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Curl CL, Hyland C, Spivak M, Sheppard L, Lanphear B, Antoniou MN, Ospina M, Calafat AM. The Effect of Pesticide Spray Season and Residential Proximity to Agriculture on Glyphosate Exposure among Pregnant People in Southern Idaho, 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:127001. [PMID: 38054699 PMCID: PMC10699167 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is one of the most heavily used pesticides in the world, but little is known about sources of glyphosate exposure in pregnant people living in agricultural regions. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate glyphosate exposure during pregnancy in relation to residential proximity to agriculture as well as agricultural spray season. METHODS We quantified glyphosate concentrations in 453 urine samples collected biweekly from a cohort of 40 pregnant people in southern Idaho from February through December 2021. We estimated each participant's glyphosate exposure as the geometric mean (GM) of glyphosate concentrations measured in all samples (average n = 11 samples/participant), as well as the GM of samples collected during the pesticide "spray season" (defined as those collected 1 May-15 August; average n = 5 samples/participant) and the "nonspray season" (defined as those collected before 1 May or after 15 August; average n = 6 samples/participant). We defined participants who resided < 0.5 km from an actively cultivated agriculture field to live "near fields" and those residing ≥ 0.5 km from an agricultural field to live "far from fields" (n = 22 and 18, respectively). RESULTS Among participants living near fields, urinary glyphosate was detected more frequently and at significantly increased GM concentrations during the spray season in comparison with the nonspray season (81% vs. 55%; 0.228 μ g / L vs. 0.150 μ g / L , p < 0.001 ). In contrast, among participants who lived far from fields, neither glyphosate detection frequency nor GMs differed in the spray vs nonspray season (66% vs. 64%; 0.154 μ g / L vs. 0.165 μ g / L , p = 0.45 ). Concentrations did not differ by residential proximity to fields during the nonspray season (0.154 μ g / L vs. 0.165 μ g / L , for near vs. far, p = 0.53 ). DISCUSSION Pregnant people living near agriculture fields had significantly increased urinary glyphosate concentrations during the agricultural spray season than during the nonspray season. They also had significantly higher urinary glyphosate concentrations during the spray season than those who lived far from agricultural fields at any time of year, but concentrations did not differ during the nonspray season. These findings suggest that agricultural glyphosate spray is a source of exposure for people living near fields. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12768.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Carly Hyland
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Division of Agriculture and National Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Meredith Spivak
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
- Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Hyland C, Spivak M, Sheppard L, Lanphear BP, Antoniou M, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Curl CL. Urinary Glyphosate Concentrations among Pregnant Participants in a Randomized, Crossover Trial of Organic and Conventional Diets. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:77005. [PMID: 37493357 PMCID: PMC10370340 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of an organic diet reduces exposure to a range of agricultural pesticides. Only three studies have examined the effect of an organic diet intervention on exposure to the herbicide glyphosate, the most heavily used agricultural chemical in the world. Despite its widespread use, the primary sources of glyphosate exposure in humans are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effect of an organic diet intervention on urinary glyphosate concentrations among pregnant individuals. METHODS We conducted a 2-wk randomized crossover trial in which 39 pregnant participants living near (≤ 0.5 km ) and far (> 0.5 km ) from agricultural fields received a 1-wk supply of conventional groceries and 1 wk of organic groceries, randomized to order. We collected daily first morning void urine samples and analyzed composite samples from each week for glyphosate. We examined differences in urinary glyphosate concentrations between the conventional week and the organic week among all participants and stratified by residential proximity to an agricultural field. RESULTS Median specific gravity-adjusted glyphosate concentrations were 0.19 μ g / L and 0.16 μ g / L during the conventional and organic weeks, respectively. We observed modest decreases in urinary glyphosate concentrations from the conventional to organic week among far-field participants, but no difference among near-field participants. In secondary analyses excluding participants who did not meet a priori criteria of compliance with the intervention, we observed significant decreases in urinary glyphosate concentrations, particularly among far-field participants (p < 0.01 - 0.02 , depending on exclusion criteria). DISCUSSION This trial is the first to examine the effect of an organic diet intervention on glyphosate among people living near and far from agricultural fields. Our results suggest that diet is an important contributor to glyphosate exposure in people living > 0.5 km from agricultural fields; for people living near crops, agriculture may be a dominant exposure source during the pesticide spray season. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Meredith Spivak
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Michael Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
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Nishihama Y, Lai Y, Isobe T, Nakayama SF. Optimal method for determining the intraclass correlation coefficients of urinary biomarkers such as dialkylphosphates from imputed data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107553. [PMID: 36228551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urinary biomarkers are commonly used in epidemiological studies as surrogates or indicators of exposure to chemical substances. Evaluating the reliability of a biomarker is highly important because use of an unreliable marker may lead to misclassification and attenuation bias, resulting in flawed interpretations and conclusions. Although intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is regarded as a typical index of test reliability, methods for determining the ICCs of urinary biomarkers have not been standardised, and different methods have been used. This study evaluated different imputation methods for left-censored data, i.e., four imputation or one substitution methods, before calculating ICCs, and at the same time mathematically assessed the impact of the left-censoring proportion on the estimated ICCs. Biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate pesticides, i.e., dialkylphosphates, were used as an example. The Gibbs sampler-based left-censored missing value imputation approach had the best performance for imputation of values below reporting limits, with lower values on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics than other imputation/substitution methods, i.e., a univariate distribution fitting approach, multiple imputation by chained equation, a bootstrap expectation-maximisation algorithm approach, and a single value substitution. In all imputation methods, however, ICCs decreased as censoring rates increased. We propose a method to estimate true ICCs based on mathematical estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nishihama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yonghang Lai
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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Skomal AE, Zhang J, Yang K, Yen J, Tu X, Suarez-Torres J, Lopez-Paredes D, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Martinez D, Suarez-Lopez JR. Concurrent urinary organophosphate metabolites and acetylcholinesterase activity in Ecuadorian adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112163. [PMID: 34627797 PMCID: PMC9138777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates are insecticides that inhibit the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Because of this, AChE is considered a physiological marker of organophosphate exposure in agricultural settings. However, limited research exists on the associations between urinary organophosphate metabolites and AChE activity in children. METHODS This study included 526 participants from 2 exams (April and July-October 2016) of ages 12-17 years living in agricultural communities in Ecuador. AChE activity was measured at both examinations, and organophosphate metabolites, including para-nitrophenol (PNP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), and malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA) were measured in urine collected in July-October. We used generalized estimating equation generalized linear model (GEEGLM), adjusting for hemoglobin, creatinine, and other demographic and anthropometric covariates, to estimate associations of urinary metabolite concentrations with AChE activity (July-October) and AChE% change between April and July-October. RESULTS The mean (SD) of AChE and AChE% change (April vs July-October) were 3.67 U/mL (0.54) and -2.5% (15.4%), respectively. AChE activity was inversely associated with PNP concentration, whereas AChE% change was inversely associated with PNP and MDA. There was evidence of a threshold: difference was only significant above the 80th percentile of PNP concentration (AChE difference per SD increase of metabolite = -0.12 U/mL [95%CI: 0.20, -0.04]). Likewise, associations with AChE% change were significant only above the 80th percentile of TCPy (AChE % change per SD increase of metabolite = -1.38% [95%CI: 2.43%, -0.32%]) and PNP -2.47% [95%CI: 4.45%, -0.50%]). PNP concentration at ≥80th percentile was associated with elevated ORs for low AChE activity of 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5, 5.7) and for AChE inhibition of ≤ -10% of 3.7 (95% CI: 1.4, 9.8). CONCLUSIONS Urinary organophosphate metabolites, including PNP, TCPy and MDA, particularly at concentrations above the 80th percentile, were associated with lower AChE activity among adolescents. These findings bring attention to the value of using multiple constructs of pesticide exposure in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Skomal
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasen Zhang
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Yen
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jose R Suarez-Lopez
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Lin X, Zhang Z, Wu B, Liu J. Temporal variability of organophosphate insecticide metabolites over one year in Chinese adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149041. [PMID: 34328903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides widely used worldwide are a class of non-persistent pollutants with a short biological half-life. Most OP insecticides are rapidly metabolized in the human body to six dialkyl phosphate metabolites (DAPs), of which urinary concentrations are usually used to assess OP insecticide exposures. In this study, to understand the reliability of a single measurement of OP insecticide metabolites in representing a true longer-term average exposure, we investigated the temporal variability of urinary DAPs over one year in 114 Chinese adults aged 18-30. The detection rates for all six DAP metabolites exceeded 98%. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of DAPs indicated poor (ICC < 0.4) to fair (ICC = 0.4-0.75) reproducibility in spot urine samples over one week, month, or year. Log-transformed DAP metabolites requested 2-12 spot urine samples per subject to offer a reliable estimate of OP insecticide exposures over several months or one year. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting subjects with the one-year average OP insecticide exposure in the highest tertile with one, two, or three urine samples varied from 0.25 to 0.991, 0.491 to 0.966, respectively. We recommend at least 3 spot urine samples for the assessment of one-year OP insecticide exposure by using log-transformed DAPs. This study offers a reference for an appropriate evaluation of a relatively long-period exposure to OP insecticides in biomonitoring and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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González-Alzaga B, Romero-Molina D, López-Flores I, Giménez-Asensio MJ, Hernández AF, Lacasaña M. Urinary levels of organophosphate pesticides and predictors of exposure in pre-school and school children living in agricultural and urban communities from south Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109459. [PMID: 32335427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides, information on predictors of children's exposure to such pesticides is scarce. OBJECTIVE To assess exposure to OP pesticides in children 3-11 year-old living in agricultural communities and urban areas from Andalusia (Southern Spain), and to identify the main determinants of exposure. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted in children 3-11-year-old children living in agricultural communities and urban areas from the provinces of Almeria, Granada and Huelva (Andalusia, Spain) between 2010 and 2011. Urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites were measured by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS at the periods of low and high pesticide use in the agriculture (LPU and HPU, respectively). Information on sociodemographic characteristics, parental occupation, residential history, lifestyle and diet, among other relevant factors, was obtained from questionnaires administered to the mothers. RESULTS A total of 559 and 597 children participated in LPU and HPU periods, respectively. The proportion of urine samples below LOD was 67.4% for ΣDMs (sum of dimethyl metabolites), 77% for ΣDEs (sum of diethyl metabolites) and 58.5% for ΣDAPs (sum of total dialkylphosphate metabolites) in LPU period, and 50.4% for ΣDMs, 65.3% for ΣDEs and 43.9% for ΣDAPs in HPU period. Significantly greater urinary ΣDAP, ΣDM and ΣDE levels were observed in HPU relative to LPU period. Maternal schooling years, proximity of the house to crops or greenhouses, use of insecticides at home, spraying the garden with pesticides, storage of pesticides at home, house cleaning frequency, as well as child's frequency of bath/shower, were found to be the major predictors of urinary levels of ΣDAP. Likewise, not washing fruit and vegetables before consumption and banana consumption were also identified as determinants of the exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS Urinary levels of metabolites of OP pesticides found in this study were relatively lower compared to similar studies. DAP levels were significantly increased in HPU period. Maternal schooling years and variables related to residential environment and home exposures were identified as the most relevant determinants of DAP metabolites. Regarding diet, banana consumption and not washing fruit before consumption were also identified as determinants of the exposure levels. This study contributes to improve our knowledge on the main sources and determinants of children exposure to OPS, and given that children are more vulnerable than adults this information is essential to reduce children exposure and protect their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B González-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - D Romero-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - A F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Ito Y, Ueyama J, Nakayama SF, Isobe T, Oya N, Sato H, Ebara T, Yoshimasu K, Tsuno K, Tatsuta N, Nakai K, Kamijima M. Within-individual and interlaboratory variability analyses of urinary metabolites measurements of organophosphorus insecticides. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:721-729. [PMID: 30728480 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-spot urine is often used to estimate organophosphorus insecticide (OP) exposure. However, variations of urinary metabolite concentrations during the day are considerable as OP half-lives are short and as diet is their main exposure source. In addition, quality control is indispensable for institutions that analyze these metabolites. This study aimed to clarify (1) adequate frequencies of urine collection for estimating OP exposure and (2) interlaboratory variation in measured concentrations of OP metabolites, dialkylphosphates (DAPs). To quantify intra-individual variations, urine was collected eight times during a period that spanned 5 consecutive days from nine children aged 5-6 years. For interlaboratory variations, 41 spot samples from 14 pregnant women and 13 three-year-old children were used. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the DAPs were moderate but misclassification occurred in > 50% of the surrogate category analyses using single measurements. The misclassification frequency decreased to satisfactory levels when three temporal measurements were conducted. Values of four DAPs measured in the two laboratories correlated well except in the cases of urine samples obtained from two pregnant women. In conclusion, urinary DAPs should be measured from spot urine samples obtained during 3 different days. Sharing matrix-contained standards and quality control samples should minimize interlaboratory variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoko Oya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshimasu
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Pirard C, Remy S, Giusti A, Champon L, Charlier C. Assessment of children's exposure to currently used pesticides in wallonia, Belgium. Toxicol Lett 2020; 329:1-11. [PMID: 32371136 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2016, a study was carried out to characterize currently used pesticide (CUP) exposure among children living in Wallonia (Belgium). Pesticides were measured in both first morning urine voids of 258 children aged from 9 to 12 years and in ambient air collected close to the children's schools. Out of the 46 pesticides measured in the air, 19 were detected with frequencies varying between 11 % and 100 %, and mean levels ranging from <0.04 to 2.37 ng/m³. Only 3 parent pesticides were found in 1-10% of the urine samples, while all the metabolites analyzed were positively detected at least once. The captan metabolite (THPI) was quantified in 23.5 % of the samples, while 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlopryrifos metabolite) was detected in all urines with levels ranging from 0.36-38.96 μg/l. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (t-DCCA) and diethylphosphate were the most abundant pyrethroid metabolites and dialkylphosphate measured. The air inhalation was demonstrated to be a minor route of exposure for the selected CUPs. Statistical regressions highlighted predictors of exposure for some pesticides such like consumption of grey bread, presence of carpets at home or indoor use of pesticides, although no clear source was identified for most of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Suzanne Remy
- Direction of Chronic Risks, Environment and Health Team, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Giusti
- Direction of Chronic Risks, Environment and Health Team, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Léa Champon
- Direction of Chronic Risks, Environment and Health Team, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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López-Gálvez N, Wagoner R, Quirós-Alcalá L, Ornelas Van Horne Y, Furlong M, Avila E, Beamer P. Systematic Literature Review of the Take-Home Route of Pesticide Exposure via Biomonitoring and Environmental Monitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122177. [PMID: 31248217 PMCID: PMC6617019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pesticides via take-home can be an important pathway for farmworkers' families. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to summarize and analyze the literature published during the last decade of exposure to pesticides via take-home pathway in farmworkers' families. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to identify peer-reviewed articles of interest; only articles related to take-home pathway that included some sort of pesticide monitoring were considered for inclusion. Systematic reviews, literature reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded, resulting in a total of 39 articles elected for analysis. The articles were summarized based on the location of the study, population (sample size), pesticide analyzed, and type of sample. RESULTS The majority of the reviewed studies were conducted in the U.S., but there seems to be an increase in literature on pesticide take-home pathway in developing countries. Most of the articles provided evidence that farmworkers' families are exposed to pesticides at higher levels than non-farmworkers' families. The levels may depend on several factors such as seasonality, parental occupation, cohabitation with a farmworker, behavior at work/home, age, and gender. Community-based interventions disrupting the take-home pathway seem to be effective at reducing pesticide exposure. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION The take-home pathway is an important contributor to overall residential exposures, but other pathways such as pesticide drift, indoor-residential applications, and dietary intake need to be considered. A more comprehensive exposure assessment approach is necessary to better understand exposures to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas López-Gálvez
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Rietta Wagoner
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Yoshira Ornelas Van Horne
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Melissa Furlong
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - El'gin Avila
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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10
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Baudry J, Debrauwer L, Durand G, Limon G, Delcambre A, Vidal R, Taupier-Letage B, Druesne-Pecollo N, Galan P, Hercberg S, Lairon D, Cravedi JP, Kesse-Guyot E. Urinary pesticide concentrations in French adults with low and high organic food consumption: results from the general population-based NutriNet-Santé. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:366-378. [PMID: 30185942 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An organic diet may reduce dietary exposure to pesticides but findings based on observational data are scant. We aimed to compare urinary pesticide concentrations between "organic" and "conventional" consumers from the NutriNet-Santé study. Organic food consumption was determined using a self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Individuals with a proportion of organic food in the whole diet (in g/d) below 10% were defined as low organic food consumers and those whose proportion was above 50% as high organic food consumers. A propensity score matching procedure was then used to obtain two similar subsets of 150 participants, differing mostly by the organic valence of their diet. Urinary pesticide and metabolite concentrations (organophosphorus, pyrethroid, and azole compounds) were determined by UPLC-MS/MS, standardized with respect to creatinine. The molar sums of total diethylphosphates, dimethylphosphates, and dialkylphosphates were also computed. Differences in distributions across groups were tested using Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched data. Mean age was 58.5 years and 70% of participants were women. Significantly lower urinary levels of diethylthiophosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, dialkylphosphates, and free 3-phenoxybenzoic acid were observed among organic consumers compared to conventional consumers. Our findings confirm that exposure to certain organophosphate and pyrethroïd pesticides in adults may be lowered by switching from conventional to organic foods. This is particularly of high interest among conventional fruit and vegetable consumers, as their exposure may be the highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baudry
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Université Paris 13, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, F-93017, Bobigny, France.
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Adéline Delcambre
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Rodolphe Vidal
- Institut Technique de l'Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), F-75595, Paris, France
| | | | - Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Université Paris 13, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Université Paris 13, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Université Paris 13, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, F-93017, Bobigny, France
- Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Denis Lairon
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Université Paris 13, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, F-93017, Bobigny, France
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11
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Plascak JJ, Griffith WC, Workman T, Smith MN, Vigoren E, Faustman EM, Thompson B. Evaluation of the relationship between residential orchard density and dimethyl organophosphate pesticide residues in house dust. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:379-388. [PMID: 30254255 PMCID: PMC6433558 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reducing residential pesticide exposure requires identification of exposure pathways. Compared to the agriculture worker 'take-home' and residential use pathways, evidence of the 'drift' pathway to pesticide exposure has been inconsistent. Questionnaire data from individuals (n = 99) and dust samples (n = 418) from households across three growing seasons in 2011 were from the For Healthy Kids! study. Summed dimethyl organophosphate pesticide (OP) (Azinphos-Methyl, Phosmet, and Malathion) concentrations were quantified from house dust samples. Spatially-weighted orchard densities surrounding households were calculated based on various distances from homes. Regression models tested associations between orchard density, residential pesticide use, agriculture worker residents, and summed dimethyl OP house dust concentrations. Estimated relationships between orchard density and dimethyl OP in house dust were mixed: a 5% increase in orchard density resulted in 0.3 and 0.5% decreases in dimethyl OP house dust concentrations when considering land-cover 750 m or 1250 m away from households, respectively, but null associations with land-cover 60 m or 200 m away. Dimethyl OP house dust concentrations were 400% higher within homes where at least two residents were agriculture workers. Despite inconclusive evidence for the drift pathway due to potential for bias, relationships between number of agriculture workers and dimethyl OP house dust concentration underscores the take-home pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Plascak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Griffith WC, Vigoren EM, Smith MN, Workman T, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Faustman EM. Application of improved approach to evaluate a community intervention to reduce exposure of young children living in farmworker households to organophosphate pesticides. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:358-365. [PMID: 29662130 PMCID: PMC6192874 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The take-home pathway is a significant source of organophosphate pesticide exposure for young children (3-5 years old) living with an adult farmworker. This avoidable exposure pathway is an important target for intervention. We selected 24 agricultural communities in the Yakima Valley of Washington State and randomly assigned them to receive an educational intervention (n = 12) to reduce children's pesticide exposure or usual care (n = 12). We assessed exposure to pesticides in nearly 200 adults and children during the pre and post-intervention periods by measuring metabolites in urine. We compared pre- and post-intervention exposures by expressing the child's pesticide metabolite concentration as a fraction of the adult's concentration living in the same household, because the amount of pesticides applied during the collection periods varied. Exposures in our community were consistently higher, sometimes above the 95th percentile of the exposures reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). While intervention and control communities demonstrated a reduction in the ratio of child to adult exposure, this reduction was more pronounced in intervention communities (2.7-fold, p < 0.001 compared to 1.7-fold, p = 0.052 for intervention and control, respectively). By examining the child/adult biomarker ratio, we demonstrated that our community-based intervention was effective in reducing pesticide exposure to children in agricultural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric M. Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Marissa N. Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Risk Analysis & Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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13
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Casas M, Basagaña X, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Philippat C, Granum B, Manzano-Salgado CB, Brochot C, Zeman F, de Bont J, Andrusaityte S, Chatzi L, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Giorgis-Allemand L, Gonzalez JR, Gracia-Lavedan E, Grazuleviciene R, Kampouri M, Lyon-Caen S, Pañella P, Petraviciene I, Robinson O, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Vernet C, Waiblinger D, Wright J, Thomsen C, Slama R, Vrijheid M. Variability of urinary concentrations of non-persistent chemicals in pregnant women and school-aged children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:561-573. [PMID: 30300814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposome studies are challenged by exposure misclassification for non-persistent chemicals, whose temporal variability contributes to bias in dose-response functions. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the variability of urinary concentrations of 24 non-persistent chemicals: 10 phthalate metabolites, 7 phenols, 6 organophosphate (OP) pesticide metabolites, and cotinine, between weeks from different pregnancy trimesters in pregnant women, and between days and between seasons in children. METHODS 154 pregnant women and 152 children from six European countries were enrolled in 2014-2015. Pregnant women provided three urine samples over a day (morning, midday, and night), for one week in the 2nd and 3rd pregnancy trimesters. Children provided two urines a day (morning and night), over two one-week periods, six months apart. We pooled all samples for a given subject that were collected within a week. In children, we also made four daily pools (combining morning and night voids) during the last four days of the first follow-up week. Pools were analyzed for all 24 metabolites of interest. We calculated intraclass-correlation coefficients (ICC) and estimated the number of pools needed to obtain an ICC above 0.80. RESULTS All phthalate metabolites and phenols were detected in >90% of pools whereas certain OP pesticide metabolites and cotinine were detected in <43% of pools. We observed fair (ICC = 0.40-0.59) to good (0.60-0.74) between-day reliability of the pools of two samples in children for all chemicals. Reliability was poor (<0.40) to fair between trimesters in pregnant women and between seasons in children. For most chemicals, three daily pools of two urines each (for weekly exposure windows) and four weekly pools of 15-20 urines each would be necessary to obtain an ICC above 0.80. CONCLUSIONS This quantification of the variability of biomarker measurements of many non-persistent chemicals during several time windows shows that for many of these compounds a few dozen samples are required to accurately assess exposure over periods encompassing several trimesters or months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Claire Philippat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Berit Granum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Cyntia B Manzano-Salgado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie, Parc Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Florence Zeman
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie, Parc Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lise Giorgis-Allemand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mariza Kampouri
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete (UOC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Pau Pañella
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Robinson
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete (UOC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Céline Vernet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (BTHFT), Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (BTHFT), Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rémy Slama
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Cartier C, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Rouget F, Limon G, Durand G, Cordier S, Saint-Amour D, Chevrier C. Children’s contrast sensitivity function in relation to organophosphate insecticide prenatal exposure in the mother-child PELAGIE cohort. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Organophosphate Pesticide Urinary Metabolites Among Latino Immigrants: North Carolina Farmworkers and Non-farmworkers Compared. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:1079-1086. [PMID: 27820757 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis documents detections and concentrations of the six dialkylphosphate (DAP) urinary metabolite of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides among North Carolina Latino migrant farmworkers, with comparison to non-farmworker Latino immigrants. METHODS Participants provided up to four urine samples during the 2012 and 2013 agricultural seasons. Composite urine samples for each year were analyzed. RESULTS DAP urinary metabolite detections were similar in farmworkers and non-farmworker; for example, for 2012, 75.4% of farmworkers and 67.4% of non-farmworkers and, for 2013, 89.3% of farmworkers and 89.7% of non-farmworkers had dimethylthiophosphate detections. DAP geometric mean concentrations were high; for example, dimethylphosphate concentrations among farmworkers were 11.39 μg/g creatinine for 2012 and 4.49 μg/g creatinine for 2013, while they were 10.49 μg/g creatinine for 2012 and 1.97 μg/g creatinine for 2013 for non-farmworkers CONCLUSIONS:: Research to reduce pesticide exposure among Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers is needed.
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16
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Tamaro CM, Smith MN, Workman T, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Characterization of organophosphate pesticides in urine and home environment dust in an agricultural community. Biomarkers 2018; 23:174-187. [PMID: 29047308 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1395080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) have been used to control agricultural pests found in Washington state. Farmworkers (FW) have higher exposure to OP pesticides than non-farmworkers (NFW), and FW children may in turn have higher exposure than NFW children. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the concentration in house dust of five OPs used commonly in pome fruit orchards and the concentration in urine of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAP), in a cohort of Hispanic FW and NFW and their children. METHODS Parents and children participated in three data collection periods over the course of one year. Urine samples were evaluated for the DAPs characteristic of OP exposure, and dust from homes and vehicles was evaluated for intact OP residues. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of OPs in house and vehicle dust were higher in FW households than NFW households in all agricultural seasons. GM concentration of urinary DAPs was higher for children in FW households than NFW households. DISCUSSION Regression analysis found a positive association between OP residues in house dust and the children's urinary DAPs. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to report an association between pesticides in house dust and their biological metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Tamaro
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - William C Griffith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- c Cancer Prevention Program , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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17
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Suarez-Lopez JR, Butcher CR, Gahagan S, Checkoway H, Alexander BH, Al-Delaimy WK. Acetylcholinesterase activity and time after a peak pesticide-use period among Ecuadorian children. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 91:175-184. [PMID: 29026987 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mother's Day (May) is a holiday with substantial demand for flowers, associated with heightened flower production and escalated pesticide use. The effect of spray seasons on pesticide exposures of children living in agricultural communities but who do not work in agriculture is poorly understood. In this study, we estimated the association of time after Mother's Day harvest with children's acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. AChE is a physiological marker of organophosphate/carbamate pesticide exposures that may take up to 3 months to normalize after its inhibition. METHODS We examined 308 children, aged 4-9 years, in Ecuadorian agricultural communities during a low flower-production season but within 63-100 days (mean: 81.5 days, SD: 10.9) after Mother's Day harvest. We quantified AChE activity (mean: 3.14 U/mL, SD: 0.49) from a single finger-stick sample. RESULTS We observed positive linear associations between time after the harvest and AChE among participants living near plantations. The associations were strongest among participants living within 233 m [(0.15 U/mL (95% CI 0.02, 0.28)], slightly weaker among participants living within 234-532 m [0.11 U/mL (0.00, 0.23)], and not associated among participants at greater distances. Similar findings were observed across categories of areas of flower plantations within 500 m of homes. CONCLUSIONS These cross-sectional findings suggest that a peak pesticide-use period can decrease AChE activity of children living near plantations. These seasonal pesticide exposures could induce short- and long-term developmental alterations in children. Studies assessing exposures at multiple times in relation to pesticide spray seasons among children who do not work in agriculture are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ricardo Suarez-Lopez
- Division of Global Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0725, USA.
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0725, USA.
| | - Cheyenne R Butcher
- Division of Global Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0725, USA
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive #0832, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0832, USA
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- Division of Global Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0725, USA
| | - Bruce H Alexander
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 807, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wael K Al-Delaimy
- Division of Global Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0725, USA
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18
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Vidi PA, Anderson KA, Chen H, Anderson R, Salvador-Moreno N, Mora DC, Poutasse C, Laurienti PJ, Daniel SS, Arcury TA. Personal samplers of bioavailable pesticides integrated with a hair follicle assay of DNA damage to assess environmental exposures and their associated risks in children. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 822:27-33. [PMID: 28844239 PMCID: PMC5607735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture in the United States employs youth ages ten and older in work environments with high pesticide levels. Younger children in rural areas may also be affected by indirect pesticide exposures. The long-term effects of pesticides on health and development are difficult to assess and poorly understood. Yet, epidemiologic studies suggest associations with cancer as well as cognitive deficits. We report a practical and cost-effective approach to assess environmental pesticide exposures and their biological consequences in children. Our approach combines silicone wristband personal samplers and DNA damage quantification from hair follicles, and was tested as part of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project involving ten Latino children from farmworker households in North Carolina. Our study documents high acceptance among Latino children and their caregivers of these noninvasive sampling methods. The personal samplers detected organophosphates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids in the majority of the participants (70%, 90%, 80%, respectively). Pesticides were detected in all participant samplers, with an average of 6.2±2.4 detections/participant sampler. DNA damage in epithelial cells from the sheath and bulb of plucked hairs follicles was quantified by immunostaining 53BP1-labled DNA repair foci. This method is sensitive, as shown by dose response analyses to γ radiations where the lowest dose tested (0.1Gy) led to significant increased 53BP1 foci density. Immunolabeling of DNA repair foci has significant advantages over the comet assay in that specific regions of the follicles can be analyzed. In this cohort of child participants, significant association was found between the number of pesticide detections and DNA damage in the papilla region of the hairs. We anticipate that this monitoring approach of bioavailable pesticides and genotoxicity will enhance our knowledge of the biological effects of pesticides to guide education programs and safety policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Vidi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Naike Salvador-Moreno
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Dana C Mora
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Carolyn Poutasse
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Paul J Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Stephanie S Daniel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas A Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Smith MN, Workman T, McDonald KM, Vredevoogd MA, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Barr D, Faustman EM. Seasonal and occupational trends of five organophosphate pesticides in house dust. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:372-378. [PMID: 27553992 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1998, the University of Washington's Center for Child Environmental Health Risks Research has followed a community-based participatory research strategy in the Lower Yakima Valley of Washington State to assess pesticide exposure among families of Hispanic farmworkers. As a part of this longitudinal study, house dust samples were collected from both farmworker and non-farmworker households, across three agricultural seasons (thinning, harvest and non-spray). The household dust samples were analyzed for five organophosphate pesticides: azinphos-methyl, phosmet, malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Organophosphate pesticide levels in house dust were generally reflective of annual use rates and varied by occupational status and agricultural season. Overall, organophosphate pesticide concentrations were higher in the thinning and harvest seasons than in the non-spray season. Azinphos-methyl was found in the highest concentrations across all seasons and occupations. Farmworker house dust had between 5- and 9-fold higher concentrations of azinphos-methyl than non-farmworker house dust. Phosmet was found in 5-7-fold higher concentrations in farmworker house dust relative to non-farmworker house dust. Malathion and chlorpyriphos concentrations in farmworker house dust ranged between 1.8- and 9.8-fold higher than non-farmworker house dust. Diazinon showed a defined seasonal pattern that peaked in the harvest season and did not significantly differ between farmworker and non-farmworker house dust. The observed occupational differences in four out of five of the pesticide residues measured provides evidence supporting an occupational take home pathway, in which workers may bring pesticides home on their skin or clothing. Further, these results demonstrate the ability of dust samples to inform the episodic nature of organophosphate pesticide exposures and the need to collect multiple samples for complete characterization of exposure potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katie M McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melinda A Vredevoogd
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric M Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dana Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Perla ME, Rue T, Cheadle A, Krieger J, Karr CJ, Karr CK. Population-based comparison of biomarker concentrations for chemicals of concern among Latino-American and non-Hispanic white children. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 17:802-19. [PMID: 24668388 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Differences in cultural and economic status may place ethnic subgroups of children at higher risk for exposure, leading to heightened health risks, and health inequities. Although Latino-Americans represent 22% of all children in the United States, few studies have explored within-group differences in their exposure to toxicants. Using socio-demographic and biomarker data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2008, we characterized determinants of health and estimated geometric means of environmental contaminant biomarkers (blood concentrations of lead and mercury, serum concentrations of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p'-DDE] and cotinine, and urinary metabolites of organophosphate [OP] pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) among 4,257 Mexican American (MA), 677 Other Latino-American (OL), and 3,370 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) children. MAs had the lowest levels of health insurance coverage and regular access to health care, and largest household size compared to NHWs and OLs. MAs had higher levels of p,p'-DDE, lead, and cadmium while OLs had higher estimates of mercury relative to other groups. MAs had higher urinary metabolite concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene; otherwise MAs and OLs had lower concentrations of PAHs. NHWs had higher levels of cotinine and dimethylthiophosphate. For other OP metabolites, differences among groups were less clear. Lead and p,p'-DDE exposure differences likely reflect later and less regulatory control of these chemicals in Latin America. Additionally, poor quality housing with lead paint is more common in economically disadvantaged subpopulations. Dietary habits are possible sources of differential cadmium, mercury, and organophosphate exposure. Cotinine exposure differences by income and U.S.- vs. foreign-born may represent increased acculturation. These results, coupled with additional research on exposure sources may contribute to refinement of environmental health promotion programs for the fast-growing Latino-American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Perla
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Box 357236, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,
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21
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Schenk G, Mateen I, Ng TK, Pedroso MM, Mitić N, Jafelicci M, Marques RF, Gahan LR, Ollis DL. Organophosphate-degrading metallohydrolases: Structure and function of potent catalysts for applications in bioremediation. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Cartier C, Warembourg C, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Rouget F, Monfort C, Limon G, Durand G, Saint-Amour D, Cordier S, Chevrier C. Organophosphate Insecticide Metabolites in Prenatal and Childhood Urine Samples and Intelligence Scores at 6 Years of Age: Results from the Mother-Child PELAGIE Cohort (France). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:674-80. [PMID: 26394442 PMCID: PMC4858392 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that exposure to organophosphate insecticides (OP) during pregnancy impairs neurodevelopment in children. OBJECTIVES We evaluated associations between biomarkers of prenatal and postnatal OP exposure and cognitive function of 6-year-olds in a French longitudinal birth cohort. METHODS In 2002-2006, the PELAGIE mother-child cohort enrolled pregnant women from Brittany. For a random subcohort, we measured nonspecific dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAP) of OP in one maternal urine sample, collected before 19 weeks' gestation, and in one urine sample collected from their 6-year-old children. Six subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV) were administered when the children were 6 years of age to evaluate cognitive function (n = 231). Linear regression models controlling for factors including maternal intelligence and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment score were used. RESULTS WISC-IV scores were not significantly associated with prenatal or childhood total DAP metabolites. WISC verbal comprehension score was significantly higher in association with the highest maternal urinary concentrations of diethylphosphate (DE) metabolites (5.5; 95% CI: 0.8, 10.3 for > 13.2 nmol/L vs. < LOQ), whereas WISC working memory score was significantly lower in association with the highest urinary concentrations of DE metabolites at age 6 years (-3.6; 95% CI: -7.8, -0.6 for > 11.1 nmol/L vs. < LOD). CONCLUSION We found no evidence that prenatal OP exposure adversely affected cognitive function in 6-year-olds, perhaps because of the population's socioeconomic status, which was higher than in previous studies, though other causal and noncausal explanations are also possible. The negative association between WISC score and concurrent DE urinary concentrations requires replication by longitudinal studies investigating childhood OP exposure. CITATION Cartier C, Warembourg C, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Rouget F, Monfort C, Limon G, Durand G, Saint-Amour D, Cordier S, Chevrier C. 2016. Organophosphate insecticide metabolites in prenatal and childhood urine samples and intelligence scores at 6 years of age: results from the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France). Environ Health Perspect 124:674-680; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409472.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Cartier
- INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université Rennes I, Rennes, France
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Gaïd Le Maner-Idrissi
- Centre de Recherches en Psychologie, Cognition et communication (CRPCC EA 1285), Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Centre de Recherches en Psychologie, Cognition et communication (CRPCC EA 1285), Université Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Rouget
- INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université Rennes I, Rennes, France
- ”Bien Naître en Ille et Vilaine” network, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et département d’ophtalmologie, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Cécile Chevrier
- INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université Rennes I, Rennes, France
- Address correspondence to C. Chevrier, INSERM U1085-IRSET, Avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, CS74312, 35043 RENNES Cedex. Telephone: (33) 223236126. E-mail:
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Weldon BA, Shubin SP, Smith MN, Workman T, Artemenko A, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Urinary microRNAs as potential biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 312:19-25. [PMID: 26826490 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that silence messenger RNAs. Because miRNAs are stable at room temperature and long-lived, they have been proposed as molecular biomarkers to monitor disease and exposure status. While urinary miRNAs have been used clinically as potential diagnostic markers for kidney and bladder cancers and other diseases, their utility in non-clinical settings has yet to be fully developed. Our goal was to investigate the potential for urinary miRNAs to act as biomarkers of pesticide exposure and early biological response by identifying the miRNAs present in urine from 27 parent/child, farmworker/non-farmworker pairs (16FW/11NFW) collected during two agricultural seasons (thinning and post-harvest) and characterizing the between- and within-individual variability of these miRNA epigenetic regulators. MiRNAs were isolated from archived urine samples and identified using PCR arrays. Comparisons were made between age, households, season, and occupation. Of 384 miRNAs investigated, 297 (77%) were detectable in at least one sample. Seven miRNAs were detected in at least 50% of the samples, and one miRNA was present in 96% of the samples. Principal components and hierarchical clustering analyses indicate significant differences in miRNA profiles between farmworker and non-farmworker adults as well as between seasons. Six miRNAs were observed to be positively associated with farmworkers status during the post-harvest season. Expression of five of these miRNA trended towards a positive dose response relationship with organophosphate pesticide metabolites in farmworkers. These results suggest that miRNAs may be novel biomarkers of pesticide exposure and early biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Weldon
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sara Pacheco Shubin
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander Artemenko
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William C Griffith
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Beti Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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24
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González-Alzaga B, Hernández AF, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Gómez I, Aguilar-Garduño C, López-Flores I, Parrón T, Lacasaña M. Pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides and neurodevelopmental effects in children living in agricultural communities from South-Eastern Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:229-37. [PMID: 26425806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childrens exposure to neurotoxic compounds poses a major problem to public health because oftheir actively developing brain that makes them highly vulnerable. However, limited information is available on neuropsychological effects in children associated with pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between current and pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides and their effects on neurodevelopment in children aged 6–11 years living in agricultural communities from South-Eastern Spain. METHODS An ambispective study was conducted on 305 children aged 6–11 years randomly selected from public schools of the study area. Current exposure to organophosphate pesticides was assessed measuring children's urinary levels of dialkylphosphates (DAPs). Both prenatal and postnatal residential exposure to pesticides was estimated by developing a geographical information system (GIS) technology-based index that integrated distance-weighted measure of agricultural surface, time-series of crop areas per municipality and year, and land-use maps. Neuropsychological performance was evaluated with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). The association of pre- and postnatal and current pesticide exposure with WISC-IV scale scores was assessed using multivariate linear regression models and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, respectively. RESULTS Greater urinary DAP levels were associated with a poorer performance on intelligence quotient and verbal comprehension domain, with effects being more prominent in boys than in girls. The influence of an increase in 10 ha per year in crop surface around the child's residence during the postnatal period was associated with decreased intelligence quotient, processing speed and verbal comprehension scores. As regards prenatal exposure to pesticides, a poor processing speed performance was observed. These effects were also more prominent in boys than in girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that postnatal exposure to pesticides can negatively affect children's neuropsychological performance. Prenatal exposure was weakly associated to neurodevelopment impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- University of Almería, Department of Neurosciences and Health Sciences, Almería, Spain; Andalusian Council of Health at Almería Province, Almería, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Reiss R, Chang ET, Richardson RJ, Goodman M. A review of epidemiologic studies of low-level exposures to organophosphorus insecticides in non-occupational populations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:531-641. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1043976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Curl CL, Beresford SAA, Fenske RA, Fitzpatrick AL, Lu C, Nettleton JA, Kaufman JD. Estimating pesticide exposure from dietary intake and organic food choices: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:475-83. [PMID: 25650532 PMCID: PMC4421765 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure to the U.S. population is dominated by dietary intake. The magnitude of exposure from diet depends partly on personal decisions such as which foods to eat and whether to choose organic food. Most studies of OP exposure rely on urinary biomarkers, which are limited by short half-lives and often lack specificity to parent compounds. A reliable means of estimating long-term dietary exposure to individual OPs is needed to assess the potential relationship with adverse health effects. OBJECTIVES We assessed long-term dietary exposure to 14 OPs among 4,466 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and examined the influence of organic produce consumption on this exposure. METHODS Individual-level exposure was estimated by combining information on typical intake of specific food items with average OP residue levels on those items. In an analysis restricted to a subset of participants who reported rarely or never eating organic produce ("conventional consumers"), we assessed urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels across tertiles of estimated exposure (n = 480). In a second analysis, we compared DAP levels across subgroups with differing self-reported organic produce consumption habits (n = 240). RESULTS Among conventional consumers, increasing tertile of estimated dietary OP exposure was associated with higher DAP concentrations (p < 0.05). DAP concentrations were also significantly lower in groups reporting more frequent consumption of organic produce (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Long-term dietary exposure to OPs was estimated from dietary intake data, and estimates were consistent with DAP measurements. More frequent consumption of organic produce was associated with lower DAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Curl
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Thompson B, Griffith WC, Barr DB, Coronado GD, Vigoren EM, Faustman EM. Variability in the take-home pathway: farmworkers and non-farmworkers and their children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:522-31. [PMID: 24594649 PMCID: PMC4141015 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are related to ill health among adults, including farmworkers who are exposed to OPs as part of their regular work. Children of both farmworkers and non-farmworkers in agricultural communities may also be affected by pesticide exposure. Study groups of 100 farmworkers with a referent child (aged 2-6 years) and 100 non-farmworkers with a referent child were recruited to participate in three data collection periods over the course of a year. At each collection, participants provided three urine samples within 5 days, and homes and vehicles were vacuumed to collect pesticide residues in dust. In thinning and harvest seasons, farmworkers and their children had higher dimethyl urinary metabolites than non-farmworkers and their children. During the non-spray season, the urinary metabolites levels decreased among farmworkers to a level comparable to that of non-farmworkers. Farmworkers consistently had higher pesticide residues in their home and vehicle dust. Differences exist between farmworkers and non-farmworkers in urinary metabolites, and the differences extended throughout the agricultural seasons.OP metabolites are seen at much higher levels for farmworkers and their children than for non-farmworkers and their children during agricultural seasons when OPs are in use. These metabolite levels were significantly higher than the nationwide NHANES IV survey and up to 10-fold higher than other rural agricultural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, M3-B232, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109; 206-667-4673 (Phone); 206-667-5977 (fax)
| | - William. C. Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health 1518 Clifton Road, NE Claudia Nance Rollins Bldg, Room 2007 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Gloria D. Coronado
- The Merwyn “Mitch” R. Greenlick Endowed Senior Investigator in Health Disparities Research The Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, 3800 N. Interstate Ave. Portland, OR 97227
| | - Eric M. Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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Shepherd-Banigan M, Ulrich A, Thompson B. Macro-activity patterns of farmworker and non-farmworker children living in an agricultural community. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:176-181. [PMID: 24792414 PMCID: PMC4058372 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of farmworkers have significantly higher exposure to pesticides than do other children living in the same agricultural communities, but there is limited information about how and where older farmworker children (>6) spend their time and how their activities might influence the risk of pesticide exposure. OBJECTIVES Using data from the Community Based Participatory Research Study for Healthy Kids, we compared activity patterns recorded over 7 days during two agricultural seasons (pre thinning and thinning) between farmworker and non-farmworker children aged 6-12 years old living in Eastern Washington State. METHODS Parents completed a 7-day activity diary recording the activity patterns of their children. Mean differences in individual-level activity patterns across season were analyzed using paired t-tests and the Signed Rank Test. Differences in mean activity patterns comparing farmworker and non-farmworker children were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Sum Rank Test to assess differences in distributions across independent samples. RESULTS We observed substantial differences in child activity patterns between the two seasons. The children in this sample spent more time outdoors (p<0.001) and were more likely to engage in behaviors, such as playing in the fields (p=0.01) and accompanying their parents to work in the fields (p=0.001) during the high-spray thinning season. There were some differences in activities and behaviors between farmworker and non-farmworker children during the thinning season. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that multiple factors, including agricultural season and parental occupation, may be associated with differences in activity patterns that could influence risk of pesticide exposure among children living in agricultural communities. As such, these factors may influence variation in exposure risks and should be considered when analyzing pesticide exposure measurements in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Shepherd-Banigan
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Angela Ulrich
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Tracking contributions to human body burden of environmental chemicals by correlating environmental measurements with biomarkers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93678. [PMID: 24681626 PMCID: PMC3969314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The work addresses current knowledge gaps regarding causes for correlations between environmental and biomarker measurements and explores the underappreciated role of variability in disaggregating exposure attributes that contribute to biomarker levels. Our simulation-based study considers variability in environmental and food measurements, the relative contribution of various exposure sources (indoors and food), and the biological half-life of a compound, on the resulting correlations between biomarker and environmental measurements. For two hypothetical compounds whose half-lives are on the order of days for one and years for the other, we generate synthetic daily environmental concentrations and food exposures with different day-to-day and population variability as well as different amounts of home- and food-based exposure. Assuming that the total intake results only from home-based exposure and food ingestion, we estimate time-dependent biomarker concentrations using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Box plots of modeled R2 values indicate that although the R2 correlation between wipe and biological (e.g., serum) measurements is within the same range for the two compounds, the relative contribution of the home exposure to the total exposure could differ by up to 20%, thus providing the relative indication of their contribution to body burden. The novel method introduced in this paper provides insights for evaluating scenarios or experiments where sample, exposure, and compound variability must be weighed in order to interpret associations between exposure data.
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Attfield KR, Hughes MD, Spengler JD, Lu C. Within- and between-child variation in repeated urinary pesticide metabolite measurements over a 1-year period. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:201-6. [PMID: 24325925 PMCID: PMC3915262 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are exposed to pesticides from many sources and routes, including dietary and incidental ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation. Linking health outcomes to these exposures using urinary metabolites requires understanding temporal variability within subjects to avoid exposure misclassification. OBJECTIVES We characterized the within- and between-child variability of urinary organophosphorus and pyrethroid metabolites in 23 participants of the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study-Washington over 1 year and examined the ability of one to four spot urine samples to categorize mean exposures. METHODS Each child provided urine samples twice daily over 7- to 16-day sessions in four seasons in 2003 and 2004. Samples were analyzed for five pyrethroid and five organophosphorus (OP) metabolites. After adjusting for specific gravity, we used a customized maximum likelihood estimation linear mixed-effects model that accounted for values below the limit of detection to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and conducted surrogate category analyses. RESULTS Within-child variability was 2-11 times greater than between-child variability. When restricted to samples collected during a single season, ICCs were higher in the fall, winter, and spring than in summer for OPs, and higher in summer and winter for pyrethroids, indicating an increase in between-person variability relative to within-person variability during these seasons. Surrogate category analyses demonstrated that a single spot urine sample did not categorize metabolite concentrations well, and that four or more samples would be needed to categorize children into quartiles consistently. CONCLUSIONS Urinary biomarkers of these short half-life pesticides exhibited substantial within-person variability in children observed over four seasons. Researchers investigating pesticides and health outcomes in children may need repeated biomarker measurements to derive accurate estimates of exposure and relative risks.
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Suarez-Lopez JR, Himes JH, Jacobs DR, Alexander BH, Gunnar MR. Acetylcholinesterase activity and neurodevelopment in boys and girls. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e1649-58. [PMID: 24249815 PMCID: PMC3838526 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate exposures can affect children's neurodevelopment, possibly due to neurotoxicity induced by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, and may affect boys more than girls. We tested the hypothesis that lower AChE activity is associated with lower neurobehavioral development among children living in Ecuadorian floricultural communities. METHODS In 2008, we examined 307 children (age: 4-9 years; 52% male) and quantified AChE activity and neurodevelopment in 5 domains: attention/executive functioning, language, memory/learning, visuospatial processing, and sensorimotor (NEPSY-II test). Associations were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and height-for-age, flower worker cohabitation, and hemoglobin concentration. RESULTS Mean ± standard deviation AChE activity was 3.14 ± 0.49 U/mL (similar for both genders). The range of scores among neurodevelopment subtests was 5.9 to 10.7 U (standard deviation: 2.6-4.9 U). Girls had a greater mean attention/executive functioning domain score than boys. In boys only, there were increased odds ratios of low (<9th percentile) neurodevelopment among those in the lowest tertile versus the highest tertile of AChE activity (odds ratios: total neurodevelopment: 5.14 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84 to 31.48]; attention/executive functioning domain: 4.55 [95% CI: 1.19 to 17.38], memory/learning domain: 6.03 [95% CI: 1.17 to 31.05]) after adjustment for socioeconomic and demographic factors, height-for-age, and hemoglobin. Within these domains, attention, inhibition and long-term memory subtests were most affected. CONCLUSIONS Low AChE activity was associated with deficits in neurodevelopment, particularly in attention, inhibition, and memory in boys but not in girls. These critical cognitive skills affect learning and academic performance. Added precautions regarding secondary occupational pesticide exposure would be prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Suarez-Lopez
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California;,Fundación Cimas del Ecuador; Divisions of
| | | | - David R. Jacobs
- Epidemiology and Community Health and,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | | | - Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota; and
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González-Alzaga B, Lacasaña M, Aguilar-Garduño C, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Ballester F, Rebagliato M, Hernández AF. A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure. Toxicol Lett 2013; 230:104-21. [PMID: 24291036 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and residential use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides has increased in recent decades after banning some persistent pesticides. Although there is evidence of the effects of OPs on neurodevelopment and behaviour in adults, limited information is available about their effects in children, who might be more vulnerable to neurotoxic compounds. This paper was aimed at analysing the scientific evidence published to date on potential neurodevelopmental and behavioural effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to OPs. A systematic review was undertaken to identify original articles published up to December 2012 evaluating prenatal or postnatal exposure to OPs in children and effects on neurodevelopment and/or behaviour. Articles were critically compared, focusing on the methodology used to assess exposure and adverse effects, as well as potential contributing factors that may modify both exposure and outcomes, such as genetic susceptibility to certain enzymes involved in OPs metabolisation (e.g. paraoxonase-1) and gender differences. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which evaluated prenatal exposure to OPs, 8 postnatal exposure and 5 both pre- and postnatal exposure. Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children. The evidence on postnatal exposure is less consistent, although 2 studies found an increase in reaction time in schoolchildren. Some paraoxonase-1 polymorphisms could enhance the association between OPs exposure and mental and psychomotor development. A large variability in epidemiological designs and methodologies used for assessing exposure and outcome was observed across the different studies, which made comparisons difficult. Prenatal and to a lesser extent postnatal exposure to OPs may contribute to neurodevelopmental and behavioural deficits in preschool and school children. Standardised methodologies are needed to allow results to be better compared and to perform a quantitative meta-analysis before drawing any final conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - M Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - F Ballester
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain
| | - M Rebagliato
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Medicine, University Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - A F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
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Wielgomas B. Variability of urinary excretion of pyrethroid metabolites in seven persons over seven consecutive days—Implications for observational studies. Toxicol Lett 2013; 221:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Suarez-Lopez JR, Jacobs DR, Himes JH, Alexander BH. Acetylcholinesterase activity, cohabitation with floricultural workers, and blood pressure in Ecuadorian children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:619-24. [PMID: 23359481 PMCID: PMC3673186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are commonly used pesticides that can effect hemodynamic changes through increased cholinergic stimulation. Children of agricultural workers are likely to have paraoccupational exposures to pesticides, but the potential physiological impact of such exposures is unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether secondary pesticide exposures were associated with blood pressure and heart rate among children living in agricultural Ecuadorian communities. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 271 children 4-9 years of age [51% cohabited with one or more flower plantation workers (mean duration, 5.2 years)]. Erythrocyte AChE activity was measured using the EQM Test-mate system. Linear regression models were used to estimate associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate with AChE activity, living with flower workers, duration of cohabitation with a flower worker, number of flower workers in the child's home, and number of practices that might increase children's exposure to pesticides. RESULTS Mean (± SD) AChE activity was 3.14 ± 0.49 U/mL. A 1-U/mL decrease in AChE activity was associated with a 2.86-mmHg decrease in SBP (95% CI: -5.20, -0.53) and a 2.89-mmHg decrease in DBP (95% CI: -5.00, -0.78), after adjustment for potential confounders. Children living with flower workers had lower SBP (-1.72 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.53, 0.08) than other children, and practices that might increase exposure also were associated with lower SBP. No significant associations were found between exposures and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that subclinical secondary exposures to pesticides may affect vascular reactivity in children. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Suarez-Lopez
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
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Bradman A, Kogut K, Eisen EA, Jewell NP, Quirós-Alcalá L, Castorina R, Chevrier J, Holland NT, Barr DB, Kavanagh-Baird G, Eskenazi B. Variability of organophosphorous pesticide metabolite levels in spot and 24-hr urine samples collected from young children during 1 week. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:118-24. [PMID: 23052012 PMCID: PMC3553429 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites in spot urine samples are frequently used to characterize children's exposures to organophosphorous (OP) pesticides. However, variable exposure and short biological half-lives of OP pesticides could result in highly variable measurements, leading to exposure misclassification. OBJECTIVE We examined within- and between-child variability in DAP metabolites in urine samples collected during 1 week. METHODS We collected spot urine samples over 7 consecutive days from 25 children (3-6 years of age). On two of the days, we collected 24-hr voids. We assessed the reproducibility of urinary DAP metabolite concentrations and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of spot urine samples as predictors of high (top 20%) or elevated (top 40%) weekly average DAP metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Within-child variance exceeded between-child variance by a factor of two to eight, depending on metabolite grouping. Although total DAP concentrations in single spot urine samples were moderately to strongly associated with concentrations in same-day 24-hr samples (r ≈ 0.6-0.8, p < 0.01), concentrations in spot samples collected > 1 day apart and in 24-hr samples collected 3 days apart were weakly correlated (r ≈ -0.21 to 0.38). Single spot samples predicted high (top 20%) and elevated (top 40%) full-week average total DAP excretion with only moderate sensitivity (≈ 0.52 and ≈ 0.67, respectively) but relatively high specificity (≈ 0.88 and ≈ 0.78, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The high variability we observed in children's DAP metabolite concentrations suggests that single-day urine samples provide only a brief snapshot of exposure. Sensitivity analyses suggest that classification of cumulative OP exposure based on spot samples is prone to type 2 classification errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704, USA.
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The effect of exposure to chlorfenvinphos on lipid metabolism and apoptotic and necrotic cells death in the brain of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:531-9. [PMID: 22498023 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of chlorfenvinphos (0.3 mg/kg bw/24 h corresponding to 0.02 LD50; orally by gastric gavage for 14 and 28 days) on lipid metabolism, and apoptotic and necrotic cells death in the brain of rats as the possible mechanism of neurotoxic action of organophosphate (OP) pesticides at low exposure. Total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined and apoptotic, necrotic, and living cells were quantified in the brain. Moreover, the serum and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were assayed as biomarkers of neurotoxicity. The treatment with chlorfenvinphos increased (duration dependently) the concentrations of TCh and TG and the ratio of TCh/PL, and decreased PL concentration. The prevalence of apoptotic and necrotic cells increased and that of the living brain cells depressed (by 10%) already after 14 days of the exposure. The brain activities of AChE and BChE decreased by 12% and 15%, and by 18% and 25% after 14 and 28 days, respectively, whereas the serum activities of these enzymes were inhibited (by 24% and 18%, respectively) only after the longer treatment. The changes in lipid metabolism and distribution of the living, apoptotic, and necrotic brain cells correlated with AChE and BChE activities in the serum and brain. The results show that chlorfenvinphos may disturb lipid metabolism and induce apoptosis and necrosis in the brain even at the exposure not affecting the serum activities of cholinesterases, and causing only moderate inhibition of their brain activities. Based on the findings it can be concluded that low repeated exposure to OP pesticides may influence the nervous system through disrupting the lipid profile of the nervous tissue and decreasing the number of the nervous cells.
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Sudakin DL, Stone DL. Dialkyl phosphates as biomarkers of organophosphates: The current divide between epidemiology and clinical toxicology. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:771-81. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.624101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Sudakin
- Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, 333 Weniger, Corvallis, US
| | - David L. Stone
- Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, 333 Weniger, Corvallis, US
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