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Ebrahimi M, Farhadian N, Soflaei SS, Amiri A, Tanbakuchi D, Oskooee RK, Karimi M. Utilizing the sublingual form of squalene in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4532. [PMID: 38402329 PMCID: PMC10894301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of sublingual squalene in decreasing the mortality rate among patients with COVID-19 was investigated. Squalene was extracted from pumpkin seed oil with a novel method. Then, the microemulsion form of squalene was prepared for sublingual usage. In the clinical study, among 850 admitted patients, 602 eligible COVID-19 patients were divided in two groups of control (N = 301) and cases (N = 301) between Nov 2021 and Jan 2022. Groups were statistically the same in terms of age, sex, BMI, lymphocyte count on 1st admission day, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic respiratory disease, immunosuppressive disease, and required standard treatments. The treatment group received five drops of sublingual squalene every 4 h for 5 days plus standard treatment, while the control group received only standard treatment. Patients were followed up for 30 days after discharge from the hospital. The sublingual form of squalene in the microemulsion form was associated with a significant decrease in the mortality rate (p < 0.001), in which 285 (94.7%) cases were alive after one month while 245 (81.4%) controls were alive after 1 month of discharge from the hospital. In addition, squalene appears to be effective in preventing re-hospitalization due to COVID-19 (p < 0.001), with 141 of controls (46.8%) versus 58 cases (19.3%). This study suggests sublingual squalene in the microemulsion as an effective drug for reducing mortality and re-hospitalization rates in COVID-19 patients.Trial Registration Number: IRCT20200927048848N3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Farhadian
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sara Saffar Soflaei
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Amiri
- Emergency Medicine Department, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Davoud Tanbakuchi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Karimi
- Emergency Medicine Department, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Du X, Ma X, Gao Y. The physiological function of squalene and its application prospects in animal husbandry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1284500. [PMID: 38292136 PMCID: PMC10824843 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1284500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Squalene, which is a natural triterpenoid unsaturated hydrocarbon, is abundant in shark liver and plant seeds. Squalene has various physiological functions such as being anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This paper reviews the physiological functions of squalene and its application prospects in livestock and poultry production, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for its in-depth application in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
| | - Xue Ma
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
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3
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Tian J, Jiang Q, Bao X, Yang F, Li Y, Sun H, Yao K, Yin Y. Plant-derived squalene supplementation improves growth performance and alleviates acute oxidative stress-induced growth retardation and intestinal damage in piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:386-398. [PMID: 38058564 PMCID: PMC10695848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Piglets are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, which causes inferior growth performance and intestinal damage. Squalene (SQ), a natural bioactive substance enriched in shark liver oil, shows excellent antioxidant properties and can currently be obtained at a low cost from deodorizer distillate during the production of plant oil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant-derived SQ supplementation on the growth performance of piglets and explore the beneficial roles of SQ against oxidative stress and intestinal injury in diquat-challenged piglets. Forty piglets were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with SQ at 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg for 5 weeks. Acute oxidative stress was induced in the piglets with diquat (10 mg/kg BW) at the fourth week of the experiment, followed by a 7-d recovery period. Results showed that before the diquat challenge, SQ supplementation significantly improved growth performance (average daily gain and feed conversion ratio) and serum antioxidant status, and after the diquat challenge, SQ supplementation significantly mitigated diquat-induced growth arrest, intestinal villous atrophy, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, intestinal hyperpermeability, and deficiency of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-3). Under oxidative stress induced by diquat, SQ supplementation consistently improved the antioxidant status of the small intestine, liver, and muscle. In vitro, SQ was shown to alleviate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced increase of the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Taken together, SQ supplementation improves growth performance and effectively alleviates acute oxidative stress-induced growth retardation and intestinal injury via improving antioxidant capacity in piglets. Our findings may provide an efficient strategy for alleviating oxidative stress-induced inferior growth performance and intestinal damage in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xuetai Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Haihui Sun
- Yichun Dahaigui Life Science Co., Ltd, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Kang Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100008, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
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Zhang P, Liu N, Xue M, Zhang M, Xiao Z, Xu C, Fan Y, Liu W, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Zhou Y. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Squalene in Copper Sulfate-Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108518. [PMID: 37239865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term or excessive oxidative stress can cause serious damage to fish. Squalene can be added to feed as an antioxidant to improve the body constitution of fish. In this study, the antioxidant activity was detected by 2,2-diphenyl-1-acrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and fluorescent probe (dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate). Transgenic Tg (lyz: DsRed2) zebrafish were used to evaluate the effect of squalene on CuSO4-induced inflammatory response. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the expression of immune-related genes. The DPPH assay demonstrated that the highest free radical scavenging exerted by squalene was 32%. The fluorescence intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased significantly after 0.7% or 1% squalene treatment, and squalene could exert an antioxidative effect in vivo. The number of migratory neutrophils in vivo was significantly reduced after treatment with different doses of squalene. Moreover, compared with CuSO4 treatment alone, treatment with 1% squalene upregulated the expression of sod by 2.5-foldand gpx4b by 1.3-fold to protect zebrafish larvae against CuSO4-induced oxidative damage. Moreover, treatment with 1% squalene significantly downregulated the expression of tnfa and cox2. This study showed that squalene has potential as an aquafeed additive to provide both anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Naicheng Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zidong Xiao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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Ma T, Zong H, Lu X, Zhuge B. Candida glycerinogenes-Promoted α-Pinene and Squalene Co-production Strategy Based on α-Pinene Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5250-5260. [PMID: 36971258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
α-Pinene is a naturally occurring monoterpene, which is widely used in fragrances, cosmetics, and foods. Due to the high cellular toxicity of α-pinene, this work considered the application of Candida glycerinogenes, an effective industrial strain with high resistance, in α-pinene synthesis. It was found that α-pinene-induced stress resulted in an intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species with an increased formation of squalene as a cytoprotective compound. As squalene is a downstream product in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for α-pinene synthesis, a strategy based on the promotion of α-pinene and squalene co-production under α-pinene stress is proposed. By introducing the α-pinene synthesis pathway and enhancing the MVA pathway, the production of both α-pinene and squalene is increased. We have demonstrated that intracellular synthesis of α-pinene is effective in promoting squalene synthesis. The generation of intercellular reactive oxygen that accompanies α-pinene synthesis promotes squalene synthesis with a resultant cellular protection and upregulation of MVA pathway genes that facilitate α-pinene production. In addition, we have overexpressed phosphatase and introduced NPP as a substrate to synthesize α-pinene, where co-dependent fermentation yielded 208 mg/L squalene and 12.8 mg/L α-pinene. This work establishes a viable strategy to promote terpene-co-dependent fermentation based on stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hong Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinyao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bin Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Lab of Industrial Microorganism & Research and Design Center for Polyols, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Zhong S, Huang B, Wei T, Deng Z, Li J, Wen Q. Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of Four Oil-Tea Camellia Species with Red Flowers and Large Fruit. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020374. [PMID: 36673466 PMCID: PMC9857641 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Red-flowered oil-tea camellia (ROC) is an important woody oil species growing in the south, and its oil has high nutritional value. There are four main species of ROC in China, namely, Camellia chekiangoleosa (CCH), Camellia polyodonta (CPO), Camellia semiserrata (CSE) and Camellia reticulata (CRE). Reports on the comprehensive comparative analysis of ROC are limited. This study investigated the fruit characteristics and nutritional components of four ROC fruits, and the results showed that ROC had high oil content with levels of 39.13%-58.84%, especially the CCH fruit, which reached 53.6-58.84%. The contents of lipid concomitants of ROC oil were also substantial, including β-amyrin (0.87 mg/g-1.41 mg/g), squalene (0.43 mg/g-0.69 mg/g), β-sitosterin (0.47 mg/g-0.63 mg/g) and α-tocopherol (177.52 μg/g-352.27 μg/g). Moreover, the transverse diameter(TD)/longitudinal diameter (LD) of fruits showed a significant positive correlation with the oil content, and ROC fruits with thinner peels seemed to have better oil quality, which is similar to the result of the oil quality evaluation obtained by the gray correlation coefficient evaluation method. Four ROC oils were evaluated using the gray correlation coefficient method based on 11 indicators related to the nutritional value of ROC. CCH oil had the highest score of 0.8365, and YS-2 (a clone of CCH) was further evaluated as the best CCH oil. Finally, the results of heatmap analysis showed that triglycerides could be used as a characteristic substance to distinguish CCH oil from the other three ROC oils. The PLSDA (Partial least squares regression analysis) model and VIP (Variable important in projection) values further showed that P/S/O, P/O/O, P/L/L, P/L/Ln, S/S/O, S/O/O and P/S/S (these all represent abbreviations for fatty acids) could be used as characteristic differential triglycerides among the four ROC oils. This study provides a convenient way for planters to assess the nutritional quality of seed oil depending on fruit morphology and a potential way to distinguish between various ROC oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyue Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Teng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330047, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Q.W.)
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Kowsalya P, Sharanyakanth P, Mahendran R. Traditional rice varieties: A comprehensive review on its nutritional, medicinal, therapeutic and health benefit potential. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dávila-Ortiz G, Castañeda-Reyes ED, Juárez-Palomo CI, Perea-Flores MDJ, Pérez-Pastén-Borja R, Márquez-Flores YK, González de Mejía E. Liposomes Containing Amaranth Unsaponifiable Matter and Soybean Lunasin Suppress ROS Production in Fibroblasts and Reduced Interleukin Production in Macrophages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11678. [PMID: 36141952 PMCID: PMC9517488 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal response in defense to agents that may cause damage to the human body. When inflammation becomes chronic, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced; which could lead to diseases such as cancer. The aim was to assess liposomes' antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity loaded with amaranth unsaponifiable matter and soybean lunasin (UM + LunLip) in an in vitro model using fibroblasts and macrophages. To evaluate ROS production, fibroblasts CHON-002 ABAP were added to promote ROS production; and the cells were treated with UM + LunLip. For inflammation markers production, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 and peritoneal macrophages were treated with empty liposomes (EmLip), liposomes loaded with unsaponifiable matter (UMLip), liposomes loaded with lunasin (LunLip), and UM + LunLip. ROS production was significantly decreased by 77% (p < 0.05) when fibroblasts were treated with UM + LunLip at 2 mg lunasin/mL compared with the control treated with ABAP. Treatment with UMLip was the most effective in reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (71-90%) and interleukin-6 (43-55%, p < 0.001). Both liposomes containing unsaponifiable matter (UMLip and UM + LunLip) were more effective than EmLip or LunLip. In conclusion, amaranth unsaponifiable matter-loaded liposomes are effective in decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Dávila-Ortiz
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Erick Damian Castañeda-Reyes
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carlos Ignacio Juárez-Palomo
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - María de Jesús Perea-Flores
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén-Borja
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Karina Márquez-Flores
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Elvira González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Yarkent Ç, Oncel SS. Recent Progress in Microalgal Squalene Production and Its Cosmetic Application. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022; 27:295-305. [PMID: 35789811 PMCID: PMC9244377 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Squalene, [oxidized form squalane] is a terpenoid with biological activity that produced by animals and plants. In the human body, a significant excretion named as sebum includes squalene in 12 percent. This bioactive compound shows anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, moisturizing and antioxidant effects on the human body. In addition to having these properties, it is known that squalene production decreases as less sebum is produced with age. Because of that, the need for supplementation of squalene through products has arisen. As a result, squalene production has been drawn attention due to its many application possibilities by cosmetic, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical fields. At this point, approximately 3,000 of sharks, the major and the most popular source of squalene must be killed to obtain 1 ton of squalene. These animals are on the verge of extinction. This situation has caused to focus on finding microalgae strains, which are sustainable producers of squalene as alternative to sharks. This review paper summarizes the recent progresses in the topic of squalene. For this purpose, it contains information on squalene producers, microalgal squalene production and cosmetic evaluation of squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Yarkent
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ege, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ege, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Bioactive Compound Profiling of Olive Fruit: The Contribution of Genotype. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040672. [PMID: 35453357 PMCID: PMC9032303 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The health, therapeutic, and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil depend on functional bioactive compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols, squalene, and sterols. Genotype plays a key role in the diversity and concentration of secondary compounds peculiar to olive. In this study, the most important bioactive compounds of olive fruit were studied in numerous international olive cultivars during two consecutive seasons. A large variability was measured for each studied metabolite in all 61 olive cultivars. Total phenol content varied on a scale of 1–10 (3831–39,252 mg kg−1) in the studied cultivars. Squalene values fluctuated over an even wider range (1–15), with values of 274 to 4351 mg kg−1. Total sterols ranged from 119 to 969 mg kg−1, and total tocopherols varied from 135 to 579 mg kg−1 in fruit pulp. In the present study, the linkage among the most important quality traits highlighted the scarcity of cultivars with high content of at least three traits together. This work provided sound information on the fruit metabolite profile of a wide range of cultivars, which will facilitate the studies on the genomic regulation of plant metabolites and development of new olive genotypes through genomics-assisted breeding.
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Bidooki SH, Alejo T, Sánchez-Marco J, Martínez-Beamonte R, Abuobeid R, Burillo JC, Lasheras R, Sebastian V, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Arruebo M, Osada J. Squalene Loaded Nanoparticles Effectively Protect Hepatic AML12 Cell Lines against Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a TXNDC5-Dependent Way. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030581. [PMID: 35326231 PMCID: PMC8945349 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil, the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, contains a substantial amount of squalene which possesses natural antioxidant properties. Due to its highly hydrophobic nature, its bioavailability is reduced. In order to increase its delivery and potentiate its actions, squalene has been loaded into PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). The characterization of the resulting nanoparticles was assessed by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential and high-performance liquid chromatography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell viability assays were carried out in AML12 (alpha mouse liver cell line) and a TXNDC5-deficient AML12 cell line (KO), which was generated by CRISPR/cas9 technology. According to the results, squalene was successfully encapsulated in PLGA NPs, and had rapid and efficient cellular uptake at 30 µM squalene concentration. Squalene reduced ROS in AML12, whereas ROS levels increased in KO cells and improved cell viability in both when subjected to oxidative stress by significant induction of Gpx4. Squalene enhanced cell viability in ER-induced stress by decreasing Ern1 or Eif2ak3 expressions. In conclusion, TXNDC5 shows a crucial role in regulating ER-induced stress through different signaling pathways, and squalene protects mouse hepatocytes from oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses by several molecular mechanisms depending on TXNDC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (R.A.)
| | - Teresa Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (T.A.); (V.S.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (R.A.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roubi Abuobeid
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (R.A.)
| | - Juan Carlos Burillo
- Laboratorio Agroambiental, Servicio de Seguridad Agroalimentaria de la Dirección General de Alimentación y Fomento Agroalimentario, Gobierno de Aragón, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Roberto Lasheras
- Laboratorio Agroambiental, Servicio de Seguridad Agroalimentaria de la Dirección General de Alimentación y Fomento Agroalimentario, Gobierno de Aragón, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.C.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (T.A.); (V.S.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (T.A.); (V.S.); (M.A.)
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (J.S.-M.); (R.M.-B.); (R.A.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-761-644; Fax: +34-976-761-612
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Boeno SI, Vieira IJC, Braz-Filho R, de Souza Passos M, Curcino Vieira MG, do Nascimento MFA, Gontijo DC, de Oliveira AB. Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic effects of the methanol extract, canthinone alkaloids, squalene- and protolimonoid-type triterpenes from Homalolepis suffruticosa roots. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114890. [PMID: 34864128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Different species of the Simaroubaceae family are used in traditional medicine to treat malaria. Among these is Homalolepis suffruticosa (syn. Simaba suffruticosa and Quassia suffruticosa), which is native to Central Brazil and popularly known as calunga. However, there is a lack of investigation concerning its antimalarial effects. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic effects of the isolated metabolites and methanol extract from H. suffruticosa roots as well as to conduct the dereplication of this extract aiming to characterize its metabolic profile by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol extract of the H. suffruticosa roots and six isolated compounds were evaluated against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain by the PfLDH method and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by the MTT assay. Dereplication of the extract was performed by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS The six isolated compounds disclosed high to moderate antiplasmodial activity (IC50 0.0548 ± 0.0083 μg/mL to 26.65 ± 2.40 μg/mL) and cytotoxicity was in the range of CC50 0.62 ± 0.33 μg/mL to 56.43 ± 2.54 μg/mL, while 5-metoxycantin-6-one proved to be the most potent constituent of the six assayed ones. The methanol extract of the roots showed high in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 1.88 ± 0.56 μg/mL), moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 41.93 ± 2.30 μg/mL), and good selectivity index (SI = 22.30). Finally, C20 quassinoids and canthin-6-one alkaloids were putatively identified in the H. suffruticosa methanol extract by LC-MS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the isolated compounds, mainly the 5-metoxycantin-6-one and the methanol extract from H. suffruticosa roots, disclose good antiplasmodial activity, supporting the ethnopharmacological history of the Simaroubaceae species as traditional antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyra Imad Boeno
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel de Souza Passos
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Gonçalves Curcino Vieira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Dr. Siqueira, 273, Parque Dom Bosco, 28030-130, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Alves do Nascimento
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas Costa Gontijo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Cetinbas S, Gumus‐Bonacina CE, Tekin A. Separation of squalene from olive oil deodorizer distillate using
short‐path
molecular distillation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sena Cetinbas
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Aziz Tekin
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Ankara University Ankara Turkey
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Moral R, Escrich E. Influence of Olive Oil and Its Components on Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020477. [PMID: 35056792 PMCID: PMC8780060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasia and a leading cause of mortality in women worldwide. The Mediterranean diet has been proposed as a healthy dietary pattern with protective effects in several chronic diseases, including breast cancer. This diet is characterized by the consumption of abundant plant foods and olive oil as the principal source of fat, which is considered one of the main components with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) has several bioactive compounds, mainly including monounsaturated fatty acids, triterpenes and polyphenols, such as phenolic alcohols (e.g., hydroxytyrosol), secoiridoids (e.g., oleuropein and oleocanthal), lignans (e.g., pinoresinol) or flavonoids (e.g., luteolin). While epidemiological evidence is still limited, experimental in vivo and in vitro data have shown a protective effect of this oil and its compounds on mammary carcinogenesis. Such effects account through complex and multiple mechanisms, including changes in epigenetics, transcriptome and protein expression that modulate several signaling pathways. Molecular targets of EVOO compounds have a role in the acquisition of cancer hallmarks. Although further research is needed to elucidate their beneficial effects on human prevention and progression of the disease, evidence points to EVOO in the context of the Mediterranean diet as a heathy choice, while EVOO components may be promising adjuvants in anticancer strategies.
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Markellos C, Ourailidou ME, Gavriatopoulou M, Halvatsiotis P, Sergentanis TN, Psaltopoulou T. Olive oil intake and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261649. [PMID: 35015763 PMCID: PMC8751986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research evidence has established the beneficial effects of diet in cancer prevention; various epidemiological studies have suggested that olive oil component could play a role in decreasing cancer risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the association between olive oil consumption, cancer risk and prognosis. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases (end-of-search: May 10, 2020). Pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated with random-effects (DerSimonian-Laird) models. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and meta-regression analysis were also performed. RESULTS 45 studies were included in the meta-analysis; 37 were case-control (17,369 cases and 28,294 controls) and 8 were cohort studies (12,461 incident cases in a total cohort of 929,771 subjects). Highest olive oil consumption was associated with 31% lower likelihood of any cancer (pooled RR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.62-0.77), breast (RR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.52-0.86), gastrointestinal (RR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.66-0.89), upper aerodigestive (RR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.60-0.91) and urinary tract cancer (RR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.29-0.72). Significant overall effects spanned both Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean participants, studies presenting a multivariate and a univariate analysis and all subgroups by study quality. CONCLUSIONS Olive oil consumption seems to exert beneficial actions in terms of cancer prevention. Additional prospective cohort studies on various cancer types and survivors, as well as large randomized trials, seem desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Markellos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Ourailidou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Halvatsiotis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Athens School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Sánchez-Quesada C, Gutiérrez-Santiago F, Rodríguez-García C, Gaforio JJ. Synergistic Effect of Squalene and Hydroxytyrosol on Highly Invasive MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020255. [PMID: 35057436 PMCID: PMC8780125 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies relate Mediterranean diet and virgin olive oil (VOO) intake with lower risk of several chronic diseases, including breast cancer. Many of them described antitumor properties of isolated minor compounds present in VOO, but beneficial properties of VOO arise from the effects of all its compounds acting together. The aim of the present study was to test the antitumor effects of two minor compounds from VOO (hydroxytyrosol (HT) and squalene (SQ)) on highly metastatic human breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231) when acting in combination. Both isolated compounds were previously analyzed without showing any antitumoral effect on highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, but the present results show that HT at 100 µM, combined with different concentrations of SQ, could exert antitumor effects. When they are combined, HT and SQ are able to inhibit cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis and DNA damage in metastatic breast cancer cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the health-promoting properties of VOO may be due, at least in part, to the combined action of these two minor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Quesada
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
- University Institute of Research in Olive Groves and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gutiérrez-Santiago
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-García
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
- University Institute of Research in Olive Groves and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - José J. Gaforio
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (C.S.-Q.); (F.G.-S.); (C.R.-G.)
- University Institute of Research in Olive Groves and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953-212-002
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Ebrahimi M, Farhadian N, Amiri AR, Hataminia F, Soflaei SS, Karimi M. Evaluating the efficacy of extracted squalene from seed oil in the form of microemulsion for the treatment of COVID-19: A clinical study. J Med Virol 2021; 94:119-130. [PMID: 34403141 PMCID: PMC8427120 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the nanostructure of squalene in the form of microemulsion on COVID‐19 patients. In this blinded clinical trial, a comparison was made between the efficacy of squalene treatment and controls. A total of 30 COVID‐19 patients admitted to the emergency department, and the infection ward was equally allocated to case (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups according to their age and underlying diseases. The baseline characteristics of subjects, including age, gender, time of treatment onset, underlying condition, white blood cells count, and lymphocyte count were similar (p < 0.05). Baseline laboratory tests and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for the study groups. The treatment group received 5 mg of intravenous squalene twice a day and standard treatment for 6 days, while controls received only standard treatment. After 6 days of treatment, clinical and CT scan changes were evaluated and compared in intervention and control groups. The need for oxygen therapy (p = 0.020), 2 days of no fever (p = 0.025), cough alleviation (p = 0.010), and lung high‐resolution computed tomography improvement (p = 0.033) were significantly different between cases and controls within 7 days of admission. No adverse effects were observed in the treatment group. Our data suggest that squalene could be considered as a potential treatment for COVID‐19, and further studies are required to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Farhadian
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Amiri
- Emergency Medicine Department, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hataminia
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Saffar Soflaei
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Emergency Medicine Department, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from Amaranthus hypochondriacus as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081960. [PMID: 34443791 PMCID: PMC8397957 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amaranthus hypochondriacus is a source of molecules with reported health benefits such as antioxidant activity and cancer prevention. The objective of this research was to optimize the conditions for preparing a liposome formulation using amaranth unsaponifiable matter as a source of squalene in order to minimize the particle size and to maximize the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes for carrying and delivering soybean lunasin into melanoma cell lines. Amaranth oil was extracted using supercritical dioxide carbon extraction (55.2 MPa pressure, 80 °C temperature, solvent (CO2)-to-feed (oil) ratio of 20). The extracted oil from amaranth was used to obtain the unsaponifiable enriched content of squalene, which was incorporated into liposomes. A Box–Behnken response surface methodology design was used to optimize the liposome formulation containing the unsaponifiable matter, once liposomes were optimized. Soybean lunasin was loaded into the liposomes and tested on A-375 and B16-F10 melanoma cells. The squalene concentration in the extracted oil was 36.64 ± 0.64 g/ 100 g of oil. The particle size in liposomes was between 115.8 and 163.1 nm; the squalene encapsulation efficiency ranged from 33.14% to 76.08%. The optimized liposome formulation contained 15.27 mg of phospholipids and 1.1 mg of unsaponifiable matter. Cell viability was affected by the liposome formulation with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) equivalent to 225 μM in B16-F10 and 215 μM in A-375. The liposomes formulated with lunasin achieved 82.14 ± 3.34% lunasin encapsulation efficiency and improved efficacy by decreasing lunasin IC50 by 31.81% in B16-F10 and by 41.89% in A-375 compared with unencapsulated lunasin.
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Guerrero-Castillo P, Reyes S, Acha O, Sepulveda B, Areche C. Agro-industrial waste seeds from Peruvian Pouteria lucuma as new source of phytosterols. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Jesus Garcia Ataide E, Carvalho KWP, de Brito MFF, Rodrigues MS, de Morais SV, Silva GEB, da Rocha CQ, Garcia JBS, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS. Arrabidaea chica Verlot fractions reduce MIA-induced osteoarthritis progression in rat knees. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:735-752. [PMID: 33881683 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions obtained from Arrabidaea chica Verlot against MIA-induced osteoarthritis (OA). The antinociceptive potentials of each fraction were evaluated through a cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 inhibition test and an in vivo OA-model. In addition, toxicity assessments in the liver, spleen and kidney, as well as radiographic and histopathological knee analyses, were performed. The chemical composition of the n-hexane fraction was elucidated, and a molecular docking protocol was carried out to identify which compounds are associated with the detected bioactivity. The n-hexane A. chica fraction preferentially inhibits COX-2, with 90% inhibition observed at 10 µg/mL. The fractions also produced significant improvements in OA incapacity, motor activity and hyperalgesia parameters and in radiological knee conditions. However, concerning the histopathological evaluations, these improvements were only significant in the hexane and ethyl acetate fraction treatments, which resulted in better average scores, suggesting that these fractions slow OA-promoted joint injury progression. Histopathological organ analyses indicate that the fractions are not toxic to animals. Twenty compounds were identified in the n-hexane fraction, comprising fatty acids, terpenes and phytosterols. In silico analyses indicate the presence of favourable interactions between some of the identified compounds and the COX-2 enzyme, mainly concerning alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), squalene and beta-sitosterol. The findings indicate that A. chica fractions display analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties, are non-toxic and are able to slow OA progression, and may, therefore, be prioritized as natural products in OA human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleydlenne Costa Vasconcelos
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Emilly de Jesus Garcia Ataide
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Kevin Waquim Pessoa Carvalho
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | | | - Marineide Sodré Rodrigues
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Vieira de Morais
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
| | - Gyl Eanes Barros Silva
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Presidente Dutra, HUPD, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Santos Garcia
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, MA, 65085-580, Brazil
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21
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Terefinko D, Dzimitrowicz A, Bielawska-Pohl A, Klimczak A, Pohl P, Jamroz P. The Influence of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Treated Media on the Cell Viability, Motility, and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Non-Metastatic (MCF7) and Metastatic (MDA-MB-231) Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083855. [PMID: 33917790 PMCID: PMC8068204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most common type of cancer, occurring in middle-aged women, and often leads to patients’ death. In this work, we applied a cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP)-based reaction-discharge system, one that is unique in its class, for the production of CAPP-activated media (DMEM and Opti-MEM); it is intended for further uses in breast cancer treatment. To reach this aim, different volumes of DMEM or Opti-MEM were treated by CAPP. Prepared media were exposed to the CAPP treatment at seven different time intervals and examined in respect of their impact on cell viability and motility, and the induction of the apoptosis in human non-metastatic (MCF7) and metastatic (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines. As a control, the influence of CAPP-activated media on the viability and motility, and the type of the cell death of the non-cancerous human normal MCF10A cell line, was estimated. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), generated during the CAPP operation in contact with analyzed media, were performed. Based on the conducted research, it was found that 180 s (media activation time by CAPP) should be considered as the minimal toxic dose, which significantly decreases the cell viability and the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, and also disturbs life processes of MCF7 cells. Finally, CAPP-activated media led to the apoptosis of analyzed cell lines, especially of the metastatic MDA-MB-231 cell line. Therefore, the application of the CAPP system may be potentially applied as a therapeutic strategy for the management of highly metastatic human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Terefinko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.)
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Dzimitrowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Klimczak
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (A.K.)
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.)
| | - Piotr Jamroz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.P.); (P.J.)
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22
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Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Phytocompounds from Olive Pomace Subjected to Different Drying Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030598. [PMID: 33498727 PMCID: PMC7865472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive pomace is a semisolid by-product of olive oil production and represents a valuable source of functional phytocompounds. The valorization of agro-food chain by-products represents a key factor in reducing production costs, providing benefits related to their reuse. On this ground, we herein investigate extraction methods with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) of functional phytocompounds from olive pomace samples subjected to two different drying methods, i.e., freeze drying and hot-air drying. Olive pomace was produced using the two most common industrial olive oil production processes, one based on the two-phase (2P) decanter and one based on the three-phase (3P) decanter. Our results show that freeze drying more efficiently preserves phytocompounds such as α-tocopherol, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and polyphenols, whereas hot-air drying does not compromise the β-sitosterol content and the extraction of squalene is not dependent on the drying method used. Moreover, higher amounts of α-tocopherol and polyphenols were extracted from 2P olive pomace, while β-sitosterol, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were more concentrated in 3P olive pomace. Finally, tocopherol and pigment/polyphenol fractions exerted antioxidant activity in vitro and in accelerated oxidative conditions. These results highlight the potential of olive pomace to be upcycled by extracting from it, with green methods, functional phytocompounds for reuse in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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23
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Elaasser MM, Morsi MK, Galal SM, Abd El-Rahman MK, Katry MA. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2020. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0916192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of olive oil are well-known. In this study, the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil (Unsap) was investigated for reducing power capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, fer-rous chelating activity and nitric oxide inhibition. The present study was also designed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the Unsap against human carcinoma cells. The anti-inflammatory potential of Unsap has been determined via the inhibition of Human Cyclooxygenases. The results showed that Unsap is efficient for ferric reducing antioxidant power and nitric oxide inhibition. Unsap has a selective effect as anti-inflammatory agent. The results showed moderate to good in vitro antitumor activities of Unsap against human liver, lung and pancreas cancer cells with IC50 ranging from 19.6 to 30.4 μg/mL and good selectivity index (≥ 2). In conclusion, Unsap represents a promising and safe antitumor and antioxidant material that supports the need for further investigation.
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24
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Chen YP, Gu YF, Zhao HR, Zhou YM. Dietary squalene supplementation alleviates diquat-induced oxidative stress and liver damage of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100919. [PMID: 33518324 PMCID: PMC7936218 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of squalene supplementation on growth performance, oxidative status, and liver function of diquat-challenged broilers. One hundred forty-four 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 3 groups, and each group consisted of 6 replicates of 8 birds each. The three groups were as follows: 1) nonchallenged broilers fed with a basal diet (control group), 2) diquat-challenged broilers fed a basal diet, and 3) diquat-challenged broilers fed with a basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g/kg of squalene. Broilers were intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/mL of diquat solution at a dosage of 1 mL/kg of BW or an equivalent amount of saline at 20 d. Compared with the control group, weight gain and BW change rate during 24 h after injection were decreased by diquat challenge (P < 0.05), and the diquat-induced compromised growth performance was improved by squalene supplementation (P < 0.05). Diquat administration reduced plasma superoxide dismutase activity and increased malondialdehyde accumulation and glutathione peroxidase activity in both plasma and the liver (P < 0.05). In contrast, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in diquat-challenged broilers was reduced by squalene supplementation (P < 0.05). The hepatic glutathione level was reduced by diquat administration (P < 0.05), whereas its level in plasma and the liver of diquat-challenged broilers was increased by squalene supplementation (P < 0.05). The relative liver weight of broilers was increased by diquat challenge (P < 0.05), with its value being intermediate in the squalene-supplemented group (P > 0.05). The plasma aminotransferase activities and total bilirubin concentration were increased by diquat challenge (P < 0.05), which were reduced by squalene supplementation (P < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (P < 0.05) was upregulated by diquat treatment, regardless of squalene supplementation. The mRNA abundance of hepatic glutathione peroxidase 1 and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2–associated X protein was upregulated by diquat challenge (P < 0.05), which was reversed by squalene administration (P < 0.05). Squalene increased NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 mRNA abundance and decreased caspase 3 mRNA abundance in the liver of diquat-challenged broilers (P < 0.05). The results suggested that squalene can increase weight gain, improve oxidative status, and alleviate liver injury in diquat-challenged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Y F Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - H R Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Y M Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Rajamani K, Thirugnanasambandan SS, Natesan C, Subramaniam S, Thangavel B, Aravindan N. Squalene deters drivers of RCC disease progression beyond VHL status. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:611-631. [PMID: 33219891 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying drug candidates to target cellular events/signaling that evades von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) gene interaction is critical for the cure of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recently, we characterized a triterpene-squalene derived from marine brown alga. Herein, we investigated the potential of squalene in targeting HIF-signaling and other drivers of RCC progression. Squalene inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell dealth and reverted the cells' metastatic state (migration, clonal expansion) independent of their VHL status. Near-identical inhibition of HIF-1α and HIF-2α and the regulation of downstream targets in VHL wild type and mutant cell lines demonstrated squalene efficacy beyond VHL-HIF interaction. In a rat model of chemically induced RCC, squalene displayed chemopreventive capabilities by substantial reversal of lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial redox regulation, maintaining ∆ψm, inflammation [Akt, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)], angiogenesis (VEGFα), metastasis [matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)], and survival (Bax/Bcl2, cytochrome-c, Casp3). Squalene restored glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and stabilized alkaline phosphatase, alkaline transaminase, and aspartate transaminase. The correlation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance with VEGF/NF-κB and negative association of GSH with Casp3 show that squalene employs reduction in ROS regulation. Cytokinesis-block micronuclei (CBMN) assay in VHLwt/mut cells revealed both direct and bystander effects of squalene with increased micronucleus (MN) frequency. Clastogenicity analysis of rat bone marrow cells demonstrated an anti-clastogenic effect of squalene, with increased polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), decreased MNPCE,s and MN normochromatic erythrocytes. Squalene could effectively target HIF signaling that orchestrate RCC evolution. The efficacy of squalene is similar in VHLwt and VHLmut RCC cells, and hence, squalene could serve as a promising drug candidate for an RCC cure beyond VHL status and VHL-HIF interaction dependency. Summary: Squalene derived from marine brown algae displays strong anti-cancer (RCC) activity, functionally targeting HIF-signaling pathway, and affects various cellular process. The significance of squalene effect for RCC is highlighted by its efficiency beyond VHL status, designating itself a promising drug candidate. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Rajamani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, TN, India.
- Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, TN, India.
- WHO Collaborating Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, ICMR Center for Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, TN, 600116, India.
| | | | - Chidambaram Natesan
- Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, TN, India
| | - Sethupathy Subramaniam
- Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608002, TN, India
| | | | - Natarajan Aravindan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, BMSB 737, 947 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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26
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Hussein HA, Maulidiani M, Abdullah MA. Microalgal metabolites as anti-cancer/anti-oxidant agents reduce cytotoxicity of elevated silver nanoparticle levels against non-cancerous vero cells. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05263. [PMID: 33102866 PMCID: PMC7578694 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has become a major concern globally as it contaminates eco-system, water networks and as finely suspended particles in air. In this study, the effects of elevated silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) levels as a model system of heavy metals, in the presence of microalgal crude extracts (MCEs) at different ratios, were evaluated against the non-cancerous Vero cells, and the cancerous MCF-7 and 4T1 cells. The MCEs were developed from water (W) and ethanol (ETH) as green solvents. The AgNPs-MCEs-W at the 4:1 and 5:1 ratios (v/v) after 48 and 72 h treatment, respectively, showed the IC50 values of 83.17-95.49 and 70.79-91.20 μg/ml on Vero cells, 13.18-28.18 and 12.58-25.7 μg/ml on MCF-7; and 16.21-33.88 and 14.79-26.91 μg/ml on 4T1 cells. In comparison, the AgNPs-MCEs-ETH formulation achieved the IC50 values of 56.23-89.12 and 63.09-91.2 μg/ml on Vero cells, 10.47-19.95 and 13.48-26.61 μg/ml on MCF-7; 14.12-50.11 and 15.13-58.88 μg/ml on 4T1 cells, respectively. After 48 and 72 h treatment, the AgNPs-MCE-CHL at the 4:1 and 5:1 ratios exhibited the IC50 of 51.28-75.85 and 48.97-69.18 μg/ml on Vero cells, and higher cytotoxicity at 10.47-16.98 and 6.19-14.45 μg/ml against MCF-7 cells, and 15.84-31.62 and 12.58-24.54 μg/ml on 4T1 cells, respectively. The AgNPs-MCEs-W and ETH resulted in low apoptotic events in the Vero cells after 24 h, but very high early and late apoptotic events in the cancerous cells. The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Electrospray Ionization (LC-MS-ESI) metabolite profiling of the MCEs exhibited 64 metabolites in negative ion and 56 metabolites in positive ion mode, belonging to different classes. The microalgal metabolites, principally the anti-oxidative components, could have reduced the toxicity of the AgNPs against Vero cells, whilst retaining the cytotoxicity against the cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Ali Hussein
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - M. Maulidiani
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Effects of graded levels of dietary squalene supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5915-5924. [PMID: 33142509 PMCID: PMC7647917 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary squalene supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical indices, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers. Two hundred and forty 0-day-old male chicks were allocated into 5 groups of 6 replicates and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control group), 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg squalene for 42 d. Dietary squalene supplementation linearly increased weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers during the grower and overall periods (P < 0.05). Squalene linearly decreased 21-d malondialdehyde (MDA) level and 42-d glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and both linearly and quadratically decreased 42-d MDA level in plasma (P < 0.05). In contrast, squalene linearly increased plasma reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level on 21 and 42 d and superoxide dismutase activity on 42 d (P < 0.05). Squalene supplementation linearly decreased 21-d MDA accumulation but linearly increased GSH level on 21 d and 42 d and both linearly and quadratically increased 21-d GSH-Px activity in liver (P < 0.05). Supplementing squalene linearly increased pH value at 48 h and linearly decreased lightness at 48 h and 24-h drip loss of breast muscle (P < 0.05). The lightness at 24 h and cooking loss of breast muscle were both linearly and quadratically reduced by squalene (P < 0.05). Dietary squalene administration linearly decreased MDA accumulation but linearly increased GSH level and GSH-Px activity of breast muscle (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, aforementioned growth performance, antioxidant-related parameters (except 42-d GSH-Px in plasma and breast and hepatic GSH), and meat quality were improved by squalene when its level was 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg (P < 0.05), with their results being similar between these 2 groups (P > 0.05). It was concluded that squalene administration especially at a level of 1,000 mg/kg can improve growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in broiler production.
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28
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Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern in relation to glioma: A case-control study. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:313-319. [PMID: 32507514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Mediterranean diet (MD) was associated with a lower risk of mortality and cancer, no data are available investigating the association between adherence to the MD and risk of glioma. METHODS In this case-control study, we enrolled a total of 128 newly diagnosed patients with glioma, confirmed by pathological assessment, and 256 hospital-based controls from 2009 to 2011 in Tehran, Iran. A valid and reliable Block-format food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intakes. Adherence to the MD was examined using the scoring method suggested by Trichopoulou et al. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of interest. RESULTS After controlling for age, sex, and energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of MD score had not significantly lower odds of glioma than those in the lowest tertile (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.32-1.03, Ptrend = 0.06). However, after taking other potential confounders into account, individuals with the greatest adherence to the MD score were 74% less likely to have glioma than those with the lowest adherence (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.12-0.55, Ptrend < 0.001). Additional adjustments for dietary intakes and BMI did not significantly alter this association (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.78, Ptrend = 0.009; OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.78, Ptrend = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION We found that adherence to the MD was associated with a lower likelihood of having glioma. Prospective cohort studies are needed to further examine these findings.
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Shimizu N, Ito J, Kato S, Eitsuka T, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K. Significance of Squalene in Rice Bran Oil and Perspectives on Squalene Oxidation. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 65:S62-S66. [PMID: 31619649 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.s62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As an intermediate metabolite during the biosynthesis of sterols, squalene is found ubiquitously in plants and animals. In rice, squalene is contained in rice bran, and consequently, squalene in rice bran oil has gained attention. Studies have shown that the intake of squalene from food sources demonstrate various physiological benefits such as the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Squalene is also known as an effective antioxidant in edible oils. However, due to its chemical structure, squalene is susceptible to oxidation, which may cause a decline in the nutraceutical and antioxidative effects of squalene in edible oils. Oxidative degradation of squalene also results in the formation of scission products (i.e., aldehydes and ketones) which may lead to off-flavor. Since the rate of squalene oxidation depends on the factors that induce its oxidation (i.e., light or heat), emphasis on oxidation mechanisms is necessary. It has been demonstrated in previous studies that the oxidation products formed by the singlet oxygen oxidation and free radical oxidation of squalene are different, and more recently, we demonstrated that different squalene monohydroperoxide isomers are formed by each oxidation mechanism. We herein discuss the significance of squalene in rice bran oil as well as the oxidative degradation of squalene in edible oils with focus on oxidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shimizu
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Junya Ito
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Shunji Kato
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University.,Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University.,Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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Abstract
Olive-pomace oil is rich in oleic acid, and thus it can be an interesting dietary fat alternative as it can allow reaching the recommendation of consuming 20% of total diet energy in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, olive-pomace oil also contains a wide range of minor components that may contribute to its healthy properties. The major components identified with healthy properties are triterpenic dialcohols and acids, squalene, tocopherols, sterols, fatty alcohols and phenolic compounds. The refining process, that the crude pomace-oil must undergo for commercial purposes, significantly reduces the content of phenolic compounds, while the other minor components remain at concentrations which can induce positive health effects, especially on cardiovascular health, outstanding pentacyclic triterpenes and aliphatic fatty alcohols in olive-pomace oil. Numerous in vitro and preclinical studies support that mainly the pure compounds, or extracts isolated from plant sources, play an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Likewise, tocopherols, squalene and phytosterols, in addition to the minor fraction of phenolic compounds, have shown high biological activity with particular association to the cardiovascular function. In the light of the foregoing, and taking into consideration the absence of clinical studies with olive-pomace oil, it would be of great interest to develop randomized, crossover, controlled, double-blind studies to extend the knowledge and understanding on the health effects of olive-pomace olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mateos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sarria
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bravo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Román G, Jackson R, Reis J, Román A, Toledo J, Toledo E. Extra-virgin olive oil for potential prevention of Alzheimer disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:705-723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Wang X, Lu P, Zhu L, Qin L, Zhu Y, Yan G, Duan S, Guo Y. Anti-CD133 Antibody-Targeted Therapeutic Immunomagnetic Albumin Microbeads Loaded with Vincristine-Assisted to Enhance Anti-Glioblastoma Treatment. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4582-4593. [PMID: 31573817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor uptake of antitumor drugs by tumor cells is a critical challenge for anticancer therapeutics. Moreover, the deficiency of specific tumor selectivity for tumor sites may further limit the therapeutic efficacy and cause side effects in healthy regions of the body. Vincristine (VCR) is an effective antitumor drug; however, because of its severe nerve toxicity, short half-life, and fast metabolism, its clinical application is limited. Herein, novel anti-CD133 monoclonal antibody (CD133mAb)-targeted therapeutic immunomagnetic albumin microbeads (CD133mAb/TMAMbs) are smartly constructed for enhancing antiglioblastoma treatment. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO NPs) were first fabricated as nanocarrier cores, then encapsulated with human serum albumin (HSA), and loaded antitumor drug VCR. Then CD133mAb, which has specific affinity with the cell membrane CD133, was subsequently conjugated to form CD133mAb-decorated therapeutic immunomagnetic albumin microbeads (CD133mAb/TMAMbs). The influence of CD133mAb/TMAMbs on the viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell cytoskeleton, migration, and invasion of CD133-overexpressing U251 cells was explored. The CD133mAb-conjugated magnetic albumin microbeads exhibited a high drug loading capacity, stability and hemocompatibility, and active targeting ability by specific recognition of the CD133 surface antigen by the bioconjugation of CD133mAb. More importantly, the constructed therapeutic CD133mAb/TMAMbs have a specifically effective uptake via the CD133 transmembrane protein that is overexpressed in U251 glioblastoma cells and displayed an effective antitumor proliferation and invasive ability. Therefore, based on these results, the fabricated CD133mAb/TMAMbs demonstrate promising uses in brain cancer-targeted diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Wang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,College of Bioengineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- Henan Province Direct Third People's Hospital . Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxia Zhu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine , Henan University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine , Henan University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- School of Pharmacy , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan 475004 , People's Republic of China.,Center for Multi-Omics Research, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan 475001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine , Henan University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China.,International Joint Laboratory for Gynecological Oncology Nanomedicine of Henan Province , Zhengzhou , Henan 450003 , People's Republic of China
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33
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Salvador-Castell M, Tourte M, Oger PM. In Search for the Membrane Regulators of Archaea. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4434. [PMID: 31505830 PMCID: PMC6770870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane regulators such as sterols and hopanoids play a major role in the physiological and physicochemical adaptation of the different plasmic membranes in Eukarya and Bacteria. They are key to the functionalization and the spatialization of the membrane, and therefore indispensable for the cell cycle. No archaeon has been found to be able to synthesize sterols or hopanoids to date. They also lack homologs of the genes responsible for the synthesis of these membrane regulators. Due to their divergent membrane lipid composition, the question whether archaea require membrane regulators, and if so, what is their nature, remains open. In this review, we review evidence for the existence of membrane regulators in Archaea, and propose tentative location and biological functions. It is likely that no membrane regulator is shared by all archaea, but that they may use different polyterpenes, such as carotenoids, polyprenols, quinones and apolar polyisoprenoids, in response to specific stressors or physiological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Salvador-Castell
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5240, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, UMR 5240, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Maxime Tourte
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5240, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, UMR 5240, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe M Oger
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5240, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, UMR 5240, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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34
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Sakul A, Ozansoy M, Elibol B, Ayla Ş, Günal MY, Yozgat Y, Başağa H, Şahin K, Kazancioğlu R, Kiliç Ü. Squalene attenuates the oxidative stress and activates AKT/mTOR pathway against cisplatin-induced kidney damage in mice. Turk J Biol 2019; 43:179-188. [PMID: 31320816 PMCID: PMC6620038 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1902-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of cisplatin, which is a first-line anticancer agent, is highly restricted due to its adverse effects on kidneys that lead to nephrotoxicity. Therefore, some potential reno-protective substances have been used in combination with cisplatin to cope with nephrotoxicity. Due to its high antitumor activity and oxygen-carrying capacity, we investigated the molecular effects of squalene against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and kidney damage in mice. Single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) was given to male Balb/c mice. Squalene (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orogastrically to mice for 10 days. Following sacrification, molecular alterations were investigated as analysis of the levels of oxidative stress index (OSI), inflammatory cytokines and cell survival-related proteins in addition to histopathological examinations in mice kidney tissue. The level OSI and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) decreased in the cisplatin and squalene cotreated mice compared to cisplatin-treated mice. Squalene treatment also increased the activation of protein kinase B (AKT). Furthermore, cisplatin-induced inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and histopathological damages were reversed by squalene. It may be suggested that squalene ameliorated the cisplatin-induced histopathological damages in the kidney through activation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by regulating the balance of the redox system due to its antioxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Sakul
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Elibol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şule Ayla
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yalçın Günal
- Department of Physiology, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Yozgat
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüveyda Başağa
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazım Şahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Rümeyza Kazancioğlu
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ülkan Kiliç
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, İstanbul, Turkey
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35
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Song X, Xiao H, Luo S, Wang X, Wang W, Lin S. Biosynthesis of squalene-type triterpenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of CYP505D13 from Ganoderma lucidum. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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36
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Felices MJ, Escusol S, Martinez-Beamonte R, Gascón S, Barranquero C, Sanchez-de-Diego C, Osada J, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ. LPS-squalene interaction on D-galactose intestinal absorption. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:329-340. [PMID: 31054079 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic and complex interactions between enteric pathogens and the intestinal epithelium often lead to disturbances in the intestinal barrier, altered fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient transport and can produce an inflammatory response. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a complex polymer forming part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. On the other hand, squalene is a triterpene present in high levels in the extra-virgin olive oil that has beneficial effects against several diseases and it has also anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this work was to study whether the squalene could eliminate the LPS effect on D-galactose intestinal absorption in rabbits and Caco-2 cells. The results have shown that squalene reduced the effects of LPS on sugar absorption. High LPS doses increased D-galactose uptake through via paracellular but also decreased the active sugar transport because the SGLT1 levels were diminished. However, the endotoxin effect on the paracellular way seemed to be more important than on the transcellular route. At the same time, an increased in RELM-β expression was observed. This event could be related to inflammation and cause a decrease in SGLT1 levels. In addition, MLCK protein is also increased by LPS which could lead to an increase in sugar transport through tight junctions. At low doses, the LPS could inhibit SGLT1 intrinsic activity. Bioinformatic studies by docking confirm the interaction between LPS-squalene as well as occur through MLCK and SGLT-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma José Felices
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Escusol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Martinez-Beamonte
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERobn (ISCIII), IIS Aragón, IA2, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Gascón
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERobn (ISCIII), IIS Aragón, IA2, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Barranquero
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERobn (ISCIII), IIS Aragón, IA2, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Osada
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERobn (ISCIII), IIS Aragón, IA2, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ma Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. .,CIBERobn (ISCIII), IIS Aragón, IA2, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
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37
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Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Khambhati K, Braddick D, Singh V. Engineering Strategies in Microorganisms for the Enhanced Production of Squalene: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 30968019 PMCID: PMC6439483 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a natural compound that has demonstrated an extraordinary diversity of uses in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and personal care industries. Emboldened by this range of uses, novel applications that can gain profit from the benefits of squalene as an additive or supplement are expanding, resulting in its increasing demand. Ever since its discovery, the primary source has been the deep-sea shark liver, although recent declines in their populations and justified animal conservation and protection regulations have encouraged researchers to identify a novel route for squalene biosynthesis. This renewed scientific interest has profited from immense developments in synthetic biology, which now allows fine-tuning of a wider range of plants, fungi, and microorganisms for improved squalene production. There are numerous naturally squalene producing species and strains; although they generally do not make commercially viable yields as primary shark liver sources can deliver. The recent advances made toward improving squalene output from natural and engineered species have inspired this review. Accordingly, it will cover in-depth knowledge offered by the studies of the natural sources, and various engineering-based strategies that have been used to drive the improvements in the pathways toward large-scale production. The wide uses of squalene are also discussed, including the notable developments in anti-cancer applications and in augmenting influenza vaccines for greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg Gohil
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Darren Braddick
- Department of R&D, Cementic S. A. S., Genopole, Paris, France
| | - Vijai Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, India
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38
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Battino M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Gasparrini M, Afrin S, Cianciosi D, Zhang J, Manna PP, Reboredo-Rodríguez P, Varela Lopez A, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Bompadre S, Xiao J, Giampieri F. Relevance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet: the role of olive oil, berries and honey in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:893-920. [PMID: 30421983 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1526165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is a well-known dietary pattern associated with longevity and improvement of life quality as it reduces the risk of the most common chronic pathologies, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), that represent the principal cause of death worldwide. One of the most characteristic foods of MedDiet is olive oil, a very complex matrix, which constitutes the main source of fats and is used in the preparation of foods, both raw as an ingredient in recipes, and in cooking. Similarly, strawberries and raspberries are tasty and powerful foods which are commonly consumed in the Mediterranean area in fresh and processed forms and have attracted the scientific and consumer attention worldwide for their beneficial properties for human health. Besides olive oil and berries, honey has lately been introduced in the MedDiet thanks to its relevant nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant profile. It is a sweet substance that has recently been classified as a functional food. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the recent evidence, obtained from in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, on the potential roles exerted by these foods in the prevention and progression of different types of cancer and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Battino
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernández
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gasparrini
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Sadia Afrin
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Danila Cianciosi
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Piera P Manna
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
| | - Patricia Reboredo-Rodríguez
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy.,b Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Vigo, Ourense Campus , Ourense , Spain
| | - Alfonso Varela Lopez
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy.,c Department of Physiology , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Josè L Quiles
- c Department of Physiology , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- d Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Stefano Bompadre
- e Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- f Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Taipa , Macau , China
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- a Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Ancona , Italy
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39
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Górnaś P, Rudzińska M, Grygier A, Sahu PK, Patel KS. Tephrosia apollinea seed: a new rich source of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and squalene. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:296-299. [PMID: 30406669 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1525373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tephrosia apollinea is a legume species, native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa, rich in bioactive flavonoids (hydrophilic compounds). T. apollinea seeds were not considered previously as a potential source of lipophilic compounds such as: essential fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and squalene, hence, the present study were performed. The oil yield in T. apollinea seeds amounted to 11.8% dw. The T. apollinea seed oil was predominated by the polyunsaturated fatty acids - linoleic (26.8%) and α-linolenic (22.7%). High levels were recorded also for oleic (27.6%) and palmitic (14.9%) acids. Four tocopherols and one tocotrienol, with the domination of γ-tocopherol (98%) were identified in T. apollinea seed oil. The β-sitosterol (59%), Δ5-stigmasterol (21%) and campesterol (9%) were detected as main sterols in T. apollinea seed oil. The total content of tocochromanols, sterols, carotenoids and squalene in the T. apollinea seed oil was 256.7, 338.1, 12.5 and 1103.8 mg/100 g oil, respectively. T. apollinea seeds oil, due to the high concentration of lipophilic bioactive compounds can find a potential application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Górnaś
- Institute of Horticulture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Dobele, Latvia
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Grygier
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Pravin Kumar Sahu
- School of Studies in Chemistry/Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Khageshwar Singh Patel
- School of Studies in Chemistry/Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
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40
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Squalene Stimulates a Key Innate Immune Cell to Foster Wound Healing and Tissue Repair. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9473094. [PMID: 30363968 PMCID: PMC6186384 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9473094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of virgin olive oil (VOO) have been described recently, along with its wound healing effect. One of the main minor compounds found in VOO is squalene (SQ), which also possesses preventive effects against skin damage and anti-inflammatory properties. The inflammatory response is involved in wound healing and manages the whole process by macrophages, among others, as the main innate cells with a critical role in the promotion and resolution of inflammation for tissue repair. Because of that, this work is claimed to describe the role that squalene exerts in the immunomodulation of M1 proinflammatory macrophages, which are the first cells implicate in recent injuries. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analysed using TPH1 cell experimental model. SQ induced an increase in the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, IL-13, and IL-4, and a decrease in proinflammatory signals, such as TNF-α and NF-κB in M1 proinflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, SQ enhanced remodelling and repairing signals (TIMP-2) and recruitment signals of eosinophils and neutrophils, responsible for phagocytosis processes. These results suggest that SQ is able to promote wound healing by driving macrophage response in inflammation. Therefore, squalene could be useful at the resolution stage of wound healing.
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41
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Tang TT, Li YY, Li JJ, Wang K, Han Y, Dong WY, Zhu ZF, Xia N, Nie SF, Zhang M, Zeng ZP, Lv BJ, Jiao J, Liu H, Xian ZS, Yang XP, Hu Y, Liao YH, Wang Q, Tu X, Mallat Z, Huang Y, Shi GP, Cheng X. Liver-heart crosstalk controls IL-22 activity in cardiac protection after myocardial infarction. Theranostics 2018; 8:4552-4562. [PMID: 30214638 PMCID: PMC6134935 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 regulates tissue inflammation and repair. Here we report participation of the liver in IL-22-mediated cardiac repair after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: We induced experimental MI in mice by ligation of the left ascending artery and evaluated the effect of IL-22 on post-MI cardiac function and ventricular remodeling. Results: Daily subcutaneous injection of 100 µg/kg mouse recombinant IL-22 for seven days attenuated adverse ventricular remodeling and improved cardiac function in mice at 28 days after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation-induced MI. Pharmacological inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) muted these IL-22 activities. While cardiomyocyte-selective depletion of STAT3 did not affect IL-22 activities in protecting post-MI cardiac injury, hepatocyte-specific depletion of STAT3 fully muted these IL-22 cardioprotective activities. Hepatocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) was markedly increased in a STAT3-dependent manner following IL-22 administration and accounted for the cardioprotective benefit of IL-22. Microarray analyses revealed that FGF21 controlled the expression of cardiomyocyte genes that are involved in cholesterol homeostasis, DNA repair, peroxisome, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, apoptosis, and steroid responses, all of which are responsible for cardiomyocyte survival. Conclusions: Supplementation of IL-22 in the first week after acute MI effectively prevented left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. This activity of IL-22 involved crosstalk between the liver and heart after demonstrating a role of the hepatic STAT3-FGF21 axis in IL-22-induced post-MI cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen-Yong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shao-Fang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bing-Jie Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Generon Corporation, Building 9, 720 Cai Lun Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zong-Shu Xian
- Generon Corporation, Building 9, 720 Cai Lun Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB20 SZ, UK
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
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42
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Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Olive Oil as Nutraceutical Tools for the Prevention and Management of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082305. [PMID: 30082650 PMCID: PMC6121682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become the largest contributor to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Among them, cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for a 47% of worldwide mortality. In general, preventive approaches modifying lifestyle are more cost-effective than treatments after disease onset. In this sense, a healthy diet could help a range of NCDs, such as cancer and CVDs. Traditional Mediterranean Diet (MD) is associated by the low-prevalence of certain types of cancers and CVDs, where olive oil plays an important role. In fact, different epidemiological studies suggest that olive oil consumption prevents some cancers, as well as coronary heart diseases and stroke incidence and mortality. Historically, the beneficial health effects of virgin olive oil (VOO) intake were first attributed to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids. Nowadays, many studies indicate that phenolic compounds contained in olive oil have positive effects on different biomarkers related to health. Among them, phenolic compounds would be partially responsible for health benefits. The present work aims to explore, in studies published during the last five years, the effects of the main phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil on different cancer or CVD aspects, in order to clarify which compounds have more potential to be used as nutraceuticals with preventive or even therapeutic properties.
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Lou-Bonafonte JM, Martínez-Beamonte R, Sanclemente T, Surra JC, Herrera-Marcos LV, Sanchez-Marco J, Arnal C, Osada J. Current Insights into the Biological Action of Squalene. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800136. [PMID: 29883523 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpenic compound found in a large number of plants and other sources with a long tradition of research since it was first reported in 1926. Herein a systematic review of studies concerning squalene published in the last 8 years is presented. These studies have provided further support for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, an antineoplastic effect in nutrigenetic-type treatments, which depends on the failing metabolic pathway of tumors, has also been reported. The bioavailability of squalene in cell cultures, animal models, and in humans has been well established, and further progress has been made in regard to the intracellular transport of this lipophilic molecule. Squalene accumulates in the liver and decreases hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, with these actions being exerted via a complex network of changes in gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Its presence in different biological fluids has also been studied. The combination of squalene with other bioactive compounds has been shown to enhance its pleiotropic properties and might lead to the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals to control oxidative stress and, therefore, numerous age-related diseases in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Lou-Bonafonte
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-22002, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Teresa Sanclemente
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Joaquín C Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Luis V Herrera-Marcos
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
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Turati F, Carioli G, Bravi F, Ferraroni M, Serraino D, Montella M, Giacosa A, Toffolutti F, Negri E, Levi F, La Vecchia C. Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 29518016 PMCID: PMC5872744 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet has been related to a reduced risk of several common cancers but its role on breast cancer has not been quantified yet. We investigated the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and breast cancer risk by means of a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland. 3034 breast cancer cases and 3392 controls admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic and non-gynaecologic diseases were studied. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was quantitatively measured through a Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), summarizing the major characteristics of the Mediterranean dietary pattern and ranging from 0 (lowest adherence) to 9 (highest adherence). We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) of breast cancer for the MDS using multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for several covariates. Compared to a MDS of 0–3, the ORs for breast cancer were 0.86 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.76–0.98) for a MDS of 4–5 and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71–0.95) for a MDS of 6–9 (p for trend = 0.008). The exclusion of the ethanol component from the MDS did not materially modify the ORs (e.g., OR = 0.81, 95% CI, 0.70–0.95, for MDS ≥ 6). Results were similar in pre- and post-menopausal women. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduced breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Turati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Greta Carioli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bravi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33080 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Montella
- Epidemiology and Biostatistical Unit, Istituto Tumori "Fondazione Pascale IRCCS", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Attilio Giacosa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Federica Toffolutti
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33080 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Levi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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45
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Hepatic subcellular distribution of squalene changes according to the experimental setting. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:531-538. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Coughlin SS, Stewart J, Williams LB. A review of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and breast cancer risk according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor status and HER2 oncogene expression. ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 1. [PMID: 31008451 DOI: 10.33582/2639-4391/1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous observational studies and systematic reviews have suggested that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but have not examined associations with molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The current review examines the association with adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer according to molecular subtypes. Methods Bibliographic searches were conducted in PubMed and CINAHL using relevant MeSH search terms and Boolean algebra commands. Results Six cohort studies and one case-control study have examined adherence with the Mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer according to estrogen-receptor (ER) and progesterone-receptor (PR) status and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) oncogene expression. Taken overall, studies suggest that the Mediterranean dietary pattern is inversely associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, and that the inverse association is somewhat stronger among ER- tumors. Although there is a suggestion that the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with PR- tumors and with ER-/PR-/HER2- ("triple negative" tumors), results to date have been mixed and the number of studies that have examined associations with this dietary pattern among tumors characterized by multiple molecular subtypes remains small. Conclusions The results of this systematic review suggest that consumption of a Mediterranean diet pattern is associated with a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, particularly among ER- tumors. Additional cohort studies that have sufficient sample sizes and long-term follow-up are warranted to identify sizeable numbers of invasive breast cancer cases, thereby allowing for characterization of the tumors by molecular subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Department of Clinical and Digital Health Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | - Jessica Stewart
- Department of Clinical and Digital Health Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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47
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Gouvinhas I, Machado N, Sobreira C, Domínguez-Perles R, Gomes S, Rosa E, Barros AIRNA. Critical Review on the Significance of Olive Phytochemicals in Plant Physiology and Human Health. Molecules 2017; 22:E1986. [PMID: 29144445 PMCID: PMC6150410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil displays remarkable organoleptic and nutritional features, which turn it into a foodstuff appreciated by consumers, and a basic component of the Mediterranean diet. Indeed, the noticed benefits of including olive oil in the diet have been assigned to the presence of diverse bioactive compounds with different molecular structures. These compounds confer a wide range of biological properties to this food matrix, including the prevention of distinct human diseases as well as the modulation of their severity. The most relevant bioactive compounds present in olive oil correspond to benzoic and cinnamic acids, phenolic alcohols and secoiridoids, and also flavonoids. Over the last decades, several studies, devoted to gaining a further insight into the relative contribution of the separate groups and individual compounds for their biological activities, have been conducted, providing relevant information on structure-activity relationships. Therefore, this paper critically reviews the health benefits evidenced by distinct phenolic compounds found in olive oils, thus contributing to clarify the relationship between their chemical structures and biological functions, further supporting their interest as essential ingredients of wholesome foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gouvinhas
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Nelson Machado
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Carla Sobreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Gomes
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rosa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana I R N A Barros
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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48
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Banihani SA. Semen quality as affected by olive oil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1357044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ali Banihani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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49
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Simultaneous Analysis of Tocopherols, Phytosterols, and Squalene in Vegetable Oils by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Ng PY, Chye SM, Ng CH, Koh RY, Tiong YL, Pui LP, Tan YH, Lim CSY, Ng KY. Clinacanthus Nutans Hexane Extracts Induce Apoptosis Through a Caspase-Dependent Pathway in Human Cancer Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:917-926. [PMID: 28545188 PMCID: PMC5494240 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.4.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinacanthus nutans (C.nutans) is a plant consumed as a cancer treatment in tropical Asia. Despite the availability of numerous anecdotal reports, evaluation of active anticancer effects has remained elusive. Therefore we here examined antiproliferative, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing and apoptosis mechanisms of whole plant extracts in different cancer cell lines. Methods: Antiproliferative actions of five solvent extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) of C.nutans were tested on non-small cell lung cancer (A549), nasopharygeal cancer (CNE1) and liver cancer (HepG2) cells using MTT assay. The most potent anticancer extract was then assessed by flow cytometry to study cell cycle changes. Intracellular levels of ROS were quantified by DCFH-DA assay. Involvement of the caspase pathway in induction of apoptosis was assessed using caspase assay kits. GC-MS analysis was performed to identify phytoconstituents in the extracts. Results: Hexane and chloroform extracts were antiproliferative against all three cell lines, while the ethyl acetate extract, at 300 µg/mL, was antiproliferative in the CNE1 but not A549 and HepG2 cases. Methanol and water extracts did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. The most potent anticancer hexane extract was selected for further testing. It induced apoptosis in all three cell lines as shown by an increase in the percentage of cell in sub-G1 phase. Dose-dependent increase in ROS levels in all three cell lines indicated apoptosis to be possibly modulated by oxidative stress. At high concentrations (>100 µg/mL), hexane extracts upregulated caspases 8, 9 and 3/7 across all three cell lines. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed abundance of 31 compounds. Conclusion: Among the five extracts of C.nutans, that with hexane extract demonstrated the highest antiproliferative activity against all three cancer cell lines tested. Action appeared to be via ion of intracellular ROS, and induction of apoptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying Ng
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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