also be helpful for comprehending the temporal changes of metal accumulation in soil systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dominik J Weiss
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, New York, USA
| | - Nina J Schleicher
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiubin Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Real Estate and Land Management, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, GL7 1RS, United Kingdom
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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17
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Namngam N, Xue W, Liu X, Kootattep T, Shrestha RP, Wattayakorn G, Tabucanon AS, Yu S. Sedimentary metals in developing tropical watersheds in relation to their urbanization intensities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111521. [PMID: 33120094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of seven metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and As in the surface sediments from three major tributaries of a tropical urbanizing river network (i.e., Chao Phraya River, Thachin River, and Pasak River) was investigated. An obvious metal concentration gradient in response to the intensity of urbanization was found at inter-watershed and intra-watershed scales. Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) exceedances of several metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and high ecological risk were primarily identified at the down streams of Chao Phraya and Thachin watersheds, where the social-economic center of the country with intensive industries is located. Stepwise multiple linear regression revealed significant correlations between studied metals and catchment land use pattern (with p < 0.0001 except for Ni and Cr). Particularly, urban land use showed remarkable effect on sedimentary Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn loads with high coefficients over 0.65. The results of cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated the dominated urban/industrial sources for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, mixed natural and industrial sources for Cr and Ni, and diffuse sources for Hg and As in the watersheds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchaya Namngam
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wenchao Xue
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Xun Liu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Thammarat Kootattep
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rajendra P Shrestha
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Gullaya Wattayakorn
- Graduate School-Interdisciplinary Program in Maritime Administration, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Shen Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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18
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Anthropogenic Pb contribution in soils of Southeast China estimated by Pb isotopic ratios. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22232. [PMID: 33335247 PMCID: PMC7747601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopic ratios were used to identify the source of Lead (Pb) contamination in rural soils from Southeast China. Enrichment of Pb in surface soils was detected from three sampling locations, with the 206Pb/207Pb ratio indicating recent anthropogenic input. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio from deeper soil profiles reflected the ratio from parent basalt. Mass fractions of anthropogenic-derived Pb for soil samples in the upper profiles was as high as 50%, implying that surface soils in the current study were impacted by anthropogenic activity. The 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios were similar to anthropogenic sources including the combustion of coal, which has been common practice in the region for 2500 years. Considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area and the rural location of soils, anthropogenic Pb source from coal burning was considered to be the main cause of lead pollution.
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19
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Bi X, Zhang M, Wu Y, Fu Z, Sun G, Shang L, Li Z, Wang P. Distribution patterns and sources of heavy metals in soils from an industry undeveloped city in Southern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111115. [PMID: 32836154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accumulations of heavy metals in urban soils are derived from natural parent materials and complex anthropogenic emission sources. This paper investigated metal contamination in urban soils at an industry undeveloped city (Haikou) in southern China, an ideal place to quantitatively assess the contribution of metals from different sources. The concentrations of most heavy metals in the urban soils of Haikou were much lower than their guideline values and that of those from other big cities in China. In contrast, the chemical speciation of metals in this study was similar to those from other cities. The spatial distributions of heavy metals and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that basaltic parent materials, traffic emissions, and coal combustion were the main factors controlling the distribution of metals in the soils. The Pb isotope signatures of the Haikou soils were greatly different from those of the Beijing and Shanghai soils, but similar to those of the Guangzhou soils, suggesting the common sources of Pb in southern China cities. The results of ternary mixing model of Pb isotopes showed that the contributions of Pb from natural background, coal combustion and traffic emission sources were 5.3-82.4% (mean: 39.7 ± 21.1%), 0-85.7% (mean: 25.5 ± 24.6%), and 1.9-64% (mean: 34.8 ± 22.9%), respectively. This suggests that traffic emission is still the most important anthropogenic source of Pb in Haikou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Bi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Mohai Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunjie Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Zhongbiao Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lihai Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Zhonggen Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Pengcong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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20
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Kelepertzis E, Argyraki A, Chrastný V, Botsou F, Skordas K, Komárek M, Fouskas A. Metal(loid) and isotopic tracing of Pb in soils, road and house dusts from the industrial area of Volos (central Greece). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138300. [PMID: 32302831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the metal(loid) contents (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) and Pb isotopes in different environmental compartments (soil, road dust, house dust) from the industrial vicinity of Volos, central Greece. The area surrounding two steel factories, a cement plant, an industrial area and the city core were considered as potential hot spots of metal(loid) contamination. Significant anthropogenic enrichments of Cd, Pb and Zn in relation to local baseline were identified for the soil (median Enrichment Factors of 7, 15 and 8, respectively) and road dusts around the steel factory located at Velestino area. The high contents of As, Sb and Tl in the soil and road dust around the cement plant are attributed to natural sources of contamination associated with adjacent mineralization. The soil samples in the city core exhibited moderate enrichments with respect to typical tracers (Pb, Zn) of anthropogenic contamination in urban areas. Anthropogenic influences in terms of metal(loid) concentrations were more pronounced for the road and house dust material. The Pb isotopic ratios of soil (206Pb/207Pb = 1.154 to 1.194), road dust (206Pb/207Pb = 1.144 to 1.174) and house dust (206Pb/207Pb = 1.129 to 1.171) were between those of the local bedrock and anthropogenic Pb sources. Industrial Pb from the steel plant was the predominant anthropogenic Pb source with relative contributions of ~49% for the soil, ~42% for the road dust and ~44% for the house dust samples. For the road and house dust material, the geochemical signature obtained from Pb isotopic compositions and elemental ratios suggests additional contributors from vehicular emissions. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of soil to trace natural and anthropogenic impacts in industrial areas and the sensitivity of the road and house dust material to record anthropogenic (industrial and vehicular-derived) contamination in such environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kelepertzis
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ariadne Argyraki
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Vladislav Chrastný
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Fotini Botsou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Skordas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aggelos Fouskas
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece
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21
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Deng W, Liu W, Wen Y, Li X. A new inverse distance model to calculate the percentage contribution of various Pb sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109475. [PMID: 32272290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) isotopic composition analysis is a useful tool to accurately identify the origin of Pb in environmental media. The existing calculation method of the contribution of Pb sources from Pb isotope ratios greatly restricted the development of Pb contamination source apportionment. In the present study, a new distance model for calculating the mass proportion of Pb sources, which is based on the distance between the samples and the possible Pb sources in the Pb isotope ratios plot, was presented. The inverse distance model was applied to calculate the contribution proportion of two Pb sources in three previous studies. The average absolute differences between the proportions calculated by the conventional binary mixing equation and the inverse distance model were 0.21%, 1% and 1.9%, respectively, indicating that the new model agreeably calculated the contribution of two Pb sources. The anthropogenic sources proportion (52%) calculated by the inverse distance model of three Pb sources to park soil Pb in Shanghai was comparable to the result that was calculated by the conventional ternary mixing equation (53%), which showed the validity of the new model in calculating the contribution proportion of three Pb sources. Rational results were obtained by the inverse distance model in calculating the contribution of four Pb sources, illustrating that the new model has potential use in calculating the apportionment of four or more Pb sources. These results suggest that the inverse distance model is a simple and efficient approach for calculating the contribution proportion of various Pb contamination sources, and provides a prospective in the study of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Deng
- Institute of the Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Institute of the Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China.
| | - Yongli Wen
- Institute of the Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xuxiang Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710047, PR China
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22
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Othman M, Latif MT. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessments of urban road dust in Kuala Lumpur City. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11227-11245. [PMID: 31956949 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dust contains anthropogenic components at toxic concentrations which can be hazardous to human health. A total of 36 road dust samples from five different urban areas, a commercial (CM), a high traffic (HT), a park (GR), a rail station (LRT), and a residential area (RD), were collected in Kuala Lumpur City followed by investigation into compositions, sources, and human health risks. The concentrations of trace metals in road dust and the bioaccessible fraction were determined using inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) while ion concentrations were determined using ion chromatography (IC). The trace metal concentrations were dominated by Fe and Al with contributions of 53% and 21% to the total trace metal and ion concentrations in road dust. Another dominant metal was Zn while the dominant ion was Ca2+ with average concentrations of 314 ± 190 μg g-1 and 3470 ± 1693 μg g-1, respectively. The most bioaccessible fraction was Zn followed by the sequence Sr > Cd > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Mn > As > V > Pb > Fe > Al > U. The results revealed that the highest trace metal and ion concentrations in road dust and in the bioaccessible fraction were found at the LRT area. Based on the source apportionment analysis, the major source of road dust was vehicle emissions/traffic activity (47%), and for the bioaccessible fraction, the major source was soil dust (50%). For the health risk assessments, hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) values for each element were < 1 and in the tolerable range (1.0E-06 to 1.0E-04), except for As for the ingestion pathway. This result suggests a low risk from non-carcinogenic and probable risk from carcinogenic elements, with higher health risks for children compared to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murnira Othman
- Centre for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Centre for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Fan J, Dai W, Wang Y, Zhang B, Fang J, Lou L, Lin Q. Seasonal disparities in airborne lead (Pb) and associated foliar uptake by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): A Pb isotopic approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134734. [PMID: 31780143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Foliar uptake of airborne lead (Pb) may be particularly important for Pb accumulation in plant organs. However, the aerosol bioconcentration factor (BCF) in different seasons has seldom been reported. In the present study, we collected ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and size-segregated aerosols (SSA) during the corresponding growing seasons, and analyzed these for both Pb concentrations and isotopic ratios. Airborne Pb showed a seasonally varying concentration that was approximately 20% higher in winter than in spring. The bioavailability index, however, was higher in spring. Coupling the stable isotope technique with the bioavailable Pb of aerosol was more reliable in identifying airborne Pb accumulation in leaves than the total determination, suggesting that the hydrophilic absorption pathway was probably dominant for the foliar uptake of Pb in ryegrass. Contributions of airborne Pb accumulation were 88%-92% for washed ryegrass growing outdoors, indicating that the foliar uptake of Pb in the field was mainly from atmospheric deposition. The aerosol BCF of Pb for ryegrass was 6.4-11.4 m3/g in winter and 22.9-31.5 m3/g in spring. The increased aerosol BCF in spring was due to the suitable temperature, abundant rainfall, and increased Pb solubility of the aerosol. Therefore, our results indicate that, for the foliar uptake of Pb, both the aerosol Pb concentration, composition, and seasonal influence should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, China.
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24
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Chen L, Zhou S, Wu S, Wang C, He D. Concentration, fluxes, risks, and sources of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition in the Lihe River watershed, Taihu region, eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113301. [PMID: 31600708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated ecological and human-health risks associated with heavy-metal pollution arising from deposition in the Lihe River region of eastern China. Ecological risk assessment was based on the geoaccumulation index and health risk using a US Environmental Protection Agency health risk assessment model. Pollution source contributions were assessed through enrichment factors, positive matrix factor analysis, and Pb isotopic analyses. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn measured in deposited particulates were 8.842, 79.92, 150.3, 46.86, 231.7 and 1920 mg kg-1, respectively. Deposition fluxes of these six heavy metals were 0.6, 6.0, 10.9, 3.3, 16.4, and 157 mg m-2 a-1, respectively. The order of ecological risk was Cd > Zn ≈ Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr. Ingestion is the main pathway of human exposure, however hazard quotient and hazard index values of the heavy metals studied were <1, indicating little or minimal risk to human health. The contributions to atmospheric deposition of coal-fired industries were Cd 82.4%, Cu 51.9%, Ni 51.2%, and Pb 68.3%. Zn was derived mainly from vehicular emissions (75.7%), and Cr concentrations (66.3%) were controlled mainly by natural sources. The qualitative and quantitative methods employed here resulted in improved accuracy of source apportionment. The results provide insights into the management of heavy-metal pollution in atmospheric deposition and serve as a reference for other regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Di He
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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25
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Comprehensive Evaluation and Source Apportionment of Potential Toxic Elements in Soils and Sediments of Guishui River, Beijing. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentrations and spatial distributions, ecological risks, and potential pollution sources of potential toxic elements (PTEs) in the soils and sediments collected from the Guishui River (GSR) in Beijing, China. Multiple methods for pollution assessment and source identification of PTEs in the sediments/soils were used, including analysis of the physicochemical properties, Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (RI), Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and Pb isotopic ratio analysis. The results showed that PTE concentrations in the sediments/soils were similar to the soil background values (BV) of Beijing, except for Cd. Maximum Cd concentrations in soils were far below the guideline of the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils in China. PTE concentrations in the soils were slightly higher than those in the sediments. Upstream to downstream of GSR, PTEs concentrations in the soils and sediments remained stable. Pollution assessment based on Igeo and RI indicated that Cd was the main contaminant with moderate pollution levels. PCA results showed that Cd originated from anthropogenic sources, mainly including pesticide and fertilizer residues, while other metals mainly originated from natural sources. Further source identification using Pb isotopic ratios and PCA indicated that Cu, Pb, and Zn in GSR originated from anthropogenic sources (aerosols and coal combustion) and atmospheric deposition was considered as the primary input pathway.
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26
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Kormoker T, Proshad R, Islam S, Ahmed S, Chandra K, Uddin M, Rahman M. Toxic metals in agricultural soils near the industrial areas of Bangladesh: ecological and human health risk assessment. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1650777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapos Kormoker
- Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh
| | - Ram Proshad
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Saad Ahmed
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh
| | - Krishno Chandra
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Minhaz Uddin
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzur Rahman
- Faculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh
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27
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Li Y, Zhang H, Shao L, Zhou X, He P. Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 82:47-56. [PMID: 31133269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals (HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs (antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead (Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead, antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750-1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration (which had been operated for more than 14 years) to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area (≤1500 m).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing Urban-Rural Development, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing Urban-Rural Development, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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28
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Nazarpour A, Watts MJ, Madhani A, Elahi S. Source, Spatial Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Pb, Isotopes in urban soils of Ahvaz City, a semi-arid metropolis in southwest Iran. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5349. [PMID: 30926876 PMCID: PMC6441049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the status of toxic metal contamination of the urban industrial city of Ahvaz in Iran. Two hundred and twenty-seven surface soils from a depth horizon of 0–10 cm were collected from urban areas. In addition, 15 soil samples were collected to recognise the sources of Pb in urban topsoils in Ahvaz city. Mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu and As were 181 ± 167, 123 ± 118, 185 ± 167 and 6.9 ± 8.9 mg.kg−1, respectively. Results of inter-element relationship among studied toxic metals revealed that Pb, Zn and Cu may have the same anthropogenic origin, whilst As originated from different sources. The results of pollution index (PI) and Nemerow pollution index (NPI) implied that Pb, Zn, and Cu had a moderate to high level of pollution. The Pb isotopic composition analysis suggested clear anthropogenic origins of Pb including industrial emission, vehicle exhaust and dust storm with the mean contributions of 47%, 15% and 7%, respectively, by a four-end member model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Nazarpour
- Department of Geology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey Keyworth, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ayoub Madhani
- Department of civil engineering, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Elahi
- Department of Chemistry, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad university, Abadan, Iran
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29
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Bernardino CAR, Mahler CF, Santelli RE, Freire AS, Braz BF, Novo LAB. Metal accumulation in roadside soils of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: impact of traffic volume, road age, and urbanization level. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:156. [PMID: 30747380 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related metal emissions have become a global concern due to their deposition in roadside soils and potential hazardous effects. This study evaluates metal levels in soils adjoining four highways of Rio de Janeiro (Linha Vermelha, Via Dutra, BR-465, and Avenida Brasil), chosen for their diverse traffic volumes, age, and urban/rural settings. In addition to soil physicochemical properties, 11 elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn) were assessed on samples collected at different distances from the road (1, 3, 5, 10, 15 m) and soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm). Moreover, the geoaccumulation index was also computed to infer the soil contamination extent. The results indicate that soil metal levels at each highway are highly dependent on factors like traffic volume, distance to road, other anthropogenic sources of pollution, and their rural or urban location. The highways with greater traffic volume, Linha Vermelha and Avenida Brasil (154,000 and 126,000 vehicles day-1, respectively), clearly presented the highest soil metal concentrations. Still, as stressed by the principal component analysis, traffic volume alone fails to explain the distribution of metals in soils neighboring these highways. Thus, factors like their urban setting and larger exposure to anthropogenic activities may play a pivotal role. On the other hand, soils from Via Dutra and BR-465, both on a rural backdrop, were mostly influenced by traffic as their metal levels decreased with increasing distances from the road. Comparison with reference and preventive values for Brazilian soils and the assessment of the geoaccumulation index have shown that concentrations of Pb and V have reached concerning thresholds at Linha Vermelha and Avenida Brasil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano A R Bernardino
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio F Mahler
- Department of Civil Engineering, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Santelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline S Freire
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo F Braz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís A B Novo
- GeoBioTec Research Center, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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30
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Gao L, Li S, Wang Z, Liang Z, Chen J, Liang B. Contamination, potential mobility, and origins of lead in sediment cores from the Shima River, south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1128-1136. [PMID: 30098539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying contamination sources of environmental media and revealing their changing trends over time is useful for regional contamination control and environmental improvements. Four sediment cores (S1-S4) were collected from the Shima River to determine lead (Pb) concentrations, geochemical fractions and isotopic compositions, as well as the geochronology of core S3. The results show that Pb concentrations decreased from the upper and middle reach sites (means: 57.6, 95.9, and 97.6 mg kg-1, respectively) to the lower reach site (43.8 mg kg-1), resulting in a minimal to moderate enrichment in the sediments; enrichment increased due to anthropogenic Pb inputs at the river middle reach site since the 1990s. Sediment Pb in the geochemical fractions followed a decreasing order of reducible (47.3%) > residual (37.8%) > oxidizable (11.2%) > acid-soluble fraction (3.68%), exhibiting high mobility, further verifying the anthropogenic inputs. A descending trend in the 206Pb/207Pb ratio of the top sediments was the result of anthropogenic activities. In the present study, coal combustion, which was the major anthropogenic Pb source determined by its isotopic composition, contributed significantly (means: 18.4-60.6%) to sediment Pb based on a three end-members model. Less of a contribution (0-10.6%) was derived from vehicle exhaust. The increasing trend in the coal contribution was in accordance with that of the coal consumption in the study area. These results suggest that Pb contamination resulting from coal combustion has grown to become a major environmental issue in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaoheng Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Bin Liang
- Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, 100029, China
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31
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Yan G, Mao L, Liu S, Mao Y, Ye H, Huang T, Li F, Chen L. Enrichment and sources of trace metals in roadside soils in Shanghai, China: A case study of two urban/rural roads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:942-950. [PMID: 29728005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The road traffic has become one of the main sources of urban pollution and could directly affect roadside soils. To understand the level of contamination and potential sources of trace metals in roadside soils of Shanghai, 10 trace metals (Sb, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Mn and Zn) from two urban/rural roads (Hutai Road and Wunign-Caoan Road) were analyzed in this study. Antimony, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn concentrations were higher than that of soil background values of Shanghai, whereas accumulation of Cr, Co and Mn were minimal. Significantly higher Sb, Cd, Pb contents were found in samples from urban areas than those from suburban area, suggesting the impact from urbanization. The concentrations of Sb and Cd in older road (Hutai) were higher than that in younger road (Wunign-Caoan). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that Sb, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were mainly controlled by traffic activities (e.g. brake wear, tire wear, automobile exhaust) with high contamination levels found near traffic-intensive areas; Cr, Co, Ni and Mn derived primarily from soil parent materials; Hg was related to industrial activities. Besides, the enrichment of Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn showed a decreasing trend with distance to the road edges. According to the enrichment factors (EFs), 78.5% of Sb, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were in moderate or significant pollution, indicating considerable traffic contribution. In particular, recently introduced in automotive technology, accumulation of Sb has been recognized in 42.9% samples of both roads. The accumulation of these traffic-derived metals causes potential negative impact to human health and ecological environment and should be concerned, especially the emerging trace elements like Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Yan
- State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lingchen Mao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China.
| | - Shuoxun Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yu Mao
- State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Ye
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Tianshu Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Feipeng Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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32
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Chen L, Zhou S, Wu S, Wang C, Li B, Li Y, Wang J. Combining emission inventory and isotope ratio analyses for quantitative source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:140-147. [PMID: 29655106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two quantitative methods (emission inventory and isotope ratio analysis) were combined to apportion source contributions of heavy metals entering agricultural soils in the Lihe River watershed (Taihu region, east China). Source apportionment based on the emission inventory method indicated that for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, the mean percentage input from atmospheric deposition was highest (62-85%), followed by irrigation (12-27%) and fertilization (1-14%). Thus, the heavy metals were derived mainly from industrial activities and traffic emissions. For Ni the combined percentage input from irrigation and fertilization was approximately 20% higher than that from atmospheric deposition, indicating that Ni was mainly derived from agricultural activities. Based on isotope ratio analysis, atmospheric deposition accounted for 57-93% of Pb entering soil, with the mean value of 69.3%, which indicates that this was the major source of Pb entering soil in the study area. The mean contributions of irrigation and fertilization to Pb pollution of soil ranged from 0% to 10%, indicating that they played only a marginally important role. Overall, the results obtained using the two methods were similar. This study provides a reliable approach for source apportionment of heavy metals entering agricultural soils in the study area, and clearly have potential application for future studies in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Chunhui Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Junxiao Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Iwegbue CMA, Martincigh BS. Ecological and human health risks arising from exposure to metals in urban soils under different land use in Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12373-12390. [PMID: 29460241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of eight metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) were measured in soils under different land use in an urban environment of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. The aim was to provide information on the potential ecological and human health risks associated with human exposure to metals in these soils. The potential ecological risk due to metals in soils of these land use types falls in the range of low to moderate ecological risk with a significant contribution from Cd. The severity of the individual metals to ecological risk in these land use types followed the order Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Mn. The non-carcinogenic risk, expressed in terms of the hazard index (HI), arising through exposure to metals through oral, dermal and inhalation pathways, was greater than 1 for children in the majority of the land use types and less than 1 for adults for all land use types. This indicated that there are considerable non-cancer risks arising from childhood exposure to metals in soils of these land use types. The cancer risk values were within acceptable threshold values indicating a negligible cancer risk for both children and adults exposed to metals in these urban soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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34
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Spatial Characteristics, Health Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils from Central China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Li Y, Zhang H, Shao LM, He PJ. Tracing source and migration of Pb during waste incineration using stable Pb isotopes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:28-34. [PMID: 28033495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emission of Pb is a significant environmental concern during solid waste incineration. To target Pb emission control strategies effectively, the major sources of Pb in the waste incineration byproducts must be traced and quantified. However, identifying the migration of Pb in each waste component is difficult because of the heterogeneity of the waste. This study used a laboratory-scale incinerator to simulate the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW). The Pb isotope ratios of the major waste components (207Pb/206Pb=0.8550-0.8627 and 208Pb/206Pb=2.0957-2.1131) and their incineration byproducts were measured to trace sources and quantify the Pb contribution of each component to incineration byproducts. As the proportions of food waste (FW), newspaper (NP), and polyethylene bag (PE) in the artificial MSW changed, the contribution ratios of FW and PE to Pb in fly ash changed accordingly, ranging from 31.2% to 50.6% and from 35.0% to 41.8%, respectively. The replacement of PE by PVC significantly increased the partitioning and migration ratio of Pb. The use of Pb isotope ratios as a quantitative tool for tracing Pb from raw waste to incineration byproducts is a feasible means for improving Pb pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Research and Training Center on Rural Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Research and Training Center on Rural Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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36
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Kumar SB, Padhi RK, Mohanty AK, Satpathy KK. Elemental distribution and trace metal contamination in the surface sediment of south east coast of India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:1164-1170. [PMID: 28341153 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of trace metals in the surface sediment of south east coast of India covering eight different ecosystems was studied. The concentration of major elements viz. Ca, Mg, K, Ti and trace metals viz. Cr, Mn, Co, Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. Contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, probable effect level, enrichment factor and pollution load index were calculated to evaluate the pollution status. Except cadmium, CF values for all the metals ranged between 1≤CF≤3 indicating moderate metal contaminations along the coast. Mean PEL quotient (Qm-PEL) indicated toxicity probability to be below 21%. Fe, Cu, Zn and Co showed significant positive correlation (p<0.01) with clay. Chromium was the only metal that demonstrated strong negative correlation with clay (p<0.01) and positive correlation (p<0.01) with sand content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barath Kumar
- Environment & Safety Division, HSEG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603 102, India
| | - R K Padhi
- Environment & Safety Division, HSEG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603 102, India
| | - A K Mohanty
- Environment & Safety Division, HSEG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603 102, India
| | - K K Satpathy
- Environment & Safety Division, HSEG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603 102, India.
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37
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Marinho Reis AP, Shepherd T, Nowell G, Cachada A, Duarte AC, Cave M, Wragg J, Patinha C, Dias A, Rocha F, da Silva EF, Sousa AJ, Prazeres C, Batista MJ. Source and pathway analysis of lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lisbon urban soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:324-336. [PMID: 27570200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One hundred soil samples were collected from urban spaces, in Lisbon, Portugal, in two surveys that were carried out in consecutive years, to assess the potential adverse human health effects following exposure to potentially toxic elements and organic compounds in the urban soils. The study hereby described follows on from the earlier work of the authors and aims at performing a source-pathway-fate analysis of lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban soils in order to increase current knowledge on factors influencing exposure of the population. Various techniques were combined to achieve the proposed goal. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources were apportioned by means of Pb isotope mixing models. Isotope data was further coupled with geographic information system mapping to assess local mixed sources of Pb and PAHs. Unleaded vehicle exhaust and cement production show the largest relative contribution to the total soil-Pb, but their respective importance depends on factors such as location and urban landscape. The primary sources of PAHs to the urban soils are probably air and land traffic. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate which soil properties could influence mobility and fate of the contaminants. Whilst principal components analysis indicates carbonates and other calcium phases as probable factors controlling the dispersion of Pb in the urban soils, the linear models obtained from stepwise multiple regression analysis show that soil phosphorous (P) and manganese (Mn) are good predictors of the total soil Pb content. No robust model was obtained for the PAHs, impeding identifying environmental factors most likely to influence their dispersion in the urban soils. The solid-phase distribution study provided critical information to untangle the, at a first glance, contradictory results obtained by the multivariate analysis. Carbonates and other calcium phases, having these a probable anthropogenic origin, are soil components containing major fractions of Pb, P, and Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Paula Marinho Reis
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Thomas Shepherd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, CESAM, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, CESAM, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cachada
- Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando Costa Duarte
- Departmento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Patinha
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Dias
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira da Silva
- GEOBIOTEC, Departmento de Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Cátia Prazeres
- LNEG, Estrada da Portela, Zambujal, 2720-866 Amadora, Portugal
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Yuan K, Lee SS, De Andrade V, Sturchio NC, Fenter P. Replacement of Calcite (CaCO 3) by Cerussite (PbCO 3). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12984-12991. [PMID: 27767299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of toxic elements, such as lead (Pb) can be attenuated by adsorption, incorporation, and precipitation on carbonate minerals in subsurface environments. Here, we report a study of the bulk transformation of single-crystal calcite (CaCO3) into polycrystalline cerussite (PbCO3) through reaction with acidic Pb-bearing solutions. This reaction began with the growth of a cerussite shell on top of calcite surfaces followed by the replacement of the remaining calcite core. The external shape of the original calcite was preserved by a balance between calcite dissolution and cerussite growth controlled by adjusting the Pb2+ concentration and pH. The relation between the rounded calcite core and the surrounding lath-shaped cerussite aggregates was imaged by transmission X-ray microscopy, which revealed preferentially elongated cerussite crystals parallel to the surface and edge directions of calcite. The replacement reaction involved concurrent development of ∼100 nm wide pores parallel to calcite c-glide or (12̅0) planes, which may have provided permeability for chemical exchange during the reaction. X-ray reflectivity measurements showed no clear epitaxial relation of cerussite to the calcite (104) surface. These results demonstrate Pb sequestration through mineral replacement reactions and the critical role of nanoporosity (3% by volume) on the solid phase transformation through a dissolution-recrystallization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Lin C, Yu R, Hu G, Yang Q, Wang X. Contamination and isotopic composition of Pb and Sr in offshore surface sediments from Jiulong River, Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:644-650. [PMID: 27481643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and isotopic compositions of Pb and Sr in the surface sediment samples from Jiulong River, Southeast China, were determined to trace the sources of Pb and Sr. The average concentrations of Pb and Sr were 110.9 mg/kg and 69.2 mg/kg, approximately 3.2 and 2.0 times of the local soil background values, respectively. Average 62.9% of total Pb and 36.8% of total Sr in the investigated surface sediment samples were extracted by 0.5 mol/L HNO3. Pb and Sr presented slight contamination, and Pb showed low ecological risk for most of surface sediment samples in Jiulong River according to geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI). The results of Pb isotopic compositions in sediment samples and potential sources showed that the Pb accumulated in the surface sediments of Jiulong River was mainly from parent material, coal combustion and Fujian Pb-Zn deposit, with the contribution rates of 34.4%, 34.0%, and 31.6%, respectively. The results of Pb isotopic compositions in 0.5 mol/L HNO3-extraction suggested that dilute HNO3-extraction was more sensitive in identifying anthropogenic Pb sources than total digestion. The results of Sr isotopic compositions showed that Sr accumulated in the surface sediments of Jiulong River estuary mainly derived from external source and natural source (parent material) with the contribution rates of 48.1% and 51.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ruilian Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Gongren Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Analytical Laboratory of Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing, 100029, China
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40
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Deng W, Li X, An Z, Yang L. Lead Contamination and Source Characterization in Soils Around a Lead-Zinc Smelting Plant in a Near-Urban Environment in Baoji, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:500-508. [PMID: 27663602 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Economic reforms in China since 1978 have promoted nationwide socioeconomic advancement but led to a considerable amount of environmental pollution. The distribution and sources of Pb in a typical peri-urban industrial part of Baoji, China, were assessed by determining the Pb contents and isotopic compositions in 52 topsoil samples from the study area. The topsoil samples were polluted averagely with 40.88 mg Pb kg-1, was 1.86 times higher than the Pb content of local background soil (22.04 mg kg-1). Pb isotopic compositions were determined by analyzing samples prepared using total digestion and acid extraction methods. Radiogenic isotopes contributed more to the Pb concentrations in the acid extracts than in the total digests. This was shown by the 207/206Pb and 208/206Pb ratios, which were 0.845-0.88 and 2.088-2.128, respectively, in the acid extracts and 0.841-0.875 and 2.086-2.125, respectively, in the total digests. This indicates that anthropogenic sources of Pb could be identified more sensitively in acid extracts than in total digests. The Pb isotope ratios showed that burning coal and smelting ore are the predominant anthropogenic sources of Pb in the study area, i.e., a lead-zinc smelter and a coking plant are major sources of Pb in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Deng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuxiang Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhisheng An
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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41
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Hosono T, Alvarez K, Kuwae M. Lead isotope ratios in six lake sediment cores from Japan Archipelago: Historical record of trans-boundary pollution sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 559:24-37. [PMID: 27058126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from six lakes situated from north to south on the Japanese Archipelago were collected during 2009-2010 to investigate the hypothesis that deposition of lead (Pb) was coming from East Asia (including China, South Korea and eastern part of Russia). Accumulation rates and ages of the lake sediment were estimated by the (210)Pb constant rate of supply model and (137)Cs inputs to reconstruct the historical trends of Pb accumulation. Cores from four lakes located in the north and central Japan, showed clear evidence of Pb pollution with a change in the (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb ratios in the recent sediment as compared to the deeper sediment. Among the six studied lakes, significant inputs of anthropogenic lead emissions were observed at Lake Mikazuki (north Hokkaido in north Japan), Lake Chokai (north of Honshu), and Lake Mikuriga (central part of Honshu). Pb isotopic comparison of collected core sediment and previously reported data for wet precipitation and aerosols from different Asian regions indicate that, before 1900, Pb accumulated in these three lakes was not affected by trans-boundary sources. Lake Mikazuki started to receive Pb emissions from Russia in early 1900s, and during the last two decades, this lake has been affected by trans-boundary Pb pollution from northern China. Lake Chokai has received Pb pollutant from northern China since early 1900s until 2009, whereas for the Lake Mikuriga the major Pb contaminant was transported from southern China during the past 100years. The results of our study demonstrate that Japan Archipelago has received trans-boundary Pb emissions from different parts of East Asian region depending on location, and the major source region has changed historically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hosono
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Kelly Alvarez
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Senior Research Fellow Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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42
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Wang J, Li S, Cui X, Li H, Qian X, Wang C, Sun Y. Bioaccessibility, sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing, Southeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:161-70. [PMID: 26938154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn total concentrations and bioaccessibilities in 15 urban park dust samples were determined. The oral bioaccessibility measured by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) decreased in the order of Pb>Cd>Zn>Mn>Cu>Co>V>Ni>As>Cr. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) were calculated to evaluate the pollution extent to which the samples were contaminated. Sources were identified using principal component analysis and Pb isotope compositions. Most elements except Co and V were considered to mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to humans through urban park dust exposure were assessed using the oral bioaccessibilities of the elements. Ingestion was the main pathway for non-carcinogenic risk. The hazard quotients were below the safe level (=1) for all elements, however, Pb (0.154) and As (0.184) posed potential higher risks to children than adults. The carcinogenic effects occurring were below the acceptable level (10(-4)) for As and <10(-6) for Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nangjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nangjing 210044, PR China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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43
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Kelepertzis E, Komárek M, Argyraki A, Šillerová H. Metal(loid) distribution and Pb isotopic signatures in the urban environment of Athens, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:420-431. [PMID: 26946177 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead concentrations and isotopic compositions of contaminated urban soils and house dusts from Athens, Greece, have been determined to identify possible sources of Pb contamination and examine relationships between these two environmental media. Different soil particle sizes (<2000 μm, <200 μm, <100 μm, <70 μm, <32 μm) and chemical fractions (total, EDTA-extractable and acetic acid-extractable (HAc)) were analyzed for their Pb content and isotopic composition. Metal(loid)s (Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe) are significantly enriched in the finest fraction. The Pb isotopic compositions were similar for the different soil particle size fractions and different chemical extractions. The HAc extraction proved to be a useful procedure for tracing anthropogenic Pb in urban soil. The range of (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios (1.140-1.180) in Athens soil suggests that the Pb content represents an accumulated mixture of Pb deposited from past vehicular emissions and local natural sources. The contribution of anthropogenic Pb to total soil Pb ranged from 36% to 95%. The Pb isotopic composition of vacuum house dusts ((206)Pb/(207)Pb = 1.1.38-1.167) from Athens residents is mostly comparable to that of urban soil suggesting that exterior soil particles are transferred into homes. As a result, anthropogenic Pb in house dust from Athens urban environment principally originated from soil particles containing Pb from automobile emissions (former use of leaded gasoline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kelepertzis
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ariadne Argyraki
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Hana Šillerová
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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44
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Li HB, Zhao D, Li J, Li SW, Wang N, Juhasz AL, Zhu YG, Ma LQ. Using the SBRC Assay to Predict Lead Relative Bioavailability in Urban Soils: Contaminant Source and Correlation Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4989-4996. [PMID: 27093348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using in vitro bioaccessibility assays to predict Pb relative bioavailability (RBA) in contaminated soils has been demonstrated, however, limited research was performed on urban soils having lower Pb levels. In this study, 162 soils from urban parks in 27 capital cities in China were measured for Pb bioaccessibility using the SBRC assay, with Pb-RBA in 38 subsamples being measured using a mouse-kidney assay. Total Pb concentrations in soils were 9.3-1198 mg kg(-1), with 92% of the soils having Pb concentrations <100 mg kg(-1). Lead bioaccessibility in soils was 20-94%, increasing with Pb concentration up to 100 mg kg(-1) (r = 0.44), however, limited variability in Pb bioaccessibility (60-80%) was observed for soils with Pb > 100 mg kg(-1). On the basis of a stable isotope fingerprinting technique, coal combustion ash was identified as the major Pb source, contributing to the increased Pb bioaccessibility with increasing soil Pb concentration. Lead-RBA in soils was 17-87%, showing a strong linear correlation with Pb bioaccessibility (r(2) = 0.61), with cross validation of the correlation based on random subsampling and leave-one-out approaches yielding low prediction errors. On the basis of the large sample size of 38 soils, this study demonstrated that the Pb-RBA predictive capability of the SBRC assay can be extended from mining/smelting impacted soils to urban soils with lower Pb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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45
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Ma J, Liu Y, Yu G, Li H, Yu S, Jiang Y, Li G, Lin J. Temporal dynamics of urbanization-driven environmental changes explored by metal contamination in surface sediments in a restoring urban wetland park. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 309:228-235. [PMID: 26896720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterns of metal distribution along urban-rural or multi-city gradients indicate that the urbanization process directly lead to metal enrichment and contamination in the environments. However, it has not yet looked at homogenization dynamics of an urban-rural gradient pattern over time with urbanization process in an area. This study monitored anthropogenic metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments from channels of a newly-opened National Wetland Park to elucidate the urbanization-driven dissolution of urban-rural gradient pattern between 2008 and 2011. Sixty-eight surface sediment samples were taken from these channels in July of both 2008 and 2011. Results showed that a spatial distribution pattern of total metal contents along the gradient of urbanization influence, evident in 2008, was homogenized in 2011 with the area development. The lead stable isotope ratio analysis identified anthropogenic Pb origins from vehicular exhausts, cements, and coal flying ashes, which elevated metal contents in the inner channels via atmospheric deposition. Specific hazard quotients of the metal contamination in surface sediment were also assessed and enhanced over time in the study wetland park. These findings suggest that emissions from traffic, construction, and energy generation contribute metal loadings in the urbanizing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guangbin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yueping Jiang
- The Management Committee of the National Xixi Wetland Park, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinchang Lin
- The Management Committee of the National Xixi Wetland Park, Hangzhou 310013, China
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46
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Yu R, Zhang W, Hu G, Lin C, Yang Q. Heavy metal pollution and Pb isotopic tracing in the intertidal surface sediments of Quanzhou Bay, southeast coast of China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:416-421. [PMID: 26849914 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 16 heavy metals and Pb isotopic ratios in the intertidal surface sediments of Quanzhou Bay were determined to study the pollution level of heavy metals and the sources of Pb. The results showed that most concentrations of Cd, Sn, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Cs, Fe and V were higher than the background values, while most concentrations of Ti, Sb and Sr were lower than the background values. The mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd exceeded the first-grade criteria of Chinese marine sediment quality. The geo-accumulation indexes revealed that the sediments had been polluted by some heavy metals. The results of Pb isotopic tracing indicated that the total Pb in the sediments were mainly from parent material, industrial emission and vehicle exhaust with the mean contributions of 38.2%, 51.3% and 10.5%, respectively, calculated by a three-end-member model of Pb isotopic ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilian Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weifang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gongren Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, china
| | - Chengqi Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
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47
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Deng W, Li X, An Z, Yang L. The occurrence and sources of heavy metal contamination in peri-urban and smelting contaminated sites in Baoji, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:251. [PMID: 27021694 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition, soil, plant, ore, and coal cinder samples were collected and analyzed to determine heavy metal concentrations in a typical peri-urban industrial area of Baoji. The lead isotope ratio method was employed to trace the source and dispersion of atmospheric heavy metal contamination. Results showed that concentrations of lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper in atmospheric deposition significantly exceed soil background levels and Chinese soil environmental quality standards. The most polluted sites were located in the downwind direction of the smelter, which confirmed this site to be the major pollution source for this area. The other source of heavy metals in this area is a power plant. The investigation into lead isotopes revealed compositions in atmospheric deposition samples were similar to those in ores and coal cinders identifying smelting as the predominant pollution source of lead with the power plant having a minimal effect. Similar isotopic compositions were also found in plants, indicating that the major source of lead in plants was derived from atmospheric deposition, although some evidence was found to suggest uptake from the soil to the roots as an additional contaminant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Deng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuxiang Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhisheng An
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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48
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Han L, Gao B, Wei X, Xu D, Gao L. Spatial distribution, health risk assessment, and isotopic composition of lead contamination of street dusts in different functional areas of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3247-3255. [PMID: 26490894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Street dusts from heavy density traffic area (HDTA), tourism area (TA), residential area (RA), and educational area (EA) in Beijing were collected to explore the distribution, health risk assessment, and source of lead (Pb). The average concentration of Pb in TA was the highest among the four areas. Compared with other cities, Pb concentrations in Beijing were generally at moderate or low levels. The average value (14.05) of ecological risk index (RI) indicated that Pb was at "low pollution risk" status. According to the calculation on hazard index (HI), the ingestion of dust particles of children and adults was the major route of exposure to street dusts in four studied areas, followed by dermal contact. The lower values of HI than 1 further suggested that non-carcinogenic risks of Pb in the street dusts were in the low range. Comparing (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb ratios of street dusts with other environmental samples, it was found that atmospheric deposition of coal combustion dust might be the main pathway for anthropogenic Pb input to the street dusts in four functional areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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49
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Huang Y, Li T, Wu C, He Z, Japenga J, Deng M, Yang X. An integrated approach to assess heavy metal source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:540-9. [PMID: 26257294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three techniques (Isotope Ratio Analysis, GIS mapping, and Multivariate Statistical Analysis) were integrated to assess heavy metal pollution and source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils. The soils in the study area were moderately polluted with cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), lightly polluted with lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr). GIS Mapping suggested Cd pollution originates from point sources, whereas Hg, Pb, Cr could be traced back to both point and non-point sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) were mainly inherited from natural sources, while Hg, Pb, and Cd were associated with two different kinds of anthropogenic sources. Cluster analysis (CA) further identified fertilizers, waste water, industrial solid wastes, road dust, and atmospheric deposition as potential sources. Based on isotope ratio analysis (IRA) organic fertilizers and road dusts accounted for 74-100% and 0-24% of the total Hg input, while road dusts and solid wastes contributed for 0-80% and 19-100% of the Pb input. This study provides a reliable approach for heavy metal source apportionment in this particular peri-urban area, with a clear potential for future application in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengxian Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenli He
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Jan Japenga
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meihua Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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50
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Han L, Gao B, Wei X, Gao L, Xu D, Sun K. The characteristic of Pb isotopic compositions in different chemical fractions in sediments from Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:627-635. [PMID: 26319507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore the distribution and sources of Pb within the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), Pb concentrations and isotope ratios were measured in sediment cores collected from one mainstream and three tributaries. The results showed that sediments contained an average of 43.54 mg kg(-1) of Pb, roughly 1.6 times higher than the geochemical background concentration. Mainstream sediments showed higher average Pb concentrations but slightly less (206)Pb/(207)Pb and more radiogenic (207)Pb/(208)Pb ratios than all tributaries. Most Pb occurred in reducible phases, with much less in exchangeable and oxidizable fractions; thus, Fe-Mn oxides may be the major sink of anthropogenic Pb. Bi-plots of (206)Pb/(207)Pb versus Pb content, and of (206)Pb/(207)Pb versus (207)Pb/(208)Pb, indicated that coal combustion was the predominant anthropogenic Pb source for exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable fractions, while residual Pb mainly occurred naturally. The average percentage of coal consumption contribution was 61.1% for the Pb contamination in sediments in the lower reaches in the TGR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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