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Jin Z, Wang YC. Mitigating fungal contamination of cereals: The efficacy of microplasma-based far-UVC lamps against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114550. [PMID: 38945594 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Fungal contaminations of cereal grains are a profound food-safety and food-security concern worldwide, threatening consumers' and animals' health and causing enormous economic burdens. Because far-ultraviolet C (far-UVC) light at 222 nm has recently been shown to be human-safe, we investigated its efficacy as an alternative to thermal, chemical, and conventional 254 nm UVC anti-fungal treatments. Our microplasma-based far-UVC lamp system achieved a 5.21-log reduction in the conidia of Aspergillus flavus suspended in buffer with a dose of 1032.0 mJ/cm2, and a 5.11-log reduction of Fusarium graminearum conidia in suspension with a dose of 619.2 mJ/cm2. We further observed that far-UVC treatments could induce fungal-cell apoptosis, alter mitochondrial membrane potential, lead to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, cause lipid peroxidation, and result in cell-membrane damage. The lamp system also exhibited a potent ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of both A. flavus and F. graminearum. On potato dextrose agar plates, such growth was completely inhibited after doses of 576.0 mJ/cm2 and 460.8 mJ/cm2, respectively. To test our approach's efficacy at decontaminating actual cereal grains, we designed a cubical 3D treatment chamber fitted with six lamps. At a dose of 780.0 mJ/cm2 on each side, the chamber achieved a 1.88-log reduction of A. flavus on dried yellow corn kernels and a 1.11-log reduction of F. graminearum on wheat grains, without significant moisture loss to either cereal type (p > 0.05). The treatment did not cause significant changes in the propensity of wheat grains to germinate in the week following treatment (p > 0.05). However, it increased the germination propensity of corn kernels by more than 71% in the same timeframe (p < 0.05). Collectively, our results demonstrate that 222 nm far-UVC radiation can effectively inactivate fungal growth in liquid, on solid surfaces, and on cereal grains. If scalable, its emergence as a safe, cost-effective alternative tool for reducing fungi-related post-harvest cereal losses could have important positive implications for the fight against world hunger and food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Center for Digital Agriculture, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Dodlek Šarkanj I, Vahčić N, Markov K, Haramija J, Uršulin-Trstenjak N, Hajdek K, Sulyok M, Krska R, Šarkanj B. First Report on Mycotoxin Contamination of Hops ( Humulus lupulus L.). Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:293. [PMID: 39057933 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) was assessed for the first time. In total, 62 hop samples were sampled in craft breweries, and analyzed by a multi-toxin LS-MS/MS method. The study collected samples from craft breweries in all of the Croatian counties and statistically compared the results. Based on previous reports on Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. contamination of hops, the study confirmed the contamination of hops with these toxins. Alternaria toxins, particularly tenuazonic acid, were found in all tested samples, while Fusarium toxins, including deoxynivalenol, were present in 98% of samples. However, no Aspergillus or Penicillium metabolites were detected, indicating proper storage conditions. In addition to the Alternaria and Fusarium toxins, abscisic acid, a drought stress indicator in hops, was also detected, as well as several unspecific metabolites. The findings suggest the need for monitoring, risk assessment, and potential regulation of Alternaria and Fusarium toxins in hops to ensure the safety of hop usage in the brewing and pharmaceutical industries. Also, four local wild varieties were tested, with similar results to the commercial varieties for toxin contamination, but the statistically significant regional differences in toxin occurrence highlight the importance and need for targeted monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Dodlek Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Nada Vahčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Haramija
- Koprivnica Branch, State Inspectorate, Florijanski trg 18, HR-48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | | | - Krunoslav Hajdek
- Department of Packaging, Recycling and Environmental Protection, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, AT-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, AT-3430 Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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Peloso M, Minkoumba Sonfack G, Prizio I, Baraldini Molgora E, Pedretti G, Fedrizzi G, Caprai E. Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat. Foods 2024; 13:1907. [PMID: 38928849 PMCID: PMC11202928 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an intensification of weather variability worldwide as a result of climate change. Some regions have been affected by drought, while others have experienced more intense rainfall. The incidence and severity of moldy grain and mycotoxin contamination during the growing and harvesting seasons have increased as a result of these weather conditions. Additionally, torrential rains and wet conditions may cause delays in grain drying, leading to mold growth in the field. In July 2023, a wheat field in Lecco (Lombardy, Italy) was affected by torrential rains that led to the development of the Claviceps fungi. In the field, dark sclerotia were identified on some ears. Wheat ears, kernels, and sclerotia were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS at IZSLER, Food Chemical Department, in Bologna. The wheat ears, kernels, and sclerotia were analyzed for 12 ergot alkaloids (EAs) according to (EU) Regulation 2023/915 (ergocornine/ergocorninine; ergocristine/ergocristinine; ergocryptine/ergocryptinine; ergometrine/ergometrinine; ergosine/ergosinine; ergotamine/ergotaminine), after QuEChERS (Z-Sep/C18) purification. The analyzed sclerotia showed significant differences in total alkaloid content that vary between 0.01 and 0.5% (w/w), according to the results of the 2017 EFSA scientific report. EAs detected in sclerotia were up to 4951 mg/kg, in wheat ears up to 33 mg/kg, and in kernels were 1 mg/kg. Additional mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, T2-HT2 toxins, and aflatoxins, were investigated in wheat kernels after purification with immunoaffinity columns (IAC). The analysis revealed the presence of deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels at a concentration of 2251 µg/kg. It is expected that climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events. In order to mitigate the potential risks associated with mycotoxin-producing fungi and to ensure the protection of human health, it is suggested that official controls be implemented in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonietta Peloso
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaetan Minkoumba Sonfack
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Ilaria Prizio
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Eleonora Baraldini Molgora
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | | | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Caprai
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
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Carbas B, Barros S, Freitas A, Silva AS, Brites C. Comparative Analysis of Maize Physico-Chemical Parameters and Mycotoxin Levels in Dual Environments. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:275. [PMID: 38922169 PMCID: PMC11209266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) stands as a vital staple food globally, holding significant nutritional and economic value. However, its susceptibility to mycotoxin contamination under stressful environmental conditions poses a considerable concern. This study aimed to assess the quality and pasting characteristics of maize varieties across two distinct regions and examine the occurrence of mycotoxins influenced by climatic factors. Five maize varieties were cultivated in triplicate in the Golegã and Coruche regions. The nutritional composition (protein, fat, fiber, ash, starch, and lutein), pasting properties, and mycotoxin levels were evaluated. A statistical analysis revealed notable differences in the nutritional profiles of the maize varieties between the two regions, particularly in the protein and lutein content. The peak viscosity ranged from 6430 to 8599 cP and from 4548 to 8178 cP in the maize varieties from the Coruche and Golegã regions, respectively. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the climatic conditions and the grain nutritional quality components (p < 0.05). The M variety showed the highest ash content, protein content, final viscosity, and setback viscosity and the lowest peak viscosity. The Y variety revealed the lowest fat, fiber, and lutein content and the maximum peak viscosity. The incidence of mycotoxins was notably higher in the varieties from Coruche, which was potentially attributable to higher temperatures and lower precipitation levels leading to more frequent drought conditions. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 58% of the varieties from Coruche and 33% of the samples from Golegã, while deoxynivalenol was found in 87% and 80% of the varieties from Coruche and Golegã, respectively. The H variety, which was harvested in Coruche, exhibited the highest number of fumonisins and higher amounts of protein, lutein, and fat, while fumonisins were not detected in the Golegã region, which was potentially influenced by the precipitation levels. The K variety revealed higher protein and lutein contents, a lower amount of fat, excellent pasting properties (a higher peak viscosity and holding strength and a lower peak time), and no fumonisins B1 or B2. This variety may be considered well adapted to higher temperatures and drier conditions, as verified in the Coruche region. In conclusion, our study underscored the profound impact of environmental factors on the quality and occurrence of mycotoxins in maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carbas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. Da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (S.B.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Inglis A, Parnell AC, Subramani N, Doohan FM. Machine Learning Applied to the Detection of Mycotoxin in Food: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:268. [PMID: 38922162 PMCID: PMC11209146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, pose significant threats to global food safety and public health. These compounds can contaminate a variety of crops, leading to economic losses and health risks to both humans and animals. Traditional lab analysis methods for mycotoxin detection can be time-consuming and may not always be suitable for large-scale screenings. However, in recent years, machine learning (ML) methods have gained popularity for use in the detection of mycotoxins and in the food safety industry in general due to their accurate and timely predictions. We provide a systematic review on some of the recent ML applications for detecting/predicting the presence of mycotoxin on a variety of food ingredients, highlighting their advantages, challenges, and potential for future advancements. We address the need for reproducibility and transparency in ML research through open access to data and code. An observation from our findings is the frequent lack of detailed reporting on hyperparameters in many studies and a lack of open source code, which raises concerns about the reproducibility and optimisation of the ML models used. The findings reveal that while the majority of studies predominantly utilised neural networks for mycotoxin detection, there was a notable diversity in the types of neural network architectures employed, with convolutional neural networks being the most popular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Inglis
- Hamilton Institute, Eolas Building, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Andrew C. Parnell
- Hamilton Institute, Eolas Building, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Natarajan Subramani
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (N.S.); (F.M.D.)
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (N.S.); (F.M.D.)
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Qu Z, Ren X, Du Z, Hou J, Li Y, Yao Y, An Y. Fusarium mycotoxins: The major food contaminants. MLIFE 2024; 3:176-206. [PMID: 38948146 PMCID: PMC11211685 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, which are secondary metabolites produced by toxicogenic fungi, are natural food toxins that cause acute and chronic adverse reactions in humans and animals. The genus Fusarium is one of three major genera of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone are the major Fusarium mycotoxins that occur worldwide. Fusarium mycotoxins have the potential to infiltrate the human food chain via contamination during crop production and food processing, eventually threatening human health. The occurrence and development of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination will change with climate change, especially with variations in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentration. To address these challenges, researchers have built a series of effective models to forecast the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and provide guidance for crop production. Fusarium mycotoxins frequently exist in food products at extremely low levels, thus necessitating the development of highly sensitive and reliable detection techniques. Numerous successful detection methods have been developed to meet the requirements of various situations, and an increasing number of methods are moving toward high-throughput features. Although Fusarium mycotoxins cannot be completely eliminated, numerous agronomic, chemical, physical, and biological methods can lower Fusarium mycotoxin contamination to safe levels during the preharvest and postharvest stages. These theoretical innovations and technological advances have the potential to facilitate the development of comprehensive strategies for effectively managing Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanChina
| | - Zhaolin Du
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Jie Hou
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Ye Li
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Yanpo Yao
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Yi An
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
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Freitag S, Sulyok M, Reiter E, Lippl M, Mechtler K, Krska R. Influence of regional and yearly weather patterns on multi-mycotoxin occurrence in Austrian wheat: a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric and multivariate statistics approach. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38770945 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin surveys play an essential role in our food safety system. The obtained occurrence data form the basis for the assessment of the exposure of humans and animals to these toxic fungal secondary metabolites. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the gold standard for mycotoxin determination because it enables selective and sensitive multi-toxin analysis. Simultaneous determination of several hundreds of secondary fungal metabolites is feasible using this technique. In this study, we combined a targeted dilute-and-shoot LC-MS/MS-based multi-analyte approach with multivariate statistics for the analysis of Austrian wheat from two different years and different geographical origins. RESULTS We quantified 47 secondary fungal metabolites, including regulated emerging and masked mycotoxins. The resulting multi-mycotoxin occurrence data were further analyzed using both multivariate and univariate statistics. Principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) were employed to identify regional and yearly trends within the dataset and to quantify the variance in metabolite occurrence attributed to the different effects. In addition, secondary fungal metabolites significantly impacted by these factors were selected via ANOVA. Of the 47 secondary metabolites identified, 39 were affected by the year, region or a combined effect. Moreover, our findings show that 43 of the secondary fungal metabolites were significantly influenced by the weather conditions. CONCLUSION The results presented in this study underline the added value of combining targeted LC-MS/MS with multivariate statistics for monitoring a broad spectrum of secondary fungal metabolites in food crops. Through multivariate statistics, trends associated with the year or region can be readily studied. The approach presented could pave the way for a better understanding of the impact of climate change on plant pathogenic fungi and its implications for food safety. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Freitag
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Reiter
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Lippl
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Mechtler
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Institute for Sustainable Plant Production, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Pugliese M, Gilardi G, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. The Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Crop Diseases and Their Management: The Value of Phytotron Studies for the Agricultural Industry and Associated Stakeholders. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:843-854. [PMID: 38648074 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0284-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is having a significant impact on global agriculture, particularly on vegetable crops, which play a critical role in global nutrition. Recently, increasing research has concentrated on the impact of climate change on vegetable crop diseases, with several studies being conducted in phytotrons, which have been used to explore the effects of increased temperatures and CO2 concentrations to simulate future scenarios. This review focuses on the combined effects of temperature and carbon dioxide increases on foliar and soilborne vegetable diseases, as evaluated under phytotron conditions. The influence of climate change on mycotoxin production and disease management strategies is also explored through case studies. The results offer valuable information that can be used to guide both seed and agrochemical industries, as well as to develop disease-resistant varieties and innovative control measures, including biocontrol agents, considering the diseases that are likely to become prevalent under future climatic scenarios. Recommendations on how to manage vegetable diseases under ongoing climate change are proposed to facilitate plants' adaptation to and enhanced against the changing conditions. A proactive and comprehensive response to climate-induced challenges in vegetable farming is imperative to ensure food security and sustainability.
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Mehta R, Wenndt AJ. Mycotoxins and bone growth: a review of the literature on associations between xenobiotic exposure and bone growth and development. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae032. [PMID: 38578611 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are known to be associated with linear growth faltering because of their impact on inflammation, intestinal damage, inhibition of protein synthesis, and micronutrient absorption. In this narrative review, we aim to extend this analysis to further explore associations between mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and fumonisins) and long-bone growth, particularly during the saltatory periods of development. Linear growth is a direct function of skeletal development and long-bone growth. We therefore explored biological pathways and mechanisms of impact of these toxins in both animal and human studies, in addition to the epidemiology literature (post-2020). Given what is known of the effects of individual and combinations of mycotoxins based on the animal literature, we have identified a need for further research and examination of how these toxins and exposures may be studied in humans to elucidate the downstream impact on bone-related biomarkers and anthropometric indices used to identify and predict stunting in population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan Mehta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Casu A, Camardo Leggieri M, Toscano P, Battilani P. Changing climate, shifting mycotoxins: A comprehensive review of climate change impact on mycotoxin contamination. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13323. [PMID: 38477222 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Climate change (CC) is a complex phenomenon that has the potential to significantly alter marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Global warming of 2°C is expected to be exceeded during the 21st century, and the frequency of extreme weather events, including floods, storms, droughts, extreme temperatures, and wildfires, has intensified globally over recent decades, differently affecting areas of the world. How CC may impact multiple food safety hazards is increasingly evident, with mycotoxin contamination in particular gaining in prominence. Research focusing on CC effects on mycotoxin contamination in edible crops has developed considerably throughout the years. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive literature search to collect available studies in the scientific literature published between 2000 and 2023. The selected papers highlighted how warmer temperatures are enabling the migration, introduction, and mounting abundance of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungal species, including those producing mycotoxins. Certain mycotoxigenic fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum, are expected to readily acclimatize to new conditions and could become more aggressive pathogens. Furthermore, abiotic stress factors resulting from CC are expected to weaken the resistance of host crops, rendering them more vulnerable to fungal disease outbreaks. Changed interactions of mycotoxigenic fungi are likewise expected, with the effect of influencing the prevalence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the future. Looking ahead, future research should focus on improving predictive modeling, expanding research into different pathosystems, and facilitating the application of effective strategies to mitigate the impact of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Casu
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Camardo Leggieri
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Piero Toscano
- IBE-CNR, Institute of BioEconomy-National Research Council, Firenze, Italia
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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12
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Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Alvariño R, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Application of a multi-toxin detect method to analyze mycotoxins occurrence in plant-based beverages. Food Chem 2024; 434:137427. [PMID: 37708575 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plant-based beverages have gained popularity on the market due to environmental and ethical concerns, as well as milk intolerances and allergies. However, raw materials employed in the manufacture of these products are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. For this reason, a new method based on a QuEChERS extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection was developed for the analysis of 29 mycotoxins in oat, rice, soy, and almond beverages. The method was validated in terms of linearity, detection and quantification limits, matrix effect, recoveries, accuracy and precision. Satisfactory performance characteristics were achieved, with recoveries above 70% for most mycotoxins. Several commercial samples were analyzed, aflatoxins were frequently detected in rice and almond beverages, while T-2 and HT-2 toxins were identified in oat-based products. In addition, emerging mycotoxins such as enniatins and beauvericin were detected in the four types of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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13
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Musangi CR, Juma BS, Mukhebi DW, Isoe EM, Kibiti CM, Mbinda WM. Aspergillus population diversity and its role in aflatoxin contamination of cashew nuts from coastal Kenya. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292519. [PMID: 38271327 PMCID: PMC10810534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cashew nuts are among the main cash crops in coastal Kenya, due in large part to their high nutritional value. Unfortunately, they also make them highly susceptible to mold contamination, resulting in biodeterioration of the nutritional value and potential contamination with toxic secondary metabolites, such as aflatoxins, that cause them to be rejected for sale at the market. We determined the population diversity of the Aspergillus species and their role in aflatoxin contamination in cashew nuts in selected coastal regions of Kenya. Fifty raw cashew nut samples were collected from post-harvest storage facilities across three counties in Kenya's coastal region and examined for moisture content and the presence of Aspergillus fungi. About 63 presumptive isolates were recovered from the cashew nuts. ITS and 28S rDNA regions were sequenced. The aflD, aflM and aflR genes were amplified to identify the potentially aflatoxigenic from the Aspergillus isolates. The Aflatoxins' presence on the isolates was screened using UV and the ammonia vapour test on coconut milk agar and validated using ELISA assay. A comparison of cashew moisture content between the three counties sampled revealed a significant difference. Sixty-three isolates were recovered and identified to section based on morphological characters and their respective ITS regions were used to obtain species identifications. Three sections from the genus were represented, Flavi and Nigri, and Terrei with isolates from the section Nigri having slightly greater abundance (n = 35). The aflD, aflM and aflR genes were amplified for all isolates to assess the presence of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, indicating the potential for aflatoxin production. Less than half of the Aspergillus isolates (39.68%) contained the aflatoxin pathway genes, while 22.22% isolates were aflatoxigenic, which included only the section Flavi isolates. Section Flavi isolates identification was confirmed by calmodulin gene. The presence of species from Aspergillus section Flavi and section Nigri indicate the potential for aflatoxin or ochratoxin in the cashew nuts. The study established a foundation for future investigations of the fungi and mycotoxins contaminating cashew nuts in Kenya, which necessitates developing strategies to prevent infection by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially during the storage and processing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colletah Rhoda Musangi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bicko Steve Juma
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Wamalabe Mukhebi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Everlyne Moraa Isoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Wilton Mwema Mbinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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Franchino C, Vita V, Iammarino M, De Pace R. Monitoring of Animal Feed Contamination by Mycotoxins: Results of Five Years of Official Control by an Accredited Italian Laboratory. Microorganisms 2024; 12:173. [PMID: 38257999 PMCID: PMC10819248 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of animal feed is a complex issue in both animal wellness and food safety. The most diffused mycotoxins subject to the official control of animal feed are Aflatoxin B1 (AF), Zearalenone (ZEA), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Ochratoxin A (OCRA), Fumonisins (FUMO), and T-2/HT-2 toxins. This work describes the results of five years of monitoring focused on the evaluation of mycotoxin contamination of animal feed. Analytical determinations were carried out by means of accredited ELISA. The obtained results showed a non-alarming scenario, with several samples resulting as "non-compliant" according to the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) set in European Regulation No. 574/2011. Out of 722 analyzed samples coming from 2 Italian regions, Apulia and Basilicata, 14 samples were characterized by mycotoxin concentrations higher than related MRL; in particular, 5, 4, and 5 non-compliant samples for DON, AF, and ZEA, respectively. This study also evaluated the possible correlations between mycotoxin type and feed use with a special focus on animal sensitivity to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Iammarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (C.F.); (V.V.)
| | - Rita De Pace
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (C.F.); (V.V.)
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15
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Orlov AV, Znoyko SL, Malkerov JA, Skirda AM, Novichikhin DO, Rakitina AS, Zaitseva ZG, Nikitin PI. Quantitative Rapid Magnetic Immunoassay for Sensitive Toxin Detection in Food: Non-Covalent Functionalization of Nanolabels vs. Covalent Immobilization. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:5. [PMID: 38276529 PMCID: PMC10820704 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel and ultrasensitive magnetic lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) tailored for the precise detection of zearalenone, a mycotoxin with significant implications for human and animal health. A versatile and straightforward method for creating non-covalent magnetic labels is proposed and comprehensively compared with a covalent immobilization strategy. We employ the magnetic particle quantification (MPQ) technique for precise detection of the labels and characterization of their functionality, including measuring the antibody sorption density on the particle surface. Through kinetic studies using the label-free spectral phase interferometry, the rate and equilibrium constants for the binding of monoclonal antibodies with free (not bound with carrier protein) zearalenone were determined to be kon = 3.42 × 105 M-1s-1, koff = 7.05 × 10-4 s-1, and KD = 2.06 × 10-9 M. The proposed MPQ-LFIA method exhibits detection limits of 2.3 pg/mL and 7.6 pg/mL when employing magnetic labels based on covalent immobilization and non-covalent sorption, with dynamic ranges of 5.5 and 5 orders, correspondingly. We have successfully demonstrated the effective determination of zearalenone in barley flour samples contaminated with Fusarium graminearum. The ease of use and effectiveness of developed test systems further enhances their value as practical tools for addressing mycotoxin contamination challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
| | - Sergey L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
| | - Juri A. Malkerov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemiy M. Skirda
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 1A Kerchenskaya Street, 117303 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis O. Novichikhin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
| | - Alexandra S. Rakitina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoia G. Zaitseva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.Z.); (J.A.M.); (A.M.S.); (D.O.N.); (A.S.R.); (Z.G.Z.)
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Dib AA, Assaf JC, Debs E, Khatib SE, Louka N, Khoury AE. A comparative review on methods of detection and quantification of mycotoxins in solid food and feed: a focus on cereals and nuts. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:319-345. [PMID: 37523055 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging factors and circumstances urge the need to develop and optimize the detection and quantification techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. The diversity of mycotoxins, which have different properties and affinities, makes the standardization of the analytical procedures and the adoption of a single protocol that covers the attributes of all mycotoxins a tedious or even an impossible mission. Several modifications and improvements have been undergone in order to optimize the performance of these methods including the extraction solvents, the extraction methods, the clean-up procedures, and the analytical techniques. The techniques range from the rapid screening methods, which lack sensitivity and specificity such as TLC, to a spectrum of more advanced protocols, namely, ELISA, HPLC, and GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This review aims at assessing the current studies related to these analytical techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. It discusses and evaluates, through a critical approach, various sample treatment techniques, and provides an in-depth examination of different mycotoxin detection methods. Furthermore, it includes a comparison of their actual accuracy and a thorough analysis of the observed benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abou Dib
- Centre d'Analyses Et de Recherche (CAR), Faculté Des Sciences, Unité de Recherche Technologies Et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus Des Sciences Et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Matn, 1104-2020, Lebanon
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Lebanese International University, Khiyara, 1108, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Jean Claude Assaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Lebanese International University, Khiyara, 1108, Bekaa, Lebanon
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses Et de Recherche (CAR), Faculté Des Sciences, Unité de Recherche Technologies Et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus Des Sciences Et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Matn, 1104-2020, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses Et de Recherche (CAR), Faculté Des Sciences, Unité de Recherche Technologies Et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus Des Sciences Et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Matn, 1104-2020, Lebanon.
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Hu X, Li H, Yang J, Wen X, Wang S, Pan M. Nanoscale Materials Applying for the Detection of Mycotoxins in Foods. Foods 2023; 12:3448. [PMID: 37761156 PMCID: PMC10528894 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amounts of mycotoxins in food matrices have caused a very serious problem of food safety and have attracted widespread attention. Developing accurate, sensitive, rapid mycotoxin detection and control strategies adapted to the complex matrices of food is crucial for in safeguarding public health. With the continuous development of nanotechnology and materials science, various nanoscale materials have been developed for the purification of complex food matrices or for providing response signals to achieve the accurate and rapid detection of various mycotoxins in food products. This article reviews and summarizes recent research (from 2018 to 2023) on new strategies and methods for the accurate or rapid detection of mold toxins in food samples using nanoscale materials. It places particular emphasis on outlining the characteristics of various nanoscale or nanostructural materials and their roles in the process of detecting mycotoxins. The aim of this paper is to promote the in-depth research and application of various nanoscale or structured materials and to provide guidance and reference for the development of strategies for the detection and control of mycotoxin contamination in complex matrices of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xintao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Sabillón L, Alvarado J, Leiva A, Mendoza R, Espinal R, Leslie JF, Bianchini A. Presence, Co-Occurrence, and Daily Intake Estimates of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins in Maize Consumed in Food-Insecure Regions of Western Honduras. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:559. [PMID: 37755985 PMCID: PMC10534461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne mycotoxins are a significant food safety risk in developing countries. Our objective was to determine the occurrence of and exposure levels to aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in maize intended for human and animal consumption in food-insecure regions of western Honduras. Total AFs and FBs were quantified with a monoclonal antibody-based affinity spectrofluorimetric method. FBs were detected in 614/631 samples of maize destined for human consumption at 0.3 to 41 mg/kg (mean, 2.7 mg/kg). Of the 614 positive samples, 147 had FB levels exceeding the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory threshold of 4.0 mg/kg. AFs were detected in 109/631 samples of maize for human consumption with concentrations between 1.0 and 490 µg/kg (mean, 10 µg/kg). AF levels in 34 samples exceeded the FDA regulatory limit (i.e., 20 µg/kg). The average probable daily intake of AFs in western Honduras ranged from 0 to 260 ng/kg body weight/day, and for FBs, the average probable daily intake ranged from 17 to 53 μg/kg body weight/day. AFs and FBs co-occurred in 106/631 samples with 60 samples containing both toxins at levels greater than the FDA regulatory levels. Samples of maize intended for animal feed had significantly higher AF (mean, 22 µg/kg) and FB (mean, 7.6 mg/kg) contamination levels than those observed in samples destined for human consumption. Thus, the maize supply chain in western Honduras is contaminated with mycotoxins at levels that pose health risks to both humans and livestock. More effective mycotoxin surveillance and implementation of effective mitigation strategies are needed to reduce mycotoxin contamination and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sabillón
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Center of Excellence in Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Jackeline Alvarado
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente P.O. Box 93, Honduras
| | - Alejandra Leiva
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente P.O. Box 93, Honduras
| | - Rodrigo Mendoza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Raúl Espinal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente P.O. Box 93, Honduras
| | - John F. Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Andréia Bianchini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Branstad-Spates EH, Castano-Duque L, Mosher GA, Hurburgh CR, Owens P, Winzeler E, Rajasekaran K, Bowers EL. Gradient boosting machine learning model to predict aflatoxins in Iowa corn. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1248772. [PMID: 37720139 PMCID: PMC10502509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1248772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aflatoxin (AFL), a secondary metabolite produced from filamentous fungi, contaminates corn, posing significant health and safety hazards for humans and livestock through toxigenic and carcinogenic effects. Corn is widely used as an essential commodity for food, feed, fuel, and export markets; therefore, AFL mitigation is necessary to ensure food and feed safety within the United States (US) and elsewhere in the world. In this case study, an Iowa-centric model was developed to predict AFL contamination using historical corn contamination, meteorological, satellite, and soil property data in the largest corn-producing state in the US. Methods We evaluated the performance of AFL prediction with gradient boosting machine (GBM) learning and feature engineering in Iowa corn for two AFL risk thresholds for high contamination events: 20-ppb and 5-ppb. A 90%-10% training-to-testing ratio was utilized in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2021 (n = 630), with independent validation using the year 2020 (n = 376). Results The GBM model had an overall accuracy of 96.77% for AFL with a balanced accuracy of 50.00% for a 20-ppb risk threshold, whereas GBM had an overall accuracy of 90.32% with a balanced accuracy of 64.88% for a 5-ppb threshold. The GBM model had a low power to detect high AFL contamination events, resulting in a low sensitivity rate. Analyses for AFL showed satellite-acquired vegetative index during August significantly improved the prediction of corn contamination at the end of the growing season for both risk thresholds. Prediction of high AFL contamination levels was linked to aflatoxin risk indices (ARI) in May. However, ARI in July was an influential factor for the 5-ppb threshold but not for the 20-ppb threshold. Similarly, latitude was an influential factor for the 20-ppb threshold but not the 5-ppb threshold. Furthermore, soil-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) influenced both risk thresholds. Discussion Developing these AFL prediction models is practical and implementable in commodity grain handling environments to achieve the goal of preventative rather than reactive mitigations. Finding predictors that influence AFL risk annually is an important cost-effective risk tool and, therefore, is a high priority to ensure hazard management and optimal grain utilization to maximize the utility of the nation's corn crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Branstad-Spates
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lina Castano-Duque
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Gretchen A. Mosher
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Charles R. Hurburgh
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip Owens
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Edwin Winzeler
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin L. Bowers
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Gajęcka M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Brzuzan P, Zielonka Ł, Dąbrowski M, Gajęcki MT. Influence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on the immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors and liver enzyme genes in vivo in prepubertal gilts. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2155-2168. [PMID: 37328583 PMCID: PMC10322793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are often detected in plant materials used to produce feed for pre-pubertal gilts. Daily exposure to small amounts of these mycotoxins causes subclinical conditions in pigs and affects various biological processes (e.g. mycotoxin biotransformation). The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the effect of low monotonic doses of DON and ZEN (12 µg/kg body weight-BW-and 40 µg/kg BW, respectively), administered alone or in combination to 36 prepubertal gilts for 42 days, on the degree of immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors (ERs) in the liver and the mRNA expression of genes encoding selected liver enzymes during biotransformation processes. The level of expression of the analysed genes proves that the tested mycotoxins exhibit variable biological activity at different stages of biotransformation. The biological activity of low doses of mycotoxins determines their metabolic activity. Therefore, taking into account the impact of low doses of mycotoxins on energy-intensive processes and their endogenous metabolism, it seems that the observed situation may lead to the activation of adaptation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Otrocka-Domagała
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13D, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej T. Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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21
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Tackie EA, Chen H, Ahakwa I, Amankona D, Atingabili S. Drivers of food security in West Africa: Insight from heterogeneous panel data analysis on income-level classification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87028-87048. [PMID: 37420154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the factors driving food security in West African countries. Specifically, it examines the impact of natural resource rents, institutional quality, and climate change on food security while controlling for industrialization and economic growth. Our research is motivated by the urgent need for swift policy action to address the escalating food crisis in the region and prevent any potential catastrophic consequences. Second-generation econometric techniques are utilized for accurate and reliable outcomes based on yearly datasets from West African countries from 2000 to 2020, and the countries are sub-grouped into low-income and lower-middle-income. The findings unveil the panel as heterogeneous and cross-sectionally based, and all the study variables are first differenced stationary and co-integrated in the long run. Hence, the Augmented Mean Group and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimators are utilized to explore the relationships between the variables, and the findings reveal that natural resource rents, climate change, and industrialization are detrimental to food security across the sub-groups. However, the outcomes affirm institutional quality and economic growth as beneficial drivers of food security across the sub-groups. Therefore, this study recommends that authorities of both low-income and lower-middle-income countries make substantial investments in sustainable natural resource utilization and also work towards enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of their institutions, as well as investing in environmental research to explore climate change mitigation possibilities that could enhance food security in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Agba Tackie
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Isaac Ahakwa
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - David Amankona
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Samuel Atingabili
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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22
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Moura-Mendes J, Cazal-Martínez CC, Rojas C, Ferreira F, Pérez-Estigarribia P, Dias N, Godoy P, Costa J, Santos C, Arrua A. Species Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Maize Marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Asunción, Paraguay. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1879. [PMID: 37630439 PMCID: PMC10458825 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zea mays var. amylacea and Zea mays var. indurata are maize ecotypes from Paraguay. Aspergillus section Flavi is the main spoilage fungus of maize under storage conditions. Due to its large intraspecific genetic variability, the accurate identification of this fungal taxonomic group is difficult. In the present study, potential mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Z. mays var. indurata and Z. mays var. amylacea that are marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción were identified by a polyphasic approach. Based on morphological characters, 211 isolates were confirmed to belong to Aspergillus section Flavi. A subset of 92 strains was identified as Aspergillus flavus by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and the strains were classified by MALDI-TOF MS into chemotypes based on their aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid production. According to the partial sequencing of ITS and CaM genes, a representative subset of 38 A. flavus strains was confirmed. Overall, 75 A. flavus strains (86%) were characterized as producers of aflatoxins. The co-occurrence of at least two mycotoxins (AF/ZEA, FUM/ZEA, and AF/ZEA/FUM) was detected for five of the Z. mays samples (63%). Considering the high mycological bioburden and mycotoxin contamination, maize marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción constitutes a potential risk to food safety and public health and requires control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Moura-Mendes
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
| | - Cinthia C. Cazal-Martínez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
| | - Cinthia Rojas
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
| | - Francisco Ferreira
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
| | - Pastor Pérez-Estigarribia
- Facultad Politécnica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Sudamericana, Pedro Juan Caballero 130112, Paraguay
| | - Nathalia Dias
- BIOREN-UFRO Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Patrício Godoy
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Jéssica Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, Bloco 01, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil;
| | - Cledir Santos
- Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Andrea Arrua
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay; (J.M.-M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay
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23
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Nji QN, Babalola OO, Mwanza M. Soil Aspergillus Species, Pathogenicity and Control Perspectives. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:766. [PMID: 37504754 PMCID: PMC10381279 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Five Aspergillus sections have members that are established agricultural pests and producers of different metabolites, threatening global food safety. Most of these pathogenic Aspergillus species have been isolated from almost all major biomes. The soil remains the primary habitat for most of these cryptic fungi. This review explored some of the ecological attributes that have contributed immensely to the success of the pathogenicity of some members of the genus Aspergillus over time. Hence, the virulence factors of the genus Aspergillus, their ecology and others were reviewed. Furthermore, some biological control techniques were recommended. Pathogenic effects of Aspergillus species are entirely accidental; therefore, the virulence evolution prediction model in such species becomes a challenge, unlike their obligate parasite counterparts. In all, differences in virulence among organisms involved both conserved and species-specific genetic factors. If the impacts of climate change continue, new cryptic Aspergillus species will emerge and mycotoxin contamination risks will increase in all ecosystems, as these species can metabolically adjust to nutritional and biophysical challenges. As most of their gene clusters are silent, fungi continue to be a source of underexplored bioactive compounds. The World Soil Charter recognizes the relevance of soil biodiversity in supporting healthy soil functions. The question of how a balance may be struck between supporting healthy soil biodiversity and the control of toxic fungi species in the field to ensure food security is therefore pertinent. Numerous advanced strategies and biocontrol methods so far remain the most environmentally sustainable solution to the control of toxigenic fungi in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenta Ngum Nji
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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24
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Kos J, Anić M, Radić B, Zadravec M, Janić Hajnal E, Pleadin J. Climate Change-A Global Threat Resulting in Increasing Mycotoxin Occurrence. Foods 2023; 12:2704. [PMID: 37509796 PMCID: PMC10379110 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, scientists have given increasingly frequent warnings about global warming, linking it to mycotoxin-producing moulds in various geographical regions across the world. In the future, more pronounced climate change could alter host resilience and host-pathogen interaction and have a significant impact on the development of toxicogenic moulds and the production of their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins. The current climate attracts attention and calls for novel diagnostic tools and notions about the biological features of agricultural cultivars and toxicogenic moulds. Since European climate environments offer steadily rising opportunities for Aspergillus flavus growth, an increased risk of cereal contamination with highly toxic aflatoxins shall be witnessed in the future. On top of that, the profile (representation) of certain mycotoxigenic Fusarium species is changing ever more substantially, while the rise in frequency of Fusarium graminearum contamination, as a species which is able to produce several toxic mycotoxins, seen in northern and central Europe, is becoming a major concern. In the following paper, a high-quality approach to a preventative strategy is tailored to put a stop to the toxicogenic mould- and mycotoxin-induced contamination of foods and feeds in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mislav Anić
- Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Ravnice 48, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Manuela Zadravec
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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25
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Gajęcki MT, Gajęcka M. The Multidirectional Influence of Feed-Borne Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Animal Health. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:419. [PMID: 37505688 PMCID: PMC10467141 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites which pose a significant threat for global food and feed security [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
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26
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Nawaf A. Mycotoxin source and its exposure causing mycotoxicoses. Bioinformation 2023; 19:348-357. [PMID: 37822835 PMCID: PMC10563570 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium spp., and mushrooms. They are present in the mycelium or in the spores of the fungus. They cause human health problems once ingested. This is common in countries with high ambient temperature and relative humidity such as in the tropical regions. The consumption of moldy food and feeds are injurious to people and animals. The linked acute and chronic diseases target organs in humans and animals. The clinical symptoms depend on the intrinsic toxic features of the mycotoxin, the quantity, and length of exposure. The diseases caused by ingesting mycotoxins are reffred as mycotoxicoses. Therefore, it is of interest to document known data on the mycotoxin source and its exposure causing human hazards leading to mycotoxicoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshammari Nawaf
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Wu S, Huang W, Wang F, Zou X, Li X, Liu CM, Zhang W, Yan S. Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1137643. [PMID: 37065116 PMCID: PMC10102665 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in A. flavus at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis. In this study, we integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analyses to investigate the endogenous metabolism of A. flavus across 6 days of mycelia growth at 28°C (optimal AF production) and 37°C (no AF production). Results showed that both metabolite and lipid profiles were significantly altered at different temperatures. In particular, metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated at 37°C on the second day but down-regulated from days three to six. Moreover, lipidomics and targeted fatty acids analyses of mycelia samples revealed a distinct pattern of lipid species and free fatty acids desaturation. High degrees of polyunsaturation of most lipid species at 28°C were positively correlated with AF production. These results provide new insights into the underlying metabolic changes in A. flavus under temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlu Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shijuan Yan,
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28
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Fumonisin B 1 disrupts mitochondrial function in oxidatively poised HepG2 liver cells by disrupting oxidative phosphorylation complexes and potential participation of lincRNA-p21. Toxicon 2023; 225:107057. [PMID: 36796496 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is etiologically linked to cancer, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. It is also not known if mitochondrial dysfunction is involved as a contributor to FB1-induced metabolic toxicity. This study investigated the effects of FB1 on mitochondrial toxicity and its implications in cultured human liver (HepG2) cells. HepG2 cells poised to undergo oxidative and glycolytic metabolism were exposed to FB1 for 6 h. We determined mitochondrial toxicity, reducing equivalent levels and mitochondrial sirtuin activity using luminometric, fluorometric and spectrophotometric methods. Molecular pathways involved were determined using western blots and PCR. Our data confirm that FB1 is a mitochondrial toxin capable of disrupting the stability of complexes I and V of the mitochondrial electron transport and decreasing the NAD:NADH ratio in galactose supplemented HepG2 cells. We further showed that in cells treated with FB1, p53 acts as a metabolic stress-responsive transcription factor that induces the expression of lincRNA-p21, which plays a crucial role in stabilising HIF-1α. The findings provide novel insights into the impact of this mycotoxin in the dysregulation of energy metabolism and may contribute to the growing body of evidence of its tumor promoting effects.
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29
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Miranda-Apodaca J, Artetxe U, Aguado I, Martin-Souto L, Ramirez-Garcia A, Lacuesta M, Becerril JM, Estonba A, Ortiz-Barredo A, Hernández A, Zarraonaindia I, Pérez-López U. Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on Alternaria alternata Invasion and Mycotoxin Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1304. [PMID: 36986993 PMCID: PMC10059781 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Many species of Alternaria are important pathogens that cause plant diseases and postharvest rots. They lead to significant economic losses in agriculture and affect human and animal health due to their capacity to produce mycotoxins. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factors that can result in an increase in A. alternata. In this study, we discuss the mechanism by which phenol content protects from A. alternata, since the red oak leaf cultivar (containing higher phenols) showed lower invasion than the green one, Batavia, and no mycotoxin production. A climate change scenario enhanced fungal growth in the most susceptible cultivar, green lettuce, likely because elevated temperature and CO2 levels decrease plant N content, modifying the C/N ratio. Finally, while the abundance of the fungi was maintained at similar levels after keeping the lettuces for four days at 4 °C, this postharvest handling triggered TeA and TEN mycotoxin synthesis, but only in the green cultivar. Therefore, the results demonstrated that invasion and mycotoxin production are cultivar- and temperature-dependent. Further research should be directed to search for resistant cultivars and effective postharvest strategies to reduce the toxicological risk and economic losses related to this fungus, which are expected to increase in a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Miranda-Apodaca
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Unai Artetxe
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iratxe Aguado
- Applied Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Martin-Souto
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Lacuesta
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José María Becerril
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Andone Estonba
- Applied Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Amaia Ortiz-Barredo
- NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iratxe Zarraonaindia
- Applied Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Usue Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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30
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Alwakeel S, Alothman N, Ameen F, Alotaibi M, Mohammed AE, Alhomaidi E. Stress-driven metabolites of desert soil fungi. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-14. [PMID: 36852923 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2182537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce secondary metabolites to survive under stressful conditions. The effect of drought and heat stress on fungi isolated from Arabian desert soil during the hot (ca 40°C) and cool (ca 10°C) seasons was studied using the genome mining approach. The presence of three stress-related genes (calmodulin, polyketide synthase and beta tubulin) was analyzed molecularly using specific primers. The presence of the genes in desert fungi was compared to their antimicrobial (ten bacterial or fungal pathogens) and anticancer (liver, cervical and breast) properties and the production of thermostable enzymes (phytase and xylanase). The genes appeared to be present in the fungal sequence obtained during the summer, while none of the genes were present during winter. Appreciable differences were observed in enzyme activities, with summer activities high and winter low. The antagonistic activities of A. niger were relatively stable and varying, while those of P. chrysogenum were consistently higher in summer than in winter. The presence of the three genes seemed to correlate with the highly antagonistic activities of P. chrysogenum, while A. niger had relatively active winter isolates without any of the genes. The hot season in deserts yields fungal isolates with biological activities useful in biotechnological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suaad Alwakeel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alothman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi Alotaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah E Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alhomaidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Tian F, Woo SY, Lee SY, Park SB, Im JH, Chun HS. Plant-based natural flavonoids show strong inhibition of aflatoxin production and related gene expressions correlated with chemical structure. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Perfume Guns: Potential of Yeast Volatile Organic Compounds in the Biological Control of Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010045. [PMID: 36668865 PMCID: PMC9866025 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi in the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gloeosporium, Monilinia, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizopus are the most common cause of pre- and postharvest diseases of fruit, vegetable, root and grain commodities. Some species are also able to produce mycotoxins, secondary metabolites having toxic effects on human and non-human animals upon ingestion of contaminated food and feed. Synthetic fungicides still represent the most common tool to control these pathogens. However, long-term application of fungicides has led to unacceptable pollution and may favour the selection of fungicide-resistant mutants. Microbial biocontrol agents may reduce the incidence of toxigenic fungi through a wide array of mechanisms, including competition for the ecological niche, antibiosis, mycoparasitism, and the induction of resistance in the host plant tissues. In recent years, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been proposed as a key mechanism of biocontrol. Their bioactivity and the absence of residues make the use of microbial VOCs a sustainable and effective alternative to synthetic fungicides in the management of postharvest pathogens, particularly in airtight environments. In this review, we will focus on the possibility of applying yeast VOCs in the biocontrol of mycotoxigenic fungi affecting stored food and feed.
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Xu W, Zhao YQ, Jia WB, Liao SY, Bouphun T, Zou Y. Reviews of fungi and mycotoxins in Chinese dark tea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120659. [PMID: 36910180 PMCID: PMC9992979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fermentation is the main process to form the unique flavor and health benefits of dark tea. Numerous studies have indicated that the microorganisms play a significant part in the fermentation process of dark tea. Dark tea has the quality of "The unique flavor grows over time," but unscientific storage of dark tea might cause infestation of harmful microorganisms, thereby resulting in the remaining of fungi toxins. Mycotoxins are regarded as the main contributor to the quality of dark tea, and its potential mycotoxin risk has attracted people's attention. This study reviews common and potential mycotoxins in dark tea and discusses the possible types of masked mycotoxins in dark tea. A summary of the potential risks of mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins in dark tea is presented, intending to provide a reference for the prevention and risk assessment of harmful fungi in dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Qiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Bao Jia
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yu Liao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tunyaluk Bouphun
- Faculty of Science and Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna Lampang, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Yao Zou
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Koletsi P, Wiegertjes GF, Graat EAM, Lyons P, Schrama J. Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects of Dietary Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) at Organism and Tissue Level. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110810. [PMID: 36422984 PMCID: PMC9697072 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study with juvenile rainbow trout evaluated the effects of dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON) at industrially relevant doses (up to 1.6 mg/kg) on growth performance, the liver, and the gastrointestinal tract. Fifteen groups of 30 fish each were given one of five dietary treatments in triplicate: (1) control diet (CON; DON < 100 µg/kg feed), (2) naturally DON-contaminated diet (ND1) with a DON content of 700 µg/kg in the feed, (3) ND2 with a DON content of 1200 µg/kg feed, (4) a pure DON-contaminated diet (PD1) with 800 µg/kg of DON in the feed, and (5) PD2 with DON at a concentration of 1600 µg/kg in the feed. The feeding trial lasted eight weeks: six weeks of restrictive feeding followed by two weeks of ad libitum feeding. Exposure to DON during restrictive feeding for six weeks did not affect the growth performance of trout but did lead to a reduction in retained protein in fish fed with higher doses of DON in the ND2 and PD2 groups. During the two following weeks of ad libitum feeding, feed intake was similar among all groups, but body weight gain was lower in the ND2 and PD2 groups and feed efficiency was higher in PD2 (week 8). Histopathological assessment revealed liver damage, including altered nuclear characteristics and haemorrhages, in groups fed higher doses of natural DON (ND2) after just one week of restrictive feeding. Liver damage (necrosis and haemorrhage presence in ND2) was alleviated over time (week 6) but was again aggravated after ad libitum exposure (week 8). In contrast, gastrointestinal tract damage was generally mild with only a few histopathological alterations, and the absence of an inflammatory cytokine response was demonstrated by PCR at week 8. In conclusion, ad libitum dietary exposure of rainbow trout to either natural or pure DON resulted in reduced growth (dose-dependent), while restrictive exposure revealed time-dependent effects of natural DON in terms of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Koletsi
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Graat
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Lyons
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc., A86 X006 Dunboyne, Ireland
| | - Johan Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kim J, An TJ, Moon Y. Critical control point-based assessment and intervention of ochratoxin A risk in Angelicae Gigantis Radix production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952628. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improperly practiced postharvest procedures can pose mycotoxin-related risks during medicinal herb production. As a health food material with pharmacological activities, Angelicae Gigantis Radix (AGR) has been extensively used in oriental medicine or functional foods. Compared with the official protocol, conventional practices were investigated for provisional critical control points (CCPs) in terms of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination. Conventional practices include field-drying, which was associated with increased fungal exposure. Compared with conventional methods, the washing process in the official protocol was not advantageous for reducing OTA contamination in final products. Instead, drying was examined to assess the fungal growth risk during AGR production. To reduce the energy cost, product overload and shortened drying time could lead to failure in controlling fungal overgrowth and subsequent OTA production. In particular, inner parts of the load contained a higher OTA content than outer parts close to the heat outlet of the dryer. Improper thermal drying of loads allowed the growth of ochratoxigenic species during AGR production. Collectively, non-field-drying and optimally loaded thermal drying are easy preventive actions in key CCPs that need to be well maintained to attenuate any further microbial risk. These assessments provide insights into good practice-based mycotoxin risk management in producing herbal medicinal crops and new cost-efficient appropriate interventions for small-scale farms.
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Abou Dib A, Assaf JC, El Khoury A, El Khatib S, Koubaa M, Louka N. Single, Subsequent, or Simultaneous Treatments to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Solid Foods and Feeds: A Critical Review. Foods 2022; 11:3304. [PMCID: PMC9601460 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in solid foods and feeds jeopardize the public health of humans and animals and cause food security issues. The inefficacy of most preventive measures to control the production of fungi in foods and feeds during the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages incited interest in the mitigation of these mycotoxins that can be conducted by the application of various chemical, physical, and/or biological treatments. These treatments are implemented separately or through a combination of two or more treatments simultaneously or subsequently. The reduction rates of the methods differ greatly, as do their effect on the organoleptic attributes, nutritional quality, and the environment. This critical review aims at summarizing the latest studies related to the mitigation of mycotoxins in solid foods and feeds. It discusses and evaluates the single and combined mycotoxin reduction treatments, compares their efficiency, elaborates on their advantages and disadvantages, and sheds light on the treated foods or feeds, as well as on their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abou Dib
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Facuty of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Lebanese International University, Khiyara, Bekaa 1108, Lebanon
| | - Jean Claude Assaf
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +9611421389
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Facuty of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Lebanese International University, Khiyara, Bekaa 1108, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Koubaa
- TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de Recherche Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM—CS 60319, CEDEX, 60203 Compiègne, France
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon
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Underreported Human Exposure to Mycotoxins: The Case of South Africa. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172714. [PMID: 36076897 PMCID: PMC9455755 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa (SA) is a leading exporter of maize in Africa. The commercial maize farming sector contributes to about 85% of the overall maize produced. More than 33% of South Africa’s population live in rural settlements, and their livelihoods depend entirely on subsistence farming. The subsistence farming system promotes fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This review aims to investigate the exposure levels of the rural population of South Africa to dietary mycotoxins contrary to several reports issued concerning the safety of South African maize. A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar. Maize is a staple food in South Africa and consumption rates in rural and urban communities are different, for instance, intake may be 1–2 kg/person/day and 400 g/person/day, respectively. Commercial and subsistence maize farming techniques are different. There exist differences influencing the composition of mycotoxins in food commodities from both sectors. Depending on the levels of contamination, dietary exposure of South Africans to mycotoxins is evident in the high levels of fumonisins (FBs) that have been detected in SA home-grown maize. Other potential sources of exposure to mycotoxins, such as carryover effects from animal products and processed foods, were reviewed. The combined effects between FBs and aflatoxins (AFs) have been reported in humans/animals and should not be ignored, as sporadic breakouts of aflatoxicosis have been reported in South Africa. These reports are not a true representation of the entire country as reports from the subsistence-farming rural communities show high incidence of maize contaminated with both AFs and FBs. While commercial farmers and exporters have all the resources needed to perform laboratory analyses of maize products, the greater challenge in combatting mycotoxin exposure is encountered in rural communities with predominantly subsistence farming systems, where conventional food surveillance is lacking.
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Gil-Serna J, Patiño B, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Vázquez C, Medina Á. Searching for the Fusarium spp. Which Are Responsible for Trichothecene Contamination in Oats Using Metataxonomy to Compare the Distribution of Toxigenic Species in Fields from Spain and the UK. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090592. [PMID: 36136530 PMCID: PMC9506359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oats with Fusarium toxins poses a high risk for food safety. Among them, trichothecenes are the most frequently reported in European oats, especially in northern countries. The environmental conditions related to the climate change scenario might favour a distribution shift in Fusarium species and the presence of these toxins in Southern European countries. In this paper, we present an ambitious work to determine the species responsible for trichothecene contamination in Spanish oats and to compare the results in the United Kingdom (UK) using a metataxonomic approach applied to both oat grains and soil samples collected from both countries. Regarding T-2 and HT-2 toxin producers, F. langsethiae was detected in 38% and 25% of the oat samples from the UK and Spain, respectively, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of this fungus in oats from Spain. The relevant type B trichothecene producer, F. poae, was the most frequently detected Fusarium species in oats from both origins. Other important trichothecene producers, such as the Fusarium tricinctum species complex or Fusarium cerealis, were also frequently detected in oat fields. Many Fusarium toxins, including T-2 and HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, or nivalenol, were detected in oat samples. The results obtained in this work revealed a clear change in the distribution of trichothecene producers and the necessity to establish the potential of these species to colonize oats and their ability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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Aflatoxins in Maize: Can Their Occurrence Be Effectively Managed in Africa in the Face of Climate Change and Food Insecurity? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080574. [PMID: 36006236 PMCID: PMC9412283 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dangers of population-level mycotoxin exposure have been well documented. Climate-sensitive aflatoxins (AFs) are important food hazards. The continual effects of climate change are projected to impact primary agricultural systems, and consequently food security. This will be due to a reduction in yield with a negative influence on food safety. The African climate and subsistence farming techniques favour the growth of AF-producing fungal genera particularly in maize, which is a food staple commonly associated with mycotoxin contamination. Predictive models are useful tools in the management of mycotoxin risk. Mycotoxin climate risk predictive models have been successfully developed in Australia, the USA, and Europe, but are still in their infancy in Africa. This review aims to investigate whether AFs’ occurrence in African maize can be effectively mitigated in the face of increasing climate change and food insecurity using climate risk predictive studies. A systematic search is conducted using Google Scholar. The complexities associated with the development of these prediction models vary from statistical tools such as simple regression equations to complex systems such as artificial intelligence models. Africa’s inability to simulate a climate mycotoxin risk model in the past has been attributed to insufficient climate or AF contamination data. Recently, however, advancement in technologies including artificial intelligence modelling has bridged this gap, as climate risk scenarios can now be correctly predicted from missing and unbalanced data.
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Doku I, Richardson TE, Essah NK. Bilateral climate finance and food security in developing countries: A look at German donations to Sub‐Saharan Africa. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Doku
- Economics Education University of Education Winneba Ghana
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Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-ard R, Schmidt M, Bartl EM, Kehrer J, Nagl V, Faas J, Sulyok M, Krska R, Zebeli Q. Cocktails of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Diets of Dairy Cows in Austria: Inferences from Diet Composition and Geo-Climatic Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070493. [PMID: 35878231 PMCID: PMC9318294 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy production is a pivotal economic sector of Austrian and European agriculture. Dietary toxins and endocrine disruptors of natural origin such as mycotoxins and phytoestrogens can affect animal health, reproduction, and productivity. This study characterized the profile of a wide spectrum of fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites, including regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and cyanogenic glucosides, in complete diets of lactating cows from 100 Austrian dairy farms. To achieve this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization−tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI−MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 155 of >800 tested metabolites. Additionally, the most influential dietary and geo-climatic factors related to the dietary mycotoxin contamination of Austrian dairy cattle were recognized. We evidenced that the diets of Austrian dairy cows presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins and phytoestrogens. Metabolites derived from Fusarium spp. presented the highest concentrations, were the most recurrent, and had the highest diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 were the most frequently occurring mycotoxins considered in the EU legislation, with detection frequencies >70%. Among the investigated dietary factors, inclusion of maize silage (MS) and straw in the diets was the most influential factor in contamination with Fusarium-derived and other fungal toxins and metabolites, and temperature was the most influential among the geo-climatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marlene Schmidt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Eva-Maria Bartl
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Johanna Kehrer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Veronika Nagl
- DSM—BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM—BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (M.S.); (E.-M.B.); (J.K.); (Q.Z.)
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Maldonado ML, Patriarca A, Mc Cargo P, Iannone L, Sanchis V, Nielsen KF, Fernández Pinto V. Diversity and metabolomic characterization of Penicillium expansum isolated from apples grown in Argentina and Spain. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:547-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Krska R, Leslie JF, Haughey S, Dean M, Bless Y, McNerney O, Spence M, Elliott C. Effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts: An EU-China perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3227-3243. [PMID: 35638328 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 700,000 tonnes of peanuts are consumed annually in Europe. In the last 5 years, peanuts imported from China exceeded legal European Union (EU) aflatoxin limits more than 180 times. To prevent and mitigate aflatoxin contamination, the stages of the peanut chain most vulnerable to contamination must be assessed to determine how to interrupt the movement of contaminated produce. This paper discusses effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts to reduce a contaminant that is an impediment to trade. We consider (i) the results of the EU Commission's Directorate-General (DG) for Health and Food Safety review, (ii) the Code of Practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxins in peanuts issued by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, (iii) the results from previous EU-China efforts, and (iv) the latest state-of-the-art technology in pre- and postharvest methods as essential elements of a sustainable program for integrated disease and aflatoxin management. These include preharvest use of biocontrol, biofertilizers, improved tillage, forecasting, and risk monitoring based on analysis of big data obtained by remote sensing. At the postharvest level, we consider rapid testing methods along the supply chain, Decision Support Systems for effective silo management, and effective risk monitoring during drying, storage, and transport. Available guidance and current recommendations are provided for successful practical implementation. Food safety standards also influence stakeholder and consumer trust and confidence, so we also consider the results of multiactor stakeholder group discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Krska
- Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - John F Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Simon Haughey
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Moira Dean
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yoneal Bless
- Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Oonagh McNerney
- IRIS Technology Solutions S.L., Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Michelle Spence
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chris Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Benešová K, Boško R, Běláková S, Pluháčková H, Křápek M, Pernica M, Svoboda Z. Natural contamination of Czech malting barley with mycotoxins in connection with climate variability. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Six Main Contributing Factors to High Levels of Mycotoxin Contamination in African Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050318. [PMID: 35622564 PMCID: PMC9146326 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa is one of the regions with high mycotoxin contamination of foods and continues to record high incidences of liver cancers globally. The agricultural sector of most African countries depends largely on climate variables for crop production. Production of mycotoxins is climate-sensitive. Most stakeholders in the food production chain in Africa are not aware of the health and economic effects of consuming contaminated foods. The aim of this review is to evaluate the main factors and their degree of contribution to the high levels of mycotoxins in African foods. Thus, knowledge of the contributions of different factors responsible for high levels of these toxins will be a good starting point for the effective mitigation of mycotoxins in Africa. Google Scholar was used to conduct a systemic search. Six factors were found to be linked to high levels of mycotoxins in African foods, in varying degrees. Climate change remains the main driving factor in the production of mycotoxins. The other factors are partly man-made and can be manipulated to become a more profitable or less climate-sensitive response. Awareness of the existence of these mycotoxins and their economic as well as health consequences remains paramount. The degree of management of these factors regarding mycotoxins varies from one region of the world to another.
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Aspergillus flavus and Total Aflatoxins Occurrence in Dairy Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Bovine Milk in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050292. [PMID: 35622539 PMCID: PMC9143994 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food chains by toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins is a global problem that causes damage to human health, as well as to crop and livestock production. The objective is to evaluate Aspergillus flavus and total aflatoxins (AFs) occurrence in totally mixed rations (TMRs) for dairy cows and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk for human consumption. Ninety-nine dairy production units located in Aguascalientes, Mexico, were randomly selected, and samples were collected from TMRs, raw milk, and milk marketed in the city in two consecutive agricultural cycles. AFs were quantified in TMRs and milk by indirect enzyme immunoassay and HPLC; aflatoxigenic and molecular (PCR) capacity of monosporic A. flavus isolates in the feed was characterized. All feed, raw, and pasteurized milk samples showed aflatoxin contamination (26.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg, 32.0 ± 1.0, and 31.3 ± 0.7 ng/L, respectively), and a significant proportion (90.4, 11.3, and 10.3%) exceeded the locally applied maximum permissible limits for feed and milk (20.0 µg/kg and 50 ng/L). Aflatoxin contamination in both TMRs and milk indicated a seasonal influence, with a higher concentration in the autumn–winter cycle when conditions of higher humidity prevail. The results obtained suggest the existence of contamination by aflatoxigenic A. flavus and aflatoxins in the diet formulated for feeding dairy cows and, consequently, in the dairy food chain of this region of the Mexican Highland Plateau.
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Kagot V, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Moretti A, Mwamuye M, Okoth S. Incidence of toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species occurring in maize kernels from Kenyan households. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus and Fusarium are fungal genera that include toxigenic and pathogenic species, able to suffuse farmers’ crops and secrete an array of small molecular weight secondary metabolites which can cause health complications to humans and animals when ingested. In sub-Sahara Africa, contamination and persistence of these fungi is increased by the tropical climatic conditions which are ideal for the fungi to thrive. This study evaluated the incidence, regional distribution and toxigenic potential of Aspergillus and Fusarium species occurring in maize kernels from Eastern, Western, Coastal and the Lake Victoria agro-ecological zones of Kenya. Maize kernels were collected from 16 households in each agro-ecological zone. Single spore technique was used to isolate pure cultures of Aspergillus and Fusarium which were identified morphologically. Further, molecular analysis was done using the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA for Aspergillus and the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF-1α) for Fusarium. The potential of the isolated fungi to produce mycotoxins was probed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the aflatoxin regulatory aflaR gene in Aspergillus, and the fumonisin backbone structure gene FUM1 in Fusarium. Among the potentially aflatoxigenic A. flavus species isolated, 55% were from Eastern, 27% from the Coastal zone, 13% from Lake Victoria zone and 5% from Western Kenya. Among the potentially fumonisin producing F. verticillioides isolated, 45% were from the Lake Victoria agro-ecological zone, 30% were from Western, 15% from Eastern Kenya and 10% from the Coastal agro-ecological zone. This study adds data on potential mycotoxin hotspots in Kenya useful in employing targeted and regional mycotoxin mitigation strategies in efforts to avert future mycotoxicoses outbreaks in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kagot
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology & Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Biological Sciences-University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M. De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology & Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology & Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A. Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Mwamuye
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Okoth
- School of Biological Sciences-University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Survival and growth of microscopic fungi derived from tropical regions under future heat waves in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:511-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sharma R, Hurburgh C, Mosher GA. Vulnerability Analysis using Evidence‐Based Traceability in the Grain Supply Chain. Cereal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raj J, Farkaš H, Jakovčević Z, Medina A, Magan N, Čepela R, Vasiljević M. Comparison of multiple mycotoxins in harvested maize samples in three years (2018-2020) in four continents. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:599-608. [PMID: 35044892 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study has examined the pattern of mycotoxin contamination of maize destined for animal feed in different global regions over a period of 3 years (2018-2020) with up to 1000+ samples analysed in each year. Overall, >75% of samples in each of the survey years were contaminated with multiple mycotoxins regardless of the global region (Europe, Africa, Asia, South Americas countries). Using LC-MS/MS, it was possible to quantify the relative contamination present in the samples in each year from the different regions of eight different mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2, zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 and HT-2 toxins. The trends in mycotoxin contamination showed that there was a consistent contamination with DON in the 3 sampling years in all four regions. Interestingly, AFB1 contamination was prevalent in all regions in 2018, but more predominant in Europe and in 2019. In contrast, in 2020 it was found to be the major contaminant in Africa only. However, FB1 contamination of maize which was prevalent in Europe in 2018, became more prevalent in Asia and LATAM countries in 2019 and even in African maize in 2020. Comparisons of contamination with different mycotoxins in each of the years globally showed significant differences for AFB1, FB1, DON and ZEA between the different years. These results are discussed in relation to the trends of contamination of maize with mixtures of mycotoxins and the implication for their control in this key commodity used as an important ingredient in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jog Raj
- PATENT CO, DOO, Mišićevo, Serbia
| | | | | | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
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