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Naseem S, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Khan MA, Zia-Ur-Rehman M. Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of Organophosphate Esters in surface water and sediments from the Ravi River and its tributaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174828. [PMID: 39025139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as substitutes for brominated flame retardants and characterized as emerging contaminants. Due to their toxicity and persistent nature, OPEs are becoming a matter of greater concern worldwide. However, information about the pollution profile of OPEs and associated ecological risks is still scarce in environmental matrices of the South Asian region, particularly Pakistan. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, spatial distribution patterns, ecological risks and riverine flux of 10 organophosphate esters in surface water and sediments of Ravi River and its four tributaries. The concentrations of ∑10OPEs were in the range of 19.2 - 105 ng/L, with the dominance of chlorinated-OPEs (51 %) in surface water, whereas in case of sediments, the ∑10OPEs concentrations ranged from 20.7 to 149 ng/g dw, with high abundance of non - chlorinated alkyl-OPEs, which contributed about 56 % to total OPE concentration. The correlation analysis signified a strong positive relation of OPEs with TOC (p < 0.05, R = 0.76) in sediments; and in addition to this, field-based LogKoc values were estimated to be higher than predicted LogKoc. Moreover, a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05, R = 0.88) was observed between LogKoc and LogKow, implying that hydrophobicity plays a significant role in OPE distribution in different environmental matrices. The global comparison revealed that contamination status of OPEs in the present study was comparatively lower than other regional findings, furthermore, principal component analysis suggested vehicular emissions, industrial discharges, household supplies and atmospheric deposition as main sources of OPEs occurrence in current study region. Furthermore, the riverine flux of ∑10OPEs was estimated to be 0.68 tons/yr and the ecological risk assessment indicated that all OPEs, except EHDPP and TCrP, showed negligible or insignificant ecological risks for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Naseem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mehroze Ahmad Khan
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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Ge Y, Cui J, Zhang L, Zhang S, Baqar M, Cheng Z. Informal E-waste dismantling activities accelerated the releasing of liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in Pakistan: Occurrence, distribution, and exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172987. [PMID: 38734084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are emerging contaminants characterized by their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity. They have been observed in several environmental matrices associated with electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities, particularly in China. However, there is currently no information on the pollution caused by LCMs in other developing countries, such as Pakistan. In this study, we collected soil samples (n = 59) from e-waste dismantling areas with different functions in Pakistan for quantification analysis of 52 target LCMs. Thirty out of 52 LCMs were detected in the soil samples, with the concentrations ranging from 2.14 to 191 ng/g (median: 16.3 ng/g), suggesting widespread contamination by these emerging contaminants. Fluorinated LCMs (median: 10.4 ng/g, range: 1.27-116 ng/g) were frequently detected and their levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of non-fluorinated LCMs (median: 6.11 ng/g, range: not detected (ND)-76.7 ng/g). The concentrations and profiles of the observed LCMs in the soil samples from the four functional areas varied. The informal dismantling of e-waste poses a potential exposure risk to adults and infants, with median estimated daily intake (EDI, ng/kg bw/day) values of 0.0420 and 0.1013, respectively. Calculation of the hazard quotient (HQ) suggested that some LCMs (e.g., ETFMBC (1.374) and EDFPB (1.257)) may pose potential health risks to occupational workers and their families. Considering the widespread contamination and risks associated with LCMs, we strongly recommend enhancing e-waste management and regulation in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jingren Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lianying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shaohan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Zhang S, Cheng Z, Cao Y, He F, Zhao L, Baqar M, Zhu H, Zhang T, Sun H. Aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) and p-phenylenediamines-quinones (PPD-Qs) in e-waste recycling industry park: Occupational exposure and liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108609. [PMID: 38579452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, evidence of aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs) existence in the dust of the electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area has been exposed. However, there are limited studies investigating occupational exposure and toxicity associated with AAs and their transformation products (p-phenylenediamines-quinones, i.e., PPD-Qs). In this study, 115 dust and 42 hand wipe samples collected from an e-waste recycling industrial park in central China were analyzed for 19 AAs and 6 PPD-Qs. Notably, the median concentration of ∑6PPD-Qs (1,110 ng/g and 1,970 ng/m2) was significantly higher (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) than that of ∑6PPDs (147 ng/g and 34.0 ng/m2) in dust and hand wipes. Among the detected analytes, 4-phenylaminodiphenylamine quinone (DPPD-Q) (median: 781 ng/g) and 1,4-Bis(2-naphthylamino) benzene quinone (DNPD-Q) (median: 156 ng/g), were particularly prominent, which were first detected in the e-waste dismantling area. Occupational exposure assessments and nuclear receptor interference ability, conducted through estimated daily intake (EDI) and molecular docking analysis, respectively, indicated significant occupational exposure to PPD-Qs and suggested prioritized Liver X receptors (LXRs) disruption potential of PPDs and PPD-Qs. The study provides the first evidence of considerable levels of AAs and PPD-Qs in the e-waste-related hand wipe samples and underscores the importance of assessing occupational exposure and associated toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yuhao Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Feixiang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR. Exposure and human health risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in indoor and outdoor dust from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140687. [PMID: 37952823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in commercial products due to their stability and durability and are subsequently released in the environment posing serious health risks in human population. In this study, dust samples from indoor and outdoor settings of residential, commercial and industrial zones as well as from vehicles were collected from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 83 dust samples were analyzed for short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chained CPs through quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI QToF-MS) mode. The median concentrations of ƩCPs (C10-17) in outdoor dust were higher than indoor dust in industries (0.97 vs 0.48 μg/g), and residential areas (0.70 vs 0.13 μg/g) while lower in commercial areas (0.28 vs 0.44 μg/g) reflecting their higher prevalence in industrial and residential zones. The vehicular dust had median ƩCPs of 0.16 μg/g which was similar to residential indoor dust. Overall, ƩSCCPs were dominant among all zones with C10,12 and Cl7-8 as abundant carbon and chlorine congeners in both indoor and outdoor dusts. No significant correlations were observed between indoor and outdoor dust for ƩSCCPs and ƩMCCPs indicating their varying exposure. Health hazard index and margin of exposure revealed that toddlers were at higher risk compared to adults as a results of CPs exposure from both indoor and outdoor environments. This is the first ever assessment of CPs in Pakistan reflecting higher prevalence of SCCPs than MCCPs in dust of local environment posing some serious health consequences hence needed intensive investigation and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Azizi S, Dehghani MH, Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Yunesian M. Occurrence of organophosphorus esters in outdoor air fine particulate matter and comprehensive assessment of human exposure: A global systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120895. [PMID: 36529340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used in various industrial items, including plastics, textiles, construction materials, electronics, and auto parts. Several studies have investigated the concentration of OPE compounds in the air, where different compounds have been measured. This systematic review aims to investigate and summarize the relationship between exposure concentrations of OPEs in outdoor air and health risk for different OPE compounds, and correlations between OPE compounds in emission sources. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from January 2000 to September 2021 to identify relevant research. The quality of the studies was assessed using the OHAT risk of bias tool. Spearman's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the results and correlation between OPE compounds. A total of 7669 manuscripts were found from the search in 5 databases. Finally, 46 studies were included in the systematic review. According to the median concentrations in the studies that were included, Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) (25%), trimethylphenyl phosphate(TMPP) (19%), Tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP) (12%), Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (9%) and Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (8%) had the greatest concentrations of OPEs overall. The cumulative contribution of the two main factors, F1 and F2, from the principal component analysis (PCA) results is 49.81%. The EDI value for the compounds is TCEP > TCIPP > TiBP > TMPP > 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) > TPHP > Tri(2-Ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) > Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (mTCP) > Tris(1, 3-dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP) > Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP). The total amount of non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) was for children > infants > adults. The highest value of HQ was for TCEP, TCIPP, and TMPP, respectively. The highest carcinogenic risk value was for TCEP and TMPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Azizi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hoang AQ, Takahashi S, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Tran TM, Yen NTH, Tu MB. Occurrence, emission sources, and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and current-use brominated flame retardants in settled dust from end-of-life vehicle processing, urban, and rural areas, northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2061-2074. [PMID: 35927405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Settled dust samples from Vietnamese end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing, urban, and rural areas were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs). PBDE levels found in dust samples collected from ELV workshops (median 390; range 120-520 ng/g) and nearby living areas (110; 36-650 ng/g) were generally higher than those in common house dust (25-170 ng/g). BDE-209 was the most predominant congener detected in almost all the samples, indicating extensive application of products containing deca-BDE mixtures. The dust samples from ELV workplaces showed a more abundance of lower brominated congeners (e.g., tetra- to hexa-BDEs) that may originate from car interior materials treated by penta-BDE formulations. Concentrations of other BFRs decreased in the order urban > rural > ELV dust, reflecting the current use of these compounds in new consumer products. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were the major alternative BFRs. Daily intake doses and hazard indexes of PBDEs and some other BFRs through dust ingestion were estimated and showed acceptable levels of risk. However, more comprehensive risk assessment considering multiple exposure pathways should be performed, especially for ELV workers and children in the ELV processing and urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
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Baeza_Romero MT, Dudzinska MR, Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Barros N, Coggins AM, Ruzgar DG, Kildsgaard I, Naseri M, Rong L, Saffell J, Scutaru AM, Staszowska A. A review of critical residential buildings parameters and activities when investigating indoor air quality and pollutants. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13144. [PMID: 36437669 PMCID: PMC9828800 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air in residential dwellings can contain a variety of chemicals, sometimes present at concentrations or in combinations which can have a negative impact on human health. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) surveys are often required to characterize human exposure or to investigate IAQ concerns and complaints. Such surveys should include sufficient contextual information to elucidate sources, pathways, and the magnitude of exposures. The aim of this review was to investigate and describe the parameters that affect IAQ in residential dwellings: building location, layout, and ventilation, finishing materials, occupant activities, and occupant demography. About 180 peer-reviewed articles, published from 01/2013 to 09/2021 (plus some important earlier publications), were reviewed. The importance of the building parameters largely depends on the study objectives and whether the focus is on a specific pollutant or to assess health risk. When considering classical pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the building parameters can have a significant impact on IAQ, and detailed information of these parameters needs to be reported in each study. Research gaps and suggestions for the future studies together with recommendation of where measurements should be done are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Baeza_Romero
- Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha. Dpto. Química‐Física, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial y AeroespacialToledoSpain
| | | | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital SciencesNazarbayev UniversityAstanaKazakhstan
| | - Nelson Barros
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP‐ENAS)University Fernando PessoaPortoPortugal
| | - Ann Marie Coggins
- School of Natural Sciences & Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Duygu Gazioglu Ruzgar
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentBursa Technical UniversityBursaTurkey
| | | | - Motahareh Naseri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital SciencesNazarbayev UniversityAstanaKazakhstan
| | - Li Rong
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | | | | | - Amelia Staszowska
- Faculty of Environmental EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyLublinPoland
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8
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Saquib Q, Al-Salem AM, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Zhang X, Al-Khedhairy AA. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP): A flame retardant in solid waste display hepatotoxic and carcinogenic risks for humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133977. [PMID: 35216979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed that tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), an organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs), profoundly detected in the dust from solid waste (SW), e-waste dumping sites, landfills, and wastewater treatment facilities. Herein, we evaluated the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic potential of TBEP in human liver cells (HepG2). HepG2 cells exhibited cytotoxicity after 3 days of exposure, especially at greater concentrations (100-400 μM). TBEP induced severe DNA damage and cell cycle disturbances that trigger apoptosis in HepG2. TBEP treated cells showed an elevated level of esterase, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and influx of Ca2+ in exposed cells. Thereby, causing oxidative stress and proliferation inhibition. TBEP exposed HepG2 cells exhibited dysfunction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated cytoplasmic and nucleolar localization of DNA damage (P53) and apoptotic (caspase 3 and 9) proteins in HepG2 grown in the presence of TBEP for 3 days. Within the cohort of 84 genes of cancer pathway, 10 genes were upregulated and 3 genes were downregulated. The transcriptomic and toxicological data categorically emphasize that TBEP is hepatotoxic, and act as a putative carcinogenic agent. Thereby, direct or indirect ingestion of TBEP containing dusts by workers involved in handling and disposal of SW, as well as residents living nearby the disposal areas are prone to its adverse health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Zhang S, Yang M, Li Y, Wang Y, Lu Y, Cheng Z, Sun H. Occurrence, Distribution, and Human Exposure of Emerging Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Indoor and Outdoor Dust: A Nationwide Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107295. [PMID: 35580435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are a class of emerging, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic organic pollutants. They are detected in various environmental matrixes that are associated with electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling. However, their occurrence and distribution in indoor and outdoor dust on a national scale remain unknown. In this study, a dedicated target analysis quantified a broad range of 60 LCMs in dust samples collected across China. The LCMs were frequently detected in indoor (n = 48) and outdoor dust (n = 97; 37 sampled concomitantly with indoors dust) from dwellings, and indoor dust from cybercafés (n = 34) and phone repair stores (n = 22), with median concentrations of 41.6, 94.7, 106, and 171 ng/g, respectively. No significant spatial difference was observed for the concentrations of the total LCMs among distinct geographical regions (p > 0.05). The median daily intake values of the total LCMs via dust ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation were estimated at 1.50 × 10-2, 2.90 × 10-2, and 8.57 × 10-6 ng/kg BW/day for adults and 1.47 × 10-1, 1.22 × 10-1, and 2.18 × 10-5 ng/kg BW/day for children, respectively. These estimates suggested higher exposure risks for children and indicated that dust ingestion and dermal contact significantly contribute to the human intake of LCMs. The microenvironmental pollution levels of LCMs together with the potential exposure risks associated with some of these chemicals are of concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ming Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuhe Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Hoang MTT, Anh HQ, Kadokami K, Duong HT, Hoang HM, Van Nguyen T, Takahashi S, Le GT, Trinh HT. Contamination status, emission sources, and human health risk of brominated flame retardants in urban indoor dust from Hanoi, Vietnam: the replacement of legacy polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by alternative formulations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43885-43896. [PMID: 33837942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence, distribution of several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in urban indoor dust collected from ten inner districts of Hanoi, Vietnam to assess the contamination status, emission sources, as well as their associated human exposure through indoor dust ingestion and health risks. Total concentrations of PBDEs and NBFRs in indoor dust samples ranged from 43 to 480 ng g-1 (median 170 ng g-1) and from 56 to 2200 ng g-1 (median 180 ng g-1), respectively. The most abundant PBDE congener in these dust samples was BDE-209 with concentrations ranging from 29 to 360 ng g-1, accounting for 62.6-86.5% of total PBDE levels. Among the NBFRs analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound with a mean contribution of 98.6% total NBFR amounts. Significant concentrations of DBDPE were detected in all dust samples (median 180 ng g-1, range 54-2200 ng g-1), due to DBDPE as a substitute for deca-BDE. Other NBFRs such as 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) were found at very low levels. Based on the measured BFR concentrations, daily intake doses (IDs) of PBDEs and NBFRs via dust ingestion at exposure scenarios using the median and 95th percentile levels for both adults and children were calculated for risk assessment. The results showed that the daily exposure doses via dust ingestion of all compounds, even in the high-exposure scenarios were also lower than their reference dose (RfD) values. The lifetime cancer risks (LTCR) were much lower than the threshold level (10-6), which indicated the acceptable health risks resulting from indoor BFRs exposure for urban residents in Hanoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Mai Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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11
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Ma S, Yue C, Tang J, Lin M, Zhuo M, Yang Y, Li G, An T. Occurrence and distribution of typical semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in paired indoor and outdoor atmospheric fine particle samples from cities in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116123. [PMID: 33272806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the potential human health of semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in indoor and outdoor environments has made the exposure assessment and source appointment a priority. In this study, paired indoor and outdoor atmospheric fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected from 15 homes representing five typical urban cities in southern China. Four typical SVOCs, including 16 congeners of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 13 congeners of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and 8 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its three debrominated congeners were analyzed. The highest total concentrations were found for OPFRs, followed by PAHs, PBDEs, and TBBPA. The indoor concentrations of two alkyl-OPFR isomers, tributylphosphate (TBP) and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), were 4.3 and 11 times higher, respectively, than those of outdoors (p < 0.05). Additionally, the ratios of indoor to outdoor concentrations of alkyl-OPFR isomers varied greatly, suggesting that these compounds originated mainly from different household goods and products used in individual homes. The outdoor concentrations of PAHs and highly brominated PBDEs (BDE-209) typically exceeded the indoor concentrations. Significant correlations were also found between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples for PAHs and BDE-209, indicating that outdoor sources such as vehicle exhausts and industrial activities strongly influence their atmospheric occurrence. Additionally, the concentrations of debrominated TBBPA derivatives were higher than those of TBBPA in over 33% of both indoor and outdoor air particle samples. Nevertheless, our results indicated that inhalation exposure to typical SVOCs posed no non-carcinogenic risks to the human body. Although we observed notable differences in the sources, occurrences, and distributions of typical SVOC congeners, more studies using matched samples are still needed to unambiguously identify important indoor and outdoor sources in order to accurately assess the contributions of different sources and the associated human exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Congcong Yue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meihui Zhuo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Mahmood A, Hussain Syed J, Raza W, Tabinda AB, Mehmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Azam M. Human Health Risk Assessment by Dietary Intake and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Dechloran Plus from Selected Cities of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249543. [PMID: 33419309 PMCID: PMC7766582 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A class of intractable bio accumulative halogenated compounds polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was studied. Specifically, PBDEs and dechloran plus (DP) contamination in wheat and the assaulted environment—agricultural soil and dust—from metropolitan cities of Pakistan was the focus. The exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to humans, their probable toxicological impact on health, source apportionment, and the spatial tendency of BFRs were studied. Chromatographic analysis was performed, and concentrations (ng g−1) of ΣPBDE and ΣDP in soil, dust, and cereal crops were estimated in a range from 0.63 to 31.70 n.d. to 6.32 and n.d. to 3.47, respectively, and 0.11 to 7.05, n.d. to 4.56 and 0.05 to 4.95, respectively. Data analysis of source apportionment reflected that the existence of solid and e-waste sites, long-range transport, urban and industrial fraction can be the potential source of PBDE and DP pollution. Moreover, potential hazardous risks to human health across the study area via the dietary intake of cereal foods were deemed trifling, and were gauged on the basis of existing toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, GC Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad Tarlai Kalan, Park Road Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Waseem Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (W.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (W.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Mudassar Azam
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bio Science Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Zafar MI, Kali S, Ali M, Riaz MA, Naz T, Iqbal MM, Masood N, Munawar K, Jan B, Ahmed S, Waseem A, Niazi MBK. Dechlorane Plus as an emerging environmental pollutant in Asia: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42369-42389. [PMID: 32864714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) is an unregulated, highly chlorinated flame retardant. It has been manufactured from past 40 years but its presence in the environment was initially reported in 2006. Later, it has been found in various biotic and abiotic environmental matrices. However, little attention has been paid to monitor its presence in Asia. Many studies have reported the occurrence of DP in the environment of Asia, yet the data are scarce, and studies are limited to few regions. The objective of present review is to summarize the occurrence, distribution, and toxicity of this ubiquitous pollutant in various environmental matrices (biotic and abiotic). DP has also been reported in the areas with no emission sources, which proves its long-range transport. Moreover, urbanization and industrialization also affect the distribution of DP, i.e., high levels of DP have been found in urban areas relative to the rural. Tidal movement also incorporates in transport of DP across the aquatic system. Further, bioaccumulation trend of DP in various tissues is kidney > liver > muscle tissues, whereas, blood brain barrier resists its accumulation in brain tissues. Additionally, gender-based accumulation trends revealed high DP levels in females in comparison to males due to strong metabolism of males. Furthermore, methodological aspects and instrumental analysis used in previous studies have also been summarized here. However, data on biomagnification in aquatic ecosystem and bioaccumulation of DP in terrestrial food web are still scarce. Toxicity behavior of syn-DP and anti-DP is still unknown which might gain the interest for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Iqbal Zafar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Sundas Kali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mehtabidah Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asam Riaz
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2603, USA
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Naz
- Environmental Science Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Environmental Stress Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Soil and Environmental, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Eco-chemistry, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, Chiniot, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Masood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Munawar
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Jan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Amir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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14
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Syed JH, Iqbal M, Breivik K, Chaudhry MJI, Shahnawaz M, Abbas Z, Nasir J, Rizvi SHH, Taqi MM, Li J, Zhang G. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the urban atmosphere of Pakistan: Diurnal variations, gas-particle partitioning and human health exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140874. [PMID: 32758856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentration of legacy (LFRs) and emerging flame retardants (EFRs) including 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DP), and 8 chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were consecutively measured in eight major cities across Pakistan. A total of 96 samples (48 PM2.5 & 48 PUFs) were analyzed and the concentrations of ∑8PBDEs (gaseous+particulate) ranged between 40.8 and 288 pg/m3 with an average value of 172 pg/m3. ∑6NBFRs ranged between 12.0 and 35.0 pg/m3 with an average value of 22.5 pg/m3 while ∑8OPFRs ranged between 12,900-40,800 pg/m3 with an average of 24,700 pg/m3. Among the studied sites, Faisalabad city exhibited the higher concentrations of FRs among all cities which might be a consequence of textile mills and garment manufacturing industries. While analyzing the diurnal patterns, OPFRs depicted higher concentrations during night-time. The estimated risks of all groups of FRs from inhalation of ambient air were negligible for all the cities, according to USEPA guidelines. Nonetheless, our study is the first to report gaseous and particulate concentrations of FRs in air on a diurnal basis across major cities in Pakistan, offering insights into the atmospheric fate of these substances in urban areas in a sub-tropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Mehreen Iqbal
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Muhammad Shahnawaz
- Department of Agriculture & Food Technology, Karakoram International University, Main Campus University Road, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | - Zaigham Abbas
- Chemical Division, Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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15
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Li D, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhang S, Song N, Xu H, Guo R. Characterization and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in indoor dust from urban and rural domestic house and college dormitory in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36826-36837. [PMID: 32577965 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is an important route of exposure for organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are associated with adverse health effects. In the present study, the pollution occurrence and potential health risks of 13 OPEs in indoor dust from urban homes, college dormitories, and rural homes in Nanjing were investigated. Most OPEs were detected in the tested samples. College dormitories dust samples showed significantly higher OPEs concentrations (132.31-1.61 × 103 ng/g), followed by that in urban homes (31.42-49.84 ng/g) and rural homes (51.19-309.75 ng/g). The Mann-Whitney U test found no significant difference in the total concentrations of OPEs except for some individual OPEs between urban and rural homes. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the most abundant compound in all tested areas. Spearman correlation coefficients and principal component analysis indicated that OPEs might originate from different sources in three microenvironments. Estimated exposures for adults and children in all indoor dust were below the relevant reference doses. Additionally, TCPP was the primary contributors to the non-carcinogenic risk, ranging from 1.07 × 10-6 to 2.20 × 10-5. Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate was the dominant carcinogenic risk contributor in indoor dust, with a range of 1.33 × 10-11 to 8.74 × 10-10. These results suggested that the health risk of OPEs was within acceptable limits in the tested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- Shen Shan Smart City Research Institute Co. Ltd., Technology Incubator Base 2#, Chuangfu Road, Ebu Town, Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, Shenzhen, 516473, China.
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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16
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Qi Z, Zhang Y, Chen ZF, Yang C, Song Y, Liao X, Li W, Tsang SY, Liu G, Cai Z. Chemical identity and cardiovascular toxicity of hydrophobic organic components in PM 2.5. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110827. [PMID: 32535366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 may result in pathogenesis of several major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which can be attributed to the combined adverse effects induced by the complicated components of PM2.5. Organic materials, which are major components of PM2.5, contain thousands of chemicals, and most of them are environmental hazards. However, the contamination profile and contribution to overall toxicity of PM2.5-bound organic components (OCs) have not been thoroughly evaluated yet. Herein, we aim to provide an overview of the literature on PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs, with an emphasis on the chemical identity and reported impairments on the cardiovascular system, including the potential exposure routes and mechanisms. We first provide an update on the worldwide mass concentration and composition data of PM2.5, and then, review the contamination profile of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs, including constitution, concentration, distribution, formation, source, and identification. In particular, the link between exposure to PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs and CVDs and its possible underlying mechanisms are discussed to evaluate the possible risks of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs on the cardiovascular system and to provide suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Zuiderveen EAR, Slootweg JC, de Boer J. Novel brominated flame retardants - A review of their occurrence in indoor air, dust, consumer goods and food. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126816. [PMID: 32417508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This critical review summarizes the occurrence of 63 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor air, dust, consumer goods and food. It includes their EU registration and (potential) risks. The increasing application of NBFRs calls for more research on their occurrence, environmental fate and toxicity. This review reports which NBFRs are actually being studied, which are detected and which are of most concern. It also connects data from the European Chemical Association on NBFRs with other scientific information. Large knowledge gaps emerged for 28 (out of 63) NBFRs, which were not included in any monitoring programs or other studies. This also indicates the need for optimized analytical methods including all NBFRs. Further research on indoor environments, emission sources and potential leaching is also necessary. High concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were often reported. The detection of hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), 1,4-dimethyltetrabromobenzene (TBX), 4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-1,2-dibromocyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) and tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether (TBBPA-BDBPE) also raises concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A R Zuiderveen
- Department Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J Chris Slootweg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090, GD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Chen M, Liao X, Yan SC, Gao Y, Yang C, Song Y, Liu Y, Li W, Tsang SY, Chen ZF, Qi Z, Cai Z. Uptake, Accumulation, and Biomarkers of PM 2.5-Associated Organophosphate Flame Retardants in C57BL/6 Mice after Chronic Exposure at Real Environmental Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9519-9528. [PMID: 32609501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the bioaccumulation of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in aquatic organisms has been investigated, little information is available about their bioaccumulation in mammals following chronic inhalation exposure. To address this knowledge gap, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 7 PM2.5-associated OPFRs via the trachea to study their bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and urinary metabolites. Low (corresponding to the real PM2.5 concentrations occurring during winter in Guangzhou), medium, and high dosages were examined. After 72 days' exposure, ∑OPFR concentrations in tissues from mice in the medium dosage group decreased in the order of intestine > heart > stomach > testis > kidney > spleen > brain > liver > lung > muscle. Of the OPFRs detected in all three exposure groups, chlorinated alkyl OPFRs were most heavily accumulated in mice. We found a significant positive correlation between the bioaccumulation ratio and octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) in mice tissues for low log KOW OPFR congeners (log KOW ≤ 4, p < 0.05). Three urinary metabolites (di-p-cresyl phosphate: DCrP, diphenyl phosphate: DPhP, dibutyl phosphate: DnBP) were detected from the high dosage group. These results provide important insights into the bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs in mammals and emphasize the health risk of chlorinated alkyl OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Chao Yan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suk-Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Maceira A, Pecikoza I, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Multi-residue analysis of several high-production-volume chemicals present in the particulate matter from outdoor air. A preliminary human exposure estimation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126514. [PMID: 32200176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A multi-residue method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with pressurised liquid extraction was developed to determine seven organophosphate esters (OPEs), six phthalate esters (PAEs), four benzotriazoles (BTRs), five benzothiazoles (BTHs) and four benzenesulfonamides (BSAs) in particulate matter samples from outdoor air. All of these compounds are among the named high-production volume chemicals (HPVCs) and some of them have shown to be harmful to human, therefore they have been subject for legal regulation in order to control their production and usage. Under optimised conditions, high recovery values (>80%) and low detection limits (pg m-3) were obtained for most of the compounds with accuracy values between 83% and 118%. Some samples from two locations surrounded by different industry activities showed the widespread occurrence of all the PAEs, followed by some OPEs. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant compound with concentrations ranging from 1.9 to 97.7 ng m-3. With the concentrations found, estimated daily intakes through outdoor inhalation were calculated for each contaminant and for different population groups classified by age (infants, children and adults) in two possible exposure scenarios (low and high). Then, hazard quotients and carcinogenic risks were estimated for several compounds, those that had toxicological parameters available. This preliminary result showed no significant risks via ambient inhalation for the exposed population, however more research is needed to confirm the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Maceira
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Irma Pecikoza
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
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20
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Liao R, Jiang J, Li Y, Gan Z, Su S, Ding S, Li Z, Hou L. Distribution and leaching behavior of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in soil in Chengdu. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1295-1305. [PMID: 32347267 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A total of 29 surface farmland soil samples were collected to investigate the spatial distribution and composition characteristics of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 8 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in Chengdu, China. The OPFRs were widely detected in the farmland soil with concentrations ranging from 2.92 to 160 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). BDE-209 was found with a concentration range of n.d. to 50.4 ng g-1 dw, and was the main PBDE congener accounting for 90% of ΣPBDEs in the surface farmland soil. In the case of NBFRs, only TBB and BTBPE were detected in the farmland soil from rural areas of Chengdu. There was no obvious spatial distribution of the OPFRs among different administrative regions in Chengdu (p > 0.05), but the maximum concentration of OPFRs was found in a furniture production area. Leaching experiments showed that the concentration of most of the investigated OPFRs in two kinds of soils with different mechanical compositions and TOC contents decreased with the increase of soil depth. Addition of DOM could decrease the OPFR levels in the leachate by less than 25%, with the exception of TCPP, which decreased by up to 45%. More importantly, TCEP and TCPP exhibited stronger mobility than the other OPFRs in soil, and the migration capacity of TCPP was more sensitive to the DOM level, indicating that TCEP might more easily migrate from soil to groundwater in the nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoying Liao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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21
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Waheed S, Khan MU, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Moon HB, Malik RN. Exposure of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to Pakistani populations via non-dietary sources from neglected e-waste hubs: A problem of high health concern. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113838. [PMID: 32023785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date limited information's are available concerning unintentional productions, screening, profiling, and health risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in ambient environment and occupational environment. Literature reveals that dust is a neglected environmental matrix never measured for PCNs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the concentrations and health risks of PCNs in indoor dust, air, and blood of major e-waste recycling hubs in Pakistan. Indoor air (n = 125), dust (n = 250), and serum (n = 250) samples were collected from five major e-waste hubs and their vicinity to measure 39 PCN congeners using GC-ECNI-MS. ∑39PCN concentrations in indoor air, dust, and serum (worker > resident > children) samples ranged from 7.0 to 9583 pg/m3, from 0.25 to 697 ng/g, and from 0.15 to 401 pg/g lipid weight, respectively. Predominant PCN congeners in indoor air and dust were tri- and tetra-CNs, while tetra- and penta-CNs were dominant in human serum samples. The higher PCNs contribution was recorded at the recycling units, while the lower was observed at the shops of the major e-waste hubs. Higher contribution of combustion origin CNs in air, dust and human samples showed combustion sources at the major e-waste hubs, while Halowax and Aroclor based technical mixture showed minor contribution in these samples. Mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs were 2.79E+00 pg-TEQ/m3, 1.60E-02 ng-TEQ/g, 8.11E-01 pg-TEQ/g, 7.14E-01 pg-TEQ/g, and 6.37E-01 pg-TEQ/g for indoor air, dust, and serum samples from workers, residents, and children, respectively. In our study, CNs- 66/67 and -73 in indoor air, dust, and human serum were the great contributors to total TEQ concentrations of PCNs. This first base line data directs government and agencies to implement rules, regulation to avoid negative health outcomes and suggests further awareness in regard of provision of proper knowledge to the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Waheed
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Li W, Wang Y, Asimakopoulos AG, Covaci A, Gevao B, Johnson-Restrepo B, Kumosani TA, Malarvannan G, Moon HB, Nakata H, Sinha RK, Tran TM, Kannan K. Organophosphate esters in indoor dust from 12 countries: Concentrations, composition profiles, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105178. [PMID: 31648162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 20 organophosphate triesters (OPEs), including seven alkyl-OPEs, three chlorinated (Cl)-OPEs, seven aryl-OPEs, and three oligomeric-OPEs were measured in 341 house dust samples collected from 12 countries during the period 2010-2014. OPEs were ubiquitous in indoor dust, and the total concentrations of OPEs (∑OPEs; sum of 20 OPEs) ranged from 49.4 to 249,000 ng/g dry weight (dw). Generally, Cl-OPEs were the predominant compounds (51% of total) in indoor dust samples, with a median concentration of 800 ng/g, followed by alkyl-OPEs (31%), aryl-OPEs (17%), and oligomeric-OPEs (1%), with median concentrations of 480, 270, and 21.9 ng/g, respectively. ∑OPE concentrations in indoor dust from more industrialized countries (South Korea: median, 31,300; Japan: 29,800; and the United States: 26,500 ng/g dw) were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those from less industrialized countries (Greece: 7140, Saudi Arabia: 5310, Kuwait: 4420, Romania: 4110, Vietnam: 1190, China: 1120, Colombia: 374, India: 276, and Pakistan: 138 ng/g dw). Statistically significant positive correlations (0.114 < r < 0.748, p < 0.05) were found among the concentrations of 16 OPEs in dust samples, indicating similar sources of these compounds. The median estimated daily intakes of ΣOPEs via dust ingestion for children and adults were in the ranges of 0.29-64.8 and 0.07-14.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bondi Gevao
- Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | | | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Olisah C, Adeniji AO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Occurrence and risk evaluation of organochlorine contaminants in surface water along the course of Swartkops and Sundays River Estuaries, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2777-2801. [PMID: 31177475 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine contaminants were analysed in surface water from Sundays (SDE) and Swartkops Estuaries (SWE), Eastern Cape Province, which is among the largest estuaries in South Africa. The concentration of Σ18OCPs ranged from 16.7 to 249.2 ng/L in autumn, 19.9-81.4 ng/L in winter, 43.6-126.8 ng/L in spring and 68.3-199.9 ng/L in summer for SDE, whereas in SWE, the values varied from 20.9 to 259.7 ng/L in autumn, 58.9-263.9 ng/L in winter, 3.2-183.6 ng/L in spring and 118.0-188.9 ng/L in summer. Among all OCPs, α-HCH, β-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, endrin, dieldrin and endrin aldehyde were predominant in surface water samples from SDE and SWE. Furthermore, the mean concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ranged from 126.7 ng/L in winter to 151.0 ng/L in spring for SDE and 249.0 ng/L in spring to 727.6 ng/L in winter for SWE. Tri- and tetra-PCBs dominated the PCB homologue profile. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the study sites into three regions from least polluted to most polluted, indicated that SWE is more polluted compared to SDE, probably due to the influx of agricultural and industrial effluents. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that the water from both estuaries is not safe for drinking, although suitable for bathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Abiodun O Adeniji
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Omobola O Okoh
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Chen T, Yu D, Yang L, Sui S, Lv S, Bai Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Chen L, Sun Z, Tian L, Wang D, Niu P, Shi Z. Thyroid function and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) exposure in Chinese adults from a DBDPE manufacturing area. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105179. [PMID: 31627134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are persistent organic pollutants, affect thyroid function. Human exposure to decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), which has a similar structure to PBDEs, has recently increased, and the health effects of DBDPE have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to determine whether human exposure to DBDPE was associated with thyroid hormone levels in adults from a DBDPE manufacturing area. Three hundred-two blood samples were collected from two populations in the largest DBDPE manufacturing area located in North China: 133 DBDPE occupationally exposed workers from a DBDPE manufacturing plant and 169 non-DBDPE occupationally exposed residents from a nearby food processing plant. The levels of DBDPE, and thyroid function parameters [total thyroxine (TT4), free T4 (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free T3 (FT3), thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (TG-Ab), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab)] were measured in serum samples. Serum concentrations of DBDPE ranged from 3.148 to 54,360 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), with a geometric mean of 332.6 ng g-1 lw. A 10-fold increase in the DBDPE concentration was associated with increase of 4.73 nmol L-1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.75, 6.71] TT4 and 0.046 nmol L-1 TT3 [95% CI: 0.012, 0.081], corresponding to increases of approximately of 4.73% (95% CI: 2.75%-6.71%) and 2.38% (95% CI: 0.62%-4.20%), respectively. DBDPE in serum was also significantly and positively associated with the concentrations of TG-Ab and TPO-Ab. Our study found that exposure to DBDPE was associated with changes in thyroid activity in adults exposed to a high concentration of DBDPE, mainly increases of TT4, TT3, TPO-Ab, and TG-Ab. The association between DBDPE exposure and thyroid homeostasis requires further investigation because increasing DBDPE exposure has emerged in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shaofeng Sui
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shibo Lv
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Bai
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Piye Niu
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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25
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Luo T, Xing L, Xu H. Occurrence, distribution and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in outdoor dust in Nanjing, China: Urban vs. rural areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:41-50. [PMID: 31128351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With increasing use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) largely due to the phasing out of various brominated flame retardants, much more attention has been paid to their occurrence, distribution and potential health risks. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution characteristics associated to their potential health risks of selected 13 OPEs in outdoor dust with a comparison between urban and rural areas in Nanjing, China as well as seasonal variations. Ten out of 13 OPEs showed higher concentrations in urban dust than those in rural dust (p < 0.05). Six OPEs congeners exhibited significantly different concentrations with seasonal variations (p < 0.01) in rural dust. Halogenated OPEs were the dominant group in both urban (median: 56.8%) and rural (median: 45.9%) dust, and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was found to be the most abundant OPE in both urban (median: 48.7%) and rural (median:26.4%) dust. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and spearman correlations showed the different sources of OPEs in urban and rural dust. The non-carcinogenic (Hazard Index, HI < 1.62 × 10-5) and carcinogenic risks (CR < 2.28 × 10-9) of ΣOPEs were much lower than the theoretical threshold of risk, revealing a negligible risk to local residents from the exposure of OPEs in outdoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Tingwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Land Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land Resource of China, Shenzhen Research Centre of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen, 518037, China
| | - Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng, 224000, China.
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China; Shen Shan Smart City Research Institute Co., Ltd, Technology Incubator Base, Chuangfu Road, Shenzhen-Shanwei Special Cooperation Zone, 516473, China.
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26
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Chen M, Gan Z, Qu B, Chen S, Dai Y, Bao X. Temporal and seasonal variation and ecological risk evaluation of flame retardants in seawater and sediments from Bohai Bay near Tianjin, China during 2014 to 2017. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:874-883. [PMID: 31426231 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seawater and sediment samples were collected from 2014 to 2017 at Bohai Bay near Tianjin, China. The median concentration of ΣOPFRs was 2202 ng/l in the seawater from 2017. ΣAlkyl-OPFRs was the predominant constitution in the seawater with a median contribution of nearly 80%, and ΣCl-OPFRs was the major component in the sediment. Regarding BFRs, BDE-209 was the principal one in the sediment. The levels of TEP, TCEP and TBEP in sediments displayed significantly seasonal variations. The summer concentration of TEP was higher than that in both the spring and autumn, and concerning TCEP and TBEP, their lowest concentration occurred in summer. The concentration of ΣOPFRs experienced a rapid increasing during 2014-2016 due to more emissions of OPFRs. The ecological risk evaluation of OPFRs and BFRs suggested a moderate and high risk to the investigated marine region under the high exposure scenario, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Bing Qu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sibei Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610063, China
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Chen M, Jiang J, Gan Z, Yan Y, Ding S, Su S, Bao X. Grain size distribution and exposure evaluation of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in indoor and outdoor dust and PM10 from Chengdu, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:280-288. [PMID: 30447635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate overall pollution and potential risk of 32 targets (11 PBDEs, 8 NBFRs, and 13 OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor environments, dust and PM10 samples were sampled from non-occupational and occupational zones in Chengdu, China. ∑Cl-OPFRs, BDE-209, and DBDPE were the dominant constitutes in both the non-occupational and occupational dust. Regarding the PM10, no significant differences were found between the kitchen and the living room for studied OPFRs except TDCIPP, and TCEP, TCPP, TEHP, and TCP displayed significant correlation among the kitchen, the living room and personal samples. Profiles of the OPFRs in the PM10 from occupational areas presented great variation and ranked as: ∑Aryl-OPFRs < ∑Alkyl-OPFRs < ∑Cl-OPFRs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the investigated FRs via dust suggested dust ingestion and inhalation were the main exposure route to FRs, and the total of EDIs were at least one order of magnitude lower than reference data, indicating a low risk for the general public in Chengdu. However, with increasing usage of FRs in daily goods, a long-term monitoring should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610063, China
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Sibiya I, Poma G, Cuykx M, Covaci A, Daso Adegbenro P, Okonkwo J. Targeted and non-target screening of persistent organic pollutants and organophosphorus flame retardants in leachate and sediment from landfill sites in Gauteng Province, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1231-1239. [PMID: 30759563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, target analysis and a non-target screening method were employed to investigate the degree of contamination of landfill sediment and leachate in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) were extracted from sediment and leachate samples using solid-liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction methods, respectively; and analysed by target analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Targeted PBDEs were all detected in sediment samples. However, PCBs, CB 52 and CB 101 were below the quantification limit (LOQ) in the sediment samples. The concentrations of OCPs measured ranged from 0.09 ng/g dw (α-HCH) to 5.29 ng/g dw (pp-DDE) in Marie Louis, and from 0.14 ng/g dw (α-HCH) to 11.3 ng/g dw (γ-HCH) in Hatherly, with an average mass fraction of 1.0 (±2.0, SD) ng/g dw in Marie Louis and 2.0 (±3.0, SD) ng/g dw in Hatherly. Among the OPFRs, TnPP, TPTP, T35DMPP and TBPP were below the LOQ in both leachate and sediment samples. Overall, high concentrations of TDCIPP and TCIPP were obtained in both media, ranging from 226 to 14,500 ng/L and 52.0-13,800 ng/L and from 19.6-741 ng/g dw and 32.8-1240 ng/g dw in leachate and sediment, respectively. The high concentrations of certain OPFRs suggest that these may have replaced both PCBs and PBDEs in consumer products currently imported into South Africa. Common compounds identified by non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry of leachate were diethyl [2‑(1, 3‑dioxolan‑2‑yl) ethyl] malonate (C12H20O6) and 4‑(benzyloxy) cyclohexanone (C13H20O2). These compounds are possibly associated with plasticizers used in the production of plastic and plastic coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocentia Sibiya
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthias Cuykx
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Daso Adegbenro
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Tshwane, South Africa.
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Tomioka K, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Characterization of 209 polychlorinated biphenyls in street dust from northern Vietnam: Contamination status, potential sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:345-355. [PMID: 30366335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A full congener-specific determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was conducted for street dusts in some areas in northern Vietnam. Total 209 PCB concentrations (median and range) of 14 (2.2-120), 11 (6.6-32), and 0.25 (0.10-0.97) ng g-1 were measured in the street dusts from an industrial park, an urban area, and a rural commune, respectively, suggesting environmental loads of PCBs related to industrialization and urbanization in northern Vietnam. PCB patterns of street dusts from the industrial park were dominated by lightly chlorinated homologs (tri- and tetra-CBs), while more highly chlorinated homologs (penta- and hexa-CBs) were the major contributors to total PCBs in the urban samples, indicating different emission sources. Linear correlations of log-transformed sum of 7 indicator congeners with total PCBs and sum of dioxin-like PCBs were observed. PCB-11, an inadvertently produced congener of pigment manufacturing processes, was detected in all the samples with more elevated proportions in the urban and rural areas than industrial park. Our results have revealed complex emission sources of PCBs in the study areas, including both historical (e.g., the past usage of imported PCB-containing oils and old electric equipment) and current sources such as releases from industrial activities and increasing use of new consumer products. Occupationally exposed persons (e.g., street sweepers, street vendors, and traffic policemen) and children in the urban and industrial areas were estimated to receive much higher doses of dust-bound PCBs than general population, suggesting the need for appropriate protection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Keidai Tomioka
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Wang T, Ding N, Wang T, Chen SJ, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Organophosphorus esters (OPEs) in PM 2.5 in urban and e-waste recycling regions in southern China: concentrations, sources, and emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:437-444. [PMID: 30125762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are novel ubiquitous contaminants that are attracting growing concern, but their emissions into the environment are still poorly understood. In this study, 12 OPEs were measured in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 20 industrial sites in an urban region and four e-waste recycling facilities in a rural region in southern China. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of ∑OPEs between the urban region (519-62,747 pg/m3, median = 2854 pg/m3) and the rural e-waste region (775-13,823 pg/m3, 3321 pg/m3). High OPE concentrations in urban PM2.5 were generally associated with the electrical, electronic, plastic, and chemical industries. There were no significant correlations between most OPEs in these two regions, suggesting different emission mechanisms. The average emissions of ∑OPEs estimated using a simplified dispersion model were 73.0 kg/yr from the urban industrial point sources and 33.2 kg/yr from the e-waste recycling facilities. The estimated emission inventory from industrial activities in the whole city (3228-4452 kg/yr) was approximately 30-fold higher than that from the e-waste recycling (133 kg/yr) facilities because urban region has a much larger industrial scale. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to model the emissions of OPEs from industrial and e-waste recycling activities to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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31
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Niu D, Qiu Y, Li L, Zhou Y, Du X, Zhu Z, Chen L, Lin Z. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18049-18058. [PMID: 29691743 PMCID: PMC6677682 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
House dust is the main source of human exposure to flame retardants by ingestion. This study investigated the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust from 22 houses in Shanghai, China. House dust was separately collected from the floor and elevated furnishings surface (mostly between 0.5 and 2 m height) for comparison. The concentrations of ∑22 PBDEs ranged from 19.4 to 3280 ng/g (with a geometric mean of 203 ng/g) and from 55.1 to 792 ng/g (with a geometric mean of 166 ng/g) in floor dust (FD) and elevated surface dust (ESD), respectively. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for about 73.1% of total PBDE burdens. In terms of congener profiles, the comparison of FD and ESD revealed no significant differences except for the ratio of BDE-47/BDE-99. ESD samples displayed a ratio of BDE-47/BDE-99 very similar to commercial penta-BDE products DE-71 while the ratio in FD was exceptionally higher. Significant correlation was found between concentrations of commercial penta-BDE compositions in FD and ESD (p < 0.05). Except for some occasional values, PBDE levels in house dust exhibited temporal stability. Human exposure to PBDEs via dust ingestion was estimated. The highest daily intake of PBDEs was for toddlers by using 95th percentile concentrations of PBDEs via high dust ingestion in FD (23.07 ng/kg bw/day). About 20-fold difference in exposure estimates between toddlers and adults supports that toddlers are facing greater risk from indoor floor dust. Expectedly, this study highlighted the point that residents in Shanghai were exposed to low doses of PBDEs in house dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Niu
- Key laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Li Li
- Key laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Cristale J, Aragão Belé TG, Lacorte S, Rodrigues de Marchi MR. Occurrence and human exposure to brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants via indoor dust in a Brazilian city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:695-703. [PMID: 29129432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is considered an important human exposure route to flame retardants (FRs), which has arised concern due the toxic properties of some of these substances. In this study, ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and four new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in indoor dust from different places in Araraquara-SP (Brazil). The sampled places included houses, apartments, offices, primary schools and cars. The analysis of the sample extracts was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and two ionization techniques were used (electron ionization - EI; electron capture negative ionization - ECNI). OPFRs were the most abundant compounds and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were present at the highest concentrations. Among the brominated FRs, the most ubiquitous compounds were BDE-209, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Statistical analysis revealed that there were differences among dust typologies for TBOEP, TDCIPP, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), BDE-209, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), BEH-TEBP and DBDPE, which were attributed to different construction materials in each particular environment and to the age of the buildings. The highest levels of brominated FRs were observed in offices, TBOEP was at high concentration in primary schools, and TDCIPP was at high concentration in cars. A preliminary risk assessment revealed that toddlers were exposed to TBOEP levels higher than the reference dose when considering the worst case scenario. The results obtained in this study showed for the first time that although Brazil does not regulate the use of FRs, these substances are present in indoor dust at levels similar to the observed in countries that have strict fire safety standards, and that humans are exposed to complex mixtures of these contaminants via indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Gomes Aragão Belé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Anh HQ, Tomioka K, Tue NM, Tri TM, Minh TB, Takahashi S. PBDEs and novel brominated flame retardants in road dust from northern Vietnam: Levels, congener profiles, emission sources and implications for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:389-398. [PMID: 29366955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and selected novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were examined in road dust samples collected from three representative areas in northern Vietnam, including seven inner districts of Hanoi metropolitan area, an industrial park in Thai Nguyen province and a rural commune in Bac Giang province. This study aims to provide basic information on the contamination status, potential sources and human exposure to PBDEs and NBFRs associated with road dust in northern Vietnam. PBDEs were detected in all the samples at a range of 0.91-56 ng g-1 with a median value of 16 ng g-1. PBDE concentrations in road dusts from urban sites were significantly higher than those from industrial zone and rural area, suggesting their environmental load related to urbanization in northern Vietnam. BDE-209, major component of deca-BDE technical mixtures, dominated the congener patterns in all samples, accounting for 60.8-91.9% of total PBDE levels. Decabromodiphenyl ethane, an alternative of deca-BDE, was observed in a detection frequency of 100% in urban and industrial areas and at levels comparable to those of BDE-209. Other NBFRs such as pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobiphenyl and 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, were found at trace levels. Daily intake doses of PBDEs via road dust ingestion from 2.3 × 10-5 to 0.11 ng kg-bw-1 d-1 were estimated for residents in study areas, indicating a negligible risk with hazard indexes of 10-9 to 10-5 for selected congeners such as BDE-47, 99, 153 and 209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime Univeristy, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Keidai Tomioka
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Manh Tri
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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Sohail M, Eqani SAMAS, Podgorski J, Bhowmik AK, Mahmood A, Ali N, Sabo-Attwood T, Bokhari H, Shen H. Persistent organic pollutant emission via dust deposition throughout Pakistan: Spatial patterns, regional cycling and their implication for human health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:829-837. [PMID: 29146075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in outdoor dustfall was monitored for the first time along the Indus river system of Pakistan. Among the studied OCPs (ng/g, dry weight), DDTs (0.16-62) were the predominant contaminants identified in deposited dust followed by HCHs (0.1-10.2), HCB (0.09-7.4) and chlordanes (0.1-2.8). The indicative diagnostic ratio for DDTs and HCHs suggested recent emission of DDTs as well as historical emission of both chemicals in regions where they were used for crop protection and malarial control. The levels of ∑31PCBs (ng/g, dry weight) in dust ranged from 0.95-125, and compositional profiles suggested arochlor-1248, -1254 commercial mixtures as source. A few exceptions were samples from urban areas that reflected the use of aroclor-1260, and-1262 and/or unintentional leakage from several industrial processes. The WHO05-TEQ values for dioxin-like PCBs (with major contributions of PCB-126) were found to be 0.07-34.5 (median; 1.87) pg TEQg-1dw for all the studied samples. Correlation analysis identified that DDTs, HCHs, HCB and PCBs were significantly associated (r=90; p<0.01) with dusts collected in proximity to urban centers with widespread anthropogenic activities in these areas. A few cases where high levels of POPs from remote mountain highlands were detected, point to the potential for long range transport of these chemicals. Human risk assessment analysis of contaminated dust showed that DDTs and PCBs are major constituent chemicals of concern with regard to the development of cancer in children, with ingestion being the main route of exposure of dust-borne DDTs (0.12-1.03×10-6) and PCBs (0.86-12.43×10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| | - Joel Podgorski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
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Malliari E, Kalantzi OI. Children's exposure to brominated flame retardants in indoor environments - A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:146-169. [PMID: 28863388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present up-to-date research on children's exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments. Large geographical variations were observed for all BFRs [polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)], with the highest concentrations of PBDEs measured in North America (BDE-47) and Europe (BDE-209), where higher concentrations of PBDEs are present in dust from houses, daycare centers and primary schools. In Asia the highest PBDE concentrations were measured in China, near e-waste recycling areas. In the Middle East, Australia and Africa BFR levels were low in most indoor spaces. Asian countries also have the highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDD, followed by European countries. Fewer studies have been conducted measuring novel and emerging BFRs (NBFRs or EBFRs), of which decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) has the highest concentration in indoor environments, especially in China. The vast majority of children's exposure studies have been conducted in houses, sampling either dust or air, and considerably fewer in schools, daycare centers, cars and public facilities, despite BFR levels being comparable to (or sometimes even higher than) house dust. Relatively fewer studies focused on children's tissues such as serum, and only two studied exposure via mouthing toys. Alternative noninvasive sampling matrices that may act as surrogates for exposure to BFRs such as handwipes and silicone wristbands have recently started to gain momentum, because of the ease of sampling, faster collection time and better correlations to serum than house dust. Feces sampling is another promising alternative to children's serum that warrants further research. While many studies have associated different indoor environment characteristics, there is a knowledge gap on the association between children's behaviour and activity patterns and their exposure to BFRs, as well as data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products. Results from the studies showed that dust ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway for most studied BFRs compared to indoor air inhalation and dermal contact, especially for infants and toddlers who have higher exposures than older children.
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Khan MU, Besis A, Li J, Zhang G, Malik RN. New insight into the distribution pattern, levels, and risk diagnosis of FRs in indoor and outdoor air at low- and high-altitude zones of Pakistan: Implications for sources and exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1372-1387. [PMID: 28693104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Data regarding flame retardants (FRs) in indoor and outdoor air and their exposure to population are scarce and especially unknown in the case of Pakistan. The current study was designed to probe FR concentrations and distribution pattern in indoor and outdoor air at different altitudinal zones (DAZs) of Pakistan with special emphasis on their risk to the exposed population. In this study, passive air samplers for the purpose of FR deposition were deployed in indoor and outdoor air at the industrial, rural, and background/colder zones/sites. All the indoor and outdoor air samples collected from DAZs were analyzed for the target FRs (9.30-472.30 pg/m3), showing a decreasing trend as follows: ∑NBFRs > ∑PBDEs > ∑DP. However, significant correlations among FRs in the indoor and outdoor air at DAZs signified a similar source of FR origin that is used in different consumer goods. Furthermore, air mass trajectories revealed that movement of air over industrial area sources influenced concentrations of FRs at rural sites. The FR concentrations, estimated daily intake (EDI) and the hazard quotient (HQ), were recorded to be higher in toddlers than those in adults. In addition, indoor air samples showed higher FR levels, EDI and HQ, than outdoor air samples. An elevated FR concentrations and their prevalent exposure risks were recorded in the industrial zones followed by rural and background zones. The HQ for BDE-47 and BDE-99 in the indoor and outdoor air samples at different industrial and rural sites were recorded to be >1 in toddlers and adults, this further warrants a health risk in the population. However, FR investigation in indoor and outdoor air samples will provide a baseline data in Pakistan to take further steps by the government and agencies for its implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Khan
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abbasi NA, Eulaers I, Jaspers VLB, Chaudhry MJI, Frantz A, Ambus PL, Covaci A, Malik RN. The first exposure assessment of legacy and unrestricted brominated flame retardants in predatory birds of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1208-1219. [PMID: 27884470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) and unrestricted 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (EH-TBB) was examined in tail feathers of 76 birds belonging to ten predatory species inhabiting Pakistan. In addition, different feather types of six individuals of Black kite (Milvus migrans) were compared for their brominated flame retardant (BFR) levels. Black kite was found to be the most contaminated species with a median (minimum-maximum) tail feather concentration of 2.4 (0.70-7.5) ng g-1 dw for ∑PBDEs, 1.5 (0.5-8.1) ng g-1 dw for ∑HBCDDs and 0.10 (<LOQ-0.1) ng g-1 dw for BTBPE. Among unrestricted BFRs, BTBPE was detected only in Black kite and Little owl (Athene noctua), whereas BEH-TEBP and EH-TBB were not detected in any species. BDE-47 was found to be the most prevalent BFR compound in aquatic species, while BDE-99 and -153 were more abundant in terrestrial species. For HBCDDs, α-isomer was generally recorded as the most prevalent BFR in both terrestrial and aquatic species. The concentrations of BFRs differed significantly (all P < 0.01) among species, trophic guilds and between habitats, the latter for PBDEs only (P < 0.04), whereas differences among taxonomic affiliations and groups with different feeding regimes were not significant (P > 0.05 for both). Similarly, no significant concentration differences were observed among different feather types (all P > 0.05) suggesting their similar exposure. While variables such as species, trophic guild and δ15N values were evaluated as major predictors for BFR accumulation in the studied species, we predict that combined effects of just mentioned factors may govern the intra- and interspecific differences in BFR contamination profiles. We urge for further investigation of BFR exposure and potential toxicological effects in predatory birds from Asia with a more extensive sample size per species and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; WWF-Pakistan, Ferozpur Road, PO Box 5180, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Adrien Frantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Per Lennart Ambus
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 København K, Denmark
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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