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Ma X. Heavy metals remediation through lactic acid bacteria: Current status and future prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174455. [PMID: 38964392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
With the development of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal (HM) pollution has become an urgent problem in many countries. The use of microorganisms to control HM pollution has attracted the attention of many scholars due to its advantages of mild conditions, low process cost, and no secondary pollution. In this context, this review aimed to compile recent advances on the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as HMs biosorbents. As a food-safe class of probiotic, LAB can not only be used for HM remediation in soil and wastewater, but most importantly, can be used for metal removal in food. The extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation are the main mechanisms of HM removal by LAB. Lactic acid (LA) fermentation is also one of the removal mechanisms, especially in the food industry. The pH, temperature, biomass, ion concentration and adsorption time are the essential parameters to be considered during the bioremediation. Although the LAB remediation is feasible in theory and lab-scale experiments, it is limited in practical applications due to its low efficiency. Therefore, the commonly used methods to improve the adsorption efficiency of LAB, including pretreatment and mixed-cultivation, are also summarized in this review. Finally, based on the review of literature, this paper presents the emerging strategies to overcome the low adsorption capacity of LAB. This review proposes the future investigations required for this field, and provides theoretical support for the practical application of LAB bioremediation of HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Rahman MM, Rinklebe J, Naidu R. Arsenic speciation as well as toxic and nutrient elements in pantavat (overnight steeped rice). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121901. [PMID: 37244529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of soaking on the retention and removal of arsenic (As) along with other toxic elements and nutrients in three types of soaked rice or overnight steeped rice (pantavat), as this food dish was highlighted on the Australian MasterChef program in 2021 as a popular recipe. Results showed that brown rice contained twice as much As as basmati and kalijira rice. Cooking with As-free tap water using the rice cooker method removed up to 30% of As from basmati rice. Around 21-29% removal of total As was observed in soaked basmati, brown, and kalijira rice. However, while 13% of inorganic As was removed from basmati and brown rice, no changes were noted in the kalijira rice. Regarding nutrient elements, both cooking and soaking rice caused significant enrichment of calcium (Ca) whereas potassium (K), molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se) were reduced substantially for the tested rice varieties. The nutrients magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) did not significantly change. The results indicated that soaking can minimize up to 30% As and soaked rice reduced few nutrients like K, Mo and Se. Data in this study highlights the retention and/or loss of toxic and beneficial nutrients elements in pantavat when As-free water is used to prepare this food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Ashulia, Savar, Dhak, 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crc for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (crcCARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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3
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Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Gupta A, Tiwari RK. Evaluating the efficacy and feasibility of post harvest methods for arsenic removal from rice grain and reduction of arsenic induced cancer risk from rice-based diet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162443. [PMID: 36858216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Food-chain arsenic (As) contamination is a severe environmental and health problem worldwide, and its intake through rice affects billions of people. In this review, we have summarized the post harvest As removal methods from rice and their efficacy and feasibility. Rice grain subspecies (indica and japonica), size (short, medium and long), type (husked, parboiled or polished), soaking time, temperature and rice to water ratio (r/w) during washing and cooking are the major factors that affect the removal of total arsenic (tAs) from rice grain. The reduction in tAs was greater in japonica than indica rice and was directly proportional to As in husked rice. For the removal of As, a low water volume (1:2 r/w) was more effective during washing due to friction between rice grains, while high water (≥4 times water) during cooking was more effective. Up to 80 % As was removed by cooking in 1:10 (rice: water). Soaking rice in edible acids such as vinegar, acetic and ascorbic acid was not effective, except citric acid, which removes tAs up to 63 %. Human-health risk assessment showed that these post harvest and cooking methods reduce the non-carcinogenic and incremental lifetime cancer risk by up to 5-fold, as calculated on the basis of bioaccessible inorganic As. These post harvest methods also remove nutrient elements and vitamins. The recommended dietary intake (RDI) of Zn and Cu was particularly affected (up to 40 and 83 %). The levels of P, Mo, Mn and Co were still sufficient to meet the RDI through the rice-based diet, while rice is already poor in the RDI of Ca, K, Fe and Se, and their levels were further reduced by 0.22-44 %. In conclusion, these post harvest and cooking methods may significantly reduce As induced health risks; however, other dietary sources of nutrients need to be carefully evaluated and supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mishra
- University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India; Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273009, India.
| | - Sanjay Dwivedi
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
| | - Apoorv Gupta
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273009, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Tiwari
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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Alqahtani D, Alnabati K, Al-Mutairi MA, Alajmi R, Alsaleem T, Almanna S, Alowaifeer AM. The effect of various washing methods on pesticide residues, toxic and essential elements removal in rice. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37191667 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of various treatments on removing pesticide residues and toxic elements in rice. In parallel, nutritional elements, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and phosphorous (P), were measured to investigate the effect of these washing treatments on the nutritional value of rice. A naturally contaminated rice sample containing five widespread used pesticides (azoxystrobin, buprofezin, carbendazim, and propiconazole) and toxic elements, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and essential elements, was washed using several washing agents, including boiling water, 5% sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), 5% acetic acid (vinegar), 5% citric acid, and 5% sodium chloride (salt). The washing method was chosen based on its availability and widespread usage; soaking for 10 min was assumed to be reasonable. Our results showed that using 5% acetic acid significantly reduced azoxystrobin by 63%, buprofezin by 70%, carbendazim by 75%, and propiconazole by 61%. However, As and Cd were significantly reduced in sodium chloride by 57% and 32%, respectively. Furthermore, a significant reduction in essential nutrient elements was found in Mg (42%), K (37%), and P (23%) when rice was treated with 5% citric acid. Overall, washing agents reduced analytes in the following manners pesticides, toxic elements, and essential elements when using acetic acid, sodium chloride, and citric acid separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Alqahtani
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulood Alnabati
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Mutairi
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan Alajmi
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghreed Alsaleem
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Almanna
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alowaifeer
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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El Youssfi M, Sifou A, Ben Aakame R, Mahnine N, Arsalane S, Halim M, Laghzizil A, Zinedine A. Trace elements in Foodstuffs from the Mediterranean Basin-Occurrence, Risk Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention strategies: A review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2597-2626. [PMID: 35754061 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements (TEs) are chemical compounds that naturally occur in the earth's crust and in living organisms at low concentrations. Anthropogenic activities can significantly increase the level of TEs in the environment and finally enter the food chain. Toxic TEs like cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury have no positive role in a biological system and can cause harmful effects on human health. Ingestion of contaminated food is a typical route of TEs intake by humans. Recent data about the occurrence of TEs in food available in the Mediterranean countries are considered in this review. Analytical methods are also discussed. Furthermore, a discussion of existing international agency regulations will be given. The risk associated with the dietary intake of TEs was estimated by considering consumer exposure and threshold values such as Benchmark dose lower confidence limit and provisional tolerable weekly intake established by the European Food Safety Authority and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, respectively. Finally, several remediation approaches to minimize TE contamination in foodstuffs were discussed including chemical, biological, biotechnological, and nanotechnological methods. The results of this study proved the occurrence of TEs contamination at high levels in vegetables and fish from some Mediterranean countries. Lead and cadmium are more abundant in foodstuffs than other toxic trace elements. Geographical variations in TE contamination of food crops clearly appear, with a greater risk in developing countries. There is still a need for the regular monitoring of these toxic element levels in food items to ensure consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad El Youssfi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta BP.1014 Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP.1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aicha Sifou
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP.1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Ben Aakame
- Laboratory of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Hygiene (INH), BP 769 Agdal, 27, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naima Mahnine
- Laboratory of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Hygiene (INH), BP 769 Agdal, 27, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Said Arsalane
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP.1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Halim
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP.1014, 10000, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Laghzizil
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta BP.1014 Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- BIOMARE Laboratory, Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Sciences, Route Ben Maachou, PO Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco.
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Toledo MC, Lee JS, Batista BL, Olympio KPK, Nardocci AC. Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16460. [PMID: 36554339 PMCID: PMC9778750 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10-4 for white rice and 6.0 × 10-6 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5-67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C. Toledo
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Janice S. Lee
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Bruno L. Batista
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Kelly P. K. Olympio
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
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Ventre S, Desai G, Roberson R, Kordas K. Toxic metal exposures from infant diets: Risk prevention strategies for caregivers and health care professionals. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2022; 52:101276. [PMID: 36266220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concerns are growing regarding the presence of toxic elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in the ingredients and prepared foods for infants and young children. There are few clear, evidence-based, guidelines on the maximum tolerable limits of toxicants in foods and little understanding of toxicant exposure or adverse health effects attributable to dietary exposure. Caregivers are faced with the burden of making decisions about which foods to select, how often to feed them to their children, and what foods to limit. This article reviews the current literature and existing recommendations on dietary exposure to toxic elements in children under 2 years of age, and their health effects in early childhood-focusing on growth, neurodevelopment, and immune function. The article also outlines best practices for healthcare providers to address the concerns of toxic element exposure through the diet in young children. Several foods consistently appear in the literature as potential sources of toxic element exposure. Contaminated drinking and cooking water, including water used to prepare infant formula, could also be a major exposure source. In the absence of stronger evidence on effects of dietary modification, exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age, followed by a diverse diet are some strategies to reduce dietary toxic element exposure while ensuring an adequate and balanced nutrient intake. Healthcare providers can support families by sharing information and encouraging blood Pb testing, the only element for which such testing is currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ventre
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, USA; New York State Children's Environmental Health Center, USA.
| | - Gauri Desai
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, USA
| | | | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, USA
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AlMulla AA, Dahlawi S, Randhawa MA, Zaman QU, Chen Y, Faraj TK. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12125. [PMID: 36231427 PMCID: PMC9566630 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice has been a dietary staple for centuries, providing vital nutrients to the human body. Brown rice is well known for its nutrient-dense food profile. However, owing to multiple causes (anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic), it can also be a potential source of toxic heavy metals in the diet. Brown Hassawi rice samples were collected from the Al-Ahsa region and analyzed for its content of toxic metals. The results reveal that all the tested metals varied significantly in the brown rice samples, while As and Pb in all three samples exceeded their respective maximum allowable limits (MALs), followed by Cd, which nearly approached the MAL in two samples out of three. Brown rice samples were cooked in rice:water systems, viz., low rice:water ratios (1:2.5, 1:3.5) and high rice:water ratios (1:5, 1:6), along with soaking as a pre-treatment. Soaking was unproductive in removing the heavy metals from the rice, whereas cooking dissipated all metals from the rice, except for Cd, which was statistically non-significant. The high-water cooking of the rice was more effective in the dissipation of metals from the rice as compared to low-water cooking conditions. Through the consumption of rice, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals is 162 g per person per day for As, which is above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) regardless of cooking circumstances. The hazard risk index (HRI) also highlighted the fact that As can be a potential health hazard to rice consumers in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. These results indicate the potential health risks caused by the consumption of this rice by humans. Regular monitoring is recommended to manage and control elevated concentrations and related health hazards as a result of the use of Hassawi rice contaminated by the accumulation of metals and metalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Abdulrahman AlMulla
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Dahlawi
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Atif Randhawa
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qamar uz Zaman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab 54590, Pakistan
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Turki Kh. Faraj
- Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 145111, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
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Mridha D, Gorain PC, Joardar M, Das A, Majumder S, De A, Chowdhury NR, Lama U, Pal R, Roychowdhury T. Rice grain arsenic and nutritional content during post harvesting to cooking: A review on arsenic bioavailability and bioaccessibility in humans. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Removal of Toxic and Essential Nutrient Elements from Commercial Rice Brands Using Different Washing and Cooking Practices: Human Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052582. [PMID: 35270275 PMCID: PMC8909527 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the influence of different cooking procedures on the removal of toxic elements (TEs) including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) along with other nutrient elements from different commercially available rice brands sold in Bangladeshi markets. We observed 33%, 35%, and 27% average removal of As, Cd, and Pb accordingly from rice when cooked with a rice to water ratio of 1:6 after washing 5 times. We also found a significant reduction in essential elements: Zn (17%), Cu (10%), Mn (22%), Se (49%), and Mo (22%), when rice cooking was performed as in traditional practice. Daily dietary intakes were found to be between 0.36 and 1.67 µg/kgbw for As, 0.06 and 1.15 µg/kgbw for Cd, and 0.04 and 0.17 µg/kgbw for Pb when rice was cooked by the rice cooker method (rice:water 1:2), while in the traditional method (rice:water 1:6) daily intake rates ranged from 0.23 to 1.3 µg/kgbw for As, 0.04 to 0.88 µg/kgbw for Cd, and 0.03 to 0.15 µg/kgbw for Pb for adults. The HQ and ILCR for As, Cd, and Pb revealed that there is a possibility of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for As but no appreciable risk for Cd and Pb from consumption of rice.
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Moulick D, Samanta S, Sarkar S, Mukherjee A, Pattnaik BK, Saha S, Awasthi JP, Bhowmick S, Ghosh D, Samal AC, Mahanta S, Mazumder MK, Choudhury S, Bramhachari K, Biswas JK, Santra SC. Arsenic contamination, impact and mitigation strategies in rice agro-environment: An inclusive insight. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149477. [PMID: 34426348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination and its adverse consequences on rice agroecosystem are well known. Rice has the credit to feed more than 50% of the world population but concurrently, rice accumulates a substantial amount of As, thereby compromising food security. The gravity of the situation lays in the fact that the population in theAs uncontaminated areas may be accidentally exposed to toxic levels of As from rice consumption. In this review, we are trying to summarize the documents on the impact of As contamination and phytotoxicity in past two decades. The unique feature of this attempt is wide spectrum coverages of topics, and that makes it truly an interdisciplinary review. Aprat from the behaviour of As in rice field soil, we have documented the cellular and molecular response of rice plant upon exposure to As. The potential of various mitigation strategies with particular emphasis on using biochar, seed priming technology, irrigation management, transgenic variety development and other agronomic methods have been critically explored. The review attempts to give a comprehensive and multidiciplinary insight into the behaviour of As in Paddy -Water - Soil - Plate prospective from molecular to post-harvest phase. From the comprehensive literature review, we may conclude that considerable emphasis on rice grain, nutritional and anti-nutritional components, and grain quality traits under arsenic stress condition is yet to be given. Besides these, some emerging mitigation options like seed priming technology, adoption of nanotechnological strategies, applications of biochar should be fortified in large scale without interfering with the proper use of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Moulick
- Plant Stress Biology and Metabolomics Laboratory Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL), Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India.
| | - Suman Samanta
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Sukamal Sarkar
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arkabanee Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr Homi Bhabha Rd, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.
| | - Binaya Kumar Pattnaik
- Symbiosis Institute of Geoinformatics, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Saikat Saha
- Nadia Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Nadia 741234, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jay Prakash Awasthi
- Department of Botany, Government College Lamta, Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh 481551, India.
| | - Subhamoy Bhowmick
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India.
| | - Dibakar Ghosh
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Alok Chandra Samal
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subrata Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry, NIT Jamshedpur, Adityapur, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831014, India.
| | | | - Shuvasish Choudhury
- Plant Stress Biology and Metabolomics Laboratory Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL), Assam University, Silchar 788 011, India.
| | - Koushik Bramhachari
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subhas Chandra Santra
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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Bao C, Cai Q, Ying X, Zhu Y, Ding Y, Murk TAJ. Health risk assessment of arsenic and some heavy metals in the edible crab (Portunus trituberculatus) collected from Hangzhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113007. [PMID: 34607129 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, 108 swimming crabs (P. trituberculatus) were collected from the local market in Zhoushan. Each crab was separated into huang (the edible lipid portion) and meat groups and prepared according to different cooking methods. In most uncooked samples the levels of seven trace metals; mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, chromium and arsenic were higher in huang than in meat. Cadmium and total arsenic concentrations exceeded the maximum safe residue levels for China. Risk assessments revealed that only the cadmium levels in huang samples posed a toxicological risk to consumers, and uncooked huang were of carcinogenic concern. Cooking methods eliminated the carcinogenic risk and reduced the toxicological risk in huang by approximately 20%. These results show that the seven trace metals identified in P. trituberculatus from Hangzhou bay do not pose a safety concern for consumption of the meat or of the complete crab, after conventional cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Bao
- Wageningen University, Marine Animal Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Xuanyu Ying
- Wageningen University, Marine Animal Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yin Zhu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Yinjie Ding
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Tinka A J Murk
- Wageningen University, Marine Animal Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Jaafar M, Shrivastava A, Rai Bose S, Felipe-Sotelo M, Ward N. Transfer of arsenic, manganese and iron from water to soil and rice plants: An evaluation of changes in dietary intake caused by washing and cooking rice with groundwater from the Bengal Delta, India. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Menon M, Dong W, Chen X, Hufton J, Rhodes EJ. Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143341. [PMID: 33153748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a group 1 carcinogen, and consumption of rice can be a significant pathway of iAs exposure in the food chain. Although there are regulations in place to control iAs for marketed rice in some countries, additional measures are explored to remove arsenic from rice. Due to the surface-bound and soluble nature of iAs, previous studies have shown that it can be removed to a significant extent using different cooking methods. Towards this goal we modified and tested the absorption method in combination with four home-friendly cooking treatments (UA = unwashed and absorbed, WA = washed and absorbed, PSA = pre-soaked and absorbed, and PBA = parboiled and absorbed) using both brown and white rice (3 types each). The nutrient elements were measured using ICP-MS and arsenic speciation was carried out using LC-ICP-MS. Overall, our results show that PBA was the optimum approach assessed, removing 54% and 73% of inorganic arsenic (iAs) for brown and white rice respectively, raising the margin of exposure (MOE) by 3.7 for white rice and 2.2 times for brown rice, thus allowing the consumption of rice more safely for infants, children and adults. Other cooking treatments were effective in reducing the iAs concentration from white rice only. Here we also report changes in selected nutrient elements (P, K, Mg, Zn and Mn) which are relatively abundant in rice. In general, the treatments retained more nutrients in brown rice than white rice. No significant loss of Zn was observed from both rice types and the loss of other nutrients was similar or less than in comparison to reported losses from rice cooked in excess water in the literature. We conclude that PBA is a promising technique and further research is needed by including different regional rice types and water quality levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Menon
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Wanrong Dong
- The School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Xumin Chen
- The School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hufton
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Rhodes
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Rahman MM, Alauddin M, Alauddin ST, Siddique AB, Islam MR, Agosta G, Mondal D, Naidu R. Bioaccessibility and speciation of arsenic in children's diets and health risk assessment of an endemic area in Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124064. [PMID: 33265062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study determines the bioaccessibility of toxic and carcinogenic arsenic (As) in composite food samples and evaluates potential exposure from food intake in Bangladesh children. Total As (tAs), inorganic As (iAs) and bioaccessible As (BAs) in food composite samples consumed by children were compared between an exposed and a control group (based on As in drinking water). Total As concentrations in composite food samples of children exposed to mean As level of 331 µg/l in drinking and cooking water ranged from 586 to 1975 µg/kg, dry weight over 76-90 µg/kg in the unexposed group. Average iAs in food composites was 73.9% (range: 49.3-90.8%). The fraction of BAs using gastric and gastrointestinal phases was 91 ± 13% and 98 ± 11%, respectively. Daily intake of iAs in the exposed group ranged from 0.41 to 6.38 µg per kg body weight (BW), which was much higher than the unexposed group (0.08-0.15 µg per kg BW). High iAs content and BAs in composite food samples indicated the elevated risk to exposed children. Further research should include both adults and children using larger sample size to determine overall As exposure from food intake in Bangladesh, attention must be given to lowering of As in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Alauddin
- Department of Chemistry, Wagner College, Staten Island, NY 10301, USA
| | - Sarah T Alauddin
- Department of Chemistry, Wagner College, Staten Island, NY 10301, USA
| | - Abu Bakkar Siddique
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashidul Islam
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Gabriella Agosta
- Department of Chemistry, Wagner College, Staten Island, NY 10301, USA
| | - Debapriya Mondal
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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16
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Mondal D, Rahman MM, Suman S, Sharma P, Siddique AB, Rahman MA, Bari ASMF, Kumar R, Bose N, Singh SK, Ghosh A, Polya DA. Arsenic exposure from food exceeds that from drinking water in endemic area of Bihar, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142082. [PMID: 32919317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence of elevated arsenic (As) in the food-chain, mainly rice, wheat and vegetables exists. Nevertheless, the importance of exposure from food towards total As exposure and associated health risks in areas with natural occurring As in drinking water is still often neglected, and accordingly mitigations are largely focused on drinking water only. In this study, the contribution of food over drinking water to overall As exposure was estimated for As exposed populations in Bihar, India. Increased lifetime cancer risk was predicted using probabilistic methods with input parameters based on detailed dietary assessment and estimation of As in drinking water, cooked rice, wheat flour and potato collected from 91 households covering 19 villages. Median total exposure was 0.83 μg/kgBW/day (5th and 95th percentiles were 0.21 and 11.1 μg/kgBW/day) and contribution of food (median = 49%) to overall exposure was almost equal to that from drinking water (median = 51%). More importantly and contrary to previous studies, food was found to contribute more than drinking water to As exposure, even when drinking water As was above the WHO provisional guide value of 10 μg/L. Median and 95th percentile excess lifetime cancer risks from food intake were 1.89 × 10-4 and 7.32 × 10-4 respectively when drinking water As was below 10 μg/L and 4.00 × 10-4 and 1.83 × 10-3 respectively when drinking water As was above 10 μg/L. Our results emphasise the importance of food related exposure in As-endemic areas, and, perhaps surprisingly, particularly in areas with high As concentrations in drinking water - this being partly ascribed to increases in food As due to cooking in high As water. These findings are timely to stress the importance of removing As from the food chain and not just drinking water in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Mondal
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sidharth Suman
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK; Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Center, Patna, India; Department of Environment and Water Management, A.N. College, Patna, India
| | - Pushpa Sharma
- Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Center, Patna, India; Department of Environment and Water Management, A.N. College, Patna, India
| | - Abu Bakkar Siddique
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Aminur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - A S M Fazle Bari
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ranjit Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Center, Patna, India
| | - Nupur Bose
- Department of Geography, A.N. College, Patna, India
| | | | - Ashok Ghosh
- Mahavir Cancer Institute and Research Center, Patna, India
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Anakwue RC, Nnakenyi ID, Maduforo AN, Young EE, Okoli CI, Ndiokwelu CI, Ezenduka CC. Heavy metal content of rice meals sold in a Nigerian market population with a high prevalence of hypertension. Ann Afr Med 2021; 20:37-41. [PMID: 33727510 PMCID: PMC8102898 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_12_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Some market populations in Nigeria have been shown to have high prevalence of hypertension. Current evidence includes environmental pollutants such as heavy metals as risk factors for hypertension. Aim To study the heavy metal content of rice meals sold in a market population with a high prevalence of hypertension. Settings and Design This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in Ogbete market in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Subjects and Methods Five different cooked rice meals were obtained from 25 locations of the market. The rice meals included jollof rice, white rice and tomato stew, fried rice, white rice and vegetable sauce, and white rice and palm oil stew (ofeakwu). Accompanying protein (meat, fish, and egg) and vegetable salad were excluded. Similar rice meals were homogenized and analyzed in triplicates using spectrophotometric methods for mercury, copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic determination. Statistical Analysis Used The mean concentrations of the heavy metals were compared using analysis of variance, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Twenty-five rice dishes were evaluated, five of each kind. Arsenic content ranged from 503 to 550 mg/kg and was comparable across the five rice dishes (P = 0.148). Copper was significantly highest (16767 mg/kg) in the white rice and tomato stew dish (P < 0.001), while mercury was significantly highest (33 mg/kg) in white rice and ofeakwu (P < 0.001). Jollof rice had the highest cadmium content (23 mg/kg), which was statistically significant (P = 0.021). Lead was not found in any of the rice dishes. Conclusions Risk factors such as heavy metals may play a role in the high prevalence of hypertension observed in market populations, and rice meals may be a major source of these heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph C. Anakwue
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ifeyinwa Dorothy Nnakenyi
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Aloysius N. Maduforo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ekenechukwu E. Young
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke I. Okoli
- Department of Health Administration and Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chika I. Ndiokwelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, College of Medicine, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Charles C. Ezenduka
- Department of Health Administration and Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
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18
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Shariatifar N, Rezaei M, Alizadeh Sani M, Alimohammadi M, Arabameri M. Assessment of Rice Marketed in Iran with Emphasis on Toxic and Essential Elements; Effect of Different Cooking Methods. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:721-731. [PMID: 32189243 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most valuable nutrients in the diet of most people in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various pre-cooking (washing, soaking) and cooking processes (traditional and rinse) of rice on the amount of toxic and essential elements in the various brands of rice in Iran and assessing human health risks from their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. For this purpose, totally, 144 sample sizes were examined from three brand (Iranian (n = 48), Pakistani (n = 48), and Indian (n = 48)) in order to the amount of toxic and essential elements using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that pre-cooking processes such as washing and soaking in the rinse method were significantly effective in removal toxic metals than the traditional method, so that the most changes were observed for potassium and aluminum metals. The estimated daily intakes of copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, and zinc in different cooking methods were 1.19-1.2%, 0.29-0.32%, 1.01-1.23%, 0.4-0.98%, and 0.9-1.32%, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation results showed that the rank order of toxic metals of cooked rice based on target hazard quotients value was arsenic > chromium > cadmium > mercury > lead > aluminum, respectively. The result of cancer risk probability was lower than the safe risk limits (1E-4), representing no remarkable cancer risk probability that was due to ingestion of rice for adults and children in Iran. According to the this results, it is recommended to use the rinse method due to further reduction of metals especially toxic metals for rice samples, although the amount of essential elements was also removed by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Halal Research Center of Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Vice-chancellery of food and drug, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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19
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Xu L, Polya DA, Li Q, Mondal D. Association of low-level inorganic arsenic exposure from rice with age-standardized mortality risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in England and Wales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140534. [PMID: 32659549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adverse health outcomes, including death from cardiovascular disease (CVD), arising from chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) are well documented. Consumption of rice is a major iAs exposure route for over 3 billion people, however, there is still a lack of epidemiological evidence demonstrating the association between iAs exposure from rice intake and CVD risks. We explored this potential association through an ecological study using data at local authority level across England and Wales. Local authority level daily per capita iAs exposure from rice (E-iAsing,rice) was estimated using ethnicity as a proxy for class of rice consumption. A series of linear and non-linear models were applied to estimate the association between E-iAsing,rice and CVD age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), using Akaike's Information Criterion as the principle model selection criterion. When adjusted for significant confounders, notably smoking prevalence, education level, employment rate, overweight percentage, PM2.5, female percentage and medical and care establishments, the preferred non-linear model indicated that CVD risks increased with iAs exposure from rice at exposures above 0.3 μg/person/day. Also, the best-fitted linear model indicated that CVD ASMR in the highest quartile of iAs exposure (0.375-2.71 μg/person/day) was 1.06 (1.02, 1.11; p-trend <0.001) times higher than that in the lowest quartile (<0.265 μg/person/day). Notwithstanding the well-known limitations of ecological studies, this study further suggests exposure to iAs, including from rice intake, as a potentially important confounder for studies of the factors controlling CVD risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Xu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Debapriya Mondal
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
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20
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Medina MB, Munitz MS, Resnik SL. Effect of household rice cooking on pesticide residues. Food Chem 2020; 342:128311. [PMID: 33051103 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This investigation shows the pesticide distribution and reduction using three common household cooking methods. Extraction was performed using QuEChERS and solid phase microextraction methodologies for rice and water, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used. Both methods showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9996 and 0.9945), adequate recoveries (between 98.9 and 107.8% and 90.5-104.2%) and relative standard deviations lower than 4.5% and 7.0%, for rice and water, respectively. The initial concentration of deltamethrin, penconazole, kresoxim-methyl, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin, were 84.9, 242.2, 298.5, 230.7, 253.4 and 293.5 µg/kg, respectively. Washing and soaking water reduce pesticides only 0.40 to 4.28%. The pesticide reduction during cooking were 20.73 to 57.72%, 32.74 to 70.39%, and 68.87 to 87.50% for traditional, excess water, and pre-soaking rice methods, respectively. Pre-soaking rice with extra water before cooking proved to be the method that generates the greatest reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - Martín Sebastián Munitz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Concordia, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Liliana Resnik
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Argentina; Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
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21
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Chowdhury NR, Das A, Joardar M, De A, Mridha D, Das R, Rahman MM, Roychowdhury T. Flow of arsenic between rice grain and water: Its interaction, accumulation and distribution in different fractions of cooked rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138937. [PMID: 32402904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contaminated water is a major threat to human health when used for drinking, cooking and irrigational purposes. Rice being consumed by 50% of the world's population, supplies considerable amount of As to the human body. Our study provides a detailed understanding of As distribution in each fraction of rice while cooking (viz. uncooked rice, cooking water, cooked rice and gruel/total discarded water), ultimately leading to a better explanation of As movement between rice grain and water. A significant decrease of As was observed in cooked rice (34-89% and 23-84% for sunned and parboiled rice respectively) when cooked with low-As containing water, <3 μg/l and moderate As-contaminated water, 36-58 μg/l (3-50% and 12-61% for sunned and parboiled rice respectively) with increasing selenium (Se) concentration. Movement of As from water to rice grain has been inferred with increasing water As (84-105 μg/l), which results in a significant increase of As in cooked rice (24-337% and 114% for sunned and parboiled rice, respectively) with decreasing Se concentration. Arsenic speciation study emphasizes the fact of similar reduction percentage of As (III), As (V) and total As in wet cooked rice when cooked with low-As containing water. The SAMOE value in 'risk thermometer' supports the higher risk of suffering from wet cooked rice (class 4) with increasing cooking water As concentration (class 3 to class 5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antara Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhurima Joardar
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ayan De
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Deepanjan Mridha
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Reshmi Das
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Tarit Roychowdhury
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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22
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Mohammadi F, Marti A, Nayebzadeh K, Hosseini SM, Tajdar-Oranj B, Jazaeri S. Effect of washing, soaking and pH in combination with ultrasound on enzymatic rancidity, phytic acid, heavy metals and coliforms of rice bran. Food Chem 2020; 334:127583. [PMID: 32711273 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous reduction in activity of fat destabilizing enzymes (lipase and lipoxygenase), contaminants heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Hg), antinutrient phytic acid and hazardous coliforms in rice bran was investigated. Application of washing, soaking the washed sample at different pH values (2, 6 and 9) alone or in combination with ultrasonication were examined. While washing was beneficial, its low efficiency acquired further treatment, which was prevailed by application of acidic pH and ultrasound (28 kHz) treatments. Free fatty acids and peroxide value, as indicators of enzymes activity, implied the effectiveness of treatments with adverse impact of sonication on peroxide value. Remarkably, reduction of dominant heavy metals (As, Pb and Zn) and phytic acid were synergistically facilitated by sonication. Coliforms growth was inhibited at pH 2 even at the absence of ultrasonic treatment. Evidently, combination of acidic pH and ultrasound is a practical approach to improve rice bran stability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute/Faculty of Nutrition Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alessandra Marti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Kooshan Nayebzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute/Faculty of Nutrition Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute/Faculty of Nutrition Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-Oranj
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute/Faculty of Nutrition Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute/Faculty of Nutrition Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen G, Lai B, Chen T, Lin H, Mao X. Brief soaking at above‐gelatinization temperature reduces inorganic arsenic in cooked rice. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor PA19038USA
| | - Bunhong Lai
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor PA19038USA
| | - Tuanwei Chen
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Hetong Lin
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Xuefei Mao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro‐Products Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
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24
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Atiaga O, Nunes LM, Otero XL. Effect of cooking on arsenic concentration in rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10757-10765. [PMID: 31950418 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of rinsing and boiling on total content of As (tAs) and of its inorganic and organic forms in different types of rice (polished and brown) from Spain and Ecuador. Rice was subjected to five different treatments. The results showed that the treatment consisting of three grain rinsing cycles followed by boiling in excess water showed a significant decrease in tAs content compared with raw rice. Regarding As species, it is worth noting that the different treatments significantly reduced the content of the most toxic forms of As. The estimated lifetime health risks indicate that pre-rinsing alone can reduce the risk by 50%, while combining it with discarding excess water can reduce the risk by 83%; therefore, the latter would be the preferable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliva Atiaga
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis M Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, CERIS - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Xosé L Otero
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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25
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Sobel MH, Sanchez TR, Jones MR, Kaufman JD, Francesconi KA, Blaha MJ, Vaidya D, Shimbo D, Gossler W, Gamble MV, Genkinger JM, Navas‐Acien A. Rice Intake, Arsenic Exposure, and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Among US Adults in MESA. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015658. [PMID: 32067593 PMCID: PMC7070216 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Arsenic-related cardiovascular effects at exposure levels below the US Environmental Protection Agency's standard of 10 μg/L are unclear. For these populations, food, especially rice, is a major source of exposure. We investigated associations of rice intake, a marker of arsenic exposure, with subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers in a multiethnic population. Methods and Results Between 2000 and 2002, MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) enrolled 6814 adults without clinical CVD. We included 5050 participants with baseline data on rice intake and markers of 3 CVD domains: inflammation (hsCRP [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein], interleukin-6, and fibrinogen), vascular function (aortic distensibility, carotid distensibility, and brachial flow-mediated dilation), and subclinical atherosclerosis at 3 vascular sites (carotid intima-media thickness, coronary artery calcification, and ankle-brachial index). We also evaluated endothelial-related biomarkers previously associated with arsenic. Rice intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Urinary arsenic was measured in 310 participants. A total of 13% of participants consumed ≥1 serving of rice/day. Compared with individuals consuming <1 serving of rice/week, ≥1 serving of rice/day was not associated with subclinical markers after demographic, lifestyle, and CVD risk factor adjustment (eg, geometric mean ratio [95% CI] for hsCRP, 0.98 [0.86-1.11]; aortic distensibility, 0.99 [0.91-1.07]; and carotid intima-media thickness, 0.98 [0.91-1.06]). Associations with urinary arsenic were similar to those for rice intake. Conclusions Rice intake was not associated with subclinical CVD markers in a multiethnic US population. Research using urinary arsenic is needed to assess potential CVD effects of low-level arsenic exposure. Understanding the role of low-level arsenic as it relates to subclinical CVD may contribute to CVD prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa H. Sobel
- Department of Environmental Health ScienceColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY
| | | | - Miranda R. Jones
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary V. Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health ScienceColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY
| | | | - Ana Navas‐Acien
- Department of Environmental Health ScienceColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY
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26
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Upadhyay MK, Majumdar A, Barla A, Bose S, Srivastava S. An assessment of arsenic hazard in groundwater-soil-rice system in two villages of Nadia district, West Bengal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2381-2395. [PMID: 30963366 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study measured arsenic (As) concentrations in soil, groundwater and rice grain samples in two villages, Sarapur and Chinili, under Chakdaha block, Nadia district, West Bengal, India. This study also included a survey of the two villages to understand the knowledge among villagers about the As problem. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from fields in two villages while rice grain samples were collected from villagers' houses. The results revealed the presence of As in higher concentrations than the maximum permissible limit of As in drinking water (10 µg L-1 and 50 µg L-1 by WHO and Indian standard, respectively) in groundwater [124.50 ± 1.11 µg L-1 (Sarapur) and 138.20 ± 1.34 µg L-1 (Chinili)]. The level of As in soil was found to range from 47.7 ± 0.14 to 49.3 ± 0.19 mg Kg-1 in Sarapur and from 57.5 ± 0.25 to 62.5 ± 0.44 mg Kg-1 in Chinili which are also higher than European Union maximum acceptable limit in agricultural soil (i.e. 20 mg Kg-1). The analysis of As in rice grains of five varieties, collected from residents of two villages, showed the presence of higher than recommended safe level of As in rice by FAO/WHO (0.2 mg Kg-1). The As concentration order was Gosai (0.95 ± 0.044 mg kg-1), Satabdi (0.79 ± 0.038 mg kg-1), Banskathi (0.60 ± 0.026 mg kg-1), Kunti (0.47 ± 0.018 mg kg-1) and Ranjit (0.29 ± 0.021 mg kg-1). Importantly, Gosai and Satabdi were the most popular varieties being consumed by local people. The data of consumption of rice per day in the survey was used for the measurement of average daily dose and hazard quotient. It was seen that the As hazard was negatively correlated to the age of residents. Therefore, children and toddlers were at higher risk of As exposure than elderly people. In addition, people with skin related As toxicity symptoms were also cited in the two villages. The study emphasized the severity of As problem in remote areas of West Bengal, India where people consume As tainted rice due to lack of awareness about the As problem and associated health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Kumar Upadhyay
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Arnab Majumdar
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Anil Barla
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Sutapa Bose
- Earth and Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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27
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Sharafi K, Yunesian M, Mahvi AH, Pirsaheb M, Nazmara S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R. Advantages and disadvantages of different pre-cooking and cooking methods in removal of essential and toxic metals from various rice types- human health risk assessment in Tehran households, Iran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:128-137. [PMID: 30897411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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28
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Kumarathilaka P, Seneweera S, Ok YS, Meharg A, Bundschuh J. Arsenic in cooked rice foods: Assessing health risks and mitigation options. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:584-591. [PMID: 30986740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to arsenic (As) through the consumption of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a worldwide health concern. In this paper, we evaluated the major causes for high inorganic As levels in cooked rice foods, and the potential of post-harvesting and cooking options for decreasing inorganic As content in cooked rice, focusing particularly on As endemic areas. The key factors for high As concentration in cooked rice in As endemic areas are: (1) rice cultivation on As-contaminated paddy soils; (2) use of raw rice grains which exceed 200 μg kg-1 of inorganic As to cook rice; and (3) use of As-contaminated water for cooking rice. In vitro and in vivo methods can provide useful information regarding the bioaccessibility of As in the gastrointestinal tract. Urinary levels of As can also be used as a valid measure of As exposure in humans. Polishing of raw rice grains has been found to be a method to decrease total As content in cooked rice. Sequential washing of raw rice grains and use of an excess volume of water for cooking also decrease As content in cooked rice. The major concern with those methods (i.e. polishing of raw rice, sequential washing of raw rice, and use of excess volume of water for cooking rice) is the decreased nutrient content in the cooked rice. Cooking rice in percolating water has recently gained significant attention as a way to decrease As content in cooked rice. Introducing and promoting rainwater harvesting systems in As endemic areas may be a sustainable way of reducing the use of As-contaminated water for cooking purposes. In conclusion, post-harvesting methods and changes in cooking practices could reduce As content in cooked rice to a greater extent. Research gaps and directions for future studies in relation to different post-harvesting and cooking practices, and rainwater harvesting systems are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumarathilaka
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia; UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia.
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29
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Sharafi K, Yunesian M, Nodehi RN, Hossein Mahvi A, Pirsaheb M, Nazmara S. The reduction of toxic metals of various rice types by different preparation and cooking processes – Human health risk assessment in Tehran households, Iran. Food Chem 2019; 280:294-302. [PMID: 30642500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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30
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Pedron T, Segura FR, Paniz FP, de Moura Souza F, dos Santos MC, de Magalhães Júnior AM, Batista BL. Mitigation of arsenic in rice grains by polishing and washing: Evidencing the benefit and the cost. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Biswas A. A Systematic Review on Arsenic Bio-Availability in Human and Animals: Special Focus on the Rice-Human System. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31032526 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present systematic review synthesizes the diverse documentation of research on the occurrence of arsenic in soil-water systems and the human and animal bio-availability scenarios related to food chain contamination by arsenic. Humans and animals may drink arsenic-contaminated groundwater in addition to consuming foods that have been grown in arsenic-contaminated groundwater and soils. Rice grain is a potential arsenic carrier and the staple food in many parts of the world, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. Data have been summarized from 183 articles describing different aspects of arsenic flow in the food chain, that is, the soil-water-rice-human system and the water-crops-animals system and the bio-availability of arsenic to humans and animals. The phyto-availability of arsenic depends on the physicochemical and biological conditions of soil and water. In humans, the bio-accessibility of inorganic arsenic is 63-99%. Arsenic is more bio-available from rice than from other foods: different food materials differ in bio-accessible potential. Additionally, the review identifies trends in research on arsenic contamination and food chain flow considering arsenic species, toxicity assessment, and bio-accessibility studies. This systematic review provides a comprehensive assessment of the documented evidence to be used to guide future research on arsenic availability for the rice plant and subsequent availability to humans from cooked rice that can determine arsenic toxicity. The review also highlights how the focus of research on arsenic as a pollutant has changed in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Biswas
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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32
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Upadhyay MK, Shukla A, Yadav P, Srivastava S. A review of arsenic in crops, vegetables, animals and food products. Food Chem 2019; 276:608-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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33
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Mandal U, Singh P, Kundu AK, Chatterjee D, Nriagu J, Bhowmick S. Arsenic retention in cooked rice: Effects of rice type, cooking water, and indigenous cooking methods in West Bengal, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:720-727. [PMID: 30130735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the concentration of arsenic in paired raw and cooked rice prepared by individual households in arsenic-endemic rural area of West Bengal. The aim was to investigate how the cooking habits of rural villagers of West Bengal might influence the arsenic content of rice meals. It was found that the use of arsenic-rich groundwater for cooking could elevate the arsenic concentration in cooked rice (up to 129% above the raw sample), thereby enhancing the vulnerability of the rural population of West Bengal to arsenic exposure through rice consumption. The risk is heightened by the habit of drinking the stewed rice water (gruel) in the local communities. The cooking method employed, rice variety, background arsenic concentration in raw rice and cooking water arsenic concentration were found to be important predisposing factors that could affect the accumulation of arsenic in cooked form. The fundamental indigenous cooking practice followed by the villagers requires use of low-arsenic water for cooking as a necessary strategy to alleviate arsenic exposure in their staple food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Payel Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India; Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India
| | - Amit Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Debashis Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India.
| | - Jerome Nriagu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Subhamoy Bhowmick
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India.
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34
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Rasheed H, Kay P, Slack R, Gong YY. Arsenic species in wheat, raw and cooked rice: Exposure and associated health implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:366-373. [PMID: 29627560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic concentrations above 10μgL-1 were previously found in 89% of ground water sources in six villages of Pakistan. The present study has ascertained the health risks associated with exposure to total arsenic (tAs) and its species in most frequently consumed foods. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentrations were found to be 92.5±41.88μgkg-1, 79.21±76.42μgkg-1, and 116.38±51.38μgkg-1 for raw rice, cooked rice and wheat respectively. The mean tAs concentrations were 47.47±30.72μgkg-1, 71.65±74.7μgkg-1, 105±61.47μgkg-1. Wheat is therefore demonstrated to be a significant source of arsenic exposure. Dimethylarsinic acid was the main organic species detected in rice, whilst monomethylarsonic acid was only found at trace levels. Total daily intake of iAs exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake of 2.1μgkg-1day-1 body weight in 74% of study participants due to concurrent intake from water (94%), wheat (5%) and raw rice (1%). A significant association between tAs in cooked rice and cooking water resulted in tAs intake 43% higher in cooked rice compared to raw rice. The study suggests that arsenic intake from food, particularly from wheat consumption, holds particular significance where iAs is relatively low in water. Chronic health risks were found to be significantly higher from wheat intake than rice, whilst the risk in terms of acute effects was below the USEPA's limit of 1.0. Children were at significantly higher health risk than adults due to iAs exposure from rice and/or wheat. The dietary exposure of participants to tAs was attributable to staple food intake with ground water iAs <10μgL-1, however the preliminary advisory level (200μgkg-1) was achievable with rice consumption of ≤200gday-1 and compliance with ≤10μgL-1 iAs in drinking water. Although the daily iAs intake from food was lower than total water intake, the potential health risk from exposure to arsenic and its species still exists and requires exposure control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifza Rasheed
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Kay
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Slack
- The Royal Horticultural Society, Harlow Carr, Crag Lane, Beckwithshaw, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1QB, UK
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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35
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Moulick D, Santra SC, Ghosh D. Rice seed priming with Se : A novel approach to mitigate As induced adverse consequences on growth, yield and As load in brown rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:187-196. [PMID: 29852460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation was laid down to investigate the consequences of cultivating selenium (Se) primed seedlings of two contrasting rice varieties in arsenic (As) free and As spiked pot soil. At maturity, Se primed seedlings (both tested varieties) cultivated alike the controls (in As free condition) were found to posses significantly (p < 0.001) greater amount of chlorophyll, biomass, tiller number, panicle weight and test weight beside these, also having longer plant height than the control. Adverse effects of As stress can be seen in the unprimed plants of both the tested varieties in accordance to dose in the above studied parameters. Compare to the unprimed varieties cultivated in As spiked soil, Se primed plants exhibited an upward trend in restoring adverse effects of As like longer height, greater biomass content, tiller number, test weight etc, in a low to highly significant manner. Brown rice and cooked rice of Se primed plants content significantly (p < 0.001) less As load than those of unprimed plants. Se primed plants were found to restrict As translocation into the aerial parts by confining As into its root in greater amount than those of unprimed plants in variety irrespective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Moulick
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subhas Chandra Santra
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibakar Ghosh
- ICAR- Directorate of Weed Research, Jabbalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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36
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Nachman KE, Punshon T, Rardin L, Signes-Pastor AJ, Murray CJ, Jackson BP, Guerinot ML, Burke TA, Chen CY, Ahsan H, Argos M, Cottingham KL, Cubadda F, Ginsberg GL, Goodale BC, Kurzius-Spencer M, Meharg AA, Miller MD, Nigra AE, Pendergrast CB, Raab A, Reimer K, Scheckel KG, Schwerdtle T, Taylor VF, Tokar EJ, Warczak TM, Karagas MR. Opportunities and Challenges for Dietary Arsenic Intervention. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:84503. [PMID: 30235424 PMCID: PMC6375412 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The diet is emerging as the dominant source of arsenic exposure for most of the U.S. population. Despite this, limited regulatory efforts have been aimed at mitigating exposure, and the role of diet in arsenic exposure and disease processes remains understudied. In this brief, we discuss the evidence linking dietary arsenic intake to human disease and discuss challenges associated with exposure characterization and efforts to quantify risks. In light of these challenges, and in recognition of the potential longer-term process of establishing regulation, we introduce a framework for shorter-term interventions that employs a field-to-plate food supply chain model to identify monitoring, intervention, and communication opportunities as part of a multisector, multiagency, science-informed, public health systems approach to mitigation of dietary arsenic exposure. Such an approach is dependent on coordination across commodity producers, the food industry, nongovernmental organizations, health professionals, researchers, and the regulatory community. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeve E Nachman
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Laurie Rardin
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Antonio J Signes-Pastor
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Carolyn J Murray
- Dartmouth Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas A Burke
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Celia Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathryn L Cottingham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Gary L Ginsberg
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Britton C Goodale
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret Kurzius-Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Mel & Enid College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew A Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mark D Miller
- Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Andrea Raab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ken Reimer
- Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- Land and Materials Management Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vivien F Taylor
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Erik J Tokar
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd M Warczak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Dartmouth Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Risk and Benefit of Different Cooking Methods on Essential Elements and Arsenic in Rice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061056. [PMID: 29882885 PMCID: PMC6025416 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of excess water in cooking of rice is a well-studied short-term arsenic removal technique. However, the outcome on the nutritional content of rice is not well addressed. We determined the benefit of different cooking techniques on arsenic removal and the associated risk of losing the essential elements in rice. Overall, we found 4.5%, 30%, and 44% decrease in the arsenic content of rice when cooked with rice-to-water ratios of 1:3, 1:6 (p = 0.004), and 1:10 (parboiling; p < 0.0001), respectively. All the essential elements (except iron, selenium, and copper) incurred a significant loss when rice was cooked using the 1:6 technique: potassium (50%), nickel (44.6%), molybdenum (38.5%), magnesium (22.4%), cobalt (21.2%), manganese (16.5%), calcium (14.5%), selenium (12%), iron (8.2%), zinc (7.7%), and copper (0.2%) and further reduction was observed on parboiling, except for iron. For the same cooking method (1:6), percentage contribution to the recommended daily intake (RDI) of essential elements was highest for molybdenum (154.7%), followed by manganese (34.5%), copper (33.4%), selenium (13.1%), nickel (12.4%), zinc (10%), magnesium (8%), iron (6.3%), potassium (1.8%), and calcium (0.5%). Hence, cooked rice as a staple is a poor source for essential elements and thus micronutrients.
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Rahman MA, Rahman A, Khan MZK, Renzaho AMN. Human health risks and socio-economic perspectives of arsenic exposure in Bangladesh: A scoping review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:335-343. [PMID: 29304476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination of drinking water, which can occur naturally or because of human activities such as mining, is the single most important public health issue in Bangladesh. Fifty out of the 64 districts in the country have arsenic concentration of groundwater exceeding 50µgL-1, the Bangladeshi threshold, affecting 35-77 million people or 21-48% of the total population. Chronic arsenic exposure through drinking water and other dietary sources is an important public health issue worldwide affecting hundreds of millions of people. Consequently, arsenic poisoning has attracted the attention of researchers and has been profiled extensively in the literature. Most of the literature has focused on characterising arsenic poisoning and factors associated with it. However, studies examining the socio-economic aspects of chronic exposure of arsenic through either drinking water or foods remain underexplored. The objectives of this paper are (i) to review arsenic exposure pathways to humans; (ii) to summarise public health impacts of chronic arsenic exposure; and (iii) to examine socio-economic implications and consequences of arsenicosis with a focus on Bangladesh. This scoping review evaluates the contributions of different exposure pathways by analysing arsenic concentrations in dietary and non-dietary sources. The socio-economic consequences of arsenicosis disease in Bangladesh are discussed in this review by considering food habits, nutritional status, socio-economic conditions, and socio-cultural behaviours of the people of the country. The pathways of arsenic exposure in Bangladesh include drinking water, various plant foods and non-dietary sources such as soil. Arsenic affected people are often abandoned by the society, lose their jobs and get divorced and are forced to live a sub-standard life. The fragile public health system in Bangladesh has been burdened by the management of thousands of arsenicosis victims in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Azizur Rahman
- Center for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
| | - A Rahman
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - M Zaved Kaiser Khan
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- Humanitarian and Development Research Initiative, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Australia
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Jaafar M, Marcilla AL, Felipe-Sotelo M, Ward NI. Effect of food preparation using naturally-contaminated groundwater from La Pampa, Argentina: Estimation of elemental dietary intake from rice and drinking water. Food Chem 2018; 246:258-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Althobiti RA, Sadiq NW, Beauchemin D. Realistic risk assessment of arsenic in rice. Food Chem 2018; 257:230-236. [PMID: 29622204 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 3 billion people share a diet consisting mainly of rice, which may contain significant amounts of arsenic. Because the toxicity of arsenic is dependent on its chemical form and that it may be in a form that is not bio-accessible (i.e. dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract) and can thus not become bio-available (i.e. end up in the blood stream, where it may exert its toxic effect), the bio-accessibility of arsenic was determined in thirteen different types of rice. The effects of washing and cooking were also studied. The total concentration of arsenic ranged from 93 to 989 µg kg-1 and its bio-accessibility ranged from 16 to 93%. Cooking only changed arsenic speciation in a few cases. However, simply washing rice with arsenic-free water before cooking removed 3-43% of the arsenic, resulting in all the rice tested except the most contaminated one being safe to consume by adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa A Althobiti
- Queen's University, Department of Chemistry, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nausheen W Sadiq
- Queen's University, Department of Chemistry, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Diane Beauchemin
- Queen's University, Department of Chemistry, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Bhowmick S, Pramanik S, Singh P, Mondal P, Chatterjee D, Nriagu J. Arsenic in groundwater of West Bengal, India: A review of human health risks and assessment of possible intervention options. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:148-169. [PMID: 28850835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews how active research in West Bengal has unmasked the endemic arsenism that has detrimental effects on the health of millions of people and their offspring. It documents how the pathways of exposure to this toxin/poison have been greatly expanded through intensive application of groundwater in agriculture in the region within the Green Revolution framework. A goal of this paper is to compare and contrast the similarities and differences in arsenic occurrence in West Bengal with those of other parts of the world and assess the unique socio-cultural factors that determine the risks of exposure to arsenic in local groundwater. Successful intervention options are also critically reviewed with emphasis on integrative strategies that ensure safe water to the population, proper nutrition, and effective ways to reduce the transfer of arsenic from soil to crops. While no universal model may be suited for the vast areas of the world affected with by natural contamination of groundwater with arsenic, we have emphasized community-specific sustainable options that can be adapted. Disseminating scientifically correct information among the population coupled with increased community level participation and education are recognized as necessary adjuncts for an engineering intervention to be successful and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Bhowmick
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India.
| | - Sreemanta Pramanik
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India
| | - Payel Singh
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India
| | - Priyanka Mondal
- Ceramic Membrane Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debashis Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
| | - Jerome Nriagu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Sadiq NW, Beauchemin D. Simultaneous Speciation Analysis of Arsenic, Chromium, and Selenium in the Bioaccessible Fraction for Realistic Risk Assessment of Food Safety. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13299-13304. [PMID: 29151347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple and fast method was developed for risk assessment of As, Cr, and Se in food, which is demonstrated here using three cooked and uncooked rice samples (basmati as well as organic white and brown rice). The bioaccessible fraction was first determined through online leaching of rice minicolumns (maintained at 37 °C) sequentially with artificial saliva, gastric juice, and intestinal juice while continuously monitoring potentially toxic elements (As, Cr, and Se) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Then, a new ion chromatography method with online detection by ICPMS was developed for the simultaneous speciation analysis of As, Cr, and Se in the bioaccessible fraction to determine the portion of these elements that was actually toxic. Using gradient elution, four As species [As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid], two Cr species [Cr(III) and Cr(VI)], and two Se species [Se(IV) and Se(VI)] were separated within 12 min. The simultaneous speciation analysis of As, Cr, and Se revealed that the simple act of cooking can convert all of the carcinogenic Cr(VI) to the safer Cr(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen W Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Diane Beauchemin
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
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Yim SR, Kim JH, Choi MH, Park GY, Shim SM, Chung MS. Systematic Investigation of the Reduction of Inorganic Arsenic and Bioactive Nutrients in Rice with Various Cooking Techniques. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1924-1932. [PMID: 29053420 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of polishing, stirring and rinsing, soaking, or pressure-steam cooking on total organic and inorganic arsenic content and to measure daily inorganic arsenic exposure and nutrient values from consumption of rice prepared under the optimal process. With increasing numbers of rinses and times stirred per rinse, the total arsenic content significantly decreased by 27.6% in brown rice and 39.0% in white rice with 10% degree of polishing (10DOP%). The increase in ratio of water to rice from 1.5:1 to 6:1 reduced total arsenic by 4.4 to 7.5%, depending on soaking time. The total arsenic concentrations found in samples prepared using the optimal process for cooked brown rice and for white rice with 5DOP%, 7DOP%, and 10DOP% were 56.1, 49.6, 52.0, and 42.0%, respectively, compared with those after bran residues were removed. The concentration of total dietary fiber in 10DOP% white and brown rice was 0.34 mg/100 g (54.7% reduction) and 2.52 mg/100 g (24.8% reduction) after the cooking process, respectively. Results from the current study suggest that the optimal cooking process could maximize the reduction of arsenic contents and, at the same time, minimize the loss of nutrients from rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ryun Yim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, 134-747, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, 134-747, Korea
| | - Ga Young Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Korea
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, 134-747, Korea
| | - Myung-Sub Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Korea
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Hassan FI, Niaz K, Khan F, Maqbool F, Abdollahi M. The relation between rice consumption, arsenic contamination, and prevalence of diabetes in South Asia. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:1132-1143. [PMID: 29285009 PMCID: PMC5735331 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rice is the major staple food for about two billion people living in Asia. It has been reported to contain considerable amount of inorganic arsenic which is toxic to pancreatic beta cells and disrupt glucose homeostasis. Articles and conference papers published between 1992 and 2017, indexed in Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Google, and Google scholar were used. Arsenic exposure has been associated with increased blood glucose and insulin levels, or decreased sensitization of insulin cells to glucose uptake. Several studies have shown the association between inorganic arsenic exposure and incidence of diabetes mellitus. Considerable amounts of arsenic have been reported in different types of rice which may be affected by cultivation methods, processing, and country of production. Use of certain microbes, fertilizers, and enzymes may reduce arsenic uptake or accumulation in rice, which may reduce its risk of toxicity. Combined exposure to contaminated rice, other foods and drinking water may increase the risk of diabetes in these countries. Maximum tolerated daily intake of arsenic contaminated rice (2.1 µg/day kg body weight) has been set by WHO, which may be exceeded depending on its content in rice and amount consumed. Hence, increased prevalence of diabetes in South Asia may be related to the consumption of arsenic contaminated rice depending on its content in the rice and daily amount consumed. In this review, we have focused on the possible relation between rice consumption, arsenic contamination, and prevalence of diabetes in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ismail Hassan
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Niaz
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faheem Maqbool
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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45
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Al-Saleh I, Abduljabbar M. Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, methylmercury, arsenic) in commonly imported rice grains (Oryza sativa) sold in Saudi Arabia and their potential health risk. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1168-1178. [PMID: 28780210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, methylmercury and arsenic) were determined in 37 brands of imported rice commonly consumed in Saudi Arabia after soaking and rinsing with water, and their potential health risks to residents were estimated by three indices: hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and cancer risk (CR). The mean levels of lead, cadmium, methylmercury and total arsenic in soaked (rinsed) rice grains were 0.034 (0.057), 0.015 (0.027), 0.004 (0.007) and 0.202 (0.183) μg/g dry weight, respectively. Soaking or rinsing rice grains with water decreased lead and cadmium levels in all brands to safe levels. All brands had total arsenic above the acceptable regulatory limits, irrespective of soaking or rinsing, and eight soaked and 12 rinsed brands contained methylmercury. The levels of all heavy metals except cadmium were above the acceptable regulatory limits when the rice was neither rinsed nor soaked. Weekly intakes of lead, cadmium, methylmercury and total arsenic from soaked (rinsed) grains were 0.638 (1.068), 0.279 (0.503), 0.271 (0.309) and 3.769 (3.407) μg/kg body weight (bw). The weekly intakes of lead and methylmercury from the consumption of one rinsed and two soaked rice brands respectively, exceeded the Provisional Tolerance Weekly Intake set by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The weekly intake of total arsenic for all brands was above the lowest benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL01) level of 0.3μg/kg bw/d for an increased cancer risk set by European Food Safety Authority. Either soaking or rinsing grains before consumption can minimize the non-carcinogenic health risks to residents from cadmium and lead (HQ<1). Our local consumers, though, may experience health consequences from rice contaminated mainly with arsenic (HQ>1 all brands) and to a lesser extent with methylmercury (HQ>1 in 4 brands), even when soaked or rinsed with water before consumption. The combined non-carcinogenic effect of all metals expressed as HI was >1, including soaked or rinsed rice, with total arsenic the major contributor followed by methylmercury. CR for total arsenic, whether consuming soaked, rinsed, un-soaked or unrinsed grains, exceeded the acceptable level of 10-4. Long-term consumption of rice contaminated with heavy metals, particularly arsenic, can pose potential health risks to the local population, especially vulnerable groups (pregnant women, children, elderly and patients). More attention should thus be given to contaminated rice and preventive measures should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mai Abduljabbar
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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46
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Cheyns K, Waegeneers N, Van de Wiele T, Ruttens A. Arsenic Release from Foodstuffs upon Food Preparation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2443-2453. [PMID: 28252943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the concentration of total arsenic (As) and arsenic species (inorganic As, arsenobetaine, dimethylarsinate, and methylarsonate) was monitored in different foodstuffs (rice, vegetables, algae, fish, crustacean, molluscs) before and after preparation using common kitchen practices. By measuring the water content of the foodstuff and by reporting arsenic concentrations on a dry weight base, we were able to distinguish between As release effects due to food preparation and As decrease due to changes in moisture content upon food preparation. Arsenic species were released to the broth during boiling, steaming, frying, or soaking of the food. Concentrations declined with maxima of 57% for total arsenic, 65% for inorganic As, and 32% for arsenobetaine. On the basis of a combination of our own results and literature data, we conclude that the extent of this release of arsenic species is species specific, with inorganic arsenic species being released most easily, followed by the small organic As species and the large organic As species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlien Cheyns
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Nadia Waegeneers
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Ruttens
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
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47
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Cubadda F, Jackson BP, Cottingham KL, Van Horne YO, Kurzius-Spencer M. Human exposure to dietary inorganic arsenic and other arsenic species: State of knowledge, gaps and uncertainties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1228-1239. [PMID: 27914647 PMCID: PMC5207036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is ubiquitous in the environment as arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV) compounds and biotransformation of these toxic chemicals leads to the extraordinary variety of organoarsenic species found in nature. Despite classification as a human carcinogen based on data from populations exposed through contaminated drinking water, only recently has a need for regulatory limits on iAs in food been recognized. The delay was due to the difficulty in risk assessment of dietary iAs, which critically relies on speciation analysis providing occurrence data for iAs in food - and not simply for total arsenic. In the present review the state of knowledge regarding arsenic speciation in food and diet is evaluated with focus on iAs and human exposure assessment through different dietary approaches including duplicate diet studies, market basket surveys, and total diet studies. The analytical requirements for obtaining reliable data for iAs in food are discussed and iAs levels in foods and beverages are summarized, along with information on other (potentially) toxic co-occurring organoarsenic compounds. Quantitative exposure assessment of iAs in food is addressed, focusing on the need of capturing variability and extent of exposure and identifying what dietary items drive very high exposure for certain population groups. Finally, gaps and uncertainties are discussed, including effect of processing and cooking, and iAs bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cubadda
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità-Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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48
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Exposure assessment of arsenic speciation in different rice types depending on the cooking mode. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Islam S, Rahman MM, Islam MR, Naidu R. Arsenic accumulation in rice: Consequences of rice genotypes and management practices to reduce human health risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:139-155. [PMID: 27649473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice is an essential staple food and feeds over half of the world's population. Consumption of rice has increased from limited intake in Western countries some 50years ago to major dietary intake now. Rice consumption represents a major route for inorganic arsenic (As) exposure in many countries, especially for people with a large proportion of rice in their daily diet as much as 60%. Rice plants are more efficient in assimilating As into its grains than other cereal crops and the accumulation may also adversely affect the quality of rice and their nutrition. Rice is generally grown as a lowland crop in flooded soils under reducing conditions. Under these conditions the bioavailability of As is greatly enhanced leading to excessive As bioaccumulation compared to that under oxidizing upland conditions. Inorganic As species are carcinogenic to humans and even at low levels in the diet pose a considerable risk to humans. There is a substantial genetic variation among the rice genotypes in grain-As accumulation as well as speciation. Identifying the extent of genetic variation in grain-As concentration and speciation of As compounds are crucial to determining the rice varieties which accumulate low inorganic As. Varietal selection, irrigation water management, use of fertilizer and soil amendments, cooking practices etc. play a vital role in reducing As exposure from rice grains. In the meantime assessing the bioavailability of As from rice is crucial to understanding human health exposure and reducing the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shofiqul Islam
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - M R Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Zhuang P, Zhang C, Li Y, Zou B, Mo H, Wu K, Wu J, Li Z. Assessment of influences of cooking on cadmium and arsenic bioaccessibility in rice, using an in vitro physiologically-based extraction test. Food Chem 2016; 213:206-214. [PMID: 27451173 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The health risks associated with rice consumption may decrease if consumers use cooking practices which can reduce the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s. The effects of cooking on the Cd and As bioaccessibility, at three contamination levels of rice, were studied. Results indicated that cooking reduced bioaccessibility of Cd and As in rice. Cooking resulted in a significant increase (p<0.01) of Cd and As concentrations in the residual fraction. Low volume water-cooking of rice to dryness reduced total Cd by about 10% for rices A and B, while medium or high volume water-cooking had no effect on Cd bioaccessibility in all rice types. In contrast, low volume cooking did not remove As, but a significant decrease (p<0.05) was observed when cooking with higher volumes of water. This study provides information for a better understanding of more realistic estimation of metal(loid)s exposure from rice and the possible health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhuang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- GIS Centre, Ryan Institute and School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Yingwen Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Bi Zou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Hui Mo
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Kejun Wu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Jingtao Wu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Zhian Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
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