1
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Roh WS, Yoo JH, Dravid SM, Mannaioni G, Krizman EN, Wahl P, Robinson MB, Traynelis SF, Lee CJ, Han KS. Astrocytic PAR1 and mGluR2/3 control synaptic glutamate time course at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Glia 2024. [PMID: 38864289 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an essential role in regulating synaptic transmission. This study describes a novel form of modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the mouse hippocampus by astrocytic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have previously described astrocytic glutamate release via protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation, although the regulatory mechanisms for this are complex. Through electrophysiological analysis and modeling, we discovered that PAR1 activation consistently increases the concentration and duration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft. This effect was not due to changes in the presynaptic glutamate release or alteration in glutamate transporter expression. However, blocking group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) abolished PAR1-mediated regulation of synaptic glutamate concentration, suggesting a role for this GPCR in mediating the effects of PAR1 activation on glutamate release. Furthermore, activation of mGluR2/3 causes glutamate release through the TREK-1 channel in hippocampal astrocytes. These data show that astrocytic GPCRs engage in a novel regulatory mechanism to shape the time course of synaptically-released glutamate in excitatory synapses of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Suk Roh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Creighton University, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, GA, Italy
| | - Elizabeth N Krizman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Philip Wahl
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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2
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Mavridis T, Choratta T, Papadopoulou A, Sawafta A, Archontakis-Barakakis P, Laou E, Sakellakis M, Chalkias A. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs): Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Perioperative Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0. [PMID: 38326662 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is a devastating complication that occurs during surgery or within 30 days following the surgical procedure. Its prevalence ranges from 0.08 to 10% although it is most likely an underestimation, as sedatives and narcotics can substantially mask symptomatology and clinical presentation. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are of paramount importance. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors, are widely expressed throughout the human body and play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review elucidates the biology and significance of PARs, outlining their diverse functions in health and disease, and their intricate involvement in cerebrovascular (patho)physiology and neuroprotection. PARs exhibit a dual role in cerebral ischemia, which underscores their potential as therapeutic targets to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital (TUH)/The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin, D24 NR0A, Ireland
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Choratta
- Department of General Surgery, Metaxa Hospital, 18537, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Androniki Papadopoulou
- Department of Anesthesiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 54635, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assaf Sawafta
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Laou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Minas Sakellakis
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center-North Central Bronx Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Athanasios Chalkias
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5158, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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3
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He B, Niu L, Li S, Li H, Hou Y, Li A, Zhang X, Hao H, Song H, Cai R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Sustainable inflammatory activation following spinal cord injury is driven by thrombin-mediated dynamic expression of astrocytic chemokines. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:85-100. [PMID: 38042209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) always results in sustainable recruitment of inflammatory cells driven by sequentially generated chemokines, thereby eliciting excessive neuroinflammation. However, the underlying mechanism of temporally produced chemokines remains elusive. Reactive astrocytes are known to be the main sources of chemokines at the lesion site, which can be immediately activated by thrombin following SCI. In the present study, SCI was shown to induce a sequential production of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 from astrocytes, which were associated with a persistent infiltration of macrophages/microglia. The rapidly induced CCL2 and later induced CCL5 from astrocytes were regulated by thrombin at the damaged tissues. Investigation of the regulatory mechanism revealed that thrombin facilitated astrocytic CCL2 production through activation of ERK/JNK/NFκB pathway, whereas promoted CCL5 production through PLCβ3/NFκB and ERK/JNK/NFκB signal pathway. Inhibition of thrombin activity significantly decreased production of astrocytic CCL2 and CCL5, and reduced the accumulation of macrophages/microglia at the lesion site. Accordingly, the locomotor function of rats was remarkably improved. The present study has provided a new regulatory mechanism on thrombin-mediated sequential production of astrocytic chemokines, which might be beneficial for clinical therapy of CNS neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shaolan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Aicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Huifei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Honghua Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Rixin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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4
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Li F, Li D, Liu J, Tang S, Yan J, Li H, Wan Z, Wang L, Yan X. Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Causes Chronic Pain in Lupus-Prone Mice Via Suppressing Spinal Glial Glutamate Transporter Function and Enhancing Glutamatergic Synaptic Activity. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1163-1180. [PMID: 36641029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an unpredictable autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in many parts of the body. Chronic pain is one of the most frequently reported symptoms among SLE patients. We previously reported that MRL lupus prone (MRL/lpr) mice develop hypersensitivity to mechanical and heat stimulation. In the present study, we found that the spinal protease-activated receptor-1(PAR1) plays an important role in the genesis of chronic pain in MRL/lpr mice. Female MRL/lpr mice with chronic pain had activation of astrocytes, over-expression of thrombin and PAR1, enhanced glutamatergic synaptic activity, as well as suppressed activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and glial glutamate transport function in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of either the PAR1 antagonist, or AMPK activator attenuated heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, we also identified that the enhanced glutamatergic synaptic activity and suppressed activity of glial glutamate transporters in the spinal dorsal horn of MRL/lpr mice are caused by activation of the PAR1 and suppression of AMPK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that targeting the PAR1 and AMPK signaling pathways in the spinal cord may be a useful approach for treating chronic pain caused by SLE. PERSPECTIVE: Our study provides evidence suggesting activation of PAR1 and suppression of AMPK in the spinal cord induces thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in a lupus mouse model. Targeting signaling pathways regulating the PAR1 and AMPK could potentially provide a novel approach to the management of chronic pain caused by SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Li
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianguang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shifan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengyun Wan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xisheng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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5
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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6
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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7
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Chen X, Zhang H, Hao H, Zhang X, Song H, He B, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y. Thrombin induces morphological and inflammatory astrocytic responses via activation of PAR1 receptor. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:189. [PMID: 35399122 PMCID: PMC8995373 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) will result in the significant elevation of thrombin production at lesion site via either breakage of blood-spinal cord barrier or upregulated expression within nerve cells. Thrombin-induced activation of the protease activated receptors (PARs) evokes various pathological effects that deteriorate the functional outcomes of the injured cord. The cellular consequences of thrombin action on the astrocytes, as well as the underlying mechanism are not fully elucidated by far. In the present study, SCI model of rats was established by contusion, and primary astrocytes were isolated for culture from newborn rats. The expression levels of thrombin and PAR1 receptor at lesion sites of the spinal cord were determined. The primary astrocytes cultured in vitro were stimulated with different concentration of thrombin, and the resultant morphological changes, inflammatory astrocytic responses, as well as PAR1-activated signal pathway of astrocytes were accordingly examined using various agonists or antagonists of the receptor. Thrombin was found to reverse astrocytic stellation, promote proliferation but inhibit migration of astrocytes. Furthermore, the serine protease was shown to facilitate inflammatory response of astrocytes through regulation of MAPKs/NFκB pathway. Our results have provided the morphological evidence of astrocytic reactivity in response to thrombin stimulation and its neuroinflammatory effects following SCI, which will be indicative for the fundamental insights of thrombin-induced neuropathology.
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8
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Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Protects SMA560 Astrocytes Against Thrombin-Induced Cell Death by Improving Mitochondrial Function. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin activation after cerebral hemorrhage induces the death of neurons and astrocytes. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) shows nutritional functions and cell protection. This study aimed to clarify the protective effects of PQQ on thrombin-induced cell death in astrocytes. Murine SMA560 astrocytoma cells were used in this study. The cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed by CellROX® Deep Red and JC-1, respectively. The expression of apoptotic genes was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Thrombin dose- and time-dependently induced SMA560 cell death. PQQ significantly repressed thrombin-induced SMA560 cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Thrombin led to the diminishment of MMP, increased production of ROS, and the upregulated expression of apoptotic genes including c-Jun, TP53, Bim, Puma, and Noxa in SMA560 cells. Meanwhile, PQQ treatment significantly attenuated the effects of thrombin on ROS, MMP, and gene expression in SMA560 cells. In conclusion, PQQ protects SMA560 astrocytes against thrombin-induced cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function in vitro.
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9
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Shavit-Stein E, Berkowitz S, Gofrit SG, Altman K, Weinberg N, Maggio N. Neurocoagulation from a Mechanistic Point of View in the Central Nervous System. Semin Thromb Hemost 2022; 48:277-287. [PMID: 35052009 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation mechanisms are critical for maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Thrombin, an important player of the coagulation cascade, activates protease activator receptors (PARs), members of the G-protein coupled receptor family. PAR1 is located on neurons and glia. Following thrombin activation, PAR1 signals through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, causing alterations in neuronal glutamate release and astrocytic morphological changes. Similarly, the anticoagulation factor activated protein C (aPC) can cleave PAR1, following interaction with the endothelial protein C receptor. Both thrombin and aPC are expressed on endothelial cells and pericytes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thrombin-induced PAR1 activation increases cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in brain vessels, resulting in nitric oxide release and increasing F-actin stress fibers, damaging BBB integrity. aPC also induces PAR1 activation and preserves BBB vascular integrity via coupling to sphingosine 1 phosphate receptors. Thrombin-induced PAR1 overactivation and BBB disruption are evident in CNS pathologies. During epileptic seizures, BBB disruption promotes thrombin penetration. Thrombin induces PAR1 activation and potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, inducing glutamate-mediated hyperexcitability. Specific PAR1 inhibition decreases status epilepticus severity in vivo. In stroke, the elevation of brain thrombin levels further compromises BBB integrity, with direct parenchymal damage, while systemic factor Xa inhibition improves neurological outcomes. In multiple sclerosis (MS), brain thrombin inhibitory capacity correlates with clinical presentation. Both thrombin inhibition by hirudin and the use of recombinant aPC improve disease severity in an MS animal model. This review presents the mechanisms underlying the effects of coagulation on the physiology and pathophysiology of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Berkowitz
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Keren Altman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nitai Weinberg
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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10
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Maoz BM, Asplund M, Maggio N, Vlachos A. Technology-based approaches toward a better understanding of neuro-coagulation in brain homeostasis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:493-498. [PMID: 34850274 PMCID: PMC8975761 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors can enter the brain under pathological conditions that affect the blood–brain interface. Besides their contribution to pathological brain states, such as neural hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, and scar formation, coagulation factors have been linked to several physiological brain functions. It is for example well established that the coagulation factor thrombin modulates synaptic plasticity; it affects neural excitability and induces epileptic seizures via activation of protease-activated receptors in the brain. However, major limitations of current experimental and clinical approaches have prevented us from obtaining a profound mechanistic understanding of “neuro-coagulation” in health and disease. Here, we present how novel human relevant models, i.e., Organ-on-Chips equipped with advanced sensors, can help overcoming some of the limitations in the field, thus providing a perspective toward a better understanding of neuro-coagulation in brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Asplund
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Nursing and Medical Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Kalinowski A, Liliental J, Anker LA, Linkovski O, Culbertson C, Hall JN, Pattni R, Sabatti C, Noordsy D, Hallmayer JF, Mellins ED, Ballon JS, O'Hara R, Levinson DF, Urban AE. Increased activation product of complement 4 protein in plasma of individuals with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:486. [PMID: 34552056 PMCID: PMC8458380 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural variation in the complement 4 gene (C4) confers genetic risk for schizophrenia. The variation includes numbers of the increased C4A copy number, which predicts increased C4A mRNA expression. C4-anaphylatoxin (C4-ana) is a C4 protein fragment released upon C4 protein activation that has the potential to change the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We hypothesized that elevated plasma levels of C4-ana occur in individuals with schizophrenia (iSCZ). Blood was collected from 15 iSCZ with illness duration < 5 years and from 14 healthy controls (HC). Plasma C4-ana was measured by radioimmunoassay. Other complement activation products C3-ana, C5-ana, and terminal complement complex (TCC) were also measured. Digital-droplet PCR was used to determine C4 gene structural variation state. Recombinant C4-ana was added to primary brain endothelial cells (BEC) and permeability was measured in vitro. C4-ana concentration was elevated in plasma from iSCZ compared to HC (mean = 654 ± 16 ng/mL, 557 ± 94 respectively, p = 0.01). The patients also carried more copies of the C4AL gene and demonstrated a positive correlation between plasma C4-ana concentrations and C4A gene copy number. Furthermore, C4-ana increased the permeability of a monolayer of BEC in vitro. Our findings are consistent with a specific role for C4A protein in schizophrenia and raise the possibility that its activation product, C4-ana, increases BBB permeability. Exploratory analyses suggest the novel hypothesis that the relationship between C4-ana levels and C4A gene copy number could also be altered in iSCZ, suggesting an interaction with unknown genetic and/or environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kalinowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Joanna Liliental
- Translational Applications Service Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Translational Research and Applied Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lauren A Anker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Collin Culbertson
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jacob N Hall
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The Neurology Center of Southern California, Temecula, CA, 92592, USA
| | - Reenal Pattni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Douglas Noordsy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joachim F Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jacob S Ballon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander E Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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12
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Kim HN, Triplet EM, Radulovic M, Bouchal S, Kleppe LS, Simon WL, Yoon H, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor modulates astroglia-neuron trophic coupling and neural repair after spinal cord injury. Glia 2021; 69:2111-2132. [PMID: 33887067 PMCID: PMC8672305 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is implicated in diverse neuropathologies from neurodegenerative conditions to neurotrauma. PAR1 knockout mice show improved outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI), however information regarding the underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms is lacking. Here we demonstrate that genetic blockade of PAR1 in female mice results in improvements in sensorimotor co-ordination after thoracic spinal cord lateral compression injury. We document improved neuron preservation with increases in Synapsin-1 presynaptic proteins and GAP43, a growth cone marker, after a 30 days recovery period. These improvements were coupled to signs of enhanced myelin resiliency and repair, including increases in the number of mature oligodendrocytes, their progenitors and the abundance of myelin basic protein. These significant increases in substrates for neural recovery were accompanied by reduced astrocyte (Serp1) and microglial/monocyte (CD68 and iNOS) pro-inflammatory markers, with coordinate increases in astrocyte (S100A10 and Emp1) and microglial (Arg1) markers reflective of pro-repair activities. Complementary astrocyte-neuron co-culture bioassays suggest astrocytes with PAR1 loss-of-function promote both neuron survival and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, the pro-neurite outgrowth effects of switching off astrocyte PAR1 were blocked by inhibiting TrkB, the high affinity receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor. Altogether, these studies demonstrate unique modulatory roles for PAR1 in regulating glial-neuron interactions, including the capacity for neurotrophic factor signaling, and underscore its position at neurobiological intersections critical for the response of the CNS to injury and the capacity for regenerative repair and restoration of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Samantha Bouchal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
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13
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When the Blood Hits Your Brain: The Neurotoxicity of Extravasated Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105132. [PMID: 34066240 PMCID: PMC8151992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS), including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), remains highly morbid. Trials of medical management for these conditions over recent decades have been largely unsuccessful in improving outcome and reducing mortality. Beyond its role in creating mass effect, the presence of extravasated blood in patients with CNS hemorrhage is generally overlooked. Since trials of surgical intervention to remove CNS hemorrhage have been generally unsuccessful, the potent neurotoxicity of blood is generally viewed as a basic scientific curiosity rather than a clinically meaningful factor. In this review, we evaluate the direct role of blood as a neurotoxin and its subsequent clinical relevance. We first describe the molecular mechanisms of blood neurotoxicity. We then evaluate the clinical literature that directly relates to the evacuation of CNS hemorrhage. We posit that the efficacy of clot removal is a critical factor in outcome following surgical intervention. Future interventions for CNS hemorrhage should be guided by the principle that blood is exquisitely toxic to the brain.
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14
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Triplet EM, Kim HN, Yoon H, Radulovic M, Kleppe L, Simon WL, Choi CI, Walsh PJ, Dutton JR, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor links brain derived neurotrophic factor to neuron cholesterol production, resiliency and repair after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105294. [PMID: 33549720 PMCID: PMC8021459 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite concerted efforts to identify CNS regeneration strategies, an incomplete understanding of how the needed molecular machinery is regulated limits progress. Here we use models of lateral compression and FEJOTA clip contusion-compression spinal cord injury (SCI) to identify the thrombin receptor (Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1)) as an integral facet of this machine with roles in regulating neurite growth through a growth factor- and cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Functional recovery and signs of neural repair, including expression of cholesterol biosynthesis machinery and markers of axonal and synaptic integrity, were all increased after SCI in PAR1 knockout female mice, while PTEN was decreased. Notably, PAR1 differentially regulated HMGCS1, a gene encoding a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol production, across the neuronal and astroglial compartments of the intact versus injured spinal cord. Pharmacologic inhibition of cortical neuron PAR1 using vorapaxar in vitro also decreased PTEN and promoted neurite outgrowth in a cholesterol dependent manner, including that driven by suboptimal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacologic inhibition of PAR1 also augmented BDNF-driven HMGCS1 and cholesterol production by murine cortical neurons and by human SH-SY5Y and iPSC-derived neurons. The link between PAR1, cholesterol and BDNF was further highlighted by demonstrating that the deleterious effects of PAR1 over-activation are overcome by supplementing cultures with BDNF, cholesterol or by blocking an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, Gαi. These findings document PAR1-linked neurotrophic coupling mechanisms that regulate neuronal cholesterol metabolism as an important component of the machinery regulating CNS repair and point to new strategies to enhance neural resiliency after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Triplet
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, United States of America
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - James R Dutton
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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15
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Broadhead MJ, Miles GB. A common role for astrocytes in rhythmic behaviours? Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102052. [PMID: 33894330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a functionally diverse form of glial cell involved in various aspects of nervous system infrastructure, from the metabolic and structural support of neurons to direct neuromodulation of synaptic activity. Investigating how astrocytes behave in functionally related circuits may help us understand whether there is any conserved logic to the role of astrocytes within neuronal networks. Astrocytes are implicated as key neuromodulatory cells within neural circuits that control a number of rhythmic behaviours such as breathing, locomotion and circadian sleep-wake cycles. In this review, we examine the evidence that astrocytes are directly involved in the regulation of the neural circuits underlying six different rhythmic behaviours: locomotion, breathing, chewing, gastrointestinal motility, circadian sleep-wake cycles and oscillatory feeding behaviour. We discuss how astrocytes are integrated into the neuronal networks that regulate these behaviours, and identify the potential gliotransmission signalling mechanisms involved. From reviewing the evidence of astrocytic involvement in a range of rhythmic behaviours, we reveal a heterogenous array of gliotransmission mechanisms, which help to regulate neuronal networks. However, we also observe an intriguing thread of commonality, in the form of purinergic gliotransmission, which is frequently utilised to facilitate feedback inhibition within rhythmic networks to constrain a given behaviour within its operational range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Broadhead
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | - Gareth B Miles
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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16
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Shlobin NA, Har-Even M, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Harnof S, Pick CG. Role of Thrombin in Central Nervous System Injury and Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 33921354 PMCID: PMC8070021 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a Na+-activated allosteric serine protease of the chymotrypsin family involved in coagulation, inflammation, cell protection, and apoptosis. Increasingly, the role of thrombin in the brain has been explored. Low concentrations of thrombin are neuroprotective, while high concentrations exert pathological effects. However, greater attention regarding the involvement of thrombin in normal and pathological processes in the central nervous system is warranted. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of thrombin action, localization, and functions in the central nervous system and describe the involvement of thrombin in stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and primary central nervous system tumors. We aim to comprehensively characterize the role of thrombin in neurological disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Meirav Har-Even
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ze’ev Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer 5262000, Israel
| | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel;
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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17
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Choi H, Mun S, Joo EJ, Lee KY, Kang HG, Lee J. Discovery of Screening Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder in Remission by Proteomic Approach. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030539. [PMID: 33802981 PMCID: PMC8002827 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disorder involving depressive mood and decreased motivation. Due to its high heterogeneity, novel biomarkers are required to diagnose MDD. In this study, a proteomic method was used to identify a new MDD biomarker. Using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra acquisitions and multiple reaction monitoring analysis via mass spectrometry, relative and absolute quantification of proteins in the sera was performed. The results of the relative quantitation by sequential window acquisition for all theoretical mass spectra data showed that seven proteins were significantly differently expressed between MDD patients and other patients with remission status. However, absolute quantification by multiple reaction monitoring analysis identified prothrombin as the only significantly upregulated protein in the depressive state compared to remission (p < 0.05) and was, thus, subsequently selected as an MDD biomarker. The area under the curve for prothrombin was 0.66. Additionally, increased prothrombin/thrombin induced hyper-activation of platelets via activating protease-activated receptors, a feature associated with MDD; specifically, activated platelets secrete various molecules related to MDD, including brain-derived neurotropic factors and serotonin. Therefore, prothrombin is a potential screening, prognostic, and diagnostic marker for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebin Choi
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (H.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sora Mun
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (H.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea; (E.-J.J.); (K.Y.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Gyeonggi 11759, Korea
| | - Kyu Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea; (E.-J.J.); (K.Y.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul 01830, Korea
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (H.C.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-G.K.); (J.L.); Tel.: +82-31-740-7315 (H.-G.K.); +82-42-259-1752 (J.L.)
| | - Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-G.K.); (J.L.); Tel.: +82-31-740-7315 (H.-G.K.); +82-42-259-1752 (J.L.)
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18
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Shavit-Stein E, Mindel E, Gofrit SG, Chapman J, Maggio N. Ischemic stroke in PAR1 KO mice: Decreased brain plasmin and thrombin activity along with decreased infarct volume. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248431. [PMID: 33720950 PMCID: PMC7959388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is a common and debilitating disease with limited treatment options. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a fundamental cell signaling mediator in the central nervous system (CNS). It can be activated by many proteases including thrombin and plasmin, with various down-stream effects, following brain ischemia. Methods A permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAo) model was used in PAR1 KO and WT C57BL/6J male mice. Mice were evaluated for neurological deficits (neurological severity score, NSS), infarct volume (Tetrazolium Chloride, TTC), and for plasmin and thrombin activity in brain slices. Results Significantly low levels of plasmin and thrombin activities were found in PAR1 KO compared to WT (1.6±0.4 vs. 3.2±0.6 ng/μl, p<0.05 and 17.2±1.0 vs. 21.2±1.0 mu/ml, p<0.01, respectively) along with a decreased infarct volume (178.9±14.3, 134.4±13.3 mm3, p<0.05). Conclusions PAR1 KO mice have smaller infarcts, with lower thrombin and plasmin activity levels. These findings may suggest that modulation of PAR1 is a potential target for future pharmacological treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Ekaterina Mindel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Emerging Roles of Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) in the Modulation of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020869. [PMID: 33467143 PMCID: PMC7830300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with a unique mechanism of activation, prompted by a proteolytic cleavage in their N-terminal domain that uncovers a tethered ligand, which binds and stimulates the same receptor. PARs subtypes (PAR1-4) have well-documented roles in coagulation, hemostasis, and inflammation, and have been deeply investigated for their function in cellular survival/degeneration, while their roles in the brain in physiological conditions remain less appreciated. Here, we describe PARs’ effects in the modulation of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Available evidence, mainly concerning PAR1-mediated and PAR2-mediated regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, supports that PARs are important modulators of synaptic efficacy and plasticity in normal conditions.
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20
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Price R, Ferrari E, Gardoni F, Mercuri NB, Ledonne A. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) inhibits synaptic NMDARs in mouse nigral dopaminergic neurons. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105185. [PMID: 32891865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whose activation requires a proteolytic cleavage in the extracellular domain exposing a tethered ligand, which binds to the same receptor thus stimulating Gαq/11-, Gαi/o- and Gα12-13 proteins. PAR1, activated by serine proteases and matrix metalloproteases, plays multifaceted roles in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, in stroke, brain trauma, Alzheimer's diseases, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is among areas with highest PAR1 expression, but current evidence on its roles herein is restricted to mechanisms controlling dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons survival, with controversial data showing PAR1 either fostering or counteracting degeneration in PD models. Since PAR1 functions on SNpc DAergic neurons activity are unknown, we investigated if PAR1 affects glutamatergic transmission in this neuronal population. We analyzed PAR1's effects on NMDARs and AMPARs by patch-clamp recordings from DAergic neurons from mouse midbrain slices. Then, we explored subunit composition of PAR1-sensitive NMDARs, with selective antagonists, and mechanisms underlying PAR1-induced NMDARs modulation, by quantifying NMDARs surface expression. PAR1 activation inhibits synaptic NMDARs in SNpc DAergic neurons, without affecting AMPARs. PAR1-sensitive NMDARs contain GluN2B/GluN2D subunits. Moreover, PAR1-mediated NMDARs hypofunction is reliant on NMDARs internalization, as PAR1 stimulation increases NMDARs intracellular levels and pharmacological limitation of NMDARs endocytosis prevents PAR1-induced NMDARs inhibition. We reveal that PAR1 regulates glutamatergic transmission in midbrain DAergic cells. This might have implications in brain's DA-dependent functions and in neurological/psychiatric diseases linked to DAergic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Price
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecolar Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecolar Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Limanaqi F, Busceti CL, Fornai F. Locus Coeruleus and neurovascular unit: From its role in physiology to its potential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2406-2434. [PMID: 32875628 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic (NA) nucleus of the central nervous system. LC degenerates early during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NA loss might concur to AD pathogenesis. Aside from neurons, LC terminals provide dense innervation of brain intraparenchymal arterioles/capillaries, and NA modulates astrocyte functions. The term neurovascular unit (NVU) defines the strict anatomical/functional interaction occurring between neurons, glial cells, and brain vessels. NVU plays a fundamental role in coupling the energy demand of activated brain regions with regional cerebral blood flow, it includes the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays an active role in neuroinflammation, and participates also to the glymphatic system. NVU alteration is involved in AD pathophysiology through several mechanisms, mainly related to a relative oligoemia in activated brain regions and impairment of structural and functional BBB integrity, which contributes also to the intracerebral accumulation of insoluble amyloid. We review the existing data on the morphological features of LC-NA innervation of the NVU, as well as its contribution to neurovascular coupling and BBB proper functioning. After introducing the main experimental data linking LC with AD, which have repeatedly shown a key role of neuroinflammation and increased amyloid plaque formation, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which the loss of NVU modulation by LC might contribute to AD pathogenesis. Surprisingly, thus far not so many studies have tested directly these mechanisms in models of AD in which LC has been lesioned experimentally. Clarifying the interaction of LC with NVU in AD pathogenesis may disclose potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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22
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Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Galkov M, Kiseleva E, Gulyaev M, Sidorova M, Gorbacheva L. New PAR1 Agonist Peptide Demonstrates Protective Action in a Mouse Model of Photothrombosis-Induced Brain Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:335. [PMID: 32547356 PMCID: PMC7273131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are involved not only in hemostasis but also in the development of ischemic brain injury. In the present work, we examined in vivo effects of a new peptide (AP9) composing Asn47-Phen55 of PAR1 “tethered ligand” generated by activated protein C. We chose a mouse model of photothrombosis (PT)-induced ischemia to assess AP9 effects in vivo. To reveal the molecular mechanism of AP9 action, mice lacking β-arrestin-2 were used. AP9 was injected intravenously once 10 min before PT at doses of 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg, or twice, that is, 10 min before and 1 h after PT at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Lesion volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and staining of brain sections with tetrazolium salt. Neurologic deficit was estimated using the cylinder and the grid-walk tests. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption was assessed by Evans blue dye extraction. Eosin-hematoxylin staining and immunohistochemical staining were applied to evaluate the number of undamaged neurons and activated glial cells in the penumbra. A single administration of AP9 (20 mg/kg), as well as its two injections (20 mg/kg), decreased brain lesion volume. A double administration of AP9 also reduced BBB disruption and neurological deficit in mice. We did not observe the protective effect of AP9 in mice lacking β-arrestin-2 after PT. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time protective properties of a PAR1 agonist peptide, AP9, in vivo. β-Arrestin-2 was required for the protective action of AP9 in PT-induced brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Galkov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kiseleva
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Gulyaev
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Laboratory of Peptide Synthesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Rogers RC, Hasser EM, Hermann GE. Thrombin action on astrocytes in the hindbrain of the rat disrupts glycemic and respiratory control. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R1068-R1077. [PMID: 32320636 PMCID: PMC7311679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe trauma can produce a postinjury "metabolic self-destruction" characterized by catabolic metabolism and hyperglycemia. The severity of the hyperglycemia is highly correlated with posttrauma morbidity and mortality. Although no mechanism has been posited to connect severe trauma with a loss of autonomic control over metabolism, traumatic injury causes other failures of autonomic function, notably, gastric stasis and ulceration ("Cushing's ulcer"), which has been connected with the generation of thrombin. Our previous studies established that proteinase-activated receptors (PAR1; "thrombin receptors") located on astrocytes in the autonomically critical nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) can modulate gastric control circuit neurons to cause gastric stasis. Hindbrain astrocytes have also been implicated as important detectors of low glucose or glucose utilization. When activated, these astrocytes communicate with hindbrain catecholamine neurons that, in turn, trigger counterregulatory responses (CRR). There may be a convergence between the effects of thrombin to derange hindbrain gastrointestinal control and the hindbrain circuitry that initiates CRR to increase glycemia in reaction to critical hypoglycemia. Our results suggest that thrombin acts within the NST to increase glycemia through an astrocyte-dependent mechanism. Blockade of purinergic gliotransmission pathways interrupted the effect of thrombin to increase glycemia. Our studies also revealed that thrombin, acting in the NST, produced a rapid, dramatic, and potentially lethal suppression of respiratory rhythm that was also a function of purinergic gliotransmission. These results suggest that the critical connection between traumatic injury and a general collapse of autonomic regulation involves thrombin action on astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Rogers
- Autonomic Neurosciences Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Eileen M Hasser
- Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gerlinda E Hermann
- Autonomic Neurosciences Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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25
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Nanostructural Diversity of Synapses in the Mammalian Spinal Cord. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8189. [PMID: 32424125 PMCID: PMC7235094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionally distinct synapses exhibit diverse and complex organisation at molecular and nanoscale levels. Synaptic diversity may be dependent on developmental stage, anatomical locus and the neural circuit within which synapses reside. Furthermore, astrocytes, which align with pre and post-synaptic structures to form ‘tripartite synapses’, can modulate neural circuits and impact on synaptic organisation. In this study, we aimed to determine which factors impact the diversity of excitatory synapses throughout the lumbar spinal cord. We used PSD95-eGFP mice, to visualise excitatory postsynaptic densities (PSDs) using high-resolution and super-resolution microscopy. We reveal a detailed and quantitative map of the features of excitatory synapses in the lumbar spinal cord, detailing synaptic diversity that is dependent on developmental stage, anatomical region and whether associated with VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 terminals. We report that PSDs are nanostructurally distinct between spinal laminae and across age groups. PSDs receiving VGLUT1 inputs also show enhanced nanostructural complexity compared with those receiving VGLUT2 inputs, suggesting pathway-specific diversity. Finally, we show that PSDs exhibit greater nanostructural complexity when part of tripartite synapses, and we provide evidence that astrocytic activation enhances PSD95 expression. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the regulation and diversification of synapses across functionally distinct spinal regions and advance our general understanding of the ‘rules’ governing synaptic nanostructural organisation.
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26
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Chang YH, Wu JC, Yu HM, Hsu HT, Wu YT, Yu ALT, Yu CDT, Wong CH. Design and synthesis of glyco-peptides as anti-cancer agents targeting thrombin-protease activated receptor-1 interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5827-5830. [PMID: 32329494 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin activates protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) through binding to exosite I and the active site to promote tumor growth. We have developed a new class of anti-cancer glyco-peptides to target exosite I selectively without affecting the active-site-mediated coagulation activity and showed the importance of glycans for the stability and anti-cancer activity of the glyco-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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27
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Brzdak P, Wójcicka O, Zareba-Koziol M, Minge D, Henneberger C, Wlodarczyk J, Mozrzymas JW, Wójtowicz T. Synaptic Potentiation at Basal and Apical Dendrites of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons Involves Activation of a Distinct Set of Extracellular and Intracellular Molecular Cues. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:283-304. [PMID: 29228131 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, several forms of experience-dependent plasticity, learning and memory require the activity-dependent control of synaptic efficacy. Despite substantial progress in describing synaptic plasticity, mechanisms related to heterogeneity of synaptic functions at local circuits remain elusive. Here we studied the functional and molecular aspects of hippocampal circuit plasticity by analyzing excitatory synapses at basal and apical dendrites of mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells (CA1 region) in acute brain slices. In the past decade, activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been implicated as a widespread and critical factor in plasticity mechanisms at various projections in the CNS. However, in the present study we discovered that in striking contrast to apical dendrites, synapses located within basal dendrites undergo MMP-independent synaptic potentiation. We demonstrate that synapse-specific molecular pathway allowing MMPs to rapidly upregulate function of NMDARs in stratum radiatum involved protease activated receptor 1 and intracellular kinases and GTPases activity. In contrast, MMP-independent scaling of synaptic strength in stratum oriens involved dopamine D1/D5 receptors and Src kinases. Results of this study reveal that 2 neighboring synaptic systems differ significantly in extracellular and intracellular cascades that control synaptic gain and provide long-searched transduction pathways relevant for MMP-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Brzdak
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Wójcicka
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Zareba-Koziol
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Minge
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Henneberger
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Neurons, Glia, Extracellular Matrix and Neurovascular Unit: A Systems Biology Approach to the Complexity of Synaptic Plasticity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041539. [PMID: 32102370 PMCID: PMC7073232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptic cleft has been vastly investigated in the last decades, leading to a novel and fascinating model of the functional and structural modifications linked to synaptic transmission and brain processing. The classic neurocentric model encompassing the neuronal pre- and post-synaptic terminals partly explains the fine-tuned plastic modifications under both pathological and physiological circumstances. Recent experimental evidence has incontrovertibly added oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia as pivotal elements for synapse formation and remodeling (tripartite synapse) in both the developing and adult brain. Moreover, synaptic plasticity and its pathological counterpart (maladaptive plasticity) have shown a deep connection with other molecular elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM), once considered as a mere extracellular structural scaffold altogether with the cellular glue (i.e., glia). The ECM adds another level of complexity to the modern model of the synapse, particularly, for the long-term plasticity and circuit maintenance. This model, called tetrapartite synapse, can be further implemented by including the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the immune system. Although they were considered so far as tightly separated from the central nervous system (CNS) plasticity, at least in physiological conditions, recent evidence endorsed these elements as structural and paramount actors in synaptic plasticity. This scenario is, as far as speculations and evidence have shown, a consistent model for both adaptive and maladaptive plasticity. However, a comprehensive understanding of brain processes and circuitry complexity is still lacking. Here we propose that a better interpretation of the CNS complexity can be granted by a systems biology approach through the construction of predictive molecular models that enable to enlighten the regulatory logic of the complex molecular networks underlying brain function in health and disease, thus opening the way to more effective treatments.
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29
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Pontecorvi P, Banki MA, Zampieri C, Zalfa C, Azmoon P, Kounnas MZ, Marchese C, Gonias SL, Mantuano E. Fibrinolysis protease receptors promote activation of astrocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:257. [PMID: 31810478 PMCID: PMC6896679 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes contribute to the crosstalk that generates chronic neuro-inflammation in neurological diseases; however, compared with microglia, astrocytes respond to a more limited continuum of innate immune system stimulants. Recent studies suggest that the fibrinolysis system may regulate inflammation. The goal of this study was to test whether fibrinolysis system components activate astrocytes and if so, elucidate the responsible biochemical pathway. Methods Primary cultures of astrocytes and microglia were prepared from neonatal mouse brains. The ability of purified fibrinolysis system proteins to elicit a pro-inflammatory response was determined by measuring expression of the mRNAs encoding tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). IκBα phosphorylation also was measured. Plasminogen activation in association with cells was detected by chromogenic substrate hydrolysis. The activity of specific receptors was tested using neutralizing antibodies and reagents. Results Astrocytes expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines when treated with plasminogen but not when treated with agonists for Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4), TLR2, or TLR9. Microglia also expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to plasminogen; however, in these cells, the response was observed only when tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was added to activate plasminogen. In astrocytes, endogenously produced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) converted plasminogen into plasmin in the absence of tPA. Plasminogen activation was dependent on the plasminogen receptor, α-enolase, and the uPA receptor, uPAR. Although uPAR is capable of directly activating cell-signaling, the receptor responsible for cytokine expression and IκBα phosphorylation response to plasmin was Protease-activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1). The pathway, by which plasminogen induced astrocyte activation, was blocked by inhibiting any one of the three receptors implicated in this pathway with reagents such as εACA, α-enolase-specific antibody, uPAR-specific antibody, the uPA amino terminal fragment, or a pharmacologic PAR-1 inhibitor. Conclusions Plasminogen may activate astrocytes for pro-inflammatory cytokine expression through the concerted action of at least three distinct fibrinolysis protease receptors. The pathway is dependent on uPA to activate plasminogen, which is expressed endogenously by astrocytes in culture but also may be provided by other cells in the astrocytic cell microenvironment in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pontecorvi
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA.,The Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael A Banki
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA.,The Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Maria Z Kounnas
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- The Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven L Gonias
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Mantuano
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0612, USA.
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30
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Role of the protease-activated receptor 1 in regulating the function of glial cells within central and peripheral nervous system. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1259-1271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Rajput PS, Lamb J, Kothari S, Pereira B, Soetkamp D, Wang Y, Tang J, Van Eyk JE, Mullins ES, Lyden PD. Neuron-generated thrombin induces a protective astrocyte response via protease activated receptors. Glia 2019; 68:246-262. [PMID: 31453648 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes protect neurons during cerebral injury through several postulated mechanisms. Recent therapeutic attention has focused on enhancing or augmenting the neuroprotective actions of astrocytes but in some instances astrocytes can assume a neurotoxic phenotype. The signaling mechanisms that drive astrocytes toward a protective versus toxic phenotype are not fully known but cell-cell signaling via proteases acting on cell-specific receptors underlies critical mechanistic steps in neurodevelopment and disease. The protease activated receptor (PAR), resides in multiple brain cell types, and most PARs are found on astrocytes. We asked whether neuron-generated thrombin constituted an important astrocyte activation signal because our previous studies have shown that neurons contain prothrombin gene and transcribed protein. We used neuron and astrocyte mono-cell cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that ischemic neurons secrete thrombin into culture media, which leads to astrocyte activation; such astrocyte activation can be reproduced with low doses of thrombin. Media from prothrombin-deficient neurons failed to activate astrocytes and adding thrombin to such media restored activation. Astrocytes lacking PAR1 did not respond to neuron-generated thrombin. Induced astrocyte activation was antagonized dose-dependently with thrombin inhibitors or PAR1 antagonists. Ischemia-induced astrocyte activation in vivo was inhibited after neuronal prothrombin knockout, resulting in larger strokes. Restoring prothrombin to neurons with a lentiviral gene vector restored astrocyte activation and reduced stroke damage. We conclude that neuron-generated thrombin, released during ischemia, acts via PAR1 and may cause astrocyte activation and paracrine neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh S Rajput
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jessica Lamb
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shweta Kothari
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benedict Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Soetkamp
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric S Mullins
- Division of Hematology and Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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32
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Li G, Wang Q, Lin T, Liu C. Effect of thrombin injection on cerebral vascular in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:2819-2831. [PMID: 31179838 PMCID: PMC6683912 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519851353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of thrombin (TM) injection via the cerebellomedullary cistern on cerebral vessels in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups. In the A1 group, physiological saline was injected via the cerebellomedullary cistern; in the A2 group, 3 U of TM was injected into the subarachnoid space; and in the A3 group, SAH models were established and 3 U of TM was injected with the first injection of whole blood. Three days later, basilar artery specimens were collected for pathological examination. Results The basilar arterial lumen cross-sectional area was significantly smaller in the A2 versus the A1 group, and proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α average optical densities were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). Basilar arterial lumen cross-sectional areas were significantly smaller in the A3 than the A2 group and average TNF-α optical densities were significantly lower (both P < 0.05), while those of PAR-1 did not differ significantly. Conclusions There was no significant difference in the extent of cerebral vasospasm between SAH and non-SAH model groups following TM injection into the subarachnoid space, so TM was considered to be an independent factor affecting cerebral vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, SanYa, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chengye Liu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan Province, SanYa, Hainan Province, China
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33
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Bozzelli PL, Yin T, Avdoshina V, Mocchetti I, Conant KE, Maguire-Zeiss KA. HIV-1 Tat promotes astrocytic release of CCL2 through MMP/PAR-1 signaling. Glia 2019; 67:1719-1729. [PMID: 31124192 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 protein Tat is continually released by HIV-infected cells despite effective combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). Tat promotes neurotoxicity through enhanced expression of proinflammatory molecules from resident and infiltrating immune cells. These molecules include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are pathologically elevated in HIV, and are known to drive central nervous system (CNS) injury in varied disease settings. A subset of MMPs can activate G-protein coupled protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), a receptor that is highly expressed on astrocytes. Although PAR-1 expression is increased in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), its role in HAND pathogenesis remains understudied. Herein, we explored Tat's ability to induce expression of the PAR-1 agonists MMP-3 and MMP-13. We also investigated MMP/PAR-1-mediated release of CCL2, a chemokine that drives CNS entry of HIV infected monocytes and remains a significant correlate of cognitive dysfunction in the era of cART. Tat exposure significantly increased the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13. These PAR-1 agonists both stimulated the release of astrocytic CCL2, and both genetic knock-out and pharmacological inhibition of PAR-1 reduced CCL2 release. Moreover, in HIV-infected post-mortem brain tissue, within-sample analyses revealed a correlation between levels of PAR-1-activating MMPs, PAR-1, and CCL2. Collectively, these findings identify MMP/PAR-1 signaling to be involved in the release of CCL2, which may underlie Tat-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lorenzo Bozzelli
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Katherine E Conant
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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34
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Toth AB, Hori K, Novakovic MM, Bernstein NG, Lambot L, Prakriya M. CRAC channels regulate astrocyte Ca 2+ signaling and gliotransmitter release to modulate hippocampal GABAergic transmission. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/582/eaaw5450. [PMID: 31113852 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial subtype in the brain and mediate numerous functions ranging from metabolic support to gliotransmitter release through signaling mechanisms controlled by Ca2+ Despite intense interest, the Ca2+ influx pathways in astrocytes remain obscure, hindering mechanistic insights into how Ca2+ signaling is coupled to downstream astrocyte-mediated effector functions. Here, we identified store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels encoded by Orai1 and STIM1 as a major route of Ca2+ entry for driving sustained and oscillatory Ca2+ signals in astrocytes after stimulation of metabotropic purinergic and protease-activated receptors. Using synaptopHluorin as an optical reporter, we showed that the opening of astrocyte CRAC channels stimulated vesicular exocytosis to mediate the release of gliotransmitters, including ATP. Furthermore, slice electrophysiological recordings showed that activation of astrocytes by protease-activated receptors stimulated interneurons in the CA1 hippocampus to increase inhibitory postsynaptic currents on CA1 pyramidal cells. These results reveal a central role for CRAC channels as regulators of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling, gliotransmitter release, and astrocyte-mediated tonic inhibition of CA1 pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kotaro Hori
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michaela M Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalie G Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laurie Lambot
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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35
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Rogers RC, Hermann GE. Hindbrain astrocytes and glucose counter-regulation. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:140-150. [PMID: 30797812 PMCID: PMC7145321 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain astrocytes are emerging as critical components in the regulation of homeostatic functions by either modulating synaptic activity or serving as primary detectors of physiological parameters. Recent studies have suggested that the glucose counter-regulation response (CRR), a critical defense against hypoglycemic emergencies, is dependent on glucoprivation-sensitive astrocytes in the hindbrain. This subpopulation of astrocytes produces a robust calcium signal in response to glucopenic stimuli. Both ex vivo and in vivo evidence suggest that low-glucose sensitive astrocytes utilize purinergic gliotransmission to activate catecholamine neurons in the hindbrain that are critical to the generation of the integrated CRR. Lastly, reports in the clinical literature suggest that an uncontrolled activation of CRR may as part of the pathology of severe traumatic injury. Work in our laboratory also suggests that this pathological hyperglycemia resulting from traumatic injury may be caused by the action of thrombin (generated by tissue trauma or bleeding) on hindbrain astrocytes. Similar to their glucopenia-sensitive neighbors, these hindbrain astrocytes may trigger hyperglycemic responses by their interactions with catecholaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Rogers
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Gerlinda E Hermann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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36
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Yoon H, Radulovic M, Scarisbrick IA. Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 orchestrates astrocyte form and function through proteinase activated receptor-dependent mechanisms. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1041-1052. [PMID: 29604205 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is the most abundant serine proteinase in the adult central nervous system (CNS), yet we know little regarding its physiological roles or mechanisms of action. Levels of Klk6 in the extracellular environment are dynamically regulated in CNS injury and disease positioning this secreted enzyme to affect cell behavior by potential receptor dependent and independent mechanisms. Here we show that recombinant Klk6 evokes increases in intracellular Ca2+ in primary astrocyte monolayer cultures through activation of proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR1). In addition, Klk6 promoted a condensation of astrocyte cortical actin leading to an elongated stellate shape and multicellular aggregation in a manner that was dependent on the presence of either PAR1 or PAR2. Klk6-evoked changes in astrocyte shape were accompanied by translocation of β-catenin from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. These data are exciting because they demonstrate that Klk6 can influence astrocyte plasticity through receptor-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, this study expands our understanding of the mechanisms by which kallikreins can contribute to neural homeostasis and remodeling and point to both PAR1 and PAR2 as new therapeutic targets to modulate astrocyte form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Rajput PS, Lamb JA, Fernández JÁ, Bai J, Pereira BR, Lei IF, Leung J, Griffin JH, Lyden PD. Neuroprotection and vasculoprotection using genetically targeted protease-ligands. Brain Res 2019; 1715:13-20. [PMID: 30880117 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin and activated protein C (APC) are known coagulation factors that exhibit profound effects in brain by acting on the protease activated receptor (PAR). The wild type (WT) proteases appear to impact cell survival powerfully, and therapeutic forms of APC are under development. Engineered recombinant thrombin or APC were designed to separate their procoagulant or anticoagulant effects from their cytoprotective properties. We measured vascular disruption and neuronal degeneration after a standard rodent filament stroke model. For comparison to a robust anticoagulant, we used a GpIIb/IIIa inhibitor, GR144053. During 2 h MCAo both WT murine APC and its mutant, 5A-APC, significantly decreased neuronal death 30 min after reperfusion. During 4 h MCAo, only 5A-APC significantly protected neurons but both WT-APC and 5A-APC exacerbated vascular disruption during 4 h MCAo. Human APC mutants appeared to reduce 24 h neuronal injury significantly when given after 2 h delay after MCAo. In contrast, 24 h vascular damage was worsened by high doses of WT and mutant APCs, although only statistically significantly for high dose 3K3A-APC. Mutated thrombin worsened vascular damage significantly without affecting neuron damage. GR144053 failed to ameliorate vascular disruption or neuronal injury despite significant anticoagulation. Differential effects on neurons and the vasculature were demonstrated using wild-type and mutated proteases. The mutants murine 3K3A-APC and 5A-APC protected neurons in this rodent model but in high doses worsened vascular leakage. Cytoactive effects of plasma proteases may be separated from their coagulation effects. Further studies should explore impact of dose and timing on cytoactive and vasculoactive properties of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh S Rajput
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Jessica A Lamb
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Jose Á Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jilin Bai
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Benedict R Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - I-Farn Lei
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Jennifer Leung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States.
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Podocalyxin is required for maintaining blood-brain barrier function during acute inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4518-4527. [PMID: 30787191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814766116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is broadly expressed on the luminal face of most blood vessels in adult vertebrates, yet its function on these cells is poorly defined. In the present study, we identified specific functions for Podxl in maintaining endothelial barrier function. Using electrical cell substrate impedance sensing and live imaging, we found that, in the absence of Podxl, human umbilical vein endothelial cells fail to form an efficient barrier when plated on several extracellular matrix substrates. In addition, these monolayers lack adherens junctions and focal adhesions and display a disorganized cortical actin cytoskeleton. Thus, Podxl has a key role in promoting the appropriate endothelial morphogenesis required to form functional barriers. This conclusion is further supported by analyses of mutant mice in which we conditionally deleted a floxed allele of Podxl in vascular endothelial cells (vECs) using Tie2Cre mice (Podxl ΔTie2Cre). Although we did not detect substantially altered permeability in naïve mice, systemic priming with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) selectively disrupted the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Podxl ΔTie2Cre mice. To study the potential consequence of this BBB breach, we used a selective agonist (TFLLR-NH2) of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a thrombin receptor expressed by vECs, neuronal cells, and glial cells. In response to systemic administration of TFLLR-NH2, LPS-primed Podxl ΔTie2Cre mice become completely immobilized for a 5-min period, coinciding with severely dampened neuroelectric activity. We conclude that Podxl expression by CNS tissue vECs is essential for BBB maintenance under inflammatory conditions.
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Shavit-Stein E, Sheinberg E, Golderman V, Sharabi S, Wohl A, Gofrit SG, Zivli Z, Shelestovich N, Last D, Guez D, Daniels D, Gera O, Feingold K, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Rosenberg N, Tamarin I, Dori A, Maggio N, Mardor Y, Chapman J, Harnof S. A Novel Compound Targeting Protease Receptor 1 Activators for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1087. [PMID: 30619047 PMCID: PMC6304418 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from human biopsies, in-vitro and in-vivo models, strongly supports the role of thrombin, and its protease-activated receptor (PAR1) in the pathology and progression of glioblastoma (GBM), a high-grade glial tumor. Activation of PAR1 by thrombin stimulates vasogenic edema, tumor adhesion and tumor growth. We here present a novel six amino acid chloromethyl-ketone compound (SIXAC) which specifically inhibits PAR1 proteolytic activation and counteracts the over-activation of PAR1 by tumor generated thrombin. SIXAC effects were demonstrated in-vitro utilizing 3 cell-lines, including the highly malignant CNS-1 cell-line which was also used as a model for GBM in-vivo. The in-vitro effects of SIXAC on proliferation rate, invasion and thrombin activity were measured by XTT, wound healing, colony formation and fluorescent assays, respectively. The effect of SIXAC on GBM in-vivo was assessed by measuring tumor and edema size as quantified by MRI imaging, by survival follow-up and brain histopathology. SIXAC was found in-vitro to inhibit thrombin-activity generated by CNS-1 cells (IC50 = 5 × 10-11M) and significantly decrease proliferation rate (p < 0.03) invasion (p = 0.02) and colony formation (p = 0.03) of these cells. In the CNS-1 GBM rat animal model SIXAC was found to reduce edema volume ratio (8.8 ± 1.9 vs. 4.9 ± 1, p < 0.04) and increase median survival (16 vs. 18.5 days, p < 0.02 by Log rank Mental-Cox test). These results strengthen the important role of thrombin/PAR1 pathway in glioblastoma progression and suggest SIXAC as a novel therapeutic tool for this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ehud Sheinberg
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shirley Sharabi
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Anton Wohl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Zion Zivli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - David Last
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - David Guez
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dianne Daniels
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orna Gera
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Kate Feingold
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Zeev Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nurit Rosenberg
- Institute of Thrombosis and Heamostasis, Coagulation Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ilia Tamarin
- Institute of Thrombosis and Heamostasis, Coagulation Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Mardor
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Golderman V, Shavit-Stein E, Gera O, Chapman J, Eisenkraft A, Maggio N. Thrombin and the Protease-Activated Receptor-1 in Organophosphate-Induced Status Epilepticus. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:227-234. [PMID: 30515700 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP) are a major threat to the health of soldiers and civilians due to their use as chemical weapons in war and in terror attacks. Among the acute manifestations of OP poisoning, status epilepticus (SE) is bearing the highest potential for long-term damages. Current therapies do not prevent brain damage and seizure-related brain injuries in OP-exposed humans. Thrombin is a serine protease known to have a fundamental function in the clotting cascade. It is highly expressed in the brain where we have previously found that it regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity. In addition, we have found that an excess of thrombin in the brain leads to hyperexcitability and therefore seizures through a glutamate-dependent mechanism. In the current study, we carried out in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments in order to determine the role of thrombin and its receptor PAR-1 in paraoxon-induced SE. Elevated thrombin activity was found in the brain slices from mice that were treated (in vitro and in vivo) with paraoxon. Increased levels of PAR-1 and pERK proteins and decreased prothrombin mRNA were found in the brains of paraoxon-treated mice. Furthermore, ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiological experiments showed that exposure to paraoxon causes elevated electrical activity in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Moreover, a specific PAR-1 antagonist (SCH79797) reduced this activity. Altogether, these results reveal the importance of thrombin and PAR-1 in paraoxon poisoning. In addition, the results indicate that thrombin and PAR-1 may be a possible target for the treatment of paraoxon-induced status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orna Gera
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arik Eisenkraft
- Institute for Research in Military Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot medical leadership program, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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41
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De Luca C, Colangelo AM, Alberghina L, Papa M. Neuro-Immune Hemostasis: Homeostasis and Diseases in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:459. [PMID: 30534057 PMCID: PMC6275309 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation and the immune system interact in several physiological and pathological conditions, including tissue repair, host defense, and homeostatic maintenance. This network plays a key role in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) by involving several cells (CNS resident cells, platelets, endothelium, and leukocytes) and molecular pathways (protease activity, complement factors, platelet granule content). Endothelial damage prompts platelet activation and the coagulation cascade as the first physiological step to support the rescue of damaged tissues, a flawed rescuing system ultimately producing neuroinflammation. Leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells are sensitive to the damage and indeed can release or respond to chemokines and cytokines (platelet factor 4, CXCL4, TNF, interleukins), and growth factors (including platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) with platelet activation, change in capillary permeability, migration or differentiation of leukocytes. Thrombin, plasmin, activated complement factors and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), furthermore, activate intracellular transduction through complement or protease-activated receptors. Impairment of the neuro-immune hemostasis network induces acute or chronic CNS pathologies related to the neurovascular unit, either directly or by the systemic activation of its main steps. Neurons, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and the extracellular matrix play a crucial function in a “tetrapartite” synaptic model. Taking into account the neurovascular unit, in this review we thoroughly analyzed the influence of neuro-immune hemostasis on these five elements acting as a functional unit (“pentapartite” synapse) in the adaptive and maladaptive plasticity and discuss the relevance of these events in inflammatory, cerebrovascular, Alzheimer, neoplastic and psychiatric diseases. Finally, based on the solid reviewed data, we hypothesize a model of neuro-immune hemostatic network based on protein–protein interactions. In addition, we propose that, to better understand and favor the maintenance of adaptive plasticity, it would be useful to construct predictive molecular models, able to enlighten the regulating logic of the complex molecular network, which belongs to different cellular domains. A modeling approach would help to define how nodes of the network interact with basic cellular functions, such as mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy or apoptosis. It is expected that dynamic systems biology models might help to elucidate the fine structure of molecular events generated by blood coagulation and neuro-immune responses in several CNS diseases, thereby opening the way to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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MMP-1 overexpression selectively alters inhibition in D1 spiny projection neurons in the mouse nucleus accumbens core. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16230. [PMID: 30385861 PMCID: PMC6212422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and its ligand, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), are altered in several neurodegenerative diseases. PAR-1/MMP-1 signaling impacts neuronal activity in various brain regions, but their role in regulating synaptic physiology in the ventral striatum, which is implicated in motor function, is unknown. The ventral striatum contains two populations of GABAergic spiny projection neurons, D1 and D2 SPNs, which differ with respect to both synaptic inputs and projection targets. To evaluate the role of MMP-1/PAR-1 signaling in the regulation of ventral striatal synaptic function, we performed whole-cell recordings (WCR) from D1 and D2 SPNs in control mice, mice that overexpress MMP-1 (MMP-1OE), and MMP-1OE mice lacking PAR-1 (MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO). WCRs from MMP1-OE mice revealed an increase in spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic current (sIPSC), miniature IPSC, and miniature excitatory PSC frequency in D1 SPNs but not D2 SPNs. This alteration may be partially PAR-1 dependent, as it was not present in MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO mice. Morphological reconstruction of D1 SPNs revealed increased dendritic complexity in the MMP-1OE, but not MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO mice. Moreover, MMP-1OE mice exhibited blunted locomotor responses to amphetamine, a phenotype also observed in MMP-1OE/PAR-1KO mice. Our data suggest PAR-1 dependent and independent MMP-1 signaling may lead to alterations in striatal neuronal function.
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43
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Müller MS, Fouyssac M, Taylor CW. Effective Glucose Uptake by Human Astrocytes Requires Its Sequestration in the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Glucose-6-Phosphatase-β. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3481-3486.e4. [PMID: 30415704 PMCID: PMC6224479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After its uptake into the cytosol, intracellular glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), trapping it within the cell and preparing it for metabolism. In glucose-exporting tissues, like liver, G6P is transported into the ER, where it is dephosphorylated by G6Pase-α. The glucose is then returned to the cytosol for export [1, 2]. Defects in these pathways cause glycogen storage diseases [1]. G6Pase-β, an isozyme of G6Pase-α, is widely expressed [3, 4]. Its role in cells that do not export glucose is unclear, although mutations in G6Pase-β cause severe and widespread abnormalities [5, 6, 7]. Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, provide metabolic support to neurons, facilitated by astrocytic endfeet that contact blood capillaries or neurons [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Perivascular endfeet are the main site of glucose uptake by astrocytes [13], but in human brain they may be several millimeters away from the perineuronal processes [14]. We show that cultured human fetal astrocytes express G6Pase-β, but not G6Pase-α. ER-targeted glucose sensors [15, 16] reveal that G6Pase-β allows the ER of human astrocytes to accumulate glucose by importing G6P from the cytosol. Glucose uptake by astrocytes, ATP production, and Ca2+ accumulation by the ER are attenuated after knockdown of G6Pase-β using lentivirus-delivered shRNA and substantially rescued by expression of G6Pase-α. We suggest that G6Pase-β activity allows effective uptake of glucose by astrocytes, and we speculate that it allows the ER to function as an intracellular “highway” delivering glucose from perivascular endfeet to the perisynaptic processes. Glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6Pase-β) is expressed in human astrocytes G6P is sequestered by ER and dephosphorylated to glucose in the lumen by G6Pase-β Loss of G6Pase-β reduces glucose uptake, intracellular ATP, and ER Ca2+ content ER may provide a protected highway for long-range glucose transport in astrocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit S Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Maxime Fouyssac
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Colin W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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Hacıyakupoğlu E, Yılmaz DM, Kınalı B, Arpacı T, Akbaş T, Hacıyakupoğlu S. Recurrent Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Report of 13 Cases. Open Med (Wars) 2018; 13:520-527. [PMID: 30426091 PMCID: PMC6227846 DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma is a frequent type of hemorrhage, which terminates with mortality if not diagnosed and treated early. The aim of this clinical study is to evaluate the patients with unilateral and bilateral recurrent chronic subdural hematoma. The study group consisted of 13 cases with unilateral and bilateral recurrent chronic subdural hematomas who underwent aggressive wide craniotomy, duraectomy, inner and outer membranectomy, dural border coagulation, incision through cortical vein trace and hang up of dural edge, between 2009 - 2016. All of our patients were diagnosed by preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We evaluated the age, gender, complaints and neurologic signs, localization and thickness of the hematoma. We can estimate that wide craniotomy, duraectomy and membranectomy is a good option in preventing recurrent chronic subdural hematoma and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Hacıyakupoğlu
- Klinik für Wirbelsaulen Chirurgie und Neurotraumatologie, 8060, Zwickau, Germany
| | - Derviş Mansuri Yılmaz
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Balcalı Hospital, Adana01330, Turkey
| | - Burak Kınalı
- Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Taner Arpacı
- Acibadem University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Acibadem Adana Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Tuğana Akbaş
- Acibadem University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Acibadem Adana Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sebahattin Hacıyakupoğlu
- Acibadem University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Adana Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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Rakela B, Brehm P, Mandel G. Astrocytic modulation of excitatory synaptic signaling in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. eLife 2018; 7:31629. [PMID: 29313799 PMCID: PMC5771668 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies linking mutations in Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) to physiological defects in the neurological disease, Rett syndrome, have focused largely upon neuronal dysfunction despite MeCP2 ubiquitous expression. Here we explore roles for astrocytes in neuronal network function using cortical slice recordings. We find that astrocyte stimulation in wild-type mice increases excitatory synaptic activity that is absent in male mice lacking MeCP2 globally. To determine the cellular basis of the defect, we exploit a female mouse model for Rett syndrome that expresses wild-type MeCP2-GFP in a mosaic distribution throughout the brain, allowing us to test all combinations of wild-type and mutant cells. We find that the defect is dependent upon MeCP2 expression status in the astrocytes and not in the neurons. Our findings highlight a new role for astrocytes in regulation of excitatory synaptic signaling and in the neurological defects associated with Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rakela
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Paul Brehm
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Gail Mandel
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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Acton D, Miles GB. Gliotransmission and adenosinergic modulation: insights from mammalian spinal motor networks. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3311-3327. [PMID: 28954893 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00230.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are proposed to converse with neurons at tripartite synapses, detecting neurotransmitter release and responding with release of gliotransmitters, which in turn modulate synaptic strength and neuronal excitability. However, a paucity of evidence from behavioral studies calls into question the importance of gliotransmission for the operation of the nervous system in healthy animals. Central pattern generator (CPG) networks in the spinal cord and brain stem coordinate the activation of muscles during stereotyped activities such as locomotion, inspiration, and mastication and may therefore provide tractable models in which to assess the contribution of gliotransmission to behaviorally relevant neural activity. We review evidence for gliotransmission within spinal locomotor networks, including studies indicating that adenosine derived from astrocytes regulates the speed of locomotor activity via metamodulation of dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Acton
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife , United Kingdom
| | - Gareth B Miles
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife , United Kingdom
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48
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Yoon H, Radulovic M, Walters G, Paulsen AR, Drucker K, Starski P, Wu J, Fairlie DP, Scarisbrick IA. Protease activated receptor 2 controls myelin development, resiliency and repair. Glia 2017; 65:2070-2086. [PMID: 28921694 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are essential regulators of axonal energy homeostasis and electrical conduction and emerging target cells for restoration of neurological function. Here we investigate the role of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a unique protease activated G protein-coupled receptor, in myelin development and repair using the spinal cord as a model. Results demonstrate that genetic deletion of PAR2 accelerates myelin production, including higher proteolipid protein (PLP) levels in the spinal cord at birth and higher levels of myelin basic protein and thickened myelin sheaths in adulthood. Enhancements in spinal cord myelin with PAR2 loss-of-function were accompanied by increased numbers of Olig2- and CC1-positive oligodendrocytes, as well as in levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Parallel promyelinating effects were observed after blocking PAR2 expression in purified oligodendrocyte cultures, whereas inhibiting adenylate cyclase reversed these effects. Conversely, PAR2 activation reduced PLP expression and this effect was prevented by brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a promyelinating growth factor that signals through cAMP. PAR2 knockout mice also showed improved myelin resiliency after traumatic spinal cord injury and an accelerated pattern of myelin regeneration after focal demyelination. These findings suggest that PAR2 is an important controller of myelin production and regeneration, both in the developing and adult spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Grant Walters
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Alex R Paulsen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Kristen Drucker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Phillip Starski
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
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Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Astroglia as a cellular target for neuroprotection and treatment of neuro-psychiatric disorders. Glia 2017; 65:1205-1226. [PMID: 28300322 PMCID: PMC5669250 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic cells of the central nervous system. They cooperate with neurons at several levels, including ion and water homeostasis, chemical signal transmission, blood flow regulation, immune and oxidative stress defense, supply of metabolites and neurogenesis. Astroglia is also important for viability and maturation of stem-cell derived neurons. Neurons critically depend on intrinsic protective and supportive properties of astrocytes. Conversely, all forms of pathogenic stimuli which disturb astrocytic functions compromise neuronal functionality and viability. Support of neuroprotective functions of astrocytes is thus an important strategy for enhancing neuronal survival and improving outcomes in disease states. In this review, we first briefly examine how astrocytic dysfunction contributes to major neurological disorders, which are traditionally associated with malfunctioning of processes residing in neurons. Possible molecular entities within astrocytes that could underpin the cause, initiation and/or progression of various disorders are outlined. In the second section, we explore opportunities enhancing neuroprotective function of astroglia. We consider targeting astrocyte-specific molecular pathways which are involved in neuroprotection or could be expected to have a therapeutic value. Examples of those are oxidative stress defense mechanisms, glutamate uptake, purinergic signaling, water and ion homeostasis, connexin gap junctions, neurotrophic factors and the Nrf2-ARE pathway. We propose that enhancing the neuroprotective capacity of astrocytes is a viable strategy for improving brain resilience and developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Chemistry and BiologyBaltic Federal UniversityKaliningradRussian Federation
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50
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Lee PR, Johnson TP, Gnanapavan S, Giovannoni G, Wang T, Steiner JP, Medynets M, Vaal MJ, Gartner V, Nath A. Protease-activated receptor-1 activation by granzyme B causes neurotoxicity that is augmented by interleukin-1β. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:131. [PMID: 28655310 PMCID: PMC5488439 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cause of neurodegeneration in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis is unknown. We investigated the impact of specific neuroinflammatory markers on human neurons to identify potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection against chronic inflammation. Methods Surface immunocytochemistry directly visualized protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors on neurons in human postmortem cortex in patients with and without neuroinflammatory lesions. Viability of cultured neurons was determined after exposure to cerebrospinal fluid from patients with progressive multiple sclerosis or purified granzyme B and IL-1β. Inhibitors of PAR1 activation and of PAR1-associated second messenger signaling were used to elucidate a mechanism of neurotoxicity. Results Immunohistochemistry of human post-mortem brain tissue demonstrated cells expressing higher amounts of PAR1 near and within subcortical lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis compared to control tissue. Human cerebrospinal fluid samples containing granzyme B and IL-1β were toxic to human neuronal cultures. Granzyme B was neurotoxic through activation of PAR1 and subsequently the phospholipase Cβ-IP3 second messenger system. Inhibition of PAR1 or IP3 prevented granzyme B toxicity. IL-1β enhanced granzyme B-mediated neurotoxicity by increasing PAR1 expression. Conclusions Neurons within the inflamed central nervous system are imperiled because they express more PAR1 and are exposed to a neurotoxic combination of both granzyme B and IL-1β. The effects of these inflammatory mediators may be a contributing factor in the progressive brain atrophy associated with neuroinflammatory diseases. Knowledge of how exposure to IL-1β and granzyme B act synergistically to cause neuronal death yields potential novel neuroprotective treatments for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Lee
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room CRC 3-2563, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Tory P Johnson
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room CRC 3-2563, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sharmilee Gnanapavan
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Tongguang Wang
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room CRC 3-2563, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph P Steiner
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marie Medynets
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room CRC 3-2563, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark J Vaal
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Valerie Gartner
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room CRC 3-2563, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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