Antioxidant and inhibitory effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Fe(2+) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro

Pinealectomy and melatonin administration in rats: their effects on pulmonary edema induced by α-naphthylthiourea

We aimed to observe the possible effects of melatonin (MLT) deprivation (pinealectomy) and exogenous MLT administration on pulmonary edema induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU), a toxic chemical agent, in rats. Seventy animals were assigned to seven groups: control, sham pinealectomy (PINX), PINX, ANTU (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal on day 30), ANTU + MLT (10 mg/kg/day i.p. for 30 days), ANTU + PINX, and ANTU + PINX + MLT.In this study, pleural effusion (PE) formation, lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) and PE/BW ratios (fluid accumulation and weight values in the lungs) increase detected. Pre-ANTU MLT administration led to significant decreases in PE, LW/BW, and PE/BW levels. The inhibited glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels that ANTU increase lipid peroxidation in the study. MLT administration eliminated oxidative stress by reducing MDA and ameliorating GSH and SOD levels.Pre-ANTU MLT administration led to a significant decrease in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the lung when compared to the ANTU group without MLT administration. Post-pinealectomy ANTU administration significantly increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels when compared to ANTU and MLT administration without pinealectomy. Diffused inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial pulmonary edema, and histopathological congestion were observed after the administration of ANTU. Severity of the damage was elevated in the ANTU + PINX group. MLT treatment regressed pulmonary effusion and edema and improves lung structure. In brief, the findings suggested that MLT inhibited proinflammatory mediators and could serve as a therapeutic agent to prevent inflammatory disorders.

Oxidative stress and early mortality in acute ischemic stroke: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an oxidative stress biomarker, which represents a unifying mechanism of brain injury that occurs throughout the ischemic stroke cascade. The current study aimed to examine whether or not acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who had elevated serum MDA levels at admission had an increased risk of mortality and a worse functional outcome three months later.

METHODS

An observational, prospective cohort study that enrolled 90 patients with AIS. The patients were examined in the first 24 hours and then followed up for three months to assess mortality, short-term neurological functional outcome, and neurological disability by the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS).

RESULTS

The mean of serum MDA level among AIS patients was 6.3 ± 3.7 nmol/ml. Non-survivor cases were associated with statistically significantly higher serum MDA levels compared to survivors (9.7 ± 4.3 vs. 5.3 ± 2.8, p < 0.001), respectively. Patients with severe stroke, according to NIHSS score, were associated with significantly (p < 0.05) higher MDA levels compared to moderate and mild cases (7.4 ± 4.3 vs. 5.4 ± 2.6 vs. 3.3 ± .6). At a cutoff point of ≥ 6.7 nmol/ml, the area under the curve (AUC) for serum MDA levels as a predictor of mortality was 0.8 (0.69-0.91; p < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 77%, 80%, 89.5%, and 48.5%, respectively. Multivariate regression demonstrated that MDA level was a significant independent predictor of mortality among patients with AIS (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.65; p = 0.041).

CONCLUSION

MDA serum level was significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors patients, so MDA could be used as a predictor for early mortality and short-term outcome of cases with AIS.

Design and synthesis of a novel class of PDE4 inhibitors with antioxidant properties as bifunctional agents for the potential treatment of COPD

It is well known that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are always trapped in the vicious circle of inflammation and oxidative stress, therefore anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bifunctional agents may interrupt this vicious cycle in COPD. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, as anti-inflammatory drugs, have been used for COPD treatment in clinical, and the PDE4 inhibitors with antioxidant properties may be a good strategy to design bifunctional agents for COPD. Sappanone A was the first PDE4 inhibitor with antioxidant properties we identified from natural products in our previous study, which was used by us as a hit compound to design new bifunctional agents for COPD in this study. 27 derivatives of sappanone A including homoisoflavonoids, aurones and chalcones were designed and synthesized by innovatively fusing the antioxidant pharmacophore of catechol from polyphenols and the pharmacophore of catechol ether abstracted from the PDE4 inhibitors of the catechol ether class such as rolipram, roflumilast and apremilast respectively. All the compounds were assayed for the PDE4 inhibitory and radical scavenging against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activities in vitro. Herein we obtained a series of bifunctional compounds with better PDE4 inhibitory activity than sappanone A, and their free radical scavenging activities were superior to edaravone in vitro. In addition, they can reduce tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages and malondialdehyde (MDA) production induced by Fe²⁺ in mouse lung homogenate. Meanwhile, it showed outstanding abilities in reducing Fe³⁺ and complexing Fe²⁺. 6o, as the candidate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bifunctional compound, exhibited good drug-likeness, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) properties and human liver microsomal stability. In vivo, 6o (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, i. p.) distinctly prevented LPS-induced serum levels of TNF-α in mice. In conclusion, the preliminary investigation provided a novel class of PDE4 inhibitors with antioxidant properties as bifunctional agents for the potential treatment of COPD, which can interrupt the vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD.

Sappanone A: A natural PDE4 inhibitor with dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sumu (Lignum sappan), the dry heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L., is a traditional Chinese medicine used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aspired to discover natural phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors with dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from Sumu for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To accurately and efficiently identify natural PDE4 inhibitors from Sumu, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis methods were used for structure-based virtual screening of a self-built database of primary polyphenols in Sumu. According to the previous studies of Sumu and the free radical scavenging mechanism of polyphenols, the reported antioxidant components from Sumu and the potential antioxidants with the antioxidant pharmacophore of catechol and π-conjugated moieties were selected from the potential PDE4 inhibitors predicted by docking. Sappanone A, a potential PDE4 inhibitor with antioxidant activity from Sumu, was selected, calculated and synthesized to evaluate its dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions in vitro and in vivo studies. Herein sappanone A was assayed for its inhibitory effects against PDE4 enzyme activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages and malondialdehyde (MDA) production induced by Fe²⁺ in mouse lung homogenate; sappanone A was also assayed for its abilities of radical (DPPH) scavenging, reducing Fe³⁺ and complexing Fe²⁺ in vitro. Additionally, LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice was used to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity as a PDE4 inhibitor in vivo, and the levels of TNF-α and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung were assayed.

RESULTS

The present study predicted and validated that sappanone A was a promising PDE4 inhibitor from Sumu with dual anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities from Sumu. In vitro, sappanone A remarkably inhibited PDE4 enzyme activity and reduced TNF-α production induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages and MDA production induced by Fe²⁺ in mouse lung homogenate. Meanwhile, it showed outstanding abilities of scavenging DPPH radicals, reducing Fe³⁺ and complexing Fe²⁺. In vivo, sappanone A (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 7 days) distinctly prevented LPS-induced ALI in mice by reducing the levels of TNF-α and total protein in BALF and MPO activity in the lung.

CONCLUSION

Sappanone A is a natural PDE4 inhibitor with dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from the traditional Chinese medicine Sumu, which may be a promising therapeutic agent to prevent the vicious cycle of COPD inflammation and oxidative stress.

Ginger-Derived 3HDT Exerts Antiproliferative Effects on Breast Cancer Cells by Apoptosis and DNA Damage

Ginger-derived compounds are abundant sources of anticancer natural products. However, the anticancer effects of (E)-3-hydroxy-1-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)-tetradecan-6-en-5-one (3HDT) have not been examined. This study aims to assess the antiproliferation ability of 3HDT on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. 3HDT showed dose-responsive antiproliferation for TNBC cells (HCC1937 and Hs578T). Moreover, 3HDT exerted higher antiproliferation and apoptosis on TNBC cells than on normal cells (H184B5F5/M10). By examining reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and glutathione, we found that 3HDT provided higher inductions for oxidative stress in TNBC cells compared with normal cells. Antiproliferation, oxidative stress, antioxidant signaling, and apoptosis were recovered by N-acetylcysteine, indicating that 3HDT preferentially induced oxidative-stress-mediated antiproliferation in TNBC cells but not in normal cells. Moreover, by examining γH2A histone family member X (γH2AX) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, we found that 3HDT provided higher inductions for DNA damage, which was also reverted by N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, 3HDT is an effective anticancer drug with preferential antiproliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage effects on TNBC cells.

An overview of the effect of medicinal herbs on pain

This paper is typically intended to carefully collect and properly review the antinociceptive activities of medicinal plants. In this review article, by searching keywords of medicinal plants, pain, herbal medicine, antinociceptive, phytotherapy in databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, Wiley, Proquest, PubMed, Nature, Magiran, Emerald, SID, ISI, and some other indexing cites, or traditional books, desired articles were obtained until 2021. The title of medicinal plants was searched diligently in Persian and English. Ultimately, 270 articles were studied. The findings possibly indicated that several medicinal plants are among the most valuable plants that have antinociceptive activities. There efficiently are various antinociceptive compounds in medicinal plants. The antinociceptive activity of these specific compounds may be through their peculiar effects on the opioid system, cholinergic pathways, and stimulation of GABA receptors, with the peripheral and central antinociceptive mechanism. Antiinflammatory processes, inhibition of the synthesis, and the release of arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, phospholipase, nitric oxide, and cyclooxygenase-2 have been reported as analgesic mechanisms of some herbs. In a reasonable conclusion, our review thoughtfully provides a comprehensive summary of present data from some scientific studies on the common herbs with antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities.

Triptonide Ameliorates Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-induced Cerebral Ischemic Damage in Rats via Regulation of In flammatory Response

Background

Cerebral ischemic stroke is the second major cause of mortality worldwide that results in persisting disability and mental agony. Ischemic stroke is induced by the diminished blood circulation to the brain, which can be due to obstruction by arteriosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, or thrombosis. Triptonide is a diterpene triepoxide, purified out of extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and is an emerging target against, for example, cancers and inflammatory insults.

Materials and Methods

Taking this into consideration, this study was designed to analyze the effect of triptonide on ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) cerebral infarction stroke rats.

Results

Our study showed that triptonide decreased the infarct volume and brain edema produced by I/R. Moreover, triptonide protected the rats from any neurological deficits, which were analyzed using a five-point scoring system, augmented antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione content, and lowered the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Triptonide also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), TNF- α, and IL-6, while it augmented anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor. In this study, cerebral infarction stroke rats showed an increase in malondialdehyde levels. Triptonide preserved the normal brain architecture from various neurotoxic effects.

Conclusion

Thus, triptonide can be targeted for drug discovery in the future to protect against cerebral infarction stroke.

Antioxidant Properties of Dried Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) var. Bentong

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a popular culinary herb used in the Eastern culture. The essential cultivar of the Zingiber genus is rich in antioxidants and is crucial in the fight against oxidative stress-related diseases. The antioxidant properties of dried ginger were evaluated and compared for their efficacy from different drying processes (sun-, oven-, vacuum- and freeze-drying) and using three extraction solvents: hot water, aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) and ethanol. The drying process demonstrated a positive effect on the antioxidant activities of ginger. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the extracting ability of each solvent. Sun-dried ginger extracted with ethanol performed better than the fresh ginger extract in the form of increased yield (3.04-fold), TFC values (12.25-fold), reducing power (FRAP) (15.35-fold), total antioxidant activity (TAA) (6.82-fold) and inhibition of ABTS•+ radical cation (3.51-fold) and DPPH• radical (95%). Meanwhile, freeze-dried aqueous ginger extracts demonstrated significantly higher TPC (1.66-fold), TFC (3.71-fold), FRAP (3.26-fold), TAA (2.97-fold), ABTS•+ scavenging activity (1.48-fold) and DPPH• radical inhibition (77%), compared to fresh ginger extracts. In addition, it was found that ethanol was significantly superior to aqueous ethanol in phenolic content recovery, despite the lower yield. Furthermore, ethanol ginger extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than aqueous ethanol extracts. On the other hand, hot water was the least potent solvent for extraction. In summary, there was an excellent correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Sun-drying is the most desirable method for preserving and enhancing ginger quality due to its cost effectiveness and bioactive compound efficacy.

Dose-dependent biological toxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles in rat's brain

Metal nanoparticles, in general, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in particular, have been the focus of numerous studies over the last two decades. Recently, the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been favored over chemical synthesis due to its low toxicity and easy preparation. The present study aims to investigate the dose-dependent toxicity of green synthesized AgNPs on rats' brains. Thirty-four Wistar male rats were divided into four groups. The first, second, and third groups were administered for 14 days with three different doses (0.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of AgNPs, respectively. The fourth group, which served as a control group, was given normal saline for the same period. The toxicity of the green synthesized AgNPs on the cortical and hippocampal levels of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, and GSH) as well as the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and the monoamine neurotransmitters (DA, NE, and 5H-T) were investigated. AgNPs showed minimal oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus for the administered doses. However, AgNPs showed an inhibitory effect on AchE activity in a dose-dependent manner and a decrease in the 5H-T and NE levels. The green synthesized AgNPs showed an ultrastructural change in the cellular membranes of the neurons. The green synthesis of AgNPs has reduced their cytotoxic oxidative effects due to their capping with biologically compatible and boosting molecules such as flavonoids. However, another neurotoxicity was observed in a dose-dependent manner.

Polyphenol-Rich Ginger (Zingiber officinale) for Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Other Clinical Entities Associated with Altered Iron Metabolism

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in natural polyphenols and may potentially complement oral iron therapy in treating and preventing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). This narrative review explores the benefits of ginger for IDA and other clinical entities associated with altered iron metabolism. Through in vivo, in vitro, and limited human studies, ginger supplementation was shown to enhance iron absorption and thus increase oral iron therapy's efficacy. It also reduces oxidative stress and inflammation and thus protects against excess free iron. Ginger's bioactive polyphenols are prebiotics to the gut microbiota, promoting gut health and reducing the unwanted side effects of iron tablets. Moreover, ginger polyphenols can enhance the effectiveness of erythropoiesis. In the case of iron overload due to comorbidities from chronic inflammatory disorders, ginger can potentially reverse the adverse impacts and restore iron balance. Ginger can also be used to synthesise nanoparticles sustainably to develop newer and more effective oral iron products and functional ingredients for IDA treatment and prevention. Further research is still needed to explore the applications of ginger polyphenols in iron balance and anaemic conditions. Specifically, long-term, well-designed, controlled trials are required to validate the effectiveness of ginger as an adjuvant treatment for IDA.

Dose-dependent Action of Zingiber officinale on Colonic Dysmotility and Ex Vivo Spontaneous Intestinal Contraction Modulation

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes are commonly used in foods and employed for many ailments including gastrointestinal disorders. Our main objective was to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale aqueous extract (ZOAE) on gastrointestinal (GI) physiological motility and colonic dysmotility. Thereby, Wistar rats were given loperamide (LP, 3 mg/kg, b.w.) and ZOAE (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, b.w.) or yohimbine (YOH, 2 mg/kg, b.w.). ZOAE-action on intestinal secretion was assessed using Ussing chamber technique and intestinal motility with isometric transducer. GI-transit (GIT) and gastric emptying (GE) were evaluated with the charcoal meal test and the red phenol methods. ZOAE-bioactive components were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS). Constipation was induced with LP and the different indicators such as stool composition, GIT, oxidative stress biological parameters, and colonic mucosa histological alteration were performed. Anti-constipation effect of ZOAE was confirmed on stool composition, GIT (53.42% to 85.57%), GE (55.47% to 98.88%), and re-established oxidative balance. ZOAE induces an amplitude increase of spontaneous intestinal contraction with EC50 of 10.52 μg/mL. No effect of ZOAE was observed on electrogenic transport of intestinal fluid. These findings suggest that ZOAE-bioactive candidates might exert an anti-constipation action and spontaneous intestinal contraction modulation.

Gingerenone A Induces Antiproliferation and Senescence of Breast Cancer Cells

Ginger is a popular spice and consists of several bioactive antioxidant compounds. Gingerenone A (Gin A), a novel compound isolated from Zingiber officinale, is rarely investigated for its anti-breast-cancer properties. Some ginger extracts have been reported to initiate senescence, an anticancer strategy. However, the anticancer effects of Gin A on breast cancer cells remain unclear. The present study aims to assess the modulating impact of Gin A acting on proliferation and senescence to breast cancer cells. Gin A diminished the cellular ATP content and decreased the cell viability of the MTS assay in several breast cancer cell lines. It also showed a delayed G2/M response to breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231). N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an oxidative stress inhibitor, can revert these responses of antiproliferation and G2/M delay. The oxidative stress and senescence responses of Gin A were further validated by increasing reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial superoxide, and β-galactosidase activity, which were reverted by NAC. Gin A also upregulated senescence-associated gene expressions. In addition to oxidative stress, Gin A also induced DNA damage responses by increasing γH2AX level and foci and generating 8-hydroxyl-2′-deoxyguanosine in breast cancer cells, which were reverted by NAC. Therefore, Gin A promotes antiproliferation and senescence of breast cancer cells induced by oxidative stress.

Protective effects of functional foods against Parkinson's disease: A narrative review on pharmacology, phytochemistry, and molecular mechanisms

In Persian Medicine (PM), PD (brain-based tremor) is a known CNS disorder with several therapeutic and preventive options. In their medical textbooks and pharmacopeias, Persian great scientists such as Rhazes (854-925 AD), Avicenna (980-1037 AD), and Jorjani (1042-1136 AD), have discussed pharmacological and nutritional strategies for the prevention, slowing progression, and treatment of PD. In the present study, we surveyed plant- and animal-based foods recommended by PM for the prevention and treatment of CNS-related tremors. In vivo and in-vitro pharmacological evidence supporting the beneficial effects of PM-recommended foods in prevention and alleviating PD, major active phytochemicals along with the relevant mechanisms of action were studied. Several PM plants possess potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and PD preventing properties. Garlic and allicin, cabbage and isothiocyanates, chickpea seed and its O-methylated isoflavones biochanin A and formononetin, cinnamon, and cinnamaldehyde, saffron and its crocin, crocetin, and safranal, black cumin and its thymoquinone, black pepper and piperine, pistachio and genistein and daidzein, and resveratrol are among the most effective dietary itemsagainst PD. They act through attenuating neurotoxin-induced memory loss and behavioral impairment, oxidative stress, and dopaminergic cell death. PM-recommended foods can help alleviate PD progression and also discovering and developing new neuroprotective anti-PD pharmaceuticals.

Zingerone (4-(four-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) butane-two-1) modulates adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis by regulating inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants

OBJECTIVE

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is considered to be one of the most commonly consumed dietary condiments of the world. The present study was designed to explicate the protective role of zingerone; an active ingredient of ginger in complete Freund's adjuvant (FCA)-immunized arthritic rats.

METHODS

24 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups with 6 rats each. Group I as control followed by group II, III and IV were treated with single intradermal injection of FCA (0.1 ml = 100 µg) to induce rheumatoid arthritis. Group III and IV were also administered with zingerone orally at 25 mg/kg b.w for 3 weeks at two different time points.

RESULTS

Adjuvant-treated rats exhibited a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a reduction in the enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, catalase and GPx, in the liver and joint tissues. Moreover, FCA inoculation resulted in the increase in levels of NF-κB, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and Hs-CRP and a decrease in IL-10 levels. Zingerone significantly reduced the levels of NF-κB, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and Hs-CRP and markedly increased IL-10 levels. Levels of antioxidant enzymes were also restored by zingerone treatment.

DISCUSSION

Oral administration of zingerone ameliorated inflammatory outburst and decreased oxidative stress, suggesting its role in the prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Further mechanistic insights are necessary to study the exact mechanism involved.

Natural products against cisplatin-induced male reproductive toxicity: A comprehensive review

Cisplatin is widely used as one of the most effective anticancer agents in the treatment of some neoplasms. Reproductive toxicity is the most common outcome associated with cisplatin testicular damage. Alternative natural medicines for treating male testicular disorders and infertility have received extensive attention in research. Natural products, medicinal herbs, and their secondary metabolites have been shown as promising agents in the management of testicular damage induced by chemotherapy drugs. This study aimed to review the research related to natural substances that are promising in mitigation of the cisplatin-induced toxicity in the reproductive system. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies on various natural products for their potential protective property against reproductive toxicity induced by cisplatin from 2000 to 2020. Eligibility was checked based on selection criteria. Fifty-nine articles were included in this review. Mainly in animal studies, several natural agents have positively affected cisplatin-reproductive-toxicity factors, including reactive oxygen species, inflammatory mediators, DNA damage, and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Most of the natural agents were investigated in short-term duration and high doses of cisplatin exposure, considering their antioxidant activity against oxidative stress. Considering antioxidant properties, various natural products might be effective for the management of cisplatin reproductive toxicity. However, long-term recovery of spermatogenesis and management of low-dose-cisplatin toxicity should be considered as well as the bioavailability of these agents before and after treatment with cisplatin without affecting its anticancer activity.

Ocimum tenuiflorum mitigates iron-induced testicular toxicity via modulation of redox imbalance, cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions, and glucose metabolizing enzymes activities

Oxidative stress is a primary culprit in the pathophysiology of infertility conditions in males. This study investigated the effects of Ocimum tenuiflorum on redox imbalance, cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions and glucose dysmetabolism in oxidative-mediated testicular toxicity using in vitro, ex vivo and in silico models. Induction of oxidative testicular injury was carried out by incubating normal testicular tissue with 0.1 mM FeSO₄ and treated by co-incubating with different concentrations of O. tenuiflorum infusion for 30 min at 37°C. O. tenuiflorum displayed significant ferric reducing power activity while scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl (OH˙) free radicals in vitro. Oxidative testicular injury significantly reduced the glutathione level and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with concomitant elevation of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase (GlyP) activities. Incubation with the infusion significantly reversed these levels and activities. The phytochemical constituent of the infusion was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis and revealed favourable binding energies when docked with some of the studied proteins. These results suggest O. tenuiflorum exerts a protective effect against Fe²⁺ induced testicular toxicity via mitigation of redox imbalance while modulating metabolic dysfunctions linked to male infertility.

Isobornylchalcones as Scaffold for the Synthesis of Diarylpyrazolines with Antioxidant Activity

The pyrazoline ring is defined as a "privileged structure" in medicinal chemistry. A variety of pharmacological properties of pyrazolines is associated with the nature and position of various substituents, which is especially evident in diarylpyrazolines. Compounds with a chalcone fragment show a wide range of biological properties as well as high reactivity which is primarily due to the presence of an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system. At the same time, bicyclic monoterpenoids deserve special attention as a source of a key structural block or as one of the pharmacophore components of biologically active molecules. A series of new diarylpyrazoline derivatives based on isobornylchalcones with different substitutes (MeO, Hal, NO2, N(Me)2) was synthesized. Antioxidant properties of the obtained compounds were comparatively evaluated using in vitro model Fe2+/ascorbate-initiated lipid peroxidation in the substrate containing brain lipids of laboratory mice. It was demonstrated that the combination of the electron-donating group in the para-position of ring B and OH-group in the ring A in the structure of chalcone fragment provides significant antioxidant activity of synthesized diarylpyrazoline derivatives.

Role of natural plant products against Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorder. Deposition of amyloid fibrils and tau protein are associated with various pathological symptoms. Currently limited medication is available for AD treatment. Most of the drugs are basically cholinesterase inhibitors and associated with various side effects. Natural plant products have shown potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD symptoms. Variety of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols are used to reduce the progression of the disease. Plant products have less or no side effect and are easily available. The present review gives a detailed account of the potential of natural plant products against the AD symptoms.

Functional and Quality Characteristics of Ginger, Pineapple, and Turmeric Juice Mix as Influenced by Blend Variations

In this current work, the functional and quality characteristics of ginger, pineapple, and turmeric juice mix as influenced by blend variations were investigated. Specifically, the blends had constant ginger amounts, decreased pineapple, and increased turmeric proportionally. Additionally, the functional properties involved physicochemical (pH, soluble solids (SS), total titratable acidity (TA) and viscosity), proximate (moisture, protein, fat and ash), minerals (Ca, and Mg) and vitamin C and β-carotene analyses, whereas quality properties involved microbiological and sensory analyses. The results showed that as quantities of pineapple and turmeric respectively decreased and increased, there was significant increases in Ca, Mg, vitamin C, and β-carotene contents (p < 0.05). Across the blends, the degree of significant differences (p < 0.05) in the protein, fat, and ash seemed more compared to those of moisture contents. Despite the increases in pH and viscosity, and decreases in SS and TA, the increases in turmeric potentially reinforced by ginger most likely decreased the bacterial/fungi counts, as well as inhibition zones. Increasing and decreasing the respective amounts of turmeric and pineapple might not necessarily make the blends more acceptable, given the decreases in appearance, taste, aroma, and mouthfeel scores.

Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis

A wide variety of antioxidant properties are attributed to ginger (Zingiber officinale) and several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of ginger intake on major oxidative stress (OS) parameters. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of using ginger to improve OS levels. Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched up until March 2020 to gather RCTs that evaluated the impact of ginger intake on the levels and activity of OS parameters in adult subjects. Means and standard deviations for relevant OS variables were extracted and evaluated to assess the quality of the trials based on the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The gathered data were pooled and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Twelve trials were included in this review. Ginger intake was shown to significantly increase glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (SMD: 1.64; 95% CI: 0.43, 2.85; I2  = 86.8%) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.73; I2  = 42.8%) and significantly decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD: -0.69; 95% CI: -1.26, -0.12; I2  = 85.8%) compared to control groups. Ginger supplementation also non-significantly associated with an increase in CAT activity (SMD: 1.09; 95% CI: -0.07, 2.25; I2  = 87.6%). This systematic review and meta-analysis presents convincing evidence supporting the efficacy of ginger supplementation on improving OS levels. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In health sciences, OS, due to its pivotal role in the pathophysiology of several chronic diseases, is a subject with a long history. Recent research strives for a safe, ideal, and effective antioxidant. Ginger is herbal medicine, which has been widely used in traditional and complementary medicine. Proving the antioxidant effect and potential benefit of ginger has positive clinical implications for the application of this practical herb.

Is 6-Shogaol an Effective Phytochemical for Patients With Lower-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome? A Narrative Review

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) evolves due to genomic instability, dysregulated signaling pathways, and overproduction of inflammatory markers. Reactive oxygen species contribute to the inflammatory response, which causes gene damage, cellular remodeling, and fibrosis. MDS can be a debilitating condition, and management options in patients with MDS aim to improve cytopenias, delay disease progression, and enhance quality of life. High serum ferritin levels, a source of iron for reactive oxygen species production, correlate with a higher risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia, and iron overload is compounded by blood transfusions given to improve anemia. 6-shogaol is a natural phenolic compound formed when ginger is exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions, and it has been shown to possess anti-tumor activity against leukemia cell lines and antioxidant effects. This narrative review assessed the potential benefits of this phytochemical in lower-risk MDS patients through examining the current evidence on the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of ginger and 6-shogaol.

Ginger juice prevents cisplatin-induced oxidative stress, endocrine imbalance and NO/iNOS/NF-κB signalling via modulating testicular redox-inflammatory mechanism in rats

The off-target testicular toxicity of the anticancer drug, cisplatin, is a current clinical concern and worrisome to male cancer patients. Growing evidence has implicated oxidative stress and inflammation in cisplatin toxicity. We have explored whether fresh ginger juice could mitigate testicular toxicity induced by anticancer drug cisplatin in rats. Rats were subjected to oral administration of fresh ginger juice (5 ml/kg body weight/day) for 5 days against testicular damage induced by single ip injection of cisplatin (CIS) (10 mg/kg body weight) on day 2 only. Testicular activities of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB) and serum hormone levels were estimated. CIS-induced prominent decreases in antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH and serum hormone levels, whereas levels of MDA, cytokines, NO, iNOS and NF-ĸB increased remarkably (p < .05) compared to control. Interestingly, the CIS-induced testicular alterations were considerably mitigated by the fresh ginger juice via abrogation of oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory mechanism. The study suggests, for the first time, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger juice against CIS testicular damage. Fresh ginger juice may have beneficial health impact on testicular side effect of CIS chemotherapy.

Phytochemical and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis L. Bark

Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress are caused by free radicals. Current research has been directed towards finding naturally occurring antioxidants of plant origin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis L. bark (MELIB). The present study was carried out for determination of qualitative, quantitative phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant activity for scavenging of free radical DPPH, superoxide radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation. The bark extract is a rich source of secondary metabolites like flavonoids at a rutin equivalent 73.43±0.26%, polyphenol at a gallic acid equivalent 84.70±0.43%, tannins at a tannic acid equivalent 88.75±0.14% and terpenoids at a linalool equivalent 68.13±0.31. MELIB showed free radicals scavenging capacity by way of the DPPH method (6.93±0.51 to 62.63±0.10% inhibition), the superoxide radical scavenging method (1.82±0.41 to 57.11±0.18% inhibition) and the ferric chloride induced lipid peroxidation method (9.87±0.33 to 80.32±0.82% inhibition). The results obtained in the present study indicate that MELIB can be a potential source of natural antioxidants due to the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins and terpenoids.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 49 attenuates IL-1β-induced rat primary chondrocyte apoptosis by facilitating Axin deubiquitination and subsequent Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade inhibition

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related chronic joint degenerative disease. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is considered a marker for the progression of OA. In this study, we found that Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 49 (USP49) was significantly less expressed in OA patients compared with healthy individuals. Treating primary rat chondrocytes with different concentrations of IL-1β resulted in decreased Usp49 expression, while Usp49 overexpression could attenuate IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by promoting Axin deubiquitination. The deubiquitination of Axin led to the accumulation of the protein, which in turn resulted in β-catenin degradation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade inhibition. Interestingly, we also found that [6]-gingerol, an anti-OA drug, could upregulate the protein level of Usp49 and suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade in primary rat chondrocytes. Taken together, our study not only demonstrates that Usp49 can negatively regulate the progression of OA by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, but also elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms.

The relationship between oxidative stress and acute ischemic stroke severity and functional outcome

Background

Cerebral ischemia initiates an oxidative stress response in the brain which is a composite process that involves many oxidative stress biomarkers. High levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke had been found. The evaluation of oxidative stress in the acute stage may contribute to improve the post ischemic stroke outcome.

Objective

The aim of the current study to assess MDA level, as an oxidative stress biomarker, in acute ischemic stroke on admission and its relation with stroke severity on admission and also, its relation with three months short-term outcome.

Methods

Forty-two patients (20 males and 22 females) with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively enrolled in follow-up cohort study. Serum MDA was measured within 24 h after admission. We studied the relationship between MDA and stroke severity and functional outcome after 3 months assessed by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) respectively.

Results

Serum MDA levels correlated significantly with clinical short-term stroke outcome after 3 months (p < 0.001).

Conclusion(s)

These data provide evidence that the MDA (an oxidative stress biomarker) may be used as predictor for functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke.

Inhibition effect of thiol-type antioxidants on protein oxidative aggregation caused by free radicals

This study was aimed to investigate the inhibition effect of thiol-type antioxidants on protein oxidative aggregation caused by free radicals and the underlying mechanisms using six different thiol-type antioxidants (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, methionine, taurine, alpha-lipoic acid, glutathione and thioproline), Cu²⁺-H₂O₂ as a free radical generator (mainly a hydroxyl radical generator) and bovine serum albumin as the model protein. The inhibition effect of these antioxidants on protein oxidative aggregation and protective effect against oxidative damage in mouse brain tissues were investigated using SDS-PAGE, intrinsic fluorescence, simultaneous fluorescence, thioflavin T fluorescence, Congo red absorbance and inverted microscope. The results showed that all six antioxidants could inhibit protein oxidative aggregation by scavenging free radicals. In addition, alpha-lipoic acid could also bind to proteins via hydrophobic interactions and thioproline could bind to proteins via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, thereby showing much stronger inhibition effect than others. Moreover, alpha-lipoic acid and thioproline could effectively prevent oxidative damage of mouse brain tissues. These results suggest that alpha-lipoic acid and thioproline can effectively inhibit free radical-induced protein aggregation and brain damage, which are worth testing for further anti-Alzheimer properties.

Olesoxime improves cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and enhances Aβ levels in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND

Approved drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) only have a symptomatic effects and do not intervene causally in the course of the disease. Olesoxime (TRO19622) has been tested in AD disease models characterized by improved amyloid precursor protein processing (AβPP) and mitochondrial dysfunction.

METHODS

Three months old Thy-1-AβPP_SL (tg) and wild type mice (wt) received TRO19622 (100 mg/kg b.w.) in supplemented food pellets for 15 weeks (tg TRO19622). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were determined in dissociated brain cells (DBC). Respiration was analyzed in mitochondria isolated from brain tissue. Citrate synthase (CS) activity and beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ_1-40) levels were determined in brain tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined as an indicator for lipid peroxidation. DBC and brain homogenates were additionally stressed with Rotenone and FeCl₂, respectively. Mitochondrial respiration and Aβ_1-40 levels were also determined in HEK-AβPP_sw-cells.

RESULTS

Treatment of mice did not affect the body weight. TRO19622 was absorbed after oral treatment (plasma levels: 6,2 μg/ml). Mitochondrial respiration was significantly reduced in brains of tg-mice. Subsequently, DBC isolated from brains of tg-mice showed significantly lower MMP but not ATP levels. TRO19622 increased the activity of respiratory chain complexes and reversed complex IV (CIV) activity and MMP. Moreover, DBC isolated from brains of tg TRO19622 mice were protected from Rotenone induced inhibition of complex I activity. TRO19622 also increased the respiratory activity in HEKsw-cells. MDA basal levels were significantly higher in brain homogenates isolated from tg-mice. TRO19622 treatment had no effects on lipid peroxidation. TRO19622 increased cholesterol levels but did not change membrane fluidity of synaptosomal plasma and mitochondrial membranes isolated from brain of mice. TRO19622 significantly increased levels of Aβ_1-40 in both, in brains of tg TRO19622 mice and in HEK_sw cells.

CONCLUSIONS

TRO19622 improves mitochondrial dysfunction but enhances Aβ levels in disease models of AD. Further studies must evaluate whether TRO19622 offers benefits at the mitochondrial level despite the increased formation of Aβ, which could be harmful.

Management of Iron Overload in Resource Poor Nations: A Systematic Review of Phlebotomy and Natural Chelators

Iron is an essential element and the most abundant trace metal in the body involved in oxygen transport and oxygen sensing, electron transfer, energy metabolism, and DNA synthesis. Excess labile and unchelated iron can catalyze the formation of tissue-damaging radicals and induce oxidative stress. English abstracts were identified in PubMed and Google Scholar using multiple and various search terms based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Full-length articles were selected for systematic review, and secondary and tertiary references were developed. Although bloodletting or phlebotomy remains the gold standard in the management of iron overload, this systematic review is an updated account of the pitfalls of phlebotomy and classical synthetic chelators with scientific justification for the use of natural iron chelators of dietary origin in resource-poor nations.

6-Gingerol ameliorates sepsis-induced liver injury through the Nrf2 pathway

Sepsis-induced liver injury is very common in intensive care units. Here, we investigated the effects of 6-gingerol on sepsis-induced liver injury and the role of the Nrf2 pathway in this process. 6-Gingerol is the principal ingredient of ginger that exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce polymicrobial sepsis and related liver injury, we found that mice pre-treated with 6-Gingerol showed less incidences of severe liver inflammation and death than untreated CLP groups. 6-Gingerol administration also inhibited the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, including NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), IL-1β, and caspase-1. Consistent with these findings, 6-gingerol reduced the effects of pyroptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in RAW 264.7 cells, as evidenced by IL-1β and caspase-1 protein levels in the supernatant and propidium iodide (PI) staining. 6-Gingerol was shown to activate the Nrf2 pathway in vivo and in vitro. Notably, Nrf2 siRNA transfection nullified the inhibitory effects of 6-gingerol on pyroptosis in vitro. In summary, these findings suggested that 6-gingerol alleviated sepsis-induced liver injury by inhibiting pyroptosis through the Nrf2 pathway.

Capsaicin and gingerol analogues inhibit the growth of efflux-multidrug resistant bacteria and R-plasmids conjugal transfer

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

Capsicum and ginger are used widely in human diets and in folklore medicines. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin and both classes of compounds are notable for their spiciness and characteristic pungent aroma. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds contain antimicrobial compounds with robust pharmacological importance.

AIM

The present study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activities of capsaicinoids and gingerols against a panel of clinical MRSA strains and their inhibitory effect on the conjugal transfer of R-plasmids harboured in E. coli.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Crude methanol extract of C. annum was fractionated using solid phase extraction (SPE) and screened for R-plasmid transfer inhibition: TP114, PUB 307, PKM 101, R6K and R7K. The bio-guided assay led to the isolation of bioactive compounds with strong R-plasmid transfer inhibition. The compounds were identified using Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mass spectroscopy (MS). Capsaicin analogues nonivamide, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria strains using microdilution method while the plasmid transfer inhibition assay of the compounds was determined by broth mating method.

RESULTS

The bioactive fraction Ca-11 showed good inhibition rates (8.57-25.52%) against three R-plasmids PUB307, PKM 101, TP114 followed by the crude extract of C. annum (8.59%) respectively leading to the bioassay-guided isolation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin as the bioactive principles. The antiplasmid effect of pure capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were broad and within active ranges (5.03-31.76%) against the various antibiotic resistance-conferring plasmids including R6K, R7K. Capsaicin, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol had good broad antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 8 to 256 mg/L against effluxing MRSA strains SA1199B (NorA), XU212 (TetK) and RN4220 (MsrA). While they exhibited moderate antibacterial activity (128-512 mg/L) against the Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and nonivamide on the plasmids were very active on PKM 101 (6.24-22.16%), PUB 307 (1.22-45.63%) and TP114 (0.1-7.19%) comparative to the positive control plumbagin (5.70-31.76%).

CONCLUSION

These results are suggestive that the R-plasmids could possess substrate for capsaicinoids-like compounds and for their ability to inhibit the plasmid conjugation processes. Plant natural products possess the potential value of antibacterial and mechanistic antiplasmid activity as demonstrated by the compounds and should be evaluated in developing antimicrobial leads to novel mechanism against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Distillates Purified by Means of Molecular Distillation from Ginger Extract Obtained with Supercritical CO2 Fluid

The ginger extract obtained with supercritical CO2 fluid was purified by molecular distillation (MD), and the chemical compositions, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ginger extract and its distillates were investigated. Analysis revealed that the ginger extract was rich in terpene hydrocarbons, along with oxygenated terpenes and other non-volatile compounds. The MD distillates were prepared in a series of stages and the active compounds like terpenes and gingerols could be separated by MD. The major compounds of the distillates purified by MD at 40 °C, 80 Pa and 60 °C, 80 Pa were terpene hydrocarbons. Additional distillates obtained by MD at 80 °C, 80 Pa and 100 °C, 60 Pa were predominated by terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes. Until the operating conditions of MD reached 150 °C and 2 Pa, some non-volatile compounds were concentrated in the final distillate. Moreover, antioxidant activities and the cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cells in final MD distillate were superior to other extracts, and this phenomenon could be mainly supported by the phenols. The MD could be used to prepare ginger distillates with better antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.

Crassocephalum rubens, a leafy vegetable, suppresses oxidative pancreatic and hepatic injury and inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes: An ex vivo and in silico study

Crassocephalum rubens falls under the wild edible, under-cultivated traditional leafy vegetables (TLV) in Africa; it is used by locals in managing diabetes mellitus among other diseases. This study investigated the in vitro, ex vivo antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of different extracts of C. rubens. The ameliorative effects of the extracts on Fe²⁺ -induced oxidative injury was investigated ex vivo together with the effects of the aqueous extract on intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake in freshly harvested tissues from normal rats. The aqueous extract was subjected to Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis to identify possible bioactive compounds which were then docked with the tested enzymes through in silico modeling. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, inhibited α-glucosidase and lipase enzyme activities, intestinal glucose absorption and enhanced muscle glucose uptake compared to controls. Sanguisorbic acid dilactone identified through LC-MS analysis showed a high binding affinity for catalase and lipase enzymes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of this study suggest that the aqueous extract of C. rubens possesses better antioxidant and possible antidiabetic potentials compared to other extracts which could be associated to the synergistic action of its identified bioactive compounds.

Effect of antiepileptic drug (Topiramate) and cold pressed ginger oil on testicular genes expression, sexual hormones and histopathological alterations in mice

Sexual dysfunction in the epileptic patient is difficult to confirm whether it is ailment or therapy related. Antiepileptic drugs often use in reproductive age, through reproductive progress and maturation. On the other side, cold-pressed oils are rich in bioactive phytochemicals with health-promoting traits. The target of this work was to appraise the sexual dysfunction of antiepileptic Topiramate (TPM) and cold pressed ginger oil (CPGO) as antiepileptic alternative medicine in male mice. Fifty-four adult male albino mice were divided into nine groups (n = 6 mice). One group given saline and used as negative control; another one was given corn oil as vehicle. Six groups administered orally with TPM or CPGO at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Moreover, group of animals co-administrated orally CPGO with TPM (400 mg/kg) to study their interaction. Fatty acid profile and tocols composition of CPGO were determined. in vitro assays were undertaken to evaluate radical scavenging traits of CPGO utilizing sable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and galvinoxyl radicals. The study investigated antioxidant and oxidative stress markers, sexual hormones levels, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegfa), synaptonemal complex protein (Sycp3), Wilms tumor gene (Wt1) as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Strong radical scavenging potential of CPGO against stable DPPH· and galvinoxyl radicals was recorded. The results revealed that TPM caused a dose-dependent reduction in the antioxidant activities and testosterone content, while, malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) as oxidative stress markers were elevated. Vegfa and Sycp3 mRNA expression down-regulated at all Topiramate tested doses, but Wt1 up-regulated at 400 mg/kg. TPM (400 mg/kg) revealed histological alterations associated with strong positive Bax immune reactive spermatogoneal and Leydig cells. Ginger oil elevated the CAT and SOD (antioxidant enzymes), serum testosterone and diminished the oxidative stress, up regulated the expression of Vegfa and Sycp3 and down-regulated the Wt1 expression. Meanwhile, CPGO revealed no histopathological alterations and no Bax immune-reactive cells. CPGO co-administration with TPM (400 mg/kg) attenuated the TPM toxicity. High doses of TPM may exhibit sexual dysfunction but CPGO is safe and has androgenic property. CPGO co-administration could protect the antiepileptic patient from the TPM sexual dysfunction.

Preparation of Chitosan Microcapsules Containing Red Ginger Oleoresin Using Emulsion Crosslinking Method

BACKGROUND:

Encapsulation is one of the methods used to trap active ingredients in the wall material of microparticles.

AIM:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the encapsulation of red ginger oleoresin using an emulsion crosslinking method with chitosan as the wall material.

METHODS:

Emulsions were formed of red ginger oleoresin with chitosan in concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (w/v), respectively. The emulsions were then mixed with corn oil and stirred for one hour to obtain a second set of emulsions, and glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) was added dropwise in quantities of 20, 10, 6.7, and 5 ml, respectively. This was followed by the addition of 2 ml of 25% glutaraldehyde and the emulsions were stirred for two hours. The resulting microcapsules were washed with petroleum ether followed by hexane and then dried in an oven at 70oC.

RESULTS:

The emulsion crosslinking method used to trap the red ginger oleoresin in chitosan produced microcapsules of good spherical geometry with the mean diameter ranging from 75.61 ± 11.8 µm to 178.65 ± 40.7 µm. The highest yield was 98.93% and encapsulation efficiency was 83.1%. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis showed that the melting point was at a temperature between 120 and 130oC.

CONCLUSION:

Chitosan concentration has little effect on encapsulation yield, whereas the amount of GST tends to strengthen the crosslinking bonds of chitosan and reduces the mean diameter of microspheres.

Ameliorative and protective effects of ginger and its main constituents against natural, chemical and radiation-induced toxicities: A comprehensive review

Fatal unintentional poisoning is widespread upon human exposure to toxic agents such as pesticides, heavy metals, environmental pollutants, bacterial and fungal toxins or even some medications and cosmetic products. In this regards, the application of the natural dietary agents as antidotes has engrossed a substantial attention. One of the ancient known traditional medicines and spices with an arsenal of metabolites of several reported health benefits is ginger. This extended literature review serves to demonstrate the protective effects and mechanisms of ginger and its phytochemicals against natural, chemical and radiation-induced toxicities. Collected data obtained from the in-vivo and in-vitro experimental studies in this overview detail the designation of the protective effects to ginger's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Ginger's armoury of phytochemicals exerted its protective function via different mechanisms and cell signalling pathways, including Nrf2/ARE, MAPK, NF-ƙB, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β1/Smad3, and ERK/CREB. The outcomes of this review could encourage further clinical trials of ginger applications in radiotherapy and chemotherapy regime for cancer treatments or its implementation to counteract the chemical toxicity induced by industrial pollutants, alcohol, smoking or administered drugs.

The Cancer Prevention, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidation of Bioactive Phytochemicals Targeting the TLR4 Signaling Pathway

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in a host immune system. TLR triggering leads to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, driving the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, an increasing number studies have shown the link between TLRs and cancer. Among them, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is associated with inflammatory response and cancer progression. Dietary phytochemicals are potential modulators of immunological status with various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory. Curcumin, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 1-dehydro-10-gingerdione, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), luteolin, quercetin, resveratrol, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, xanthohumol, genistein, berberine, and sulforaphane can inhibit TLR4 activation. The aim of the present review is to describe the role of the TLR4 signaling pathway between inflammatory response and cancer progression. We further introduce bioactive phytochemicals with potential anti-inflammation and chemoprevention by inhibiting TLR activation.

Drug-like dietary vanilloids induce anticancer activity through proliferation inhibition and regulation of bcl-related apoptotic proteins

In this study, a series of 20 structurally similar vanilloids (Vn) were tested for their antiproliferative effects against 12 human cancer cells: human breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), cervical (HeLa), ovarian (Caov-3), lung (A549), liver (HepG2), colorectal (HT-29 and HCT116), nasopharyngeal (CNE-1 and HK-1), and leukemic (K562 and CEM-SS) cancer cells. Among all the tested vanilloids, Vn16 (6-shogaol) exhibited the most potent cytotoxic effects against human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29). The apoptotic induction effects exhibited by Vn16 on HT-29 cells were confirmed using dual staining fluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of Vn16 on regulation of 43 apoptotic-related markers were determined in HT-29. The results suggested that 8 apoptotic markers (caspase 8, BAD, BAX, second mitochondrial-derived activator, caspase 3, survivin, bcl-2, and cIAP-2) were either upregulated or downregulated. These results further support the chemopreventive properties of foods that contain vanilloids.

Effects of volatile oil from ginger on the murine B16 melanoma cells and its mechanism

In this study, the inhibitory effects of volatile oil from ginger on melanogenesis and its antioxidant characteristics were investigated. The effects of volatile oil from ginger on cell proliferation, melanin content and tyrosinase activity were determined using a microplate reader. In addition, the expression of melanogenesis-related protein was determined by western blotting. The results indicate that the tested concentrates of volatile oil from ginger showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and melanogenesis. This revealed that volatile oil from ginger exhibited apparent capacities for scavenging ROS and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, volatile oil from ginger improved the activities of GSH, SOD and CAT in B16 melanoma cells. These results demonstrated that volatile oil from ginger suppressed melanin synthesis through its antioxidant properties and the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanogensis-related proteins. Hence, volatile oil from ginger could be used as an effective skin-whitening agent applied in food industry.

Pharmacotherapeutic potential of ginger and its compounds in age-related neurological disorders

Age-related neurological disorders (ANDs), including neurodegenerative diseases, are multifactorial disorders with a risk that increases with aging. ANDs are generally characterized by common neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. Recently, efforts have been made to overcome ANDs because of the increase in age-dependent prevalence. Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is a popular food spice and has a long history of use in traditional medicine for treating various disease symptoms. The structure-activity relationships of ginger phytochemicals show that ginger can be used to treat ANDs by targeting different ligand sites. This review shows that ginger and its constituents, such as 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, zingerone, and dehydrozingerone, are effective for ameliorating the neurological symptoms and pathological conditions of ANDs through by modulating cell death or cell survival signaling molecules. From this review, we conclude that the active ingredients in ginger have therapeutic potential in ANDs.

Rescue effects of ginger extract on dose dependent radiation-induced histological and biochemical changes in the kidneys of male Wistar rats

Radiation is an essential modality in the management of cancer therapy, but its acute and chronic side effects on the normal organs limit the helpfulness of radiotherapy. The deleterious effects of radiation begin with oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction to radiolytic hydrolysis and formation of free radicals. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of dose dependent whole body radiation exposure on histological and biochemical alterations in rat kidney. It was also planned to find out whether ginger extract mitigated the deleterious effects of different doses of radiation in rat kidney. Male Wistar rats were exposed to three doses (2, 4, and 8Gy) of γ- ray with or without a 10day pretreatment with ginger extract. After 10days of whole body γ- ray exposure, the results revealed proliferation of glomerular and tubular cells, fibrosis in glomerular and peritubular and a significant increase in 8-OHdG, CRP, cystatin C (in 8Gy), plasma urea and creatinine levels, as well as a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity of radiation groups compared to those of the control group. Ginger extract administration once daily for 10 consecutive days before exposure to 2-4-8Gy radiotherapy, which ameliorated histological and biochemical alterations in kidneys of the rats entirely or partially compared to those in the ethanol group rats. These findings indicate that whole body exposure to radiation induces kidney damage through oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory reactions, and that these effects can be alleviated using ginger pretreatment as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Nine phenylethanoid glycosides from Magnolia officinalis var. biloba fruits and their protective effects against free radical-induced oxidative damage

To systematically study the chemical constituents in Magnolia officinalis var. biloba fruits, nine phenylethanoid glycosides were isolated by solvent extraction, silica gel, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analyses, including COSY, HMQC and HMBC correlations, and HPLC analysis of sugar residue. Nine phenylethanoid glycosides, namely, magnoloside I_a (1), magnoloside I_c (2), crassifolioside (3), magnoloside I_b (4), magnoloside III_a (5), magnoloside IV_a (6), magnoloside II_a (7), magnoloside II_b (8) and magnoloside V_a (9), were first isolated from the n-butanol fraction of Magnolia officinalis var. biloba fruits alcohol extract. Free radical scavenging activities of the nine phenylethanoid glycosides were assessed using the DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Simultaneously, protective effects of all compounds against free radical-induced oxidative damage were evaluated by two different kinds of mitochondrial damage model. The protective effects were assessed by mitochondrial swelling, the formations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). All phenylethanoid glycosides showed significant protective effects.

Antioxidant capacity, anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in mice brain homogenate of Achillea millefolium

Objective:

(

Methods:

Methanol extracts (ME) and ethanol extracts (EE) of

Results:

ME had higher antioxidant activities compared to EE. Both extracts displayed a competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase; however, the inhibitory activity of ME was higher than EE. The inhibitory constant (K

Conclusions:

Our results showed that

Design, formulation, and evaluation of ginger medicated chewing gum

Background:

Various ginger compounds improve gastrointestinal problems and motion sickness. The main effects of ginger allocate to some phenolics such as gingerols and shogaols that act as their active agents. Chewing gums are among convenient dosage forms which patients prefer due to their advantages. Hence, this study tried to design, formulate, and evaluate ginger chewing gum of favorable taste and texture to avoid motion sickness and have gastro-protective and anti-oxidant effect.

Materials and Methods:

Dried ginger rhizomes were percolated to extract ginger compounds. Total phenolics were measured in 70% hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger by gallic and tannic acid standards using Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent. Chewing gums containing 50 mg of concentrated extract were prepared. Content uniformity, weight variation, release pattern, organoleptic, and mechanical properties were evaluated.

Results:

Phenolic content was measured 61.50 ± 5.27 mg/g and 76.75 ± 5.45 mg/g of concentrated extract as gallic acid and tannic acid equivalents, respectively. Release pattern of formulations with different gum bases and sweeteners demonstrated almost 100% release of drug. Evaluation of organoleptic properties was on 10 healthy volunteers and later prepared formulations exhibited better characteristics. Formulations without any flavorants have higher acceptability. Evaluation of mechanical properties showed higher stiffness of F₁₅.

Conclusion:

Ginger chewing gum comprises admissible properties to be used as a modern drug delivery system due to its advantageous results in motion sickness. It passed all the specified tests for an acceptable chewing gum. Thus, it may be successfully produced to help GI problems.