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Wang R, Li C, Jia Z, Su Y, Ai Y, Li Q, Guo X, Tao Z, Lin F, Liang Y. Reversible phosphorylation of a lectin-receptor-like kinase controls xylem immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2051-2066.e7. [PMID: 37977141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate basal resistance to most phytopathogens. However, plant responses can be cell type specific, and the mechanisms governing xylem immunity remain largely unknown. We show that the lectin-receptor-like kinase LORE contributes to xylem basal resistance in Arabidopsis upon infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive plant pathogen that colonizes the xylem to cause bacterial wilt. Following R. solanacearum infection, LORE is activated by phosphorylation at residue S761, initiating a phosphorelay that activates reactive oxygen species production and cell wall lignification. To prevent prolonged activation of immune signaling, LORE recruits and phosphorylates type 2C protein phosphatase LOPP, which dephosphorylates LORE and attenuates LORE-mediated xylem immunity to maintain immune homeostasis. A LOPP knockout confers resistance against bacterial wilt disease in Arabidopsis and tomatoes without impacting plant growth. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism in xylem immunity involving the reversible phosphorylation of receptor-like kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Jia
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaxing Su
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingfei Ai
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinghong Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Liu T, Dong L, Wang E, Liu S, Cheng Y, Zhao J, Xu S, Liang Z, Ma H, Nie B, Song B. StHAB1, a negative regulatory factor in abscisic acid signaling, plays crucial roles in potato drought tolerance and shoot branching. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6708-6721. [PMID: 37479226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is critical in drought tolerance and plant growth. Group A protein type 2C phosphatases (PP2Cs) are negative regulators of ABA signaling and plant adaptation to stress. Knowledge about the functions of potato group A PP2Cs is limited. Here, we report that the potato group A PP2C StHAB1 is broadly expressed in potato plants and strongly induced by ABA and drought. Suppression of StHAB1 enhanced potato ABA sensitivity and drought tolerance, whereas overexpression of the dominant mutant StHAB1G276D compromised ABA sensitivity and drought tolerance. StHAB1 interacts with almost all ABA receptors and the Snf1-Related Kinase OST1. Suppressing StHAB1 and overexpressing StHAB1G276D alter potato growth morphology; notably, overexpression of StHAB1G276D causes excessive shoot branching. RNA-sequencing analyses identified that the auxin efflux carrier genes StPIN3, StPIN5, and StPIN8 were up-regulated in StHAB1G276D-overexpressing axillary buds. Correspondingly, the auxin concentration was reduced in StHAB1G276D-overexpressing axillary buds, consistent with the role of auxin in repressing lateral branch outgrowth. The expression of BRANCHED1s (StBRC1a and StBRC1b) was unchanged in StHAB1G276D-overexpressing axillary buds, suggesting that StHAB1G276D overexpression does not cause axillary bud outgrowth via regulation of BRC1 expression. Our findings demonstrate that StHAB1 is vital in potato drought tolerance and shoot branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liepeng Dong
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Enshuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengxuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- Zhangjiakou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
| | - Shijing Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Zhangjiakou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
| | - Bihua Nie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Botao Song
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Li J, Liu X, Ahmad N, Wang Y, Ge H, Wang Y, Liu W, Li X, Wang N, Wang F, Dong Y. CePP2C19 confers tolerance to drought by regulating the ABA sensitivity in Cyperus esculentus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:524. [PMID: 37898801 PMCID: PMC10612301 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) is widely known as an additional source of food, oil and feed worldwide. The agricultural production of tiger nut has been greatly hindered by drought stress, reducing both yield and quality. Protein phosphatase 2 C (PP2Cs) plays an important role in plant responses to drought stress however, the molecular mechanism of PP2Cs in tiger nuts still unclear. RESULTS In this study, we identified a putative group A PP2C-encoding gene (CePP2C19) from tiger nut using transcriptome analysis, which is highly induced by drought stress. The transient expression assay suggested that CePP2C19 was localized to nucleus. Furthermore, the interaction between CePP2C19 and CePYR1, a coreceptor for ABA signaling, was first detected using a yeast two-hybrid assay and then verified using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis. In addition, the transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CePP2C19 exhibited extreme tolerance to ABA and mannitol stresses during seed germination and root growth. At the mature stage, overexpression of CePP2C19 resulted in a higher tolerance to drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis, as confirmed by a visible phenotype and several physiological parameters. Noticeably, the silencing of CePP2C19 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed obvious reduction in drought tolerance in tiger nut plants. CONCLUSIONS The CePP2C19 emerges as a pivotal gene involved in the ABA signaling pathway, which likely reduce ABA sensitivity and thus enhances drought tolerance in Cyperus esculentus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hengshuo Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Weican Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Saini LK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Protein phosphatases and their targets: Comprehending the interactions in plant signaling pathways. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:307-370. [PMID: 36858740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a vital reversible post-translational modification. This process is established by two classes of enzymes: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins while protein phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphorylated proteins, thus, functioning as 'critical regulators' in signaling pathways. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases are classified as phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) specific phosphatases (STPs) that dephosphorylate Ser and Thr residues. The PTP family dephosphorylates Tyr residues while dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. The composition of these enzymes as well as their substrate specificity are important determinants of their functional significance in a number of cellular processes and stress responses. Their role in animal systems is well-understood and characterized. The functional characterization of protein phosphatases has been extensively covered in plants, although the comprehension of their mechanistic basis is an ongoing pursuit. The nature of their interactions with other key players in the signaling process is vital to our understanding. The substrates or targets determine their potential as well as magnitude of the impact they have on signaling pathways. In this article, we exclusively overview the various substrates of protein phosphatases in plant signaling pathways, which are a critical determinant of the outcome of various developmental and stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Saini
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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Miao R, Russinova E, Rodriguez PL. Tripartite hormonal regulation of plasma membrane H +-ATPase activity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:588-600. [PMID: 35034860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme activity of the plasma membrane (PM) proton pump, well known as arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase (AHA) in the model plant arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is controlled by phosphorylation. Three different classes of phytohormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), and auxin regulate plant growth and responses to environmental stimuli, at least in part by modulating the activity of the pump through phosphorylation of the penultimate Thr residue in its carboxyl terminus. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding this tripartite hormonal AHA regulation and highlight mechanisms of activation and deactivation, as well as the significance of hormonal crosstalk. Understanding the complexity of PM H+-ATPase regulation in plants might provide new strategies for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Hayford RK, Serba DD, Xie S, Ayyappan V, Thimmapuram J, Saha MC, Wu CH, Kalavacharla VK. Global analysis of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) transcriptomes in response to interactive effects of drought and heat stresses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35260072 PMCID: PMC8903725 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustainable production of high-quality feedstock has been of great interest in bioenergy research. Despite the economic importance, high temperatures and water deficit are limiting factors for the successful cultivation of switchgrass in semi-arid areas. There are limited reports on the molecular basis of combined abiotic stress tolerance in switchgrass, particularly the combination of drought and heat stress. We used transcriptomic approaches to elucidate the changes in the response of switchgrass to drought and high temperature simultaneously. RESULTS We conducted solely drought treatment in switchgrass plant Alamo AP13 by withholding water after 45 days of growing. For the combination of drought and heat effect, heat treatment (35 °C/25 °C day/night) was imposed after 72 h of the initiation of drought. Samples were collected at 0 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, 144 h, and 168 h after treatment imposition, total RNA was extracted, and RNA-Seq conducted. Out of a total of 32,190 genes, we identified 3912, as drought (DT) responsive genes, 2339 and 4635 as, heat (HT) and drought and heat (DTHT) responsive genes, respectively. There were 209, 106, and 220 transcription factors (TFs) differentially expressed under DT, HT and DTHT respectively. Gene ontology annotation identified the metabolic process as the significant term enriched in DTHT genes. Other biological processes identified in DTHT responsive genes included: response to water, photosynthesis, oxidation-reduction processes, and response to stress. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on DT and DTHT responsive genes revealed that TFs and genes controlling phenylpropanoid pathways were important for individual as well as combined stress response. For example, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) from the phenylpropanoid pathway was induced by single DT and combinations of DTHT stress. CONCLUSION Through RNA-Seq analysis, we have identified unique and overlapping genes in response to DT and combined DTHT stress in switchgrass. The combination of DT and HT stress may affect the photosynthetic machinery and phenylpropanoid pathway of switchgrass which negatively impacts lignin synthesis and biomass production of switchgrass. The biological function of genes identified particularly in response to DTHT stress could further be confirmed by techniques such as single point mutation or RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita K Hayford
- Molecular Genetics and Epigenomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Desalegn D Serba
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Shaojun Xie
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vasudevan Ayyappan
- Molecular Genetics and Epigenomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | | | - Malay C Saha
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA.
| | - Cathy H Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Venu Kal Kalavacharla
- Molecular Genetics and Epigenomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA.
- Center for Integrated Biological and Environmental Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA.
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7
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Berrío RT, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Dubois M. Increasing yield on dry fields: molecular pathways with growing potential. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:323-341. [PMID: 34695266 PMCID: PMC7612350 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress constitutes one of the major constraints to agriculture all over the world, and its devastating effect is only expected to increase in the following years due to climate change. Concurrently, the increasing food demand in a steadily growing population requires a proportional increase in yield and crop production. In the past, research aimed to increase plant resilience to severe drought stress. However, this often resulted in stunted growth and reduced yield under favorable conditions or moderate drought. Nowadays, drought tolerance research aims to maintain plant growth and yield under drought conditions. Overall, recently deployed strategies to engineer drought tolerance in the lab can be classified into a 'growth-centered' strategy, which focuses on keeping growth unaffected by the drought stress, and a 'drought resilience without growth penalty' strategy, in which the main aim is still to boost drought resilience, while limiting the side effects on plant growth. In this review, we put the scope on these two strategies and some molecular players that were successfully engineered to generate drought-tolerant plants: abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, ROS scavenging genes, strigolactones, and aquaporins. We discuss how these pathways participate in growth and stress response regulation under drought. Finally, we present an overview of the current insights and future perspectives in the development of new strategies to improve drought tolerance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tenorio Berrío
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding Author: Dirk Inzé VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology Technologiepark 71 B-9052 Ghent (Belgium) Tel.: +32 9 3313800; Fax: +32 9 3313809;
| | - Marieke Dubois
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Lim J, Lim CW, Lee SC. Core Components of Abscisic Acid Signaling and Their Post-translational Modification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:895698. [PMID: 35712559 PMCID: PMC9195418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.895698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major phytohormone that regulates plant growth, development, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. Under stress, ABA is synthesized in various plant organs, and it plays roles in diverse adaptive processes, including seed dormancy, growth inhibition, and leaf senescence, by modulating stomatal closure and gene expression. ABA receptor, clade A protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), and SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) proteins have been identified as core components of ABA signaling, which is initiated via perception of ABA with receptor and subsequent activation or inactivation by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. The findings of several recent studies have established that the post-translational modification of these components, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination/deubiquitination, play important roles in regulating their activity and stability. In this review, we discuss the functions of the core components of ABA signaling and the regulation of their activities via post-translational modification under normal and stress conditions.
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Brookbank BP, Patel J, Gazzarrini S, Nambara E. Role of Basal ABA in Plant Growth and Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121936. [PMID: 34946886 PMCID: PMC8700873 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, ABA plays an im-portant role in growth and development under non-stressed conditions. This review summarizes phenotypes of ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants to clarify the roles of basal ABA in growth and development. The promotive and inhibitive actions of ABA in growth are characterized by stunted and enhanced growth of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants, respectively. Growth regulation by ABA is both promotive and inhibitive, depending on the context, such as concentrations, tissues, and environmental conditions. Basal ABA regulates local growth including hyponastic growth, skotomorphogenesis and lateral root growth. At the cellular level, basal ABA is essential for proper chloroplast biogenesis, central metabolism, and expression of cell-cycle genes. Basal ABA also regulates epidermis development in the shoot, by inhibiting stomatal development, and deposition of hydrophobic polymers like a cuticular wax layer covering the leaf surface. In the root, basal ABA is involved in xylem differentiation and suberization of the endodermis. Hormone crosstalk plays key roles in growth and developmental processes regulated by ABA. Phenotypes of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants indicate prominent functions of basal ABA in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Brookbank
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jasmin Patel
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
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Li X, Zhong M, Qu L, Yang J, Liu X, Zhao Q, Liu X, Zhao X. AtMYB32 regulates the ABA response by targeting ABI3, ABI4 and ABI5 and the drought response by targeting CBF4 in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110983. [PMID: 34315599 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana R2R3-MYB transcription factor AtMYB32 and its homologs AtMYB4 and AtMYB7 play crucial roles in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism. In addition, AtMYB4 and AtMYB7 are involved in the response to abiotic stress. However, the function of AtMYB32 remains unclear. In this study, we found that AtMYB32 is induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and repressed by drought stress. AtMYB32 positively regulates ABA-mediated seed germination and early seedling development. The expression of ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3), ABI4 and ABI5, which encode key positive regulators of ABA signaling, was upregulated in response to ABA in AtMYB32-overexpressing plants and downregulated in the atmyb32-1 mutant. In addition, we found that the atmyb32-1 mutant was drought resistant. Consistent with the drought-resistant phenotype, the transcript levels of C-repeat binding factor 4 (CBF4) were higher in the atmyb32-1 mutant in response to drought stress. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that AtMYB32 binds directly to the ABI3, ABI4, ABI5 and CBF4 promoters both in vitro and in vivo. Genetically, ABI4 was found to be epistatic to AtMYB32 for ABA-induced inhibition of seed germination and early seedling development. Taken together, our findings revealed that AtMYB32 regulates the ABA response by directly promoting ABI3, ABI4 and ABI5 expression and that the drought stress response likely occurs because of repression of CBF4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lina Qu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Lv J, Liu J, Ming Y, Shi Y, Song C, Gong Z, Yang S, Ding Y. Reciprocal regulation between the negative regulator PP2CG1 phosphatase and the positive regulator OST1 kinase confers cold response in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1568-1587. [PMID: 33871153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have been reported to play important roles in plant cold responses. In addition, phospho-regulatory feedback is a conserved mechanism for biological processes and stress responses in animals and plants. However, it is less well known that a regulatory feedback loop is formed by the protein kinase and the protein phosphatase in plant responses to cold stress. Here, we report that OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) and PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C G GROUP 1 (PP2CG1) reciprocally regulate the activity during the cold stress response. The interaction of PP2CG1 and OST1 is inhibited by cold stress, which results in the release of OST1 at the cytoplasm and nucleus from suppression by PP2CG1. Interestingly, cold-activated OST1 phosphorylates PP2CG1 to suppress its phosphatase activity, thereby amplifying cold signaling in plants. Mutations of PP2CG1 and its homolog PP2CG2 enhance freezing tolerance, whereas overexpression of PP2CG1 decreases freezing tolerance. Moreover, PP2CG1 negatively regulates protein levels of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTORs (CBFs) under cold stress. Our results uncover a phosphor/dephosphor-regulatory feedback loop mediated by PP2CG1 phosphatase and OST1 protein kinase in plant cold responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhang Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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12
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Kim M, Jeong S, Lim CW, Lee SC. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase CaDIMK1 Functions as a Positive Regulator of Drought Stress Response and Abscisic Acid Signaling in Capsicum annuum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646707. [PMID: 33995446 PMCID: PMC8116957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation by kinase is an important mechanism for adapting to drought stress conditions. Here, we isolated the CaDIMK1 (Capsicum annuum drought-induced MAP kinase 1) from dehydrated pepper leaf tissue and functionally characterized it. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the CaDIMK1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. CaDIMK1-silenced pepper plants exhibited drought-susceptible phenotypes that were characterized by increased transpiration rates, low leaf temperatures, and decreased stomatal closure. In contrast, CaDIMK1-overexpressing (OX) transgenic Arabidopsis plants were hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) from germination to adult growth stages. Furthermore, the CaDIMK1-OX plants were tolerant to drought stress. The transcript levels of several stress-related genes were high in CaDIMK1-OX plants than in wild-type plants. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CaDIMK1 acts as a positive modulator of drought tolerance and ABA signal transduction in pepper plants.
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Liang B, Sun Y, Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Xu Y, Li Q, Leng P. Tomato protein phosphatase 2C influences the onset of fruit ripening and fruit glossiness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2403-2418. [PMID: 33345282 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in coordinating physiological processes during fresh fruit ripening. Binding of ABA to receptors facilitates the interaction and inhibition of type 2C phosphatase (PP2C) co-receptors. However, the exact mechanism of PP2C during fruit ripening is unclear. In this study, we determined the role of the tomato ABA co-receptor type 2C phosphatase SlPP2C3, a negative regulator of ABA signaling and fruit ripening. SlPP2C3 selectively interacted with monomeric ABA receptors and SlSnRK2.8 kinase in both yeast and tobacco epidermal cells. Expression of SlPP2C3 was ABA-inducible, which was negatively correlated with fruit ripening. Tomato plants with suppressed SlPP2C3 expression exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA, while plants overexpressing SlPP2C3 were less sensitive to ABA. Importantly, lack of SlPP2C3 expression accelerated the onset of fruit ripening and affected fruit glossiness by altering the outer epidermis structure. There was a significant difference in the expression of cuticle-related genes in the pericarp between wild-type and SlPP2C3-suppressed lines based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SlPP2C3 plays an important role in the regulation of fruit ripening and fruit glossiness in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufei Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yandan Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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14
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Jiao F, Luo R, Dai X, Liu H, Yu G, Han S, Lu X, Su C, Chen Q, Song Q, Meng C, Li F, Sun H, Zhang R, Hui T, Qian Y, Zhao A, Jiang Y. Chromosome-Level Reference Genome and Population Genomic Analysis Provide Insights into the Evolution and Improvement of Domesticated Mulberry (Morus alba). MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1001-1012. [PMID: 32422187 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is the sole plant consumed by the domesticated silkworm. However, the genome of domesticated mulberry has not yet been sequenced, and the ploidy level of this species remains unclear. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-level domesticated mulberry (Morus alba) genome. Analysis of genomic data and karyotype analyses confirmed that M. alba is a diploid with 28 chromosomes (2n = 2x = 28). Population genomic analysis based on resequencing of 134 mulberry accessions classified domesticated mulberry into three geographical groups, namely, Taihu Basin of southeastern China (Hu mulberry), northern and southwestern China, and Japan. Hu mulberry had the lowest nucleotide diversity among these accessions and demonstrated obvious signatures of selection associated with environmental adaptation. Further phylogenetic analysis supports a previous proposal that multiple domesticated mulberry accessions previously classified as different species actually belong to one species. This study expands our understanding of genome evolution of the genus Morus and population structure of domesticated mulberry, which would facilitate mulberry breeding and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiao
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rongsong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xuelei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gang Yu
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xin Lu
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chao Su
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qi Chen
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qinxia Song
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Caiting Meng
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tian Hui
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- The Sericultural and Silk Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chong Qing 400716, China.
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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15
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Baek W, Lim CW, Luan S, Lee SC. The RING finger E3 ligases PIR1 and PIR2 mediate PP2CA degradation to enhance abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:473-486. [PMID: 31436880 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has established a core ABA signaling pathway in which A-type PP2C protein phosphatases act as central negative modulators. Although ABA signaling inhibits PP2C activity through ABA-receptor complex, it remains unknown if other mechanisms exist to modulate the level of PP2Cs. Here, we identified a RING domain ubiquitin E3 ligase, PIR1 (PP2CA interacting RING finger protein 1), that interacted with PP2CA. Of the two splicing isoforms, PIR1.2 was isolated from leaf tissue. The PIR1.2 exhibited E3 ligase activity and determined PP2CA stability in the presence of ABA. Consistent with the conclusion that PIR1 promotes ABA signaling by removing PP2CA, a negative modulator, the pir1 knockout mutant displayed an ABA-hyposensitive phenotype. We further showed that PIR2, the closest homologue of PIR1.2, also interacted with PP2CA. Although the pir2 knockout mutant did not display altered ABA response, the pir1-1/pir2 double mutant became more insensitive to ABA than the wild-type or pir1-1 and pir2 single mutants. Using a cell-free degradation assay, ABA promoted degradation of PP2CA, however, such degradation was delayed when incubated with protein extract prepared from the pir1-1/pir2 double mutant. Our data suggest that PIR1 and PIR2 positively modulate ABA signaling by targeting PP2CA for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
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16
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Ding Y, Lv J, Shi Y, Gao J, Hua J, Song C, Gong Z, Yang S. EGR2 phosphatase regulates OST1 kinase activity and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201899819. [PMID: 30429206 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OST1 (open stomata 1) protein kinase plays a central role in regulating freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis; however, the mechanism underlying cold activation of OST1 remains unknown. Here, we report that a plasma membrane-localized clade-E growth-regulating 2 (EGR2) phosphatase interacts with OST1 and inhibits OST1 activity under normal conditions. EGR2 is N-myristoylated by N-myristoyltransferase NMT1 at 22°C, which is important for its interaction with OST1. Moreover, myristoylation of EGR2 is required for its function in plant freezing tolerance. Under cold stress, the interaction of EGR2 and NMT1 is attenuated, leading to the suppression of EGR2 myristoylation in plants. Plant newly synthesized unmyristoylated EGR2 has decreased binding ability to OST1 and also interferes with the EGR2-OST1 interaction under cold stress. Consequently, the EGR2-mediated inhibition of OST1 activity is released. Consistently, mutations of EGRs cause plant tolerance to freezing, whereas overexpression of EGR2 exhibits decreased freezing tolerance. This study thus unravels a molecular mechanism underlying cold activation of OST1 by membrane-localized EGR2 and suggests that a myristoyl switch on EGR2 helps plants to adapt to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hua
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Ectopic expression of mutated type 2C protein phosphatase OsABI-LIKE2 decreases abscisic acid sensitivity in Arabidopsis and rice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12320. [PMID: 30120350 PMCID: PMC6097999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that is necessary for stress adaptation. Recent studies have reported that attenuated levels of ABA improved grain yield and seedling growth under low temperature in cereals. To improve plant growth under low temperature, we attempted to generate ABA-insensitive transgenic rice by expressing a clade A type 2C protein phosphatase (OsPP2C), OsABIL2, with or without the mutation equivalent to the Arabidopsis abi1-1 mutation. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the interaction between OsABIL2 and a putative rice ABA receptor, OsPYL1, was ABA-dependent, and the interaction was lost with amino acid substitution from glycine to aspartic acid at the 183rd amino acid of the OsABIL2 protein, corresponding to abi1-1 mutation. The constitutive expression of OsABIL2 or OsABIL2G183D in Arabidopsis or rice decreased ABA sensitivity to differing degrees. Moreover, the transgenic rice expressing OsABIL2G183D exhibited improved seedling growth under low temperature, although the transgenic lines showed unfavorable traits, such as viviparous germination and elongated internodes. These results indicated that the introduction of abi1-1 type dominant mutation was also effective in OsABIL2 at decreasing ABA sensitivity in plants, and the attenuation of ABA sensitivity could be an alternative parameter to improve rice performance under low temperatures.
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18
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Sahebi M, Hanafi MM, Rafii MY, Mahmud TMM, Azizi P, Osman M, Abiri R, Taheri S, Kalhori N, Shabanimofrad M, Miah G, Atabaki N. Improvement of Drought Tolerance in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.): Genetics, Genomic Tools, and the WRKY Gene Family. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3158474. [PMID: 30175125 PMCID: PMC6106855 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3158474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drought tolerance is an important quantitative trait with multipart phenotypes that are often further complicated by plant phenology. Different types of environmental stresses, such as high irradiance, high temperatures, nutrient deficiencies, and toxicities, may challenge crops simultaneously; therefore, breeding for drought tolerance is very complicated. Interdisciplinary researchers have been attempting to dissect and comprehend the mechanisms of plant tolerance to drought stress using various methods; however, the limited success of molecular breeding and physiological approaches suggests that we rethink our strategies. Recent genetic techniques and genomics tools coupled with advances in breeding methodologies and precise phenotyping will likely reveal candidate genes and metabolic pathways underlying drought tolerance in crops. The WRKY transcription factors are involved in different biological processes in plant development. This zinc (Zn) finger protein family, particularly members that respond to and mediate stress responses, is exclusively found in plants. A total of 89 WRKY genes in japonica and 97 WRKY genes in O. nivara (OnWRKY) have been identified and mapped onto individual chromosomes. To increase the drought tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.), research programs should address the problem using a multidisciplinary strategy, including the interaction of plant phenology and multiple stresses, and the combination of drought tolerance traits with different genetic and genomics approaches, such as microarrays, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), WRKY gene family members with roles in drought tolerance, and transgenic crops. This review discusses the newest advances in plant physiology for the exact phenotyping of plant responses to drought to update methods of analysing drought tolerance in rice. Finally, based on the physiological/morphological and molecular mechanisms found in resistant parent lines, a strategy is suggested to select a particular environment and adapt suitable germplasm to that environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M. Hanafi
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. Rafii
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - T. M. M. Mahmud
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Osman
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rambod Abiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sima Taheri
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nahid Kalhori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Shabanimofrad
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gous Miah
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narges Atabaki
- Iran Azad University of Tehran Science & Reserach Branch, Hesarak, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
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19
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Gu L, Wei H, Wang H, Su J, Yu S. Characterization and functional analysis of GhWRKY42, a group IId WRKY gene, in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC Genet 2018; 19:48. [PMID: 30060731 PMCID: PMC6065155 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WRKY transcription factors (TFs) participate in various physiological processes of plants. Although WRKY genes have been well studied in model plants, knowledge of the functional roles of these genes is still extremely limited in cotton. RESULTS In this study, a group IId WRKY gene from cotton, GhWRKY42, was isolated and characterized. Our data showed that GhWRKY42 localized to the nucleus. A transactivation assay in yeast demonstrated that GhWRKY42 was not a transcriptional activator. A β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity assay revealed that the promoter of GhWRKY42 showed fragment deletion activity in Nicotiana tabacum and was mainly expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of ProGhWRKY42::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that GhWRKY42 was up-regulated during leaf senescence and was induced after exposure to abiotic stresses. Constitutive expression of GhWRKY42 in Arabidopsis led to a premature aging phenotype, which was correlated with an increased number of senescent leaves, reduced chlorophyll content and elevated expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs). In addition, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to silence the endogenous GhWRKY42 gene in cotton, and this silencing reduced plant height. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that GhWRKY42 is involved in abiotic stress responses, premature leaf senescence and stem development. This work establishes a solid foundation for further functional analysis of the GhWRKY42 gene in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Han S, Min MK, Lee SY, Lim CW, Bhatnagar N, Lee Y, Shin D, Chung KY, Lee SC, Kim BG, Lee S. Modulation of ABA Signaling by Altering VxGΦL Motif of PP2Cs in Oryza sativa. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1190-1205. [PMID: 28827170 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway is regulated by clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2CAs) in plants. In the presence of ABA, PP2Cs release stress/ABA-activated protein kinases by binding to ABA-bound receptors (PYL/RCARs) for activation. Although the wedging tryptophan in PP2Cs is critical in the interaction with PYL/RCARs in Arabidopsis and rice, it remains elusive as to how other interface regions are involved in the interaction. Here, we report the identification of a conserved region on PP2Cs, termed the VxGΦL motif, which modulates the interaction with PYL/RCARs through its second and fourth residues. The effects of the second and fourth residues on the interaction of OsPP2C50 with several OsPYL/RCAR proteins were investigated by systematic mutagenesis. One OsPP2C50 mutant, VFGML ("FM") mutant, lowered the affinity to OsPYL/RCAR3 by ∼15-fold in comparison with the wild-type. Comparison of the crystal structures of wild-type OsPP2C50:ABA:OsPYL/RCAR3 with those composed of FM mutant revealed local conformational changes near the VxGΦL motif, further supported by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. In rice protoplasts, ABA signaling was altered by mutations in the VxGΦL motif. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OsPP2C50 and OsPP2C50FM showed altered ABA sensitivity. Taken together, the VxGΦL motif of PP2Cs appears to modulate the affinity of PP2Cs with PYL/RCARs and thus likely to alter the ABA signaling, leading to the differential sensitivity to ABA in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungsu Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ki Min
- Gene Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Youn Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06911, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikita Bhatnagar
- Gene Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06911, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Gi Kim
- Gene Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Upadhyay RK, Gupta A, Soni D, Garg R, Pathre UV, Nath P, Sane AP. Ectopic expression of a tomato DREB gene affects several ABA processes and influences plant growth and root architecture in an age-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:97-107. [PMID: 28478319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of whole plant growth and adaptive responses by abscisic acid is complex, requires multiple regulators and largely unknown in plants other than Arabidopsis. We show that over-expression of the tomato SlDREB3/SlERF.H12 (DEHYDRATION RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN3/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR. H12) gene can negatively affect many ABA-governed processes across tissues. Its expression leads to early germination in presence of ABA and in response to mannitol, NaCl and glucose. Its expression delays ABA-mediated leaf senescence and natural senescence leading to an increase in plant life by about 20days. Transgenic SlDREB3 lines show reduced ABA-mediated inhibition of conductance and transpiration and a greater sensitivity to water stress. Reduction in sensitivity to ABA-mediated stomatal closure leads to higher photosynthetic rates in transgenic plants than controls. Consequently, transgenic SlDREB3 plants produce a larger number of capsules and greater number of seeds with the increase in yield ranging from 18 to 35% in different seasons under well-watered conditions. Root growth, but not shoot growth, also undergoes a profound increase of about 50% in transgenic SlDREB3 lines. The increase occurs in an age-dependent manner with the most prominent changes being observed between 1.5 and 2.5 months in several independent experiments in different years. SlDREB3 thus seems to govern several ABA-regulated processes across tissues, partly through control over ABA levels. It may encode a factor that is most likely a component of the central ABA response machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Upadhyay
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India; Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA; Deparment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA
| | - Asmita Gupta
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Devendra Soni
- Dept of Plant Physiology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rashmi Garg
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Uday V Pathre
- Dept of Plant Physiology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Pravendra Nath
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226001, India.
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22
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Yang W, Zhang W, Wang X. Post-translational control of ABA signalling: the roles of protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:4-14. [PMID: 27767245 PMCID: PMC5253474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays significant roles in integrating environmental signals with embryogenesis, germination, seedling establishment, the floral transition and the adaptation of plants to stressful environments by modulating stomatal movement and stress-responsive gene expression. ABA signalling consists of ABA perception, signal transduction and ABA-induced responses. ABA receptors such as members of the PYR/PYL family, group A type 2C protein phosphatases (as negative regulators), SnRK2 protein kinases (as positive regulators), bZIP transcription factors and ion channels are key components of ABA signalling. Post-translational modifications, including dephosphorylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play important roles in regulating ABA signalling. In this review, we focus on the roles of post-translational modifications in ABA signalling. The studies presented provide a detailed picture of the ABA signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Rice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Rice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Rice Research InstituteShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
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23
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Su M, Huang G, Zhang Q, Wang X, Li C, Tao Y, Zhang S, Lai J, Yang C, Wang Y. The LEA protein, ABR, is regulated by ABI5 and involved in dark-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 247:93-103. [PMID: 27095403 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) modulates plant growth and developmental processes such as leaf senescence. In this study, we investigated the role of the Arabidopsis late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein ABR (ABA-response protein) in delaying dark-induced leaf senescence. The ABR gene was up-regulated by treatment with ABA, NaCl and mannitol, as well as by light deprivation. In the dark, abr mutant plants displayed a premature leaf senescence phenotype, and various senescence-associated indicators, such as an increase in chlorophyll degradation and membrane leakiness, were enhanced, whereas 35S:ABR/abr transgenic lines showed a marked delay in dark-induced leaf senescence phenotypes. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that ABI5 bind to the ABR promoter, indicating that ABI5 directly regulates the expression of ABR. The disruption of ABI5 function in abr abi5-1 plants abolished the senescence-accelerating phenotype of the abr mutant, demonstrating that ABI5 is epistatic to ABR. In summary, these results highlight the important role that ABR, which is negatively regulated by ABI5, plays in delaying dark-induced leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Gan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Chunxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Yujin Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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24
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Lefoulon C, Boeglin M, Moreau B, Véry AA, Szponarski W, Dauzat M, Michard E, Gaillard I, Chérel I. The Arabidopsis AtPP2CA Protein Phosphatase Inhibits the GORK K+ Efflux Channel and Exerts a Dominant Suppressive Effect on Phosphomimetic-activating Mutations. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6521-33. [PMID: 26801610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the GORK (Guard Cell Outward Rectifying) Shaker channel mediating a massive K(+) efflux in Arabidopsis guard cells by the phosphatase AtPP2CA was investigated. Unlike the gork mutant, the atpp2ca mutants displayed a phenotype of reduced transpiration. We found that AtPP2CA interacts physically with GORK and inhibits GORK activity in Xenopus oocytes. Several amino acid substitutions in the AtPP2CA active site, including the dominant interfering G145D mutation, disrupted the GORK-AtPP2CA interaction, meaning that the native conformation of the AtPP2CA active site is required for the GORK-AtPP2CA interaction. Furthermore, two serines in the GORK ankyrin domain that mimic phosphorylation (Ser to Glu) or dephosphorylation (Ser to Ala) were mutated. Mutations mimicking phosphorylation led to a significant increase in GORK activity, whereas mutations mimicking dephosphorylation had no effect on GORK. In Xenopus oocytes, the interaction of AtPP2CA with "phosphorylated" or "dephosphorylated" GORK systematically led to inhibition of the channel to the same baseline level. Single-channel recordings indicated that the GORK S722E mutation increases the open probability of the channel in the absence, but not in the presence, of AtPP2CA. The dephosphorylation-independent inactivation mechanism of GORK by AtPP2CA is discussed in relation with well known conformational changes in animal Shaker-like channels that lead to channel opening and closing. In plants, PP2C activity would control the stomatal aperture by regulating both GORK and SLAC1, the two main channels required for stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lefoulon
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Martin Boeglin
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Bertrand Moreau
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Wojciech Szponarski
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- the Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, INRA/SupAgro, UMR 759, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Erwan Michard
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
| | - Isabelle Chérel
- From the Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5004, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France and
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25
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Zhan X, Qian B, Cao F, Wu W, Yang L, Guan Q, Gu X, Wang P, Okusolubo TA, Dunn SL, Zhu JK, Zhu J. An Arabidopsis PWI and RRM motif-containing protein is critical for pre-mRNA splicing and ABA responses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8139. [PMID: 26404089 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is important for growth, development and stress responses in plants. Recent research has identified ABA receptors and signalling components that regulate seed germination and stomatal closure. However, proteins that regulate ABA signalling remain poorly understood. Here we use a forward-genetic screen to identify rbm25-1 and rbm25-2, two Arabidopsis mutants with increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by ABA. Using RNA-seq, we found that RBM25 controls the splicing of many pre-mRNAs. The protein phosphatase 2C HAB1, a critical component in ABA signalling, shows a dramatic defect in pre-mRNA splicing in rbm25 mutants. Ectopic expression of a HAB1 complementary DNA derived from wild-type mRNAs partially suppresses the rbm25-2 mutant phenotype. We suggest that RNA splicing is of particular importance for plant response to ABA and that the splicing factor RBM25 has a critical role in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqiang Zhan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bilian Qian
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Fengqiu Cao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenwu Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xianbin Gu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Temiloluwa A Okusolubo
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Stephanie L Dunn
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2121 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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26
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Lim CW, Baek W, Jung J, Kim JH, Lee SC. Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15251-70. [PMID: 26154766 PMCID: PMC4519898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes involved in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Under stress conditions, plants synthesize ABA in various organs and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of defense-related genes conferring resistance to environmental stresses. The regulation of stomatal opening and closure is important to pathogen defense and control of transpirational water loss. Recent studies using a combination of approaches, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology, have contributed considerably to our understanding of ABA signal transduction. A number of proteins associated with ABA signaling and responses—especially ABA receptors—have been identified. ABA signal transduction initiates signal perception by ABA receptors and transfer via downstream proteins, including protein kinases and phosphatases. In the present review, we focus on the function of ABA in stomatal defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, through analysis of each ABA signal component and the relationships of these components in the complex network of interactions. In particular, two ABA signal pathway models in response to biotic and abiotic stress were proposed, from stress signaling to stomatal closure, involving the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, 2C-type protein phosphatases, and SnRK2-type protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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27
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Lim CW, Baek W, Jung J, Kim JH, Lee SC. Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15251-15270. [PMID: 26154766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16071525111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many key processes involved in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Under stress conditions, plants synthesize ABA in various organs and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the regulation of stomatal aperture and expression of defense-related genes conferring resistance to environmental stresses. The regulation of stomatal opening and closure is important to pathogen defense and control of transpirational water loss. Recent studies using a combination of approaches, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology, have contributed considerably to our understanding of ABA signal transduction. A number of proteins associated with ABA signaling and responses--especially ABA receptors--have been identified. ABA signal transduction initiates signal perception by ABA receptors and transfer via downstream proteins, including protein kinases and phosphatases. In the present review, we focus on the function of ABA in stomatal defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, through analysis of each ABA signal component and the relationships of these components in the complex network of interactions. In particular, two ABA signal pathway models in response to biotic and abiotic stress were proposed, from stress signaling to stomatal closure, involving the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, 2C-type protein phosphatases, and SnRK2-type protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Woonhee Baek
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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28
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Benson CL, Kepka M, Wunschel C, Rajagopalan N, Nelson KM, Christmann A, Abrams SR, Grill E, Loewen MC. Abscisic acid analogs as chemical probes for dissection of abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:96-107. [PMID: 24726371 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone known to mediate numerous plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stress. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ABA acts, through a genetically redundant family of ABA receptors entitled Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor (RCAR)/Pyrabactin Resistant 1 (PYR1)/Pyrabactin Resistant-Like (PYL) receptors comprised of thirteen homologues acting in concert with a seven-member set of phosphatases. The individual contributions of A. thaliana RCARs and their binding partners with respect to specific physiological functions are as yet poorly understood. Towards developing efficacious plant growth regulators selective for specific ABA functions and tools for elucidating ABA perception, a panel of ABA analogs altered specifically on positions around the ABA ring was assembled. These analogs have been used to probe thirteen RCARs and four type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) and were also screened against representative physiological assays in the model plant Arabidopsis. The 1'-O methyl ether of (S)-ABA was identified as selective in that, at physiologically relevant levels, it regulates stomatal aperture and improves drought tolerance, but does not inhibit germination or root growth. Analogs with the 7'- and 8'-methyl groups of the ABA ring replaced with bulkier groups generally retained the activity and stereoselectivity of (S)- and (R)-ABA, while alteration of the 9'-methyl group afforded an analog that substituted for ABA in inhibiting germination but neither root growth nor stomatal closure. Further in vitro testing indicated differences in binding of analogs to individual RCARs, as well as differences in the enzyme activity resulting from specific PP2Cs bound to RCAR-analog complexes. Ultimately, these findings highlight the potential of a broader chemical genetics approach for dissection of the complex network mediating ABA-perception, signaling and functionality within a given species and modifications in the future design of ABA agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel L Benson
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Michal Kepka
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Wunschel
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Ken M Nelson
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Alexander Christmann
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Suzanne R Abrams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Erwin Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michele C Loewen
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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29
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Danquah A, de Zélicourt A, Boudsocq M, Neubauer J, Frei Dit Frey N, Leonhardt N, Pateyron S, Gwinner F, Tamby JP, Ortiz-Masia D, Marcote MJ, Hirt H, Colcombet J. Identification and characterization of an ABA-activated MAP kinase cascade in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:232-44. [PMID: 25720833 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major phytohormone involved in important stress-related and developmental plant processes. Recent phosphoproteomic analyses revealed a large set of ABA-triggered phosphoproteins as putative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) targets, although the evidence for MAPKs involved in ABA signalling is still scarce. Here, we identified and reconstituted in vivo a complete ABA-activated MAPK cascade, composed of the MAP3Ks MAP3K17/18, the MAP2K MKK3 and the four C group MAPKs MPK1/2/7/14. In planta, we show that ABA activation of MPK7 is blocked in mkk3-1 and map3k17mapk3k18 plants. Coherently, both mutants exhibit hypersensitivity to ABA and altered expression of a set of ABA-dependent genes. A genetic analysis further reveals that this MAPK cascade is activated by the PYR/PYL/RCAR-SnRK2-PP2C ABA core signalling module through protein synthesis of the MAP3Ks, unveiling an atypical mechanism for MAPK activation in eukaryotes. Our work provides evidence for a role of an ABA-induced MAPK pathway in plant stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agyemang Danquah
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris Sud/Université Paris Diderot/Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91405, Orsay, France
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30
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Sridharamurthy M, Kovach A, Zhao Y, Zhu JK, Xu HE, Swaminathan K, Melcher K. H2O2 inhibits ABA-signaling protein phosphatase HAB1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113643. [PMID: 25460914 PMCID: PMC4252038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its ability to be rapidly generated and propagated over long distances, H2O2 is an important second messenger for biotic and abiotic stress signaling in plants. In response to low water potential and high salt concentrations sensed in the roots of plants, the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) activates NADPH oxidase to generate H2O2, which is propagated in guard cells in leaves to induce stomatal closure and prevent water loss from transpiration. Using a reconstituted system, we demonstrate that H2O2 reversibly prevents the protein phosphatase HAB1, a key component of the core ABA-signaling pathway, from inhibiting its main target in guard cells, SnRK2.6/OST1 kinase. We have identified HAB1 C186 and C274 as H2O2-sensitive thiols and demonstrate that their oxidation inhibits both HAB1 catalytic activity and its ability to physically associate with SnRK2.6 by formation of intermolecular dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Sridharamurthy
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Amanda Kovach
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States of America
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunchithapadam Swaminathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KS); (KM)
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratories of Structural Sciences/Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KS); (KM)
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31
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Sugimoto H, Kondo S, Tanaka T, Imamura C, Muramoto N, Hattori E, Ogawa K, Mitsukawa N, Ohto C. Overexpression of a novel Arabidopsis PP2C isoform, AtPP2CF1, enhances plant biomass production by increasing inflorescence stem growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5385-400. [PMID: 25038254 PMCID: PMC4400540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, higher plants have evolved to express diverse protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs). Of all Arabidopsis thaliana PP2Cs, members of PP2C subfamily A, including ABI1, have been shown to be key negative regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling pathways, which regulate plant growth and development as well as tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. However, little is known about the enzymatic and signalling roles of other PP2C subfamilies. Here, we report a novel Arabidopsis subfamily E PP2C gene, At3g05640, designated AtPP2CF1. AtPP2CF1 was dramatically expressed in response to exogenous ABA and was expressed in vascular tissues and guard cells, similar to most subfamily A PP2C genes. In vitro enzymatic activity assays showed that AtPP2CF1 possessed functional PP2C activity. However, yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that AtPP2CF1 did not interact with PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors or three SnRK2 kinases, which are ABI1-interacting proteins. This was supported by homology-based structural modelling demonstrating that the putative active- and substrate-binding site of AtPP2CF1 differed from that of ABI1. Furthermore, while overexpression of ABI1 in plants induced an ABA-insensitive phenotype, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtPP2CF1 (AtPP2CF1oe) were weakly hypersensitive to ABA during seed germination and drought stress. Unexpectedly, AtPP2CF1oe plants also exhibited increased biomass yield, mainly due to accelerated growth of inflorescence stems through the activation of cell proliferation and expansion. Our results provide new insights into the physiological significance of AtPP2CF1 as a candidate gene for plant growth production and for potential application in the sustainable supply of plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sugimoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kondo
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanaka
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Chie Imamura
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Muramoto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Etsuko Hattori
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Ogawa
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Norihiro Mitsukawa
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Frontier Research Center, Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
| | - Chikara Ohto
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1, Toyota-cho, Toyota 471-8572, Japan
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Ng LM, Melcher K, Teh BT, Xu HE. Abscisic acid perception and signaling: structural mechanisms and applications. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:567-84. [PMID: 24786231 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions are a threat to agricultural yield and therefore exert a global effect on livelihood, health and the economy. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital plant hormone that regulates abiotic stress tolerance, thereby allowing plants to cope with environmental stresses. Previously, attempts to develop a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying ABA signaling have been hindered by difficulties in the identification of bona fide ABA receptors. The discovery of the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors therefore represented a major milestone in the effort to overcome these roadblocks; since then, many structural and functional studies have provided detailed insights into processes ranging from ABA perception to the activation of ABA-responsive gene transcription. This understanding of the mechanisms of ABA perception and signaling has served as the basis for recent, preliminary developments in the genetic engineering of stress-resistant crops as well as in the design of new synthetic ABA agonists, which hold great promise for the agricultural enhancement of stress tolerance.
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Danquah A, de Zelicourt A, Colcombet J, Hirt H. The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in plant abiotic stress responses. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:40-52. [PMID: 24091291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved pathways, the ABA (abscisic acid) signaling pathway has been identified as a central regulator of abiotic stress response in plants, triggering major changes in gene expression and adaptive physiological responses. ABA induces protein kinases of the SnRK family to mediate a number of its responses. Recently, MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascades have also been shown to be implicated in ABA signaling. Therefore, besides discussing the role of ABA in abiotic stress signaling, we will also summarize the evidence for a role of MAPKs in the context of abiotic stress and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agyemang Danquah
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Axel de Zelicourt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA-CNRS-UEVE, Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91000 Evry, France
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Merilo E, Laanemets K, Hu H, Xue S, Jakobson L, Tulva I, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Rodriguez PL, Schroeder JI, Broschè M, Kollist H. PYR/RCAR receptors contribute to ozone-, reduced air humidity-, darkness-, and CO2-induced stomatal regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1652-68. [PMID: 23703845 PMCID: PMC3707544 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid stomatal closure induced by changes in the environment, such as elevation of CO2, reduction of air humidity, darkness, and pulses of the air pollutant ozone (O3), involves the SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 (SLAC1). SLAC1 is activated by OPEN STOMATA1 (OST1) and Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases. OST1 activation is controlled through abscisic acid (ABA)-induced inhibition of type 2 protein phosphatases (PP2C) by PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTOR (PYR/RCAR) receptor proteins. To address the role of signaling through PYR/RCARs for whole-plant steady-state stomatal conductance and stomatal closure induced by environmental factors, we used a set of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants defective in ABA metabolism/signaling. The stomatal conductance values varied severalfold among the studied mutants, indicating that basal ABA signaling through PYR/RCAR receptors plays a fundamental role in controlling whole-plant water loss through stomata. PYR/RCAR-dependent inhibition of PP2Cs was clearly required for rapid stomatal regulation in response to darkness, reduced air humidity, and O3. Furthermore, PYR/RCAR proteins seem to function in a dose-dependent manner, and there is a functional diversity among them. Although a rapid stomatal response to elevated CO2 was evident in all but slac1 and ost1 mutants, the bicarbonate-induced activation of S-type anion channels was reduced in the dominant active PP2C mutants abi1-1 and abi2-1. Further experiments with a wider range of CO2 concentrations and analyses of stomatal response kinetics suggested that the ABA signalosome partially affects the CO2-induced stomatal response. Thus, we show that PYR/RCAR receptors play an important role for the whole-plant stomatal adjustments and responses to low humidity, darkness, and O3 and are involved in responses to elevated CO2.
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Zhang F, Lu X, Lv Z, Zhang L, Zhu M, Jiang W, Wang G, Sun X, Tang K. Overexpression of the Artemisia orthologue of ABA receptor, AaPYL9, enhances ABA sensitivity and improves artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56697. [PMID: 23437216 PMCID: PMC3577733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant development and environmental stress response. In this study, we cloned an ABA receptor orthologue, AaPYL9, from Artemisia annua L. AaPYL9 is expressed highly in leaf and flower. AaPYL9 protein can be localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid assay shows AaPYL9 can specifically interact with AtABI1 but not with AtABI2, AtHAB1 or AtHAB2. ABA can enhance the interaction between AaPYL9 and AtABI1 while AaPYL9-89 Pro→Ser and AaPYL9-116 His→Ala point mutations abolishes the interaction. BiFC assay shows that AaPYL9 interacts with AtABI1 in nucleus in planta. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing AaPYL9 are more sensitive to ABA in the seed germination and primary root growth than wild type. Consistent with this, ABA report genes have higher expression in AaPYL9 overexpressing plants compared to wild type after ABA treatment. Moreover, overexpression of AaPYL9 in A. annua increases not only drought tolerance, but also artemisinin content after ABA treatment, with significant enhancement of the expression of key genes in artemisinin biosynthesis. This study provides a way to develop A. annua with high-yielding artemisinin and high drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lu
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Jiang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen Sun
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Valdés AE, Overnäs E, Johansson H, Rada-Iglesias A, Engström P. The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) class I transcription factors ATHB7 and ATHB12 modulate abscisic acid signalling by regulating protein phosphatase 2C and abscisic acid receptor gene activities. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:405-18. [PMID: 22968620 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceiving drought activate multiple responses to improve survival, including large-scale alterations in gene expression. This article reports on the roles in the drought response of two Arabidopsis thaliana homeodomain-leucine zipper class I genes; ATHB7 and ATHB12, both strongly induced by water-deficit and abscisic acid (ABA). ABA-mediated transcriptional regulation of both genes is shown to depend on the activity of protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2C). ATHB7 and ATHB12 are, thus, targets of the ABA signalling mechanism defined by the PP2Cs and the PYR/PYL family of ABA receptors, with which the PP2C proteins interact. Our results from chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene expression analyses demonstrate that ATHB7 and ATHB12 act as positive transcriptional regulators of PP2C genes, and thereby as negative regulators of abscisic acid signalling. In support of this notion, our results also show that ATHB7 and ATHB12 act to repress the transcription of genes encoding the ABA receptors PYL5 and PYL8 in response to an ABA stimulus. In summary, we demonstrate that ATHB7 and ATHB12 have essential functions in the primary response to drought, as mediators of a negative feedback effect on ABA signalling in the plant response to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Valdés
- Physiological Botany, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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37
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Lim CW, Baek W, Lim S, Lee SC. ABA signal transduction from ABA receptors to ion channels. Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-012-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Chan Z. Expression profiling of ABA pathway transcripts indicates crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis. Genomics 2012; 100:110-5. [PMID: 22709556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent breakthrough on identification and characterization of PYR/PYLs as ABA receptors enables us to better understand the perception, signaling and transportation of ABA in plant. Based on publicly available microarray data, transcriptional levels of ABA signaling pathway core components were compared after stress and phytohormone treatments, including these involved in ABA metabolism, signal transduction, and catabolism. The results showed that both abiotic and biotic stress treatments increased the expression levels of ABA key metabolism and catabolism transcripts. The expression levels of PYR/PYLs were down-regulated and these of PP2Cs and ABFs were uniformly up-regulated after exogenous ABA application and under stress conditions. The results indicated that the increased ratio of PP2Cs:PYR/PYLs might be required for activation of the downstream ABA signal pathway under both abiotic and biotic stress conditions. We concluded that abiotic and biotic stress responses shared ABA signal pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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39
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Mori Y, Takegawa K, Kimura Y. Function analysis of conserved amino acid residues in a Mn(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase, Pph3, from Myxococcus xanthus. J Biochem 2012; 152:269-74. [PMID: 22668558 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Myxococcus xanthus protein phosphatase Pph3 belongs to the Mg(2+)- or Mn(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) family. Bacterial PPMs contain three divalent metal ions and a flap subdomain. Putative metal- or phosphate-ion binding site-specific mutations drastically reduced enzymatic activity. Pph3 contains a cyclic nucleotide monophosphate (cNMP)-binding domain in the C-terminal region, and it requires 2-mercaptoethanol for phosphatase activity; however, the C-terminal deletion mutant showed high activity in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The phosphatase activity of the wild-type enzyme was higher in the presence of cAMP than in the absence of cAMP, whereas a triple mutant of the cNMP-binding domain showed slightly lower activities than those of wild-type, without addition of cAMP. In addition, mutational disruption of a disulphide bond in the wild-type enzyme increased the phosphatase activity in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, but not in the C-terminal deletion mutant. These results suggested that the presence of the C-terminal region may lead to the formation of the disulphide bond in the catalytic domain, and that disulphide bond cleavage of Pph3 by 2-mercaptoethanol may occur more easily with cAMP bound than with no cAMP bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Mori
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
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40
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Zhang K, Xia X, Zhang Y, Gan SS. An ABA-regulated and Golgi-localized protein phosphatase controls water loss during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:667-78. [PMID: 22007837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is known that a senescing leaf loses water faster than a non-senescing leaf and that ABA has an important role in promoting leaf senescence. However, questions such as why water loss is faster, how water loss is regulated, and how ABA functions in leaf senescence are not well understood. Here we report on the identification and functional analysis of a leaf senescence associated gene called SAG113. The RNA blot and GUS reporter analyses all show that SAG113 is expressed in senescing leaves and is induced by ABA in Arabidopsis. The SAG113 expression levels are significantly reduced in aba2 and abi4 mutants. A GFP fusion protein analysis revealed that SAG113 protein is localized in the Golgi apparatus. SAG113 encodes a protein phosphatase that belongs to the PP2C family and is able to functionally complement a yeast PP2C-deficient mutant TM126 (ptc1Δ). Leaf senescence is delayed in the SAG113 knockout mutant compared with that in the wild type, stomatal movement in the senescing leaves of SAG113 knockouts is more sensitive to ABA than that of the wild type, and the rate of water loss in senescing leaves of SAG113 knockouts is significantly reduced. In contrast, inducible over-expression of SAG113 results in a lower sensitivity of stomatal movement to ABA treatment, more rapid water loss, and precocious leaf senescence. No other aspects of growth and development, including seed germination, were observed. These findings suggest that SAG113, a negative regulator of ABA signal transduction, is specifically involved in the control of water loss during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, 134A Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904, USA
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Santiago J, Dupeux F, Betz K, Antoni R, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Rodriguez L, Márquez JA, Rodriguez PL. Structural insights into PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and PP2Cs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:3-11. [PMID: 22118610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential function in plant physiology since it is required for biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as control of plant growth and development. A new family of soluble ABA receptors, named PYR/PYL/RCAR, has emerged as ABA sensors able to inhibit the activity of specific protein phosphatases type-2C (PP2Cs) in an ABA-dependent manner. The structural and functional mechanism by which ABA is perceived by these receptors and consequently leads to inhibition of the PP2Cs has been recently elucidated. The module PYR/PYL/RCAR-ABA-PP2C offers an elegant and unprecedented mechanism to control phosphorylation signaling cascades in a ligand-dependent manner. The knowledge of their three-dimensional structures paves the way to the design of ABA agonists able to modulate the plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santiago
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Avd de los Naranjos, Edificio CPI 8E, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
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42
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Lee SC, Luan S. ABA signal transduction at the crossroad of biotic and abiotic stress responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:53-60. [PMID: 21923759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates key processes relevant to seed germination, plant development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress conditions such as drought induce ABA biosynthesis initiating the signalling pathways that lead to a number of molecular and cellular responses, among which the best known are the expression of stress-related genes and stomatal closure. Stomatal closure also serves as a mechanism for pathogen defence, thereby acting as a platform for crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress responses involving ABA action. Significant advances in our understanding of ABA signal transduction have been made with combination of approaches including genetics, biochemistry, electrophysiology and chemical genetics. Molecular components associated with the ABA signalling have been identified, and their relationship in the complex network of interactions is being dissected. We focused on the recent progress in ABA signal transduction, especially those studies related to identification of ABA receptors and downstream components that lead ABA signal to cellular response. In particular, we will describe a pathway model that starts with ABA binding to the PYR/PYL/RCAR family of receptors, followed by inactivation of 2C-type protein phosphatases and activation of SnRK2-type kinases, and eventually lead to activation of ion channels in guard cells and stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Lee
- School of Biological Sciences (BK21 program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Sun HL, Wang XJ, Ding WH, Zhu SY, Zhao R, Zhang YX, Xin Q, Wang XF, Zhang DP. Identification of an important site for function of the type 2C protein phosphatase ABI2 in abscisic acid signalling in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5713-25. [PMID: 21885535 PMCID: PMC3223061 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the clade A protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs), including ABI1 and ABI2 and other PP2C members, are key players that function directly downstream of the PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors. Here, identification of a crucial site for function of ABI2 protein phosphatase in ABA signalling is reported. It was observed that a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) phosphorylation site-like motif (CPL) in the ABI2 molecule is required for the interactions of ABI2 with the two members of the ABA receptors PYL5 and PYL9 and with a downstream protein kinase SnRK2.6, and for the catalytic activity of ABI2 in vitro, as well as for the response of ABI2 to the ABA receptors PYL5/PYL9 in relation to the ABA receptor-induced inhibition of the ABI2 phosphatase activity. Further, genetic evidence was provided to demonstrate that this CPL is required for the function of ABI2 to mediate ABA signalling. These data reveal that this CPL is an important site necessary for both the phosphatase activity of ABI2 and the functional interaction between ABI2 and PYL5/9 ABA receptors, providing new information to understand primary events of ABA signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Sun
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei-Hua Ding
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sai-Yong Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi-Xie Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Xin
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Dupeux F, Antoni R, Betz K, Santiago J, Gonzalez-Guzman M, Rodriguez L, Rubio S, Park SY, Cutler SR, Rodriguez PL, Márquez JA. Modulation of abscisic acid signaling in vivo by an engineered receptor-insensitive protein phosphatase type 2C allele. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:106-16. [PMID: 21357183 PMCID: PMC3091035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in the control of the stress response and the regulation of plant growth and development. ABA binding to PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS intracellular receptors leads to inhibition of key negative regulators of ABA signaling, i.e. clade A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) such as ABA-INSENSITIVE1 and HYPERSENSITIVE TO ABA1 (HAB1), causing the activation of the ABA signaling pathway. To gain further understanding on the mechanism of hormone perception, PP2C inhibition, and its implications for ABA signaling, we have performed a structural and functional analysis of the PYR1-ABA-HAB1 complex. Based on structural data, we generated a gain-of-function mutation in a critical residue of the phosphatase, hab1(W385A), which abolished ABA-dependent receptor-mediated PP2C inhibition without impairing basal PP2C activity. As a result, hab1(W385A) caused constitutive inactivation of the protein kinase OST1 even in the presence of ABA and PYR/PYL proteins, in contrast to the receptor-sensitive HAB1, and therefore hab1(W385A) qualifies as a hypermorphic mutation. Expression of hab1(W385A) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants leads to a strong, dominant ABA insensitivity, which demonstrates that this conserved tryptophan residue can be targeted for the generation of dominant clade A PP2C alleles. Moreover, our data highlight the critical role of molecular interactions mediated by tryptophan-385 equivalent residues for clade A PP2C function in vivo and the mechanism of ABA perception and signaling.
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El Kayal W, Allen CCG, Ju CJT, Adams E, King-Jones S, Zaharia LI, Abrams SR, Cooke JEK. Molecular events of apical bud formation in white spruce, Picea glauca. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:480-500. [PMID: 21118421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bud formation is an adaptive trait that temperate forest trees have acquired to facilitate seasonal synchronization. We have characterized transcriptome-level changes that occur during bud formation of white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], a primarily determinate species in which preformed stem units contained within the apical bud constitute most of next season's growth. Microarray analysis identified 4460 differentially expressed sequences in shoot tips during short day-induced bud formation. Cluster analysis revealed distinct temporal patterns of expression, and functional classification of genes in these clusters implied molecular processes that coincide with anatomical changes occurring in the developing bud. Comparing expression profiles in developing buds under long day and short day conditions identified possible photoperiod-responsive genes that may not be essential for bud development. Several genes putatively associated with hormone signalling were identified, and hormone quantification revealed distinct profiles for abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins, auxin and their metabolites that can be related to morphological changes to the bud. Comparison of gene expression profiles during bud formation in different tissues revealed 108 genes that are differentially expressed only in developing buds and show greater transcript abundance in developing buds than other tissues. These findings provide a temporal roadmap of bud formation in white spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid El Kayal
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2E9
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Umezawa T, Nakashima K, Miyakawa T, Kuromori T, Tanokura M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Molecular basis of the core regulatory network in ABA responses: sensing, signaling and transport. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1821-39. [PMID: 20980270 PMCID: PMC2978318 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABA is a major phytohormone that regulates a broad range of plant traits and is especially important for adaptation to environmental conditions. Our understanding of the molecular basis of ABA responses in plants improved dramatically in 2009 and 2010, banner years for ABA research. There are three major components; PYR/PYL/ RCAR (an ABA receptor), type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C; a negative regulator) and SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2; a positive regulator), and they offer a double negative regulatory system, [PYR/PYL/RCAR-| PP2C-| SnRK2]. In the absence of ABA, PP2C inactivates SnRK2 by direct dephosphorylation. In response to environmental or developmental cues, ABA promotes the interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR and PP2C, resulting in PP2C inhibition and SnRK2 activation. This signaling complex can work in both the nucleus and cytosol, as it has been shown that SnRK2 phosphorylates basic-domain leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors or membrane proteins. Several structural analyses of PYR/PYL/RCAR have provided the mechanistic basis for this 'core signaling' model, by elucidating the mechanism of ABA binding of receptors, or the 'gate-latch-lock' mechanism of interaction with PP2C in inhibiting activity. On the other hand, intercellular ABA transport had remained a major issue, as had intracellular ABA signaling. Recently, two plasma membrane-type ABC transporters were identified and shed light on the influx/efflux system of ABA, resolving how ABA is transported from cell to cell in plants. Our knowledge of ABA responses in plants has been greatly expanded from intracellular signaling to intercellular transport of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Umezawa
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Kouyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakashima
- Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ibaraki, 305-8686 Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takashi Kuromori
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Kouyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074 Japan
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-29-836-9060
| | - Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki
- Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ibaraki, 305-8686 Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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Vlad F, Droillard MJ, Valot B, Khafif M, Rodrigues A, Brault M, Zivy M, Rodriguez PL, Merlot S, Laurière C. Phospho-site mapping, genetic and in planta activation studies reveal key aspects of the different phosphorylation mechanisms involved in activation of SnRK2s. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:778-90. [PMID: 20561261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Snf1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are major positive regulators of drought stress tolerance. The kinases of this family are activated by hyperosmotic stress, but only some of them are also responsive to abscisic acid (ABA). Moreover, genetic evidence has indicated the ABA-independence of SnRK2 activation in the fast response to osmotic stress. Although phosphorylation was demonstrated to be crucial for the activation or activity of the kinases of both subgroups, different phosphorylation mechanisms were suggested. Here, using one kinase from each subgroup (SnRK2.6 and SnRK2.10), two phosphorylation sites within the activation loop were identified by mass spectrometry after immunoprecipitation from Arabidopsis cells treated by ABA or osmolarity. By site-directed mutagenesis, the phosphorylation of only one of the two sites was shown to be necessary for the catalytic activity of the kinase, whereas both sites are necessary for the full activation of the two SnRK2s by hyperosmolarity or ABA. Phosphoprotein staining together with two-dimensional PAGE followed by immunoblotting indicated distinct phosphorylation mechanisms of the two kinases. While SnRK2.6 seems to be activated through the independent phosphorylation of these two sites, a sequential process occurs in SnRK2.10, where phosphorylation of one serine is required for the phosphorylation of the other. In addition, a subgroup of protein phosphatases 2C which interact and participate in the regulation of SnRK2.6 do not interact with SnRK2.10. Taken together, our data bring evidence for the involvement of distinct phosphorylation mechanisms in the activation of SnRK2.6 and SnRK2.10, which may be conserved between the two subgroups of SnRK2s depending on their ABA-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Vlad
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR 2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Hermans C, Vuylsteke M, Coppens F, Craciun A, Inzé D, Verbruggen N. Early transcriptomic changes induced by magnesium deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana reveal the alteration of circadian clock gene expression in roots and the triggering of abscisic acid-responsive genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:119-131. [PMID: 20406411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
*Plant growth and development ultimately depend on environmental variables such as the availability of essential minerals. Unravelling how nutrients affect gene expression will help to understand how they regulate plant growth. *This study reports the early transcriptomic response to magnesium (Mg) deprivation in Arabidopsis. Whole-genome transcriptome was studied in the roots and young mature leaves 4, 8 and 28 h after the removal of Mg from the nutrient solution. *The highest number of regulated genes was first observed in the roots. Contrary to other mineral deficiencies, Mg depletion did not induce a higher expression of annotated genes in Mg uptake. Remarkable responses include the perturbation of the central oscillator of the circadian clock in roots and the triggering of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, with half of the up-regulated Mg genes in leaves being ABA-responsive. However, no change in ABA content was observed. *The specificity of the response of some Mg-regulated genes was challenged by studying their expression after other mineral deficiencies and environmental stresses. The possibility to develop markers for Mg incipient deficiency is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hermans
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bd du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adrian Craciun
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bd du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bd du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Raghavendra AS, Gonugunta VK, Christmann A, Grill E. ABA perception and signalling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:395-401. [PMID: 20493758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Hayashi Y, Nakamura S, Takemiya A, Takahashi Y, Shimazaki KI, Kinoshita T. Biochemical characterization of in vitro phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1186-96. [PMID: 20516032 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal opening, which is mediated by blue light receptor phototropins, is driven by activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase via phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine in the C-terminus and subsequent binding of a 14-3-3 protein. However, the biochemical properties of the protein kinase and protein phosphatase for H(+)-ATPase are largely unknown. We therefore investigated in vitro phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of H(+)-ATPase. H(+)-ATPase was phosphorylated in vitro on the penultimate threonine in the C-terminus in isolated microsomes from guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba. Phosphorylated H(+)-ATPase was dephosphorylated in vitro, and the dephosphorylation was inhibited by EDTA, a divalent cation chelator, but not by calyculin A, an inhibitor of type 1 and 2A protein phosphatases. Essentially the same results were obtained in purified plasma membranes from etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings, indicating that a similar protein kinase and phosphatase are involved in plant cells. Further analyses revealed that phosphorylation of the H(+)-ATPase is insensitive to K-252a, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase, and is hypersensitive to Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent. Moreover, dephosphorylation required Mg(2+) but not Ca(2+), and protein phosphatase was localized in the 1% Triton X-100-insoluble fraction. These results demonstrate that a protein kinase-phosphatase pair, K-252a-insensitive protein kinase and Mg(2+)-dependent type 2C protein phosphatase, co-localizes at least in part with the H(+)-ATPase in the plasma membrane and regulates the phosphorylation status of the penultimate threonine of the H(+)-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602 Japan
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