"Oxidative stress induced by phthalates in mammals: State of the art and potential biomarkers"

Diethyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate disrupt sirtuins expression in the HepG2 cells

Background

Phthalates are additives used as plasticizers among other uses, classified as endocrine disruptors and may contribute to some metabolic disorders. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of the exposure of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the regulation of sirloins in HepG2 cells.

Methods

HepG2 cells were exposed to DEP or DBP at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, and after 48 or 72 h the gene and protein expression of sirtuins was quantified by qRT-PCR and Western-Blot, respectively.

Results

Results showed that even at a low concentration of 0.1 μg/mL DEP affected the expression of Sirt3 and Sirt4, whereas DBP at 0.1 μg/mL affected Sirt3 and Sirt5 gene expression. Protein analysis showed a reduction in Sirt1 levels at a DEP concentration of 1 μg/mL and higher, while DBP at higher dose (100 μg/mL) decreased Sirt3 protein levels. Cell viability decreased by 20% only at higher dose (100 μg/mL) and ROS production increased at 10 and 100 μg/mL for both phthalates.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that exposure to low concentrations (0.1 μg/mL) of DEP or DBP can negatively influence the expression of some sirtuins.

Associations of phthalates with accelerated aging and the mitigating role of physical activity

Phthalates are positioned as potential risk factors for health-related diseases. However, the effects of exposure to phthalates on accelerated aging and the potential modifications of physical activity remain unclear. A total of 2317 participants containing complete study-related information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010 were included in the current study. We used two indicators, the Klemera-Doubal method biological age acceleration (BioAgeAccel) and phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), to assess the accelerated aging status of the subjects. Multiple linear regression (single pollutant models), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, Quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were utilized to explore the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and accelerated aging. Three groups of physical activity with different intensities were used to evaluate the modifying effects on the above associations. Results indicated that most phthalate metabolites were significantly associated with BioAgeAccel and PhenoAgeAccel, with effect values (β) ranging from 0.16 to 0.21 and 0.16-0.37, respectively. The WQS indices were positively associated with BioAgeAccel (0.33, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.54) and PhenoAgeAccel (0.50, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.82). Quantile g-computation indicated that phthalate mixtures were associated with accelerated aging, with effect values of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.28) for BioAgeAccel and 0.39 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.67) for PhenoAgeAccel respectively. The BKMR models indicated a significant positive association between the concentrations of urinary phthalate mixtures with the two indicators. In addition, we found that most phthalate metabolites showed the strongest effects on accelerated aging in the no physical activity group and that the effects decreased gradually with increasing levels of physical activity (P < 0.05 for trend). Similar results were also observed in the mixed exposure models (WQS and Quantile g-computation). This study indicates that phthalates exposure is associated with accelerated aging, while physical activity may be a crucial barrier against phthalates exposure-related aging.

Phthalate Exposure and Coronary Heart Disease: Possible Implications of Oxidative Stress and Altered miRNA Expression

The relationship between phthalate exposure and coronary heart disease (CHD) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between phthalate exposure and CHD and determine the possible atherogenic mechanisms of phthalates by assessing oxidative stress and altering miRNA expression. This case-control study included 110 participants (55 CHD patients and 55 healthy controls). The levels of oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the expression of miRNA-155 (miR-155) and miRNA-208a (miR-208a), were measured and correlated with the urinary mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Highly significant differences were detected between the CHD cases and the control group regarding MEHP, MDA, SOD, miR-155, and miR-208a (p-value < 0.001). Spearman correlations revealed a significant positive correlation between MDA and MEHP in urine (P = 0.001 and rs = 0.316) and a significant negative correlation between SOD and MEHP in urine (P < 0.001 and rs = -0.345). Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between miR-155 and urinary MEHP (P = 0.001 and rs = 0.318) and miR-208a and urinary MEHP (P < 0.001 and rs = -0.352). This study revealed an association between phthalate exposure, as indicated by urinary MEHP and CHD; altered expression of miR-155 and miR-208a and oxidative stress could be the fundamental mechanisms.

Assessment of Phthalate Esters and Physiological Biomarkers in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)

There is growing concern about the potential adverse health effects of phthalates (PAEs) on human health and the environment due to their extensive use as plasticizers and additives in commercial and consumer products. In this study, we assessed PAE concentrations in serum samples from aquarium-based delphinids (Tursiops truncatus, n = 36; Orcinus orca, n = 42) from California, Florida, and Texas, USA. To better understand the physiological effects of phthalates on delphinids, we also explored potential correlations between phthalates and the biomarkers aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde while accounting for sex, age, and reproductive stage. All PAEs were detected in at least one of the individuals. ΣPAE ranges were 5.995-2743 ng·mL-1 in bottlenose dolphins and 5.372-88,675 ng·mL-1 in killer whales. Both species displayed higher mean concentrations of DEP and DEHP. PAEs were detected in newborn delphinids, indicating transference via placenta and/or lactation. Linear mixed model results indicated significant correlations between aldosterone, month, location, status, and ΣPAEs in killer whales, suggesting that aldosterone concentrations are likely affected by the cumulative effects of these variables. This study expands on the knowledge of delphinid physiological responses to PAEs and may influence management and conservation decisions on contamination discharge regulations near these species.

Inhalation of Microplastics-A Toxicological Complexity

Humans are chronically exposed to airborne microplastics (MPs) by inhalation. Various types of polymer particles have been detected in lung samples, which could pose a threat to human health. Inhalation toxicological studies are crucial for assessing the effects of airborne MPs and for exposure-reduction measures. This communication paper addresses important health concerns related to MPs, taking into consideration three levels of complexity, i.e., the particles themselves, the additives present in the plastics, and the exogenous substances adsorbed onto them. This approach aims to obtain a comprehensive toxicological profile of deposited MPs in the lungs, encompassing local and systemic effects. The physicochemical characteristics of MPs may play a pivotal role in lung toxicity. Although evidence suggests toxic effects of MPs in animal and cell models, no established causal link with pulmonary or systemic diseases in humans has been established. The transfer of MPs and associated chemicals from the lungs into the bloodstream and/or pulmonary circulation remains to be confirmed in humans. Understanding the toxicity of MPs requires a multidisciplinary investigation using a One Health approach.

Association of phthalate metabolites with periodontitis: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

Widespread exposure to phthalates may raise the probability of various diseases. However, the association of phthalate metabolites with periodontitis remains unclear.

METHODS

Totally 3402 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009 to 2014 cycles were enrolled in the cross-sectional investigation. We utilized weighted logistic regression to evaluate the association of ten phthalate metabolites with periodontitis. Restricted cubic spline analysis was applied to investigate potential nonlinear relationships.

RESULTS

The weighted prevalence of periodontitis in the study was 42.37%. A one standard deviation (SD) rise in log-transformed levels of mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypenty phthalate (MECPP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was associated with higher odds of periodontitis, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.08 (1.02-1.14), 1.07 (1.02-1.11), 1.10 (1.05-1.15), 1.05 (1.01-1.09), 1.09 (1.04-1.14), and 1.08 (1.03-1.13), respectively. Individuals with the highest quartile concentrations of MECPP, MnBP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MBzP were associated with 32%, 20%, 30%, 25%, and 26% increased odds of periodontitis, respectively, compared to those with the lowest quartile. Additionally, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) demonstrated an interesting inverted J-shaped relationship with periodontitis.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicate an association of certain phthalate metabolites with periodontitis among US adults.

Serum Phthalate Concentrations and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue in a Spanish Adult Cohort

The relationship between phthalates, a group of chemical pollutants classified as endocrine disruptors, and oxidative stress is not fully understood. The aim of the present hospital-based study was to explore the associations between circulating levels of 10 phthalate metabolites and 8 biomarkers of oxidative stress in adipose tissue. The study population (n = 143) was recruited in two hospitals in the province of Granada (Spain). Phthalate metabolite concentrations were analyzed by isotope diluted online-TurboFlow-LC-MS/MS in serum samples, while oxidative stress markers were measured by commercially available kits in adipose tissue collected during routine surgery. Statistical analyses were performed by MM estimators' robust linear regression and weighted quantile sum regression. Mainly, positive associations were observed of monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoiso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (all low molecular weight phthalates) with glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while an inverse association was found between monoiso-nonyl phthalate (MiNP) (high molecular weight phthalate) and the same biomarkers. WQS analyses showed significant effects of the phthalate mixture on GSH (β = -30.089; p-value = 0.025) and GSSG levels (β = -19.591; p-value = 0.030). Despite the limitations inherent to the cross-sectional design, our novel study underlines the potential influence of phthalate exposure on redox homeostasis, which warrants confirmation in further research.

The mitochondrial link: Phthalate exposure and cardiovascular disease

Phthalates' pervasive presence in everyday life poses concern as they have been revealed to induce perturbing health defects. Utilized as a plasticizer, phthalates are riddled throughout many common consumer products including personal care products, food packaging, home furnishings, and medical supplies. Phthalates permeate into the environment by leaching out of these products which can subsequently be taken up by the human body. It is previously established that a connection exists between phthalate exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development; however, the specific mitochondrial link in this scenario has not yet been described. Prior studies have indicated that one possible mechanism for how phthalates exert their effects is through mitochondrial dysfunction. By disturbing mitochondrial structure, function, and signaling, phthalates can contribute to the development of the foremost cause of death worldwide, CVD. This review will examine the potential link among phthalates and their effects on the mitochondria, permissive of CVD development.

Impact of DEHP exposure on female reproductive health: Insights into uterine effects

Several endocrine disrupting compounds released from plastics, including polyfluoroalkyl substances, bisphenols, flame retardants, phthalates and others, are of great concern to human health due to their high toxicity. This review discusses the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the most common member of the phthalate family, on female reproduction. In vitro and in vivo studies link DEHP exposure to impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian s (HPO) axis function, alteration of steroid-hormone levels and dysregulation of their receptors, and changes in uterine morphophysiology. In addition, high urinary DEPH levels have been associated with several reproductive disorders in women, including endometriosis, fibromyoma, fetal growth restriction and pregnancy loss. These data suggest that DEHP may be involved in the pathophysiology of various female reproductive diseases. Therefore, exposure to these compounds should be considered a concern in clinician surveillance practices for women at reproductive age and should be regulated to protect their health and that of their progeny.

Associations between mixed exposure to phthalates and latent tuberculosis infection among the general U.S. population from NHANES 2011-2012

Background

People are constantly exposed to phthalates, but few reliable studies have focused on the connection between phthalate exposure and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).

Methods

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2011-2012). The LTBI was assessed by QuantiFERON®-TB Gold-In-Tube (QFT) or tuberculin skin testing (TST). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) per log10 unit change in the concentration of phthalate metabolites were calculated using crude and adjusted logistic regression models. The relationships between mixed phthalate concentrations and LTBI were assessed using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models.

Results

According to the results of the multivariable logistic regression, in a fully adjusted model, only monobenzyl phthalate (MBZP) was negatively associated with LTBI in Q3 (OR (95% CI): 0.485 (0.286,0.823), P = 0.007). According to the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model, there was a linear dose‒response association between all 11 phthalate metabolites and LTBI (p for nonlinearity >0.05). We found a significant positive correlation between mixed phthalate metabolites and LTBI by using fully adjusted BKMR model.

Conclusions

Our analysis demonstrated that LTBI in the general U.S. population is linearly linked with exposure to single or combined phthalates.

Association of co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates with oxidative stress and inflammation

Exposure to multiple environmental pollutants is ubiquitous and inevitable, but studies investigating their exposure effects on oxidative stress or inflammation have mainly been restricted to single-pollutant models. This study investigated the association of co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates with oxidative stress and inflammation. Using a cross-sectional study in adults, we measured urinary concentrations of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and phthalates (mPAEs), urinary oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and 9 inflammatory biomarkers in paired blood samples. The associations of urinary OH-PAHs and mPAEs with oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers were evaluated by different statistical models. The Bayesian kernel machine regression and quantile g-computation was used to examine the joint effects, and increased levels of urinary concentrations of OH-PAHs and mPAEs were associated with elevated 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level and white blood cell counts. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contributed more significantly to inflammation, while exposure to phthalates contributed more to oxidative stress. Monoisobutyl phthalate was identified as the most significant metabolite contributing to elevated oxidative stress levels. 1-Hydroxypyrene was negatively associated with platelet, and monomethyl phthalate was significantly positively associated with interleukin 6 in multivariate linear regression. The restricted cubic spline analysis revealed non-linear patterns of 3-hydroxyfluorene with white blood cell, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and C-reactive protein. The results indicated significant associations between increased co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms and to determine the potential public health implications.

Human Hepatocellular response in Cholestatic Liver Diseases

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the most common types of cholestatic liver disease (CLD), result in enterohepatic obstruction, bile acid accumulation, and hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms by which hepatocytes respond to and cope with CLD remain largely unexplored. This study includes the characterization of hepatocytes isolated from explanted livers of patients with PBC and PSC. We examined the expression of hepatocyte-specific genes, intracellular bile acid (BA) levels, and oxidative stress in primary-human-hepatocytes (PHHs) isolated from explanted livers of patients with PBC and PSC and compared them with control normal human hepatocytes. Our findings provide valuable initial insights into the hepatocellular response to cholestasis in CLD and help support the use of PHHs as an experimental tool for these diseases.

The evolution of endocrine disruptor chemical assessments worldwide in the last three decades

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) encompass a wide variety of substances capable of interfering with the endocrine system, including but not limited to bisphenol A, organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, alkylphenols and phthalates. These compounds are widely produced and used in everyday modern life and have increasingly been detected in aquatic matrices worldwide. In this context, this study aimed to carry out a literature review to assess the evolution of EDCs detected in different matrices in the last thirty years. A bibliometric analysis was conducted at the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Data were evaluated using the Vosviewer 1.6.17 software. A total of 3951 articles in English were retrieved following filtering. The results demonstrate a gradual and significant growth in the number of published documents, strongly associated with the increasing knowledge on the real environmental impacts of these compounds. Studied were mostly conducted by developed countries in the first two decades, 1993 to 2012, but in the last decade (2013 to 2022), an exponential leap in the number of publications by countries such as China and an advance in research by developing countries, such as Brazil, was verified.

Exposure to phthalates and their alternatives in relation to biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: evidence from NHANES 2017-2018

Phthalates and their alternatives are considered significant environmental risk factors that potentially influence inflammation and oxidative stress. However, their impact on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress was inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the associations between phthalates and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and white blood cell (WBC) counts, employing both univariate exposure and multivariate co-exposure models. For this analysis, a total of 1619 individuals aged 18 years and above, sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2017 and 2018, were selected as subjects. We explored the associations between hsCRP, GGT, and WBC counts and eighteen different phthalate metabolites. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant associations between both MCNP and MEHP and hsCRP. We observed negative correlations of MCOP, MCPP, MHBP, and MONP with GGT. Conversely, MEHHP and MEHHTP exhibited positive correlations with GGT. Furthermore, MECPTP and MEHHTP showed positive correlations with WBC. Notably, we identified a non-linear relationship between phthalates and inflammation and oxidative stress markers. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) analysis demonstrated a negative joint effect of the phthalates mixture on GGT, particularly at lower concentrations. The BKMR model also found that MEOHP and MHiBP were negatively associated with GGT. In contrast, MEHHP showed a significant positive association with GGT. Moderating effect analysis suggested that dietary inflammatory index (DII), income-to-poverty ratio (PIR), age, BMI, and physical activity influenced the association between phthalates and inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationships between phthalates and inflammation and oxidative stress.

Nutraceutical Potential of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seed Oil in Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Obesity and Metabolic Alterations

Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) is a perennial plant of the Vitaceae family that is widely used to produce grapes and wines. Grape seed oil is rich in fatty acids such as linoleic acid (65-75%), vitamin E (50 mg), and phytosterols in addition to phenolic compounds, such as catechins (414 mg), epicatechins (130.4 mg), and gallic acid (77 µg), shows promise as a nutritional compound and is outstanding as a therapeutic substance with active properties for health, detected mainly by in vitro studies, as well as some in vivo studies. The benefits of consuming this oil include modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and protection against oxidative cell damage and some types of cancer. However, experimental findings confirm that therapeutic functions remain scarce; thus, more studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of action involved in the indicated therapeutic qualities.

Association of phthalate exposure with pulmonary function in adults: NHANES 2007-2012

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological evidence for the adverse effect of phthalate exposure on respiratory health is on the rise, but cross-sectional studies regarding its effects on lung function are limited and contradictory, especially in adults.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the associations between individual and a mixture of urinary phthalate metabolites and adult pulmonary function in the United States, and to identify which ones were primarily responsible for impaired respiratory function.

METHODS

We obtained a cross-sectional data on 3788 adults aged 20 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2012). Respiratory function was evaluated using spirometry, and phthalate exposure was assessed by measuring the levels of ten urinary phthalate metabolites. The effects of individual and mixed phthalate metabolites exposure on lung function were assessed using multivariate linear regression models and the repeated holdout weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models, respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders including age, gender, family poverty income ratio, body mass index, and serum cotinine.

RESULTS

When modeled as continuous variables or quantiles, urinary phthalate metabolites, including mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-iso-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, and mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate, were identified to be negatively associated with forced vital capacity in percent predicted values (ppFVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second in percent predicted values (ppFEV1). In addition, per each decile increase in the WQS index, ppFVC (β = -2.87, 95% CI: -3.56, -2.08) and ppFEV1 (β = -2.53, 95% CI: -3.47, -1.54) declined significantly, primarily due to the contribution of MEP and MECPP. Furthermore, there were no significant interactions between co-exposure to urinary phthalate metabolites and each covariate.

CONCLUSION

Our findings reveal that urinary phthalate metabolites are significantly associated with adult respiratory decrements, with diethyl and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate contributing the most to the impaired lung function.

Oxidatively generated DNA damage mediates the associations of exposure to phthalates with uterine fibroids and endometriosis: Findings from TREE cohort

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies on phthalate exposures in associations with uterine fibroids (UF) and endometriosis (EMT) are inconsistent. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the relationships of urinary phthalate metabolites with UF and EMT risks, and further to examine the mediating role of oxidative stress.

METHODS

This study included 83 and 47 women separately diagnosed with UF and EMT, as well as 226 controls from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) cohort. Two spot urine samples from each woman were analyzed for two oxidative stress indicators and eight urinary phthalate metabolites. Unconditional logistic regression models or multivariate regression models were fitted to evaluate the associations among phthalate exposures, oxidative stress indicators, and the risks of UF and EMT. The potential mediating role of oxidative stress was estimated by the mediation analyses.

RESULTS

We observed that each ln-unit increase in urinary mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations was associated with increased UF risk [adjusted OR (aOR): 1.56, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.02], and that each ln-unit increase in urinary MBzP (aOR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.99), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) (aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.82), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.31) concentrations were associated with increased EMT risk (all FDR-adjusted P < 0.05). Moreover, we observed that all tested urinary phthalate metabolites were positively associated with two oxidative stress indicators [4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (4-HNE-MA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)], in which 8-OHdG was associated with increased risks of UF and EMT (all FDR-adjusted P < 0.05). The mediation analyses showed that 8-OHdG mediated the positive relationships of MBzP with UF risk, and of MiBP, MBzP, and MEHP with EMT risk, with the estimated intermediary proportion ranging from 32.7% to 48.1%.

CONCLUSIONS

Oxidatively generated DNA damage may mediate the positive associations of certain phthalate exposures with the risks of UF and EMT. However, further investigation is warranted to confirm these findings.

DEHP exposure impairs human skeletal muscle cell proliferation in primary culture conditions: preliminary study

The plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) inhibits differentiation, impairs glucose metabolism, and decreases mitochondrial function in murine muscle satellite cells; however, if these effects are translated to human cells is unknown. The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in morphology and proliferation of primary human skeletal muscle cells exposed to DEHP. Rectus abdominis muscle samples were obtained from healthy women undergoing programed cesarean surgery. Skeletal muscle cells were isolated and grown under standard primary culture conditions, generating two independent sample groups of 25 subcultures each. Cells from the first group were exposed to 1 mM DEHP for 13 days and monitored for changes in cell morphology, satellite cell frequency and total cell abundance, while the second group remained untreated (control). Differences between treated and untreated groups were compared using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Cell membrane and nuclear envelope boundary alterations, loss of cell volume and presence of stress bodies were observed in DEHP-treated cultures. DEHP-treated cultures also showed a significant reduction in satellite cell frequency compared to controls. Exposure to DEHP reduced human skeletal muscle cell abundance. Statistical differences were found between the GLMM slopes, suggesting that exposure to DEHP reduced growth rate. These results suggest that exposure to DEHP inhibits human skeletal muscle cell proliferation, as evidenced by reduced cell abundance, potentially compromising long-term culture viability. Therefore, DEHP induces human skeletal muscle cell deterioration potentially inducing an inhibitory effect of myogenesis by depleting satellite cells.

Graphical abstract

Phthalate exposure in the neonatal intensive care unit is associated with development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

OBJECTIVE

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious yet common morbidity of preterm birth. Although prior work suggests a possible role for phthalate exposure in the development of BPD, no study has rigorously evaluated this. Our objective was to determine whether hospital-based phthalate exposure is associated with the development of BPD and to identify developmental windows sensitive to exposure.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a prospective multicenter cohort study of 360 preterm infants born at 23-33 weeks gestation participating in the Developmental Impact of NICU Exposures (DINE) cohort. 939 urine specimens collected during the NICU stay were analyzed for biomarkers of phthalate exposure by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The modified Shennan definition was used to diagnose bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Reverse distributed-lag modeling identified developmental windows sensitive to specific phthalate exposure, controlling for relevant covariates including sex and respiratory support.

RESULTS

Thirty-five percent of participants were diagnosed with BPD. Exposure to specific phthalate mixtures at susceptible points in preterm infant development are associated with later diagnosis of BPD in models adjusted for use of respiratory support. The weighted influence of specific phthalate metabolites in the mixtures varied by sex. Metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a phthalate previously linked to neonatal respiratory support equipment, drove this association, particularly among female infants, at 26- to 30-weeks post-menstrual age.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the largest and only multi-site study of NICU-based phthalate exposure and clinical impact yet reported. In well-constructed models accounting for infant sex and respiratory support, we found a significant positive association between ultimate diagnosis of BPD and prior exposure to phthalate mixtures with DEHP predominance at 26- to 30-weeks PMA or 34-36-weeks PMA. This information is critically important as it identifies a previously unrecognized and modifiable contributing factor to BPD.

Insight into the health risk implicated in mitochondrial toxicity of dibutyl phthalate exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) cells

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is commonly applied plasticizer in plastic products such as face masks, easily leaches or migrates into environment and its widespread contamination posed profound health risks. Further concerns rise regarding to the toxicity of DBP at subcellular level, while little is known about the ranging effects on mitochondrial susceptibility. Present study investigated the mitochondrial impairments with implicated cell death upon DBP exposure on zebrafish cells. Elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress reduced its membrane potential and count, enhanced fragmentation, and impaired ultrastructure that showed smaller size and cristae rupture. Afterwards, the critical function of ATP synthesis was damaged and the stabilized binding capacity between DBP with mitochondrial respiratory complexes was simulated by the molecular docking. And the top pathways enrichment of mitochondrion and metabolism by transcriptome analyses verified the mitochondrial dysfunction that indicated the human diseases risks. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and transcription with DNA methylation modifications were also disrupted, reflecting the genotoxicity on mtDNA. Moreover, the activated autophagy and apoptosis underlying mitochondrial susceptibility integrated into cellular homeostasis changes. These findings provide the first systemic evidence broadening and illustrating the mitochondrial toxicity of DBP exposure on zebrafish model that raise concern on phthalates contamination and ecotoxicological evaluation.

Oxidative stress mediates the associations between phthalate exposures and thyroid cancer/benign nodule risk

Epidemiological studies have suggested that phthalate exposures are associated with increased risks of thyroid cancer and benign nodule, while the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we explored the mediation effects of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers in the associations between phthalate exposures and the risks of thyroid cancer and benign nodule. Urine samples collected from 143 thyroid cancer, 136 nodule patients, and 141 healthy controls were analyzed for 8 phthalate metabolites and 3 OS biomarkers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α (8-isoPGF_2α)]. Multivariable linear or logistic regression models were used to explore the associations of OS biomarkers with phthalate metabolite concentrations and the risks of thyroid cancer and nodule. The mediation role of OS biomarkers was also investigated. Urinary monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) were positively associated with at least 2 OS biomarkers (all P-values<0.01), and part of these positive associations varied in different subgroups. All 3 OS biomarkers were positively associated with the risks of thyroid nodule and cancer (P-values<0.001). The mediation analysis showed that OS biomarkers significantly mediated the associations between urinary MEHOP concentration and nodule, as well as between urinary MMP, MEHP, and MEHHP concentrations and cancer and nodule, with the estimated proportions of mediation ranging from 15.8% to 85.6%. Our results suggest that OS is a potential mediating mechanism through which phthalate exposures induce thyroid carcinogenesis and nodular formation.

Chronic exposure to a mixture of phthalates shifts the white and brown adipose tissue phenotypes in female mice

Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in consumer products. Although phthalates are obesogens and affect metabolic function, it is unknown if chronic exposure for 6 months to a phthalate mixture alters adipose tissue phenotype in female mice. After vehicle or mixture exposure, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) were analyzed for expression of adipogenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen deposition markers. The mixture altered WAT morphology, leading to an increase in hyperplasia, blood vessel number, and expression of BAT markers (Adipoq and Fgf2) in WAT. The mixture increased the expression of the inflammatory markers, Il1β, Ccl2, and Ccl5, in WAT. The mixture also increased expression of the proapoptotic (Bax and Bcl2) and antiapoptotic (Bcl2l10) factors in WAT. The mixture increased expression of the antioxidant Gpx1 in WAT. The mixture changed BAT morphology by increasing adipocyte diameter, whitening area, and blood vessel number and decreased expression of the thermogenic markers Ucp1, Pgargc1a, and Adrb3. Furthermore, the mixture increased the expression of adipogenic markers Plin1 and Cebpa, increased mast cell number, and increased Il1β expression in BAT. The mixture also increased expression of the antioxidant markers Gpx and Nrf2 and the apoptotic marker Casp2 in BAT. Collectively, these data indicate that chronic exposure to a phthalate mixture alters WAT and BAT lipid metabolism phenotypes in female mice, leading to an apparent shift in their normal morphology. Following long-term exposure to a phthalate mixture, WAT presented BAT-like features and BAT presented WAT-like features.

Effects of the in-utero dicyclohexyl phthalate and di-n-hexyl phthalate administration on the oxidative stress-induced histopathological changes in the rat liver tissue correlated with serum biochemistry and hematological parameters

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in the industry and are found in cosmetics, food and drink packaging, drugs, toys, households, medical devices, pesticides, personal care products, and paints. Phthalates exert endocrine disrupting and peroxisome proliferator effects in humans and wildlife associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, infertility, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Since phthalates are metabolized in the liver, which regulates the body's energy metabolism, long or short-term exposure to the phthalates is associated with impaired glucose, lipid, and oxidative stress metabolisms contributing to liver toxicity. However, the impact of in-utero exposure to DHP and DCHP on liver metabolism has not been studied previously. Thus, in this study, we evaluated serum biochemistry parameters, hematological markers, histopathological changes, and oxidative and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolisms in the liver following in-utero DHP and DCHP administration, respectively, in male and female rats. We found increased relative and absolute liver weights and impaired triglyceride, alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels upon dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP). Histopathological changes, including congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, inflammatory cell infiltration, cells with a pyknotic nucleus, lysis of hepatocytes, and degeneration of hepatic parenchyma have been observed in the liver samples of DHP and DCHP dose groups. Moreover, increased glutathione s-transferase (GST), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities have been found in the liver samples of DHP and DCHP-treated rats associated with impaired pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and oxidative stress metabolism. First time in the literature, we showed that in-utero exposure to DHP and DCHP causes liver damage associated with impaired oxidative stress metabolism in male and female rats. Our data may guide researchers and governments to regulate and restrict phthalates in industrial products.

Association of urine phthalate metabolites levels with kidney function in 1610 US adolescents

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizer or fragrance ingredients in various consumer products worldwide. However, evidence for the overall effects of mixed exposure to phthalate on kidney function has not been widely investigated. The purpose of this article was to assess the association of urine phthalate metabolite levels and kidney injury parameters in adolescents. We used data from the combined 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We fitted weighted linear regressions and Bayesian kernel machine regressions (BKMR) models to explore the association of urinary phthalate metabolites with four parameters of kidney function after adjusting for covariates. Weighted linear regression models showed that MiBP (β = 8.057; P_FDR = 0.016) was significantly positively associated with eGFR and MEP (β = -0.799; P_FDR < 0.001) was significantly negatively correlated with BUN. BKMR analysis showed that the higher the concentration of phthalate metabolite mixture, the higher eGFR in adolescents. Based on the results of these two models, our findings revealed that mixed exposure to phthalates was associated with elevated eGFR in adolescents. However, as the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality is possible, and altered kidney function may impact the concentration of phthalate metabolites in urine.

Loss of Nuclear/DNA Integrity in Mouse Epididymal Spermatozoa after Short-Term Exposure to Low Doses of Dibutyl Phthalate or Bisphenol AF and Its Mitigation by Oral Antioxidant Supplementation

Routine exposure to chemicals omnipresent in the environment, particularly the so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been associated with decreased sperm quality and increased anomalies in testis. The decline in semen quality and testicular abnormalities have been attributed to the disruption of endocrine signaling as well as oxidative stress. The present study set out to examine the effect of short-term exposure of two common EDCs widely used in the plastic industry: Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) and Bisphenol AF (BPAF). Our research objective was to focus on the post-testicular compartment of the epididymis, where spermatozoa acquire their functional capacity and are stored. The data obtained indicated no significant effect for either chemicals on sperm viability, motility or acrosome integrity. Neither of the EDCs had a noticeable effect on the structures of the testis and epididymis. However, substantial impact on the integrity of the sperm nucleus and DNA structure was evidenced by a significant increase in nuclear decondensation and DNA base oxidation. The damage observed was postulated to arise from the pro-oxidant properties of the EDCs generating excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering a state of oxidative stress. This hypothesis was confirmed when the observed damage was largely blocked by co-administering EDCs with an evidenced-based antioxidant formulation.

Wistar Rats Hippocampal Neurons Response to Blood Low-Density Polyethylene Microplastics: A Pathway Analysis of SOD, CAT, MDA, 8-OHdG Expression in Hippocampal Neurons and Blood Serum Aβ42 Levels

PURPOSE

Low-density polyethylene microplastics are ingested into the bloodstream and distributed to all the organ tissue, including the hippocampus, causing toxic effects. This research aimed to elucidate the responses of hippocampal neurons to microplastic in the blood based on the expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in hippocampal neurons, and blood serum amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42) levels using SMART PLS pathway analysis.

METHODS

This was a pure experimental research on Wistar rats with a post-test control group design. Five experimental groups (X1, X2, X3, X4, X5) were given 0.0375 mg, 0.075 mg, 0.15 mg, 0.3 mg, and 0.6 mg of low-density polyethylene microplastics mixed in 2cc distilled water, respectively. Furthermore, except for control (C), the groups received microplastics an oral probe for 90 days.

RESULTS

The molecular response of hippocampal neurons of Wistar rats to microplastics in the blood significantly decreased SOD enzyme expression, while CAT enzyme was unaffected. It considerably increased neuronal membrane damage (expression of MDA), increased considerably neuronal deoxyribonucleic acid damage (expression of 8-OHdG), and decreased blood serum Aβ42 levels (pathway analysis, all t-value >1.96).

CONCLUSION

The pathway analysis showed that hippocampal neurons were significantly affected by microplastic particles in the blood.

Variability in urinary concentrations of primary aromatic amines

Despite their known carcinogenic potential, primary aromatic amines (AAs) continue to be used in various consumer products. Human exposure to AAs is a subject of current concern. Although urinary measurements are used in the assessment of exposure, little is known about within- and between-individual temporal variability in urinary concentrations of AAs. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 30 AAs, nicotine and cotinine in 213 first morning void (FMV) urine samples collected longitudinally for over a five-week period from 15 participants residing in the Albany area of New York State, USA. Eight AAs, namely, aniline, 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), p-cresidine (p-CD), p-toluidine (p-TD), o/m-toluidine (o/m-TD), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 4,4'-methylenedi-o-toluidine (4,4'-MDA), and 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA) were found in urine at a detection frequency (DF) in the range of 68-100%. Aniline and 2,6-DMA were the predominant compounds found at median concentrations of 6.0 and 3.81 ng/mL, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of all urinary AA concentrations, except for 4-CA, showed moderate to poor predictability (ICC values ranged 0.248-0.697). Gender and ethnicity-related variations in ∑₈AA concentrations were significant. Spearman's correlations among AA concentrations suggested that the sources of exposure were not related to tobacco smoke. No significant correlations existed between AAs concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs). The estimated daily intakes of AAs calculated based on urinary concentrations were several orders of magnitude below the tolerable daily intakes.