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Zhao T, Tian T, Yu H, Cao C, Zhang Z, He Z, Ma Z, Cai R, Li F, Pang W. Identification of porcine fast/slow myogenic exosomes and their regulatory effects on lipid accumulation in intramuscular adipocytes. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:73. [PMID: 38824596 PMCID: PMC11144342 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pork quality is affected by the type of muscle fibers, which is closely related to meat color, tenderness and juiciness. Exosomes are tiny vesicles with a diameter of approximately 30-150 nm that are secreted by cells and taken up by recipient cells to mediate communication. Exosome-mediated muscle-fat tissue crosstalk is a newly discovered mechanism that may have an important effect on intramuscular fat deposition and with that on meat quality. Various of adipose tissue-derived exosomes have been discovered and identified, but the identification and function of muscle exosomes, especially porcine fast/slow myotube exosomes, remain unclear. Here, we first isolated and identified exosomes secreted from porcine extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL), which represent fast and slow muscle, respectively, and further explored their effects on lipid accumulation in longissimus dorsi adipocytes. RESULTS Porcine SOL-derived exosomes (SOL-EXO) and EDL-derived exosomes (EDL-EXO) were first identified and their average particle sizes were approximately 84 nm with double-membrane disc- shapes as observed via transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the intramuscular fat content of the SOL was greater than that of the EDL at 180 days of age, because SOL intramuscular adipocytes had a stronger lipid-accumulating capacity than those of the EDL. Raman spectral analysis revealed that SOL-EXO protein content was much greater than that of EDL-EXO. Proteomic sequencing identified 72 proteins that were significantly differentially expressed between SOL-EXO and EDL-EXO, 31 of which were downregulated and 41 of which were upregulated in SOL-EXO. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that muscle-fat tissue interactions occur partly via SOL-EXO promoting adipogenic activity of intramuscular adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - He Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaoyue Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaozhao He
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zeqiang Ma
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Saad MG, Beyenal H, Dong WJ. Dual roles of the conditional extracellular vesicles derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Promoting and inhibiting bacterial biofilm growth. Biofilm 2024; 7:100183. [PMID: 38380422 PMCID: PMC10876606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant biofilm infections have emerged as public health concerns because of their enhanced tolerance to high-dose antibiotic treatments. The biofilm life cycle involves multiple developmental stages, which are tightly regulated by active cell-cell communication via specific extracellular signal messengers such as extracellular vesicles. This study was aimed at exploring the roles of extracellular vesicles secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different developmental stages in controlling biofilm growth. Our results show that extracellular vesicles secreted by P. aeruginosa biofilms during their exponential growth phase (G-EVs) enhance biofilm growth. In contrast, extracellular vesicles secreted by P. aeruginosa biofilms during their death/survival phase (D-EVs) can effectively inhibit/eliminate P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms up to 4.8-log10 CFU/cm2. The inhibition effectiveness of D-EVs against P. aeruginosa biofilms grown for 96 h improved further in the presence of 10-50 μM Fe3+ ions. Proteomic analysis suggests the inhibition involves an iron-dependent ferroptosis mechanism. This study is the first to report the functional role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in bacterial growth, which depends on the developmental stage of the parent bacteria. The finding of D-EV-activated ferroptosis-based bacterial death may have significant implications for preventing antibiotic resistance in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Gamal Saad
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wen-Ji Dong
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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3
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Pinto AC, Tavares P, Neves B, Oliveira PF, Vitorino R, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Ferreira R. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of contracting skeletal muscle-released extracellular vesicles in cancer: Current insights and future directions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:617-628. [PMID: 38451309 PMCID: PMC11055777 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The health benefits of exercise training in a cancer setting are increasingly acknowledged; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. It has been suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from contracting skeletal muscles play a key role in mediating the systemic benefits of exercise by transporting bioactive molecules, including myokines. Nevertheless, skeletal muscle-derived vesicles account for only about 5% of plasma EVs, with the immune cells making the largest contribution. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the contribution of skeletal muscle-derived EVs increases after physical exercise or how muscle contraction modulates the secretory activity of other tissues and thus influences the content and profile of circulating EVs. Furthermore, the destination of EVs after exercise is unknown, and it depends on their molecular composition, particularly adhesion proteins. The cargo of EVs is influenced by the training program, with acute training sessions having a greater impact than chronic adaptations. Indeed, there are numerous questions regarding the role of EVs in mediating the effects of exercise, the clarification of which is critical for tailoring exercise training prescriptions and designing exercise mimetics for patients unable to engage in exercise programs. This review critically analyzes the current knowledge on the effects of exercise on the content and molecular composition of circulating EVs and their impact on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Tavares
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and ITR, Translational Research in Population Health, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Moreira-Gonçalves
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and ITR, Translational Research in Population Health, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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Cervone DT, Moreno-Justicia R, Quesada JP, Deshmukh AS. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches to interrogate skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14334. [PMID: 36973869 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise and chronic exercise training elicit beneficial whole-body changes in physiology that ultimately depend on profound alterations to the dynamics of tissue-specific proteins. Since the work accomplished during exercise owes predominantly to skeletal muscle, it has received the majority of interest from exercise scientists that attempt to unravel adaptive mechanisms accounting for salutary metabolic effects and performance improvements that arise from training. Contemporary scientists are also beginning to use mass spectrometry-based proteomics, which is emerging as a powerful approach to interrogate the muscle protein signature in a more comprehensive manner. Collectively, these technologies facilitate the analysis of skeletal muscle protein dynamics from several viewpoints, including changes to intracellular proteins (expression proteomics), secreted proteins (secretomics), post-translational modifications as well as fiber-, cell-, and organelle-specific changes. This review aims to highlight recent literature that has leveraged new workflows and advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics to further our understanding of training-related changes in skeletal muscle. We call attention to untapped areas in skeletal muscle proteomics research relating to exercise training and metabolism, as well as basic points of contention when applying mass spectrometry-based analyses, particularly in the study of human biology. We further encourage researchers to couple the hypothesis-generating and descriptive nature of omics data with functional analyses that propel our understanding of the complex adaptive responses in skeletal muscle that occur with acute and chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Cervone
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Moreno-Justicia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Júlia Prats Quesada
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Romano R, Coelho-Junior HJ, Bucci C, Leeuwenburgh C, Marzetti E. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles in skeletal muscle remodeling and adaptation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:37-45. [PMID: 35367122 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial remodeling is crucial to meet the bioenergetic demand to support muscle contractile activity during daily tasks and muscle regeneration following injury. A set of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy, are in place to maintain a well-functioning mitochondrial network and support muscle regeneration. Alterations in any of these pathways compromises mitochondrial quality and may potentially lead to impaired myogenesis, defective muscle regeneration, and ultimately loss of muscle function. Among MQC processes, mitophagy has gained special attention for its implication in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria via crosstalk with the endo-lysosomal system, a major cell degradative route. Along this pathway, additional opportunities for mitochondrial disposal have been identified that may also signal at the systemic level. This communication occurs via inclusion of mitochondrial components within membranous shuttles named mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs). Here, we discuss MDV generation and release as a mitophagy-complementing route for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in skeletal myocytes. We also illustrate the possible role of muscle-derived MDVs in immune signaling during muscle remodeling and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Campos Y, Rodriguez-Enriquez R, Palacios G, Van de Vlekkert D, Qiu X, Weesner J, Gomero E, Demmers J, Bertorini T, Opferman JT, Grosveld GC, d'Azzo A. Mitochondrial proteostasis mediated by CRL5 Ozz and Alix maintains skeletal muscle function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.11.548601. [PMID: 37503076 PMCID: PMC10369959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.11.548601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
High energy-demanding tissues, such as skeletal muscle, require mitochondrial proteostasis to function properly. Two quality-control mechanisms, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the release of mitochondria-derived vesicles, safeguard mitochondrial proteostasis. However, whether these processes interact is unknown. Here we show that the E3 ligase CRL5 Ozz , a member of the UPS, and its substrate Alix control the mitochondrial concentration of Slc25A4, a solute carrier that is essential for ATP production. The mitochondria in Ozz -/- or Alix -/- skeletal muscle share overt morphologic alterations (they are supernumerary, swollen, and dysmorphic) and have abnormal metabolomic profiles. We found that CRL5 Ozz ubiquitinates Slc25A4 and promotes its proteasomal degradation, while Alix facilitates SLC25A4 loading into exosomes destined for lysosomal destruction. The loss of Ozz or Alix offsets steady-state levels of Slc25A4, which disturbs mitochondrial metabolism and alters muscle fiber composition. These findings reveal hitherto unknown regulatory functions of Ozz and Alix in mitochondrial proteostasis.
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7
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Beetler DJ, Di Florio DN, Bruno KA, Ikezu T, March KL, Cooper LT, Wolfram J, Fairweather D. Extracellular vesicles as personalized medicine. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 91:101155. [PMID: 36456416 PMCID: PMC10073244 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from all cells in the body, forming an important intercellular communication network that contributes to health and disease. The contents of EVs are cell source-specific, inducing distinct signaling responses in recipient cells. The specificity of EVs and their accumulation in fluid spaces that are accessible for liquid biopsies make them highly attractive as potential biomarkers and therapies for disease. The duality of EVs as favorable (therapeutic) or unfavorable (pathological) messengers is context dependent and remains to be fully determined in homeostasis and various disease states. This review describes the use of EVs as biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and regenerative therapeutics, highlighting examples involving viral infections, cancer, and neurological diseases. There is growing interest to provide personalized therapy based on individual patient and disease characteristics. Increasing evidence suggests that EV biomarkers and therapeutic approaches are ideal for personalized medicine due to the diversity and multifunctionality of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Beetler
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Damian N Di Florio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Katelyn A Bruno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Keith L March
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Leslie T Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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8
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Fernández‐Rhodes M, Adlou B, Williams S, Lees R, Peacock B, Aubert D, Jalal AR, Lewis MP, Davies OG. Defining the influence of size-exclusion chromatography fraction window and ultrafiltration column choice on extracellular vesicle recovery in a skeletal muscle model. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e85. [PMID: 38939692 PMCID: PMC11080914 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the potential to provide new insights into skeletal muscle (SM) physiology and pathophysiology. However, current isolation protocols often do not eliminate co-isolated components such as lipoproteins and RNA binding proteins that could confound outcomes and hinder downstream clinical translation. In this study, we validated an EV isolation protocol that combined size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultrafiltration (UF) to increase sample throughput, scalability and purity, while providing the very first analysis of the effects of UF column choice and fraction window on EV recovery. C2C12 myotube conditioned medium was pre-concentrated using either Amicon® Ultra 15 or Vivaspin®20 100 KDa UF columns and processed by SEC (IZON, qEV 70 nm). The resulting thirty fractions obtained were individually analysed to identify an optimal fraction window for EV recovery. The EV marker TSG101 could be detected from fractions 5 to 14, while CD9 and Annexin A2 only up to fraction 6. ApoA1+ lipoprotein co-isolates were detected from fraction 6 onwards for both protocols. Strikingly, Amicon and Vivaspin UF concentration protocols led to qualitative and quantitative variations in EV marker profiles and purity. Eliminating lipoprotein co-isolation by reducing the SEC fraction window resulted in a net loss of particles, but increased measures of sample purity and had only a negligible impact on the presence of EV marker proteins. In conclusion, our study developed an effective UF+SEC protocol for the isolation of EVs based on sample purity (fractions 1-5) and total EV abundance (fractions 2-10). We provide evidence to demonstrate that the choice of UF column can affect the composition of the resulting EV preparation and needs to be considered when being applied in EV isolation studies in SM. The resulting protocols will be valuable in isolating highly pure EV preparations for applications in a range of therapeutic and diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández‐Rhodes
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Bahman Adlou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Soraya Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | | | | | | | - Aveen R. Jalal
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Owen G. Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
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9
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Longo V, Aloi N, Lo Presti E, Fiannaca A, Longo A, Adamo G, Urso A, Meraviglia S, Bongiovanni A, Cibella F, Colombo P. Impact of the flame retardant 2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) in THP-1 macrophage-like cell function via small extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1069207. [PMID: 36685495 PMCID: PMC9852912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1069207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) is one of the most widespread environmental brominated flame-retardant congeners which has also been detected in animal and human tissues. Several studies have reported the effects of PBDEs on different health issues, including neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, reproductive health, and alterations of thyroid function. Much less is known about its immunotoxicity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects that treatment of THP-1 macrophage-like cells with PBDE-47 could have on the content of small extracellular vesicles' (sEVs) microRNA (miRNA) cargo and their downstream effects on bystander macrophages. To achieve this, we purified sEVs from PBDE-47 treated M(LPS) THP-1 macrophage-like cells (sEVsPBDE+LPS) by means of ultra-centrifugation and characterized their miRNA cargo by microarray analysis detecting the modulation of 18 miRNAs. Furthermore, resting THP-1 derived M(0) macrophage-like cells were cultured with sEVsPBDE+LPS, showing that the treatment reshaped the miRNA profiles of 12 intracellular miRNAs. This dataset was studied in silico, identifying the biological pathways affected by these target genes. This analysis identified 12 pathways all involved in the maturation and polarization of macrophages. Therefore, to evaluate whether sEVsPBDE+LPS can have some immunomodulatory activity, naïve M(0) THP-1 macrophage-like cells cultured with purified sEVsPBDE+LPS were studied for IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β mRNAs expression and immune stained with the HLA-DR, CD80, CCR7, CD38 and CD209 antigens and analyzed by flow cytometry. This analysis showed that the PBDE-47 treatment does not induce the expression of specific M1 and M2 cytokine markers of differentiation and may have impaired the ability to make immunological synapses and present antigens, down-regulating the expression of HLA-DR and CD209 antigens. Overall, our study supports the model that perturbation of miRNA cargo by PBDE-47 treatment contributes to the rewiring of cellular regulatory pathways capable of inducing perturbation of differentiation markers on naïve resting M(0) THP-1 macrophage-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Noemi Aloi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Lo Presti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiannaca
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Adamo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso Urso
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy,*Correspondence: Paolo Colombo,
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10
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Aas V, Øvstebø R, Brusletto BS, Aspelin T, Trøseid AMS, Qureshi S, Eid DSO, Olstad OK, Nyman TA, Haug KBF. Distinct microRNA and protein profiles of extracellular vesicles secreted from myotubes from morbidly obese donors with type 2 diabetes in response to electrical pulse stimulation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1143966. [PMID: 37064893 PMCID: PMC10098097 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1143966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular diseases can be prevented and treated by regular physical activity. During exercise, skeletal muscles release signaling factors that communicate with other organs and mediate beneficial effects of exercise. These factors include myokines, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the present study, we have examined how electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) of myotubes, a model of exercise, affects the cargo of released EVs. Chronic low frequency EPS was applied for 24 h to human myotubes isolated and differentiated from biopsy samples from six morbidly obese females with T2D, and EVs, both exosomes and microvesicles (MV), were isolated from cell media 24 h thereafter. Size and concentration of EV subtypes were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, surface markers were examined by flow cytometry and Western blotting, and morphology was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Protein content was assessed by high-resolution proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS), non-coding RNA was quantified by Affymetrix microarray, and selected microRNAs (miRs) validated by real time RT-qPCR. The size and concentration of exosomes and MV were unaffected by EPS. Of the 400 miRs identified in the EVs, EPS significantly changed the level of 15 exosome miRs, of which miR-1233-5p showed the highest fold change. The miR pattern of MV was unaffected by EPS. Totally, about 1000 proteins were identified in exosomes and 2000 in MV. EPS changed the content of 73 proteins in exosomes, 97 in MVs, and of these four were changed in both exosomes and MV (GANAB, HSPA9, CNDP2, and ATP5B). By matching the EPS-changed miRs and proteins in exosomes, 31 targets were identified, and among these several promising signaling factors. Of particular interest were CNDP2, an enzyme that generates the appetite regulatory metabolite Lac-Phe, and miR-4433b-3p, which targets CNDP2. Several of the regulated miRs, such as miR-92b-5p, miR-320b, and miR-1233-5p might also mediate interesting signaling functions. In conclusion, we have used a combined transcriptome-proteome approach to describe how EPS affected the cargo of EVs derived from myotubes from morbidly obese patients with T2D, and revealed several new factors, both miRs and proteins, that might act as exercise factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Vigdis Aas, ; Kari Bente Foss Haug,
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trude Aspelin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Saba Qureshi
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Tuula A. Nyman
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Bente Foss Haug
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Vigdis Aas, ; Kari Bente Foss Haug,
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11
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Ji S, Ma P, Cao X, Wang J, Yu X, Luo X, Lu J, Hou W, Zhang Z, Yan Y, Dong Y, Wang H. Myoblast-derived exosomes promote the repair and regeneration of injured skeletal muscle in mice. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:2213-2226. [PMID: 36325691 PMCID: PMC9714366 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When skeletal muscle is damaged, satellite cells (SCs) are activated to proliferate rapidly and fuse with the damaged muscle fibers to form new muscle fibers, thereby promoting muscle growth and remodeling and repair of trauma. Exosomes from differentiating human skeletal muscle cells trigger myogenesis of stem cells and provide biochemical cues for skeletal muscle regeneration. Therefore, we hypothesized that, when muscles are injured, myoblast-derived exosomes may regulate muscle repair and regeneration. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanism by applying C2C12-derived exosomes to injured mouse skeletal muscles. The expression levels of skeletal muscle regeneration factors paired box 7 and lipid-promoting factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ were upregulated, whereas the expression levels of fibrosis factors collagen-1 and α-smooth muscle actin decreased. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was elevated after applying C2C12-derived exosomes to SCs. Application of C2C12-derived exosomes to fibro-adipogenic progenitors resulted in an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression and adipogenesis capacity, whereas α-smooth muscle actin expression and fibrosis capacity decreased. Analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of SCs after treatment with exosomes showed the involvement of multiple biological processes, including proliferation and differentiation of SCs, muscle regeneration, skeletal muscle atrophy, and the inflammatory response after muscle injury. Hence, our data suggest that C2C12-derived exosomes can promote the regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers, accelerate the production of fat from damaged muscles, inhibit the fibrosis of damaged muscles, and accelerate injury repair, which is related to exosome-mediated regulation of the proliferation of SCs, differentiation of fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and modulation of SC mRNA expression and protein formation and decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Ji
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Pei Ma
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Xiaorui Cao
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Xiuju Yu
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Xiaomao Luo
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Jiayin Lu
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Wei Hou
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | | | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
| | - Yanjun Dong
- College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineShanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhongChina
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12
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The Cellular and Molecular Signature of ALS in Muscle. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111868. [PMID: 36579600 PMCID: PMC9692882 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Although motor neuron death is the core event of ALS pathology, it is increasingly recognized that other tissues and cell types are affected in the disease, making potentially major contributions to the occurrence and progression of pathology. We review here the known cellular and molecular characteristics of muscle tissue affected by ALS. Evidence of toxicity in skeletal muscle tissue is considered, including metabolic dysfunctions, impaired proteostasis, and deficits in muscle regeneration and RNA metabolism. The role of muscle as a secretory organ, and effects on the skeletal muscle secretome are also covered, including the increase in secretion of toxic factors or decrease in essential factors that have consequences for neuronal function and survival.
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13
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Roles of Exosomes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911284. [PMID: 36232588 PMCID: PMC9570170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is multifactorial and not entirely clear. The objective of the review was to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the role of exosomes in CRS. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for studies published until 7 August 2022. Only original research articles describing studies published in English were included. Reviews, book chapters, case studies, conference papers, and opinions were excluded. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the modified Office and Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. Of 250 records identified, 17 were eligible, all of which had a low to moderate risk of overall bias. Presented findings indicate that exosomal biomarkers, including proteins and microRNA, act as promising biomarkers in the diagnostics and prognosis of CRS patients and, in addition, may contribute to finding novel therapeutic targets. Exosomes reflecting tissue proteomes are excellent, highly available material for studying proteomic alterations noninvasively. The first steps have already been taken, but more advanced research on nasal exosomes is needed, which might open a wider door for individualized medicine in CRS.
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14
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Qiu X, Campos Y, van de Vlekkert D, Gomero E, Tanwar A, Kalathur R, Weesner JA, Bongiovanni A, Demmers J, d'Azzo A. Distinct functions of dimeric and monomeric scaffold protein Alix in regulating F-actin assembly and loading of exosomal cargo. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102425. [PMID: 36030822 PMCID: PMC9531180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alix is a ubiquitously expressed scaffold protein that participates in numerous cellular processes related to the remodeling/repair of membranes and the actin cytoskeleton. Alix exists in monomeric and dimeric/multimeric configurations, but how dimer formation occurs and what role the dimer has in Alix-mediated processes are still largely elusive. Here, we reveal a mechanism for Alix homodimerization mediated by disulfide bonds under physiological conditions, and demonstrate that the Alix dimer is enriched in exosomes and F-actin cytoskeleton subcellular fractions. Proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from Alix-/- primary cells underlined the indispensable role of Alix in loading syntenin into exosomes, thereby regulating the cellular levels of this protein. Using a set of deletion mutants, we define the function of Alix Bro1 domain, which is solely required for its exosomal localization, and that of the V domain, which is needed for recruiting syntenin into exosomes. We reveal an essential role for Cys814 within the disordered proline rich domain (PRD) for Alix dimerization. By mutating this residue, we show that Alix remains exclusively monomeric and, in this configuration, is effective in loading syntenin into exosomes. In contrast, loss of dimerization affects the ability of Alix to associate with F-actin, thereby compromising Alix-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling. We propose that dimeric and monomeric forms of Alix selectively execute two of the protein's main functions: exosomal cargo loading and cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yvan Campos
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Diantha van de Vlekkert
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elida Gomero
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Ajay Tanwar
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ravi Kalathur
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jason A Weesner
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA.
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15
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Mantile F, Kisovec M, Adamo G, Romancino DP, Hočevar M, Božič D, Bedina Zavec A, Podobnik M, Stoppelli MP, Kisslinger A, Bongiovanni A, Kralj-Iglič V, Liguori GL. A Novel Localization in Human Large Extracellular Vesicles for the EGF-CFC Founder Member CRIPTO and Its Biological and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153700. [PMID: 35954365 PMCID: PMC9367246 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis strongly rely on cell–cell communication. One of the mechanisms by which tumor cells communicate involves the release and uptake of lipid membrane encapsulated particles full of bioactive molecules, called extracellular vesicles (EVs). EV exchange between cancer cells may induce phenotype changes in the recipient cells. Our work investigated the effect of EVs released by teratocarcinoma cells on glioblastoma (GBM) cells. EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation and analyzed through Western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and electron microscopy. The effect of large EVs on GBM cells was tested through cell migration, proliferation, and drug-sensitivity assays, and resulted in a specific impairment in cell migration with no effects on proliferation and drug-sensitivity. Noticeably, we found the presence of the EGF-CFC founder member CRIPTO on both small and large EVs, in the latter case implicated in the EV-mediated negative regulation of GBM cell migration. Our data let us propose a novel route and function for CRIPTO during tumorigenesis, highlighting a complex scenario regulating its effect, and paving the way to novel strategies to control cell migration, to ultimately improve the prognosis and quality of life of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mantile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Matic Kisovec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (A.B.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Giorgia Adamo
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), CNR, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.P.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniele P. Romancino
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), CNR, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.P.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Matej Hočevar
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute of Metals and Technology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Darja Božič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (V.K.-I.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (A.B.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (A.B.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Patrizia Stoppelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Annamaria Kisslinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), CNR, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.P.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (V.K.-I.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giovanna L. Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles and Particles Derived from Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts and Myotubes and the Effect of Acute Contractile Activity. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050464. [PMID: 35629791 PMCID: PMC9144336 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released from all cells, are essential to cellular communication and contain biomolecular cargo that can affect recipient cell function. Studies on the effects of contractile activity (exercise) on EVs usually rely on plasma/serum-based assessments, which contain EVs from many different cells. To specifically characterize skeletal muscle−derived vesicles and the effect of acute contractile activity, we used an in vitro model where C2C12 mouse myoblasts were differentiated to form myotubes. EVs were isolated from conditioned media from muscle cells at pre-differentiation (myoblasts) and post-differentiation (myotubes) and also from acutely stimulated myotubes (1 h @ 14 V, C-Pace EM, IonOptix, Westwood, MA, USA) using total exosome isolation reagent (TEI, ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA, USA), referred to as extracellular particles [EPs]) and differential ultracentrifugation (dUC; EVs). Myotube-EPs (~98 nm) were 41% smaller than myoblast-EPs (~167 nm, p < 0.001, n = 8−10). Two-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect for the size distribution of myotube vs. myoblast-EPs (p < 0.01, n = 10−13). In comparison, myoblast-EPs displayed a bimodal size distribution profile with peaks at <200 nm and 400−600, whereas myotube-Eps were largely 50−300 nm in size. Total protein yield from myotube-EPs was nearly 15-fold higher than from the myoblast-EPs, (p < 0.001 n = 6−9). Similar biophysical characteristics were observed when EVs were isolated using dUC: myotube-EVs (~195 nm) remained 41% smaller in average size than myoblast-EVs (~330 nm, p = 0.07, n = 4−6) and had comparable size distribution profiles to EPs isolated via TEI. Myotube-EVs also had 4.7-fold higher protein yield vs. myoblast EVs (p < 0.05, n = 4−6). Myotube-EPs exhibited significantly decreased expression of exosomal marker proteins TSG101, CD63, ALIX and CD81 compared with myoblast-EPs (p < 0.05, n = 7−12). Conversely, microvesicle marker ARF6 and lipoprotein marker APO-A1 were only found in the myotube-EPs (p < 0.05, n = 4−12). There was no effect of acute stimulation on myotube-EP biophysical characteristics (n = 7) or on the expression of TSG101, ARF6 or CD81 (n = 5−6). Myoblasts treated with control or acute stimulation−derived EPs (13 µg/well) for 48 h and 72 h showed no changes in mitochondrial mass (MitoTracker Red, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA), cell viability or cell count (n = 3−4). Myoblasts treated with EP-depleted media (72 h) exhibited ~90% lower cell counts (p < 0.01, n = 3). Our data show that EVs differed in size, distribution, protein yield and expression of subtype markers pre vs. post skeletal muscle−differentiation into myotubes. There was no effect of acute stimulation on biophysical profile or protein markers in EPs. Acute stimulation−derived EPs did not alter mitochondrial mass or cell count/viability. Further investigation into the effects of chronic contractile activity on the biophysical characteristics and cargo of skeletal muscle−specific EVs are warranted.
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17
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Di Felice V, Barone R, Trovato E, D’Amico D, Macaluso F, Campanella C, Marino Gammazza A, Muccilli V, Cunsolo V, Cancemi P, Multhoff G, Coletti D, Adamo S, Farina F, Cappello F. Physiactisome: A New Nanovesicle Drug Containing Heat Shock Protein 60 for Treating Muscle Wasting and Cachexia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091406. [PMID: 35563712 PMCID: PMC9100106 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, no commercially available drugs have the ability to reverse cachexia or counteract muscle wasting and the loss of lean mass. Here, we report the methodology used to develop Physiactisome—a conditioned medium released by heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60)—overexpressing C2C12 cell lines enriched with small and large extracellular vesicles. We also present evidence supporting its use in the treatment of cachexia. Briefly, we obtain a nanovesicle-based secretion by genetically modifying C2C12 cell lines with an Hsp60-overexpressing plasmid. The secretion is used to treat naïve C2C12 cell lines. Physiactisome activates the expression of PGC-1α isoform 1, which is directly involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle atrophy suppression, in naïve C2C12 cell lines. Proteomic analyses show Hsp60 localisation inside isolated nanovesicles and the localisation of several apocrine and merocrine molecules, with potential benefits for severe forms of muscle atrophy. Considering that Physiactisome can be easily obtained following tissue biopsy and can be applied to autologous muscle stem cells, we propose a potential nanovesicle-based anti-cachexia drug that could mimic the beneficial effects of exercise. Thus, Physiactisome may improve patient survival and quality of life. Furthermore, the method used to add Hsp60 into nanovesicles can be used to deliver other drugs or active proteins to vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Eleonora Trovato
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Daniela D’Amico
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77573, USA
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies Research Center, eCampus University, 22160 Novedrate, Italy;
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy; (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy; (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, 80333 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dario Coletti
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.C.); (S.A.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.C.); (S.A.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Felicia Farina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Papadopetraki A, Maridaki M, Zagouri F, Dimopoulos MA, Koutsilieris M, Philippou A. Physical Exercise Restrains Cancer Progression through Muscle-Derived Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081892. [PMID: 35454797 PMCID: PMC9024747 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The benefits of physical exercise against cancer onset and progression, as well as the adverse effects of physical inactivity have changed the way that we utilize exercise for cancer patients. Nevertheless, although guidelines of various scientific societies and organizations propose exercise as a complementary intervention during cancer therapies, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exercise acts against cancer have not yet been elucidated. In the present review, we analyze the factors which either are secreted from skeletal muscle or are regulated by exercise and can restrain cancer evolution. We also describe the exercise-induced factors that counteract severe side effects of cancer treatment, as well as the ways that muscle-derived factors are delivered to the target cells. Abstract A growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that physical activity offers important benefits against cancer, in terms of both prevention and treatment. However, the exact mechanisms implicated in the anticancer effects of exercise remain to be further elucidated. Muscle-secreted factors in response to contraction have been proposed to mediate the physical exercise-induced beneficial effects and be responsible for the inter-tissue communications. Specifically, myokines and microRNAs (miRNAs) constitute the most studied components of the skeletal muscle secretome that appear to affect the malignancy, either directly by possessing antioncogenic properties, or indirectly by mobilizing the antitumor immune responses. Moreover, some of these factors are capable of mitigating serious, disease-associated adverse effects that deteriorate patients’ quality of life and prognosis. The present review summarizes the myokines and miRNAs that may have potent anticancer properties and the expression of which is induced by physical exercise, while the mechanisms of secretion and intercellular transportation of these factors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Papadopetraki
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Maridaki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece;
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (F.Z.); (M.-A.D.)
| | - Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (F.Z.); (M.-A.D.)
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-210-7462690
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19
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The Neurotoxicity of Vesicles Secreted by ALS Patient Myotubes Is Specific to Exosome-Like and Not Larger Subtypes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050845. [PMID: 35269468 PMCID: PMC8909615 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can mediate communication between tissues, affecting the physiological conditions of recipient cells. They are increasingly investigated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, the most common form of Motor Neurone Disease, as transporters of misfolded proteins including SOD1, FUS, TDP43, or other neurotoxic elements, such as the dipeptide repeats resulting from C9orf72 expansions. EVs are classified based on their biogenesis and size and can be separated by differential centrifugation. They include exosomes, released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, and ectosomes, also known as microvesicles or microparticles, resulting from budding or pinching of the plasma membrane. In the current study, EVs were obtained from the myotube cell culture medium of ALS patients or healthy controls. EVs of two different sizes, separating at 20,000 or 100,000 g, were then compared in terms of their effects on recipient motor neurons, astrocytes, and myotubes. Compared to untreated cells, the smaller, exosome-like vesicles of ALS patients reduced the survival of motor neurons by 31% and of myotubes by 18%, decreased neurite length and branching, and increased the proportion of stellate astrocytes, whereas neither those of healthy subjects, nor larger EVs of ALS or healthy subjects, had such effects.
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20
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Biogenesis and Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiological Processes Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Yates AG, Pink RC, Erdbrügger U, Siljander PRM, Dellar ER, Pantazi P, Akbar N, Cooke WR, Vatish M, Dias-Neto E, Anthony DC, Couch Y. In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12151. [PMID: 35041249 PMCID: PMC8765331 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously thought to be nothing more than cellular debris, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now known to mediate physiological and pathological functions throughout the body. We now understand more about their capacity to transfer nucleic acids and proteins between distant organs, the interaction of their surface proteins with target cells, and the role of vesicle‐bound lipids in health and disease. To date, most observations have been made in reductionist cell culture systems, or as snapshots from patient cohorts. The heterogenous population of vesicles produced in vivo likely act in concert to mediate both beneficial and detrimental effects. EVs play crucial roles in both the pathogenesis of diseases, from cancer to neurodegenerative disease, as well as in the maintenance of system and organ homeostasis. This two‐part review draws on the expertise of researchers working in the field of EV biology and aims to cover the functional role of EVs in physiology and pathology. Part I will outline the role of EVs in normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth R Dellar
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William R Cooke
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics. A.C. Camargo Cancer Centre, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27) Institute of Psychiatry, São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme - Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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22
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Ramos AP, Sebinelli HG, Ciancaglini P, Rosato N, Mebarek S, Buchet R, Millán JL, Bottini M. The functional role of soluble proteins acquired by extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e34. [PMID: 38938684 PMCID: PMC11080634 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanosized particles released by all cell types during physiological as well as pathophysiological processes to carry out diverse biological functions, including acting as sources of cellular dumping, signalosomes and mineralisation nanoreactors. The ability of EVs to perform specific biological functions is due to their biochemical machinery. Among the components of the EVs' biochemical machinery, surface proteins are of critical functional significance as they mediate the interactions of EVs with components of the extracellular milieu, the extracellular matrix and neighbouring cells. Surface proteins are thought to be native, that is, pre-assembled on the EVs' surface by the parent cells before the vesicles are released. However, numerous pieces of evidence have suggested that soluble proteins are acquired by the EVs' surface from the extracellular milieu and further modulate the biological functions of EVs during innate and adaptive immune responses, autoimmune disorders, complement activation, coagulation, viral infection and biomineralisation. Herein, we will describe the methods currently used to identify the EVs' surface proteins and discuss recent knowledge on the functional relevance of the soluble proteins acquired by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Heitor Gobbi Sebinelli
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Dipartimento di Medicina SperimentaleUniversita’ di Roma “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
| | - Saida Mebarek
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246UFR BiosciencesUniversité Lyon 1Villeurbanne CedexFrance
| | - Rene Buchet
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246UFR BiosciencesUniversité Lyon 1Villeurbanne CedexFrance
| | | | - Massimo Bottini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
- Sanford Burnham PrebysLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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23
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Malatesta M. Histochemistry for nanomedicine: Novelty in tradition. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34961299 PMCID: PMC8743982 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two centuries, histochemistry has provided significant advancements in many fields of life sciences. After a period of neglect due to the great development of biomolecular techniques, the histochemical approach has been reappraised and is now widely applied in the field of nanomedicine. In fact, the novel nanoconstructs intended for biomedical purposes must be visualized to test their interaction with tissue and cell components. To this aim, several long-established staining methods have been re-discovered and re-interpreted in an unconventional way for unequivocal identification of nanoparticulates at both light and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona.
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24
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Mytidou C, Koutsoulidou A, Zachariou M, Prokopi M, Kapnisis K, Spyrou GM, Anayiotos A, Phylactou LA. Age-Related Exosomal and Endogenous Expression Patterns of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, and miR-206 in Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2021; 12:708278. [PMID: 34867435 PMCID: PMC8637414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.708278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth and maintenance depend on two tightly regulated processes, myogenesis and muscle regeneration. Both processes involve a series of crucial regulatory molecules including muscle-specific microRNAs, known as myomiRs. We recently showed that four myomiRs, miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, and miR-206, are encapsulated within muscle-derived exosomes and participate in local skeletal muscle communication. Although these four myomiRs have been extensively studied for their function in muscles, no information exists regarding their endogenous and exosomal levels across age. Here we aimed to identify any age-related changes in the endogenous and muscle-derived exosomal myomiR levels during acute skeletal muscle growth. The four endogenous and muscle-derived myomiRs were investigated in five skeletal muscles (extensor digitorum longus, soleus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and quadriceps) of 2-week–1-year-old wild-type male mice. The expression of miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b was found to increase rapidly until adolescence in all skeletal muscles, whereas during adulthood it remained relatively stable. By contrast, endogenous miR-206 levels were observed to decrease with age in all muscles, except for soleus. Differential expression of the four myomiRs is also inversely reflected on the production of two protein targets; serum response factor and connexin 43. Muscle-derived exosomal miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b levels were found to increase until the early adolescence, before reaching a plateau phase. Soleus was found to be the only skeletal muscle to release exosomes enriched in miR-206. In this study, we showed for the first time an in-depth longitudinal analysis of the endogenous and exosomal levels of the four myomiRs during skeletal muscle development. We showed that the endogenous expression and extracellular secretion of the four myomiRs are associated to the function and size of skeletal muscles as the mice age. Overall, our findings provide new insights for the myomiRs’ significant role in the first year of life in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Mytidou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrie Koutsoulidou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Margarita Zachariou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marianna Prokopi
- Theramir Ltd., Limassol, Cyprus.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Kapnisis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Anayiotos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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25
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Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Powerful Tool to Investigate the Interaction of Nanoparticles with Subcellular Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312789. [PMID: 34884592 PMCID: PMC8657944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedical research necessarily involves the study of the interactions between nanoparticulates and the biological environment. Transmission electron microscopy has proven to be a powerful tool in providing information about nanoparticle uptake, biodistribution and relationships with cell and tissue components, thanks to its high resolution. This article aims to overview the transmission electron microscopy techniques used to explore the impact of nanoconstructs on biological systems, highlighting the functional value of ultrastructural morphology, histochemistry and microanalysis as well as their fundamental contribution to the advancement of nanomedicine.
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26
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Anakor E, Le Gall L, Dumonceaux J, Duddy WJ, Duguez S. Exosomes in Ageing and Motor Neurone Disease: Biogenesis, Uptake Mechanisms, Modifications in Disease and Uses in the Development of Biomarkers and Therapeutics. Cells 2021; 10:2930. [PMID: 34831153 PMCID: PMC8616058 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between neurons and their surrounding cells occurs through the secretion of soluble molecules or release of vesicles such as exosomes into the extracellular space, participating in brain homeostasis. Under neuro-degenerative conditions associated with ageing, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, exosomes are suspected to propagate toxic proteins. The topic of this review is the role of exosomes in ageing conditions and more specifically in ALS. Our current understanding of exosomes and exosome-related mechanisms is first summarized in a general sense, including their biogenesis and secretion, heterogeneity, cellular interaction and intracellular fate. Their role in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and ageing of the neuromotor system is then considered in the context of exosome-induced signaling. The review then focuses on exosomes in age-associated neurodegenerative disease. The role of exosomes in ALS is highlighted, and their use as potential biomarkers to diagnose and prognose ALS is presented. The therapeutic implications of exosomes for ALS are considered, whether as delivery vehicles, neurotoxic targets or as corrective drugs in and of themselves. A diverse set of mechanisms underpin the functional roles, both confirmed and potential, of exosomes, generally in ageing and specifically in motor neurone disease. Aspects of their contents, biogenesis, uptake and modifications offer many plausible routes towards the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekene Anakor
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK; (E.A.); (L.L.G.); (J.D.); (W.J.D.)
| | - Laura Le Gall
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK; (E.A.); (L.L.G.); (J.D.); (W.J.D.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Julie Dumonceaux
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK; (E.A.); (L.L.G.); (J.D.); (W.J.D.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William John Duddy
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK; (E.A.); (L.L.G.); (J.D.); (W.J.D.)
| | - Stephanie Duguez
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified/Personalised Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK; (E.A.); (L.L.G.); (J.D.); (W.J.D.)
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27
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New insights into exosome mediated tumor-immune escape: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188624. [PMID: 34487817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in extracellular vesicle biology have uncovered a substantial role in maintaining cell homeostasis in health and disease conditions by mediating intercellular communication, thus catching the scientific community's attention worldwide. Extracellular microvesicles, some called exosomes, functionally transfer biomolecules such as proteins and non-coding RNAs from one cell to another, influencing the local environment's biology. Although numerous advancements have been made in treating cancer patients with immune therapy, controlling the disease remains a challenge in the clinic due to tumor-driven interference with the immune response and inability of immune cells to clear cancer cells from the body. The present review article discusses the recent findings and knowledge gaps related to the role of exosomes derived from tumors and the tumor microenvironment cells in tumor escape from immunosurveillance. Further, we highlight examples where exosomal non-coding RNAs influence immune cells' response within the tumor microenvironment and favor tumor growth and progression. Therefore, exosomes can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of human cancers.
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28
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Characterization of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome Reveals a Role for Extracellular Vesicles and IL1α/IL1β in Restricting Fibro/Adipogenic Progenitor Adipogenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081171. [PMID: 34439837 PMCID: PMC8392554 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated mechanical stress causes injuries in the adult skeletal muscle that need to be repaired. Although muscle regeneration is a highly efficient process, it fails in some pathological conditions, compromising tissue functionality. This may be caused by aberrant cell-cell communication, resulting in the deposition of fibrotic and adipose infiltrates. Here, we investigate in vivo changes in the profile of skeletal muscle secretome during the regeneration process to suggest new targetable regulatory circuits whose failure may lead to tissue degeneration in pathological conditions. We describe the kinetic variation of expression levels of 76 secreted proteins during the regeneration process. In addition, we profile the gene expression of immune cells, endothelial cells, satellite cells, and fibro-adipogenic progenitors. This analysis allowed us to annotate each cell-type with the cytokines and receptors they have the potential to synthetize, thus making it possible to draw a cell-cell interaction map. We next selected 12 cytokines whose receptors are expressed in FAPs and tested their ability to modulate FAP adipogenesis and proliferation. We observed that IL1α and IL1β potently inhibit FAP adipogenesis, while EGF and BTC notably promote FAP proliferation. In addition, we characterized the cross-talk mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). We first monitored the modulation of muscle EV cargo during tissue regeneration. Using a single-vesicle flow cytometry approach, we observed that EVs differentially affect the uptake of RNA and proteins into their lumen. We also investigated the EV capability to interact with SCs and FAPs and to modulate their proliferation and differentiation. We conclude that both cytokines and EVs secreted during muscle regeneration have the potential to modulate adipogenic differentiation of FAPs. The results of our approach provide a system-wide picture of mechanisms that control cell fate during the regeneration process in the muscle niche.
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29
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Qasim M, Khan K, Kim JH. Biogenesis, Membrane Trafficking, Functions, and Next Generation Nanotherapeutics Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3357-3383. [PMID: 34040369 PMCID: PMC8140893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s310357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two different types of EVs generated by all cell types. Their formation depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Further, EV release is a fundamental process required for intercellular communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions to transmit/exchange bioactive molecules to recipient cells and the extracellular environment. The unique structure and composition of EVs enable them to serve as natural nanocarriers, and their physicochemical properties and biological functions can be used to develop next-generation nano and precision medicine. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EVs biology and membrane trafficking is essential for their clinical applications. However, in this rapidly expanding field, much remains unknown regarding EV origin, biogenesis, cargo sorting, and secretion, as well as EV-based theranostic platform generation. Hence, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in biogenesis, membrane trafficking, and functions of EVs, highlighting the impact of nanoparticles and oxidative stress on EVs biogenesis and release and finally emphasizing the role of EVs as nanotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Khalid Khan
- Science and Technology KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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30
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Sandonà M, Di Pietro L, Esposito F, Ventura A, Silini AR, Parolini O, Saccone V. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Secretome: New Therapeutic Perspectives for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:652970. [PMID: 34095095 PMCID: PMC8172230 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.652970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in different tissues: bone marrow, peripheral blood, adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, perinatal tissues, and dental pulp. MSCs are able to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple lineages, and they have been extensively used for cell therapy mostly owing to their anti-fibrotic and immunoregulatory properties that have been suggested to be at the basis for their regenerative capability. MSCs exert their effects by releasing a variety of biologically active molecules such as growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, either as soluble proteins or enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Analyses of MSC-derived secretome and in particular studies on EVs are attracting great attention from a medical point of view due to their ability to mimic all the therapeutic effects produced by the MSCs (i.e., endogenous tissue repair and regulation of the immune system). MSC-EVs could be advantageous compared with the parental cells because of their specific cargo containing mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins that can be biologically transferred to recipient cells. MSC-EV storage, transfer, and production are easier; and their administration is also safer than MSC therapy. The skeletal muscle is a very adaptive tissue, but its regenerative potential is altered during acute and chronic conditions. Recent works demonstrate that both MSCs and their secretome are able to help myofiber regeneration enhancing myogenesis and, interestingly, can be manipulated as a novel strategy for therapeutic interventions in muscular diseases like muscular dystrophies or atrophy. In particular, MSC-EVs represent promising candidates for cell free-based muscle regeneration. In this review, we aim to give a complete picture of the therapeutic properties and advantages of MSCs and their products (MSC-derived EVs and secreted factors) relevant for skeletal muscle regeneration in main muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sandonà
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Ventura
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca "E. Menni", Fondazione Poliambulanza - Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Saccone
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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31
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Longo V, Longo A, Adamo G, Fiannaca A, Picciotto S, La Paglia L, Romancino D, La Rosa M, Urso A, Cibella F, Bongiovanni A, Colombo P. 2,2'4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (PBDE-47) Modulates the Intracellular miRNA Profile, sEV Biogenesis and Their miRNA Cargo Exacerbating the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in THP-1 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664534. [PMID: 34025666 PMCID: PMC8138315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2,2’4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners detected in the environment and in animal and human tissues. Animal model experiments suggested the occurrence of PBDE-induced immunotoxicity leading to different outcomes and recently we demonstrated that this substance can impair macrophage and basophil activities. In this manuscript, we decided to further examine the effects induced by PBDE-47 treatment on innate immune response by looking at the intracellular expression profile of miRNAs as well as the biogenesis, cargo content and activity of human M(LPS) macrophage cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Microarray and in silico analysis demonstrated that PBDE-47 can induce some epigenetic effects in M(LPS) THP-1 cells modulating the expression of a set of intracellular miRNAs involved in biological pathways regulating the expression of estrogen-mediated signaling and immune responses with particular reference to M1/M2 differentiation. In addition to the cell-intrinsic modulation of intracellular miRNAs, we demonstrated that PBDE-47 could also interfere with the biogenesis of sEVs increasing their number and selecting a de novo population of sEVs. Moreover, PBDE-47 induced the overload of specific immune related miRNAs in PBDE-47 derived sEVs. Finally, culture experiments with naïve M(LPS) macrophages demonstrated that purified PBDE-47 derived sEVs can modulate macrophage immune response exacerbating the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response inducing the overexpression of the IL-6 and the MMP9 genes. Data from this study demonstrated that PBDE-47 can perturb the innate immune response at different levels modulating the intracellular expression of miRNAs but also interfering with the biogenesis, cargo content and functional activity of M(LPS) macrophage cell-derived sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Adamo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiannaca
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picciotto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura La Paglia
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Romancino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo La Rosa
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso Urso
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
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32
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Adamo G, Fierli D, Romancino DP, Picciotto S, Barone ME, Aranyos A, Božič D, Morsbach S, Raccosta S, Stanly C, Paganini C, Gai M, Cusimano A, Martorana V, Noto R, Carrotta R, Librizzi F, Randazzo L, Parkes R, Capasso Palmiero U, Rao E, Paterna A, Santonicola P, Iglič A, Corcuera L, Kisslinger A, Di Schiavi E, Liguori GL, Landfester K, Kralj-Iglič V, Arosio P, Pocsfalvi G, Touzet N, Manno M, Bongiovanni A. Nanoalgosomes: Introducing extracellular vesicles produced by microalgae. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12081. [PMID: 33936568 PMCID: PMC8077145 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular, inter-organismal and cross kingdom communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) is intensively studied in basic science with high expectation for a large variety of bio-technological applications. EVs intrinsically possess many attributes of a drug delivery vehicle. Beyond the implications for basic cell biology, academic and industrial interests in EVs have increased in the last few years. Microalgae constitute sustainable and renewable sources of bioactive compounds with a range of sectoral applications, including the formulation of health supplements, cosmetic products and food ingredients. Here we describe a newly discovered subtype of EVs derived from microalgae, which we named nanoalgosomes. We isolated these extracellular nano-objects from cultures of microalgal strains, including the marine photosynthetic chlorophyte Tetraselmis chuii, using differential ultracentrifugation or tangential flow fractionation and focusing on the nanosized small EVs (sEVs). We explore different biochemical and physical properties and we show that nanoalgosomes are efficiently taken up by mammalian cell lines, confirming the cross kingdom communication potential of EVs. This is the first detailed description of such membranous nanovesicles from microalgae. With respect to EVs isolated from other organisms, nanoalgosomes present several advantages in that microalgae are a renewable and sustainable natural source, which could easily be scalable in terms of nanoalgosome production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Adamo
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - David Fierli
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland
| | - Daniele P Romancino
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Sabrina Picciotto
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Maria E Barone
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland
| | - Anita Aranyos
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland
| | - Darja Božič
- University of Ljubljana (UL) Ljubljana Slovene
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP) Mainz Germany
| | - Samuele Raccosta
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Christopher Stanly
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Carolina Paganini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Meiyu Gai
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP) Mainz Germany
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Vincenzo Martorana
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Rosina Noto
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Rita Carrotta
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Fabio Librizzi
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Loredana Randazzo
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Rachel Parkes
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland
| | | | - Estella Rao
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Angela Paterna
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Pamela Santonicola
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Ales Iglič
- University of Ljubljana (UL) Ljubljana Slovene
| | | | - Annamaria Kisslinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Giovanna L Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Naples Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability Institute of Technology Sligo Sligo Ireland
| | - Mauro Manno
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Palermo Italy
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33
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Noonin C, Thongboonkerd V. Exosome-inflammasome crosstalk and their roles in inflammatory responses. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4436-4451. [PMID: 33754070 PMCID: PMC7977448 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome is a complex of multiple proteins found in cytoplasm of the cells activated by infectious and/or non-infectious stimuli. This complex involves caspase-1 activation, leading to unconventional secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and inflammatory cascade. Exosome is the nanoscale membrane-bound extracellular vesicle that plays significant roles in intercellular communications by carrying bioactive molecules, e.g., proteins, RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), DNAs, from one cell to the others. In this review, we provide the update information on the crosstalk between exosome and inflammasome and their roles in inflammatory responses. The effects of inflammasome activation on exosomal secretion are summarized. On the other hand, the (dual) effects of exosomes on inhibiting and promoting inflammasome activation are discussed. Finally, perspectives on therapeutic roles of exosomes in human diseases and future direction of the research on exosome-inflammasome crosstalk are provided.
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34
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Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA. Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science. Front Physiol 2021; 11:604274. [PMID: 33597890 PMCID: PMC7882633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or 'exerkines'). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or 'mediators' of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institut of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mats I Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
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35
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Luo H, Lv W, Tong Q, Jin J, Xu Z, Zuo B. Functional Non-coding RNA During Embryonic Myogenesis and Postnatal Muscle Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628339. [PMID: 33585483 PMCID: PMC7876409 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly heterogeneous tissue that plays a crucial role in mammalian metabolism and motion maintenance. Myogenesis is a complex biological process that includes embryonic and postnatal development, which is regulated by specific signaling pathways and transcription factors. Various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) account for the majority of total RNA in cells and have an important regulatory role in myogenesis. In this review, we introduced the research progress in miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs related to embryonic and postnatal muscle development. We mainly focused on ncRNAs that regulate myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and postnatal muscle development through multiple mechanisms. Finally, challenges and future perspectives related to the identification and verification of functional ncRNAs are discussed. The identification and elucidation of ncRNAs related to myogenesis will enrich the myogenic regulatory network, and the effective application of ncRNAs will enhance the function of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Tong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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36
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Davies OG, Powell S, Rickard JJS, Clancy M, Goldberg Oppenheimer P. Spectroscopic profiling variations in extracellular vesicle biochemistry in a model of myogenesis. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211022092. [PMID: 34104390 PMCID: PMC8172953 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211022092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold value as accessible biomarkers for understanding cellular differentiation and related pathologies. Herein, EV biomarkers in models of skeletal muscle dormancy and differentiation have been comparatively profiled using Raman spectroscopy (RS). Significant variations in the biochemical fingerprint of EVs were detected, with an elevation in peaks associated with lipid and protein signatures during early myogenic differentiation (day 2). Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between the spectra of EVs derived from myogenic and senescent cell types, with non-overlapping interquartile ranges and population median. Observations aligned with nanoparticle tracking data, highlighting a significant early reduction in EV concentration in senescent myoblast cultures as well as notable variations in EV morphology and diameter. As differentiation progressed physical and biochemical differences in the properties of EVs became less pronounced. This study demonstrates the applicability of RS as a high-resolution analytical method for profiling biochemical changes in EVs during early myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G. Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Powell
- Physical Sciences for Health Doctoral Training Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan JS Rickard
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Clancy
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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37
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Picciotto S, Barone ME, Fierli D, Aranyos A, Adamo G, Božič D, Romancino DP, Stanly C, Parkes R, Morsbach S, Raccosta S, Paganini C, Cusimano A, Martorana V, Noto R, Carrotta R, Librizzi F, Capasso Palmiero U, Santonicola P, Iglič A, Gai M, Corcuera L, Kisslinger A, Di Schiavi E, Landfester K, Liguori GL, Kralj-Iglič V, Arosio P, Pocsfalvi G, Manno M, Touzet N, Bongiovanni A. Isolation of extracellular vesicles from microalgae: towards the production of sustainable and natural nanocarriers of bioactive compounds. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2917-2930. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical and biochemical characterisation of microalgae-derived extracellular vesicles.
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38
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Xue X, Huang J, Yu K, Chen X, He Y, Qi D, Wu Y. YB-1 transferred by gastric cancer exosomes promotes angiogenesis via enhancing the expression of angiogenic factors in vascular endothelial cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:996. [PMID: 33054752 PMCID: PMC7557103 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is important for the progression of gastric cancer (GC). Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) predicts advanced disease and indicates neovasculature formation in GC tissues, while the related mechanisms remain elusive. Exosomes mediate intercellular communications via transferring various molecules including proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs, while the cargos of GC exosomes and the related mechanisms in GC angiogenesis were rarely reported except for several microRNAs. Methods In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were, respectively, treated by the exosomes isolated from the YB-1 transfected and the control SGC-7901 cells (SGC-7901-OE-Exo and SGC-7901-NC-Exo), and their apoptosis, proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis were, sequentially, compared. The levels of angiogenic factors including VEGF, Ang-1, MMP-9 and IL-8 in the exosome-treated HUVECs and the GC-derived exosomes were, separately, detected using PCR and Western blotting as well as RNA sequencing assays. Results We observed the consistent level of YB-1 in the exosomes and their originated GC cells, and the internalization of exosomes into HUVECs. Comparing with SGC-7901-NC-Exo, SGC-7901-OE-Exo significantly inhibited the apoptosis but promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of HUVECs, within which the increased mRNA and protein levels of VEGF, Ang-1, MMP-9 and IL-8 were demonstrated. Meanwhile, mRNA levels of VEGF, Ang-1, MMP-9 and IL-8 showed no significant difference between SGC-7901-NC-Exo and SGC-7901-OE-Exo, although statistically higher mRNA of YB-1 was detected in the SGC-7901-OE-Exo. Conclusions Our findings illustrate YB-1 as the key component of exosome to promote GC angiogenesis by upregulating specific angiogenic factors in the exosome-treated endothelial cells but not in the exosomes themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Xue
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning, 110122, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The First Hospital, China Medical University, 518 Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110167, Liaoning, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of General Practice, The First Hospital, China Medical University, 155 South Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of General Practice, The First Hospital, China Medical University, 155 South Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yini He
- Department of General Practice, The First Hospital, China Medical University, 155 South Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Dianjun Qi
- Department of General Practice, The First Hospital, China Medical University, 155 South Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of General Practice, The First Hospital, China Medical University, 155 South Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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39
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Reid G, Magarotto F, Marsano A, Pozzobon M. Next Stage Approach to Tissue Engineering Skeletal Muscle. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E118. [PMID: 33007935 PMCID: PMC7711907 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale muscle injury in humans initiates a complex regeneration process, as not only the muscular, but also the vascular and neuro-muscular compartments have to be repaired. Conventional therapeutic strategies often fall short of reaching the desired functional outcome, due to the inherent complexity of natural skeletal muscle. Tissue engineering offers a promising alternative treatment strategy, aiming to achieve an engineered tissue close to natural tissue composition and function, able to induce long-term, functional regeneration after in vivo implantation. This review aims to summarize the latest approaches of tissue engineering skeletal muscle, with specific attention toward fabrication, neuro-angiogenesis, multicellularity and the biochemical cues that adjuvate the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Reid
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (G.R.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Magarotto
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Marsano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (G.R.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
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40
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Streck NT, Zhao Y, Sundstrom JM, Buchkovich NJ. Human Cytomegalovirus Utilizes Extracellular Vesicles To Enhance Virus Spread. J Virol 2020; 94:e00609-20. [PMID: 32522858 PMCID: PMC7394901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00609-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manipulates cellular processes associated with secretory pathways within an infected cell to facilitate efficient viral replication. However, little is known about how HCMV infection alters the surrounding cellular environment to promote virus spread to uninfected cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key signaling molecules that are commonly altered in numerous disease states. Previous reports have shown that viruses commonly alter EVs, which can significantly impact infection. This study finds that HCMV modulates EV biogenesis machinery through upregulation of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins. This regulation appears to increase the activity of EV biogenesis, since HCMV-infected fibroblasts have increased vesicle release and altered vesicle size compared to EVs from uninfected cells. EVs generated through ESCRT-independent pathways are also beneficial to virus spread in fibroblasts, as treatment with the EV inhibitor GW4869 slowed the efficiency of HCMV spread. Importantly, the transfer of EVs purified from HCMV-infected cells enhanced virus spread. This suggests that HCMV modulates the EV pathway to transfer proviral signals to uninfected cells that prime the cellular environment for incoming infection and enhance the efficiency of virus spread.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that leads to serious health consequences in neonatal or immunocompromised patients. Clinical management of infection in these at-risk groups remains a serious concern even with approved antiviral therapies available. It is necessary to increase our understanding of the cellular changes that occur during infection and their importance to virus spread. This may help to identify new targets during infection that will lead to the development of novel treatment strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important method of intercellular communication in the human host. This study finds that HCMV manipulates this pathway to increase the efficiency of virus spread to uninfected cells. This finding defines a new layer of host manipulation induced by HCMV infection that leads to enhanced virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Streck
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Buchkovich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, Yu M, Dong J, Wu Y, Tian W. Identification of Novel Adipokines through Proteomic Profiling of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose Tissue. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3130-3142. [PMID: 32597661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is regarded as a true endocrine organ that releases adipokines to regulate distant targets. Besides the well-studied secretory adipokines, the adipokines carried by small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose tissue (sEV-AT) have not been completely characterized yet. In this study, we conducted a complementary protein profiling on sEV-AT with label-free quantitative proteomic analysis (project accession: PXD013270). A total of 2607 sEV-AT proteins were identified, among which 328 proteins had been annotated as adipokines. Three undefined adipokine candidates (NPM3, STEAP3, and DAD1) were selected for further validation. These three proteins were expressed in both white and brown adipose tissues and upregulated during adipogenic differentiation in both 3T3-L1 cells and adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs). Expressions of NPM3 and DAD1 in sEV-AT were significantly decreased in obese subjects compared with lean controls, while obesity could not alter the expression of STEAP3. Our profiling study of the sEV-AT proteins expanded the list of adipokines and highlighted the pivotal role of adipokines specifically carried by sEVs in the regulation of multiple biological processes within adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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42
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Zebrowska A, Widlak P, Whiteside T, Pietrowska M. Signaling of Tumor-Derived sEV Impacts Melanoma Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145066. [PMID: 32709086 PMCID: PMC7404104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV or exosomes) are nanovesicles (30–150 nm) released both in vivo and in vitro by most cell types. Tumor cells produce sEV called TEX and disperse them throughout all body fluids. TEX contain a cargo of proteins, lipids, and RNA that is similar but not identical to that of the “parent” producer cell (i.e., the cargo of exosomes released by melanoma cells is similar but not identical to exosomes released by melanocytes), possibly due to selective endosomal packaging. TEX and their role in cancer biology have been intensively investigated largely due to the possibility that TEX might serve as key component of a “liquid tumor biopsy.” TEX are also involved in the crosstalk between cancer and immune cells and play a key role in the suppression of anti-tumor immune responses, thus contributing to the tumor progression. Most of the available information about the TEX molecular composition and functions has been gained using sEV isolated from supernatants of cancer cell lines. However, newer data linking plasma levels of TEX with cancer progression have focused attention on TEX in the patients’ peripheral circulation as potential biomarkers of cancer diagnosis, development, activity, and response to therapy. Here, we consider the molecular cargo and functions of TEX as potential biomarkers of one of the most fatal malignancies—melanoma. Studies of TEX in plasma of patients with melanoma offer the possibility of an in-depth understanding of the melanoma biology and response to immune therapies. This review features melanoma cell-derived exosomes (MTEX) with special emphasis on exosome-mediated signaling between melanoma cells and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Zebrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Theresa Whiteside
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-278-9627
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Baci D, Chirivì M, Pace V, Maiullari F, Milan M, Rampin A, Somma P, Presutti D, Garavelli S, Bruno A, Cannata S, Lanzuolo C, Gargioli C, Rizzi R, Bearzi C. Extracellular Vesicles from Skeletal Muscle Cells Efficiently Promote Myogenesis in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061527. [PMID: 32585911 PMCID: PMC7349204 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advances, offered by cell therapy in the regenerative medicine field, offer a revolutionary potential for the development of innovative cures to restore compromised physiological functions or organs. Adult myogenic precursors, such as myoblasts or satellite cells, possess a marked regenerative capacity, but the exploitation of this potential still encounters significant challenges in clinical application, due to low rate of proliferation in vitro, as well as a reduced self-renewal capacity. In this scenario, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can offer not only an inexhaustible source of cells for regenerative therapeutic approaches, but also a valuable alternative for in vitro modeling of patient-specific diseases. In this study we established a reliable protocol to induce the myogenic differentiation of iPSCs, generated from pericytes and fibroblasts, exploiting skeletal muscle-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), in combination with chemically defined factors. This genetic integration-free approach generates functional skeletal myotubes maintaining the engraftment ability in vivo. Our results demonstrate evidence that EVs can act as biological "shuttles" to deliver specific bioactive molecules for a successful transgene-free differentiation offering new opportunities for disease modeling and regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Baci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maila Chirivì
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Valentina Pace
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
| | | | - Marika Milan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Andrea Rampin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Paolo Somma
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dario Presutti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Silvia Garavelli
- Institute for Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Stefano Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Chiara Lanzuolo
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Roberto Rizzi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (C.B.); Tel.: +39-02-0066-0230 (R.R.); +39-02-0066-0230 (C.B.)
| | - Claudia Bearzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.); (V.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (D.P.)
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (C.B.); Tel.: +39-02-0066-0230 (R.R.); +39-02-0066-0230 (C.B.)
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Boudon S, Ounaissi D, Viala D, Monteils V, Picard B, Cassar-Malek I. Label free shotgun proteomics for the identification of protein biomarkers for beef tenderness in muscle and plasma of heifers. J Proteomics 2020; 217:103685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vechetti IJ, Valentino T, Mobley CB, McCarthy JJ. The role of extracellular vesicles in skeletal muscle and systematic adaptation to exercise. J Physiol 2020; 599:845-861. [PMID: 31944292 DOI: 10.1113/jp278929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has a central role in human health by reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and cancer. How exercise is able to promote such systemic benefits has remained somewhat of a mystery but has been thought to be in part mediated by the release of myokines, skeletal muscle-specific cytokines, in response to exercise. Recent studies have revealed skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into circulation following a bout of exercise. EVs are small membrane-bound vesicles capable of delivering biomolecules to recipient cells and subsequently altering their metabolism. The notion that EVs may have a role in both skeletal muscle and systemic adaptation to exercise has generated a great deal of excitement within a number of different fields including exercise physiology, neuroscience and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to EV biology and what is currently known about skeletal muscle EVs and their potential role in the response of muscle and other tissues to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Taylor Valentino
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Boudon S, Henry-Berger J, Cassar-Malek I. Aggregation of Omic Data and Secretome Prediction Enable the Discovery of Candidate Plasma Biomarkers for Beef Tenderness. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E664. [PMID: 31963926 PMCID: PMC7013622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef quality is a complex phenotype that can be evaluated only after animal slaughtering. Previous research has investigated the potential of genetic markers or muscle-derived proteins to assess beef tenderness. Thus, the use of low-invasive biomarkers in living animals is an issue for the beef sector. We hypothesized that publicly available data may help us discovering candidate plasma biomarkers. Thanks to a review of the literature, we built a corpus of articles on beef tenderness. Following data collection, aggregation, and computational reconstruction of the muscle secretome, the putative plasma proteins were searched by comparison with a bovine plasma proteome atlas and submitted to mining of biological information. Of the 44 publications included in the study, 469 unique gene names were extracted for aggregation. Seventy-one proteins putatively released in the plasma were revealed. Among them 13 proteins were predicted to be secreted in plasma, 44 proteins as hypothetically secreted in plasma, and 14 additional candidate proteins were detected thanks to network analysis. Among these 71 proteins, 24 were included in tenderness quantitative trait loci. The in-silico workflow enabled the discovery of candidate plasma biomarkers for beef tenderness from reconstruction of the secretome, to be examined in the cattle plasma proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Boudon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France;
| | - Joelle Henry-Berger
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, UMR CNRS 6293–Inserm U1103, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Isabelle Cassar-Malek
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Extracellular vesicles (EV), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are membrane-bound particles shed by most cell types and are important mediators of cell-cell communication by delivering their cargo of proteins, miRNA, and mRNA to target cells and altering their function. Here, we provide an overview of what is currently known about EV composition and function in bone and muscle cells and discuss their role in mediating crosstalk between these two tissues as well as their role in musculoskeletal aging. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that muscle and bone cells produce EV, whose protein, mRNA, and miRNA cargo reflects the differentiated state of the parental cells. These EV have functional effects within their respective tissues, but evidence is accumulating that they are also shed into the circulation and can have effects on distant tissues. Bone- and muscle-derived EV can alter the differentiation and function of bone and muscle cells. Many of these effects are mediated via small microRNAs that regulate target genes in recipient cells. EV-mediated signaling in muscle and bone is an exciting and emerging field. While considerable progress has been made, much is still to be discovered about the mechanisms regulating EV composition, release, uptake, and function in muscle and bone. A key challenge is to understand more precisely how exosomes function in truly physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Qin
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 650 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Kalinec GM, Gao L, Cohn W, Whitelegge JP, Faull KF, Kalinec F. Extracellular Vesicles From Auditory Cells as Nanocarriers for Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Pro-resolving Mediators. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:530. [PMID: 31849615 PMCID: PMC6895008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug- and noise-related hearing loss are both associated with inflammatory responses in the inner ear. We propose that intracochlear delivery of a combination of pro-resolving mediators, specialized proteins and lipids that accelerate the return to homeostasis by modifying the immune response rather than by inhibiting inflammation, might have a profound effect on the prevention of sensorineural hearing loss. However, intracochlear delivery of such agents requires a reliable and effective method to convey them, fully active, directly to the target cells. The present study provides evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from auditory HEI-OC1 cells may incorporate significant quantities of anti-inflammatory drugs, pro-resolving mediators and their polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors as cargo, and potentially could work as carriers for their intracochlear delivery. EVs generated by HEI-OC1 cells were divided by size into two fractions, small (≤150 nm diameter) and large (>150 nm diameter), and loaded with aspirin, lipoxin A4, resolvin D1, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexanoic, and linoleic. Bottom-up proteomics revealed a differential distribution of selected proteins between small and large vesicles. Only 17.4% of these proteins were present in both fractions, whereas 61.5% were unique to smaller vesicles and only 3.7% were exclusively found in the larger ones. Importantly, the pro-resolving protein mediators Annexin A1 and Galectins 1 and 3 were only detected in small vesicles. Lipidomic studies, on the other hand, showed that small vesicles contained higher levels of eicosanoids than large ones and, although all of them incorporated the drugs and molecules investigated, small vesicles were more efficiently loaded with PUFA and the large ones with aspirin, LXA4 and resolvin D1. Importantly, our data indicate that the vesicles contain all necessary enzymatic components for the de novo generation of eicosanoids from fatty acid precursors, including pro-inflammatory agents, suggesting that their cargo should be carefully tailored to avoid interference with their therapeutic purpose. Altogether, these results support the idea that both small and large EVs from auditory HEI-OC1 cells could be used as nanocarriers for anti-inflammatory drugs and pro-resolving mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda M Kalinec
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucy Gao
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Federico Kalinec
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Nielsen MH, Sabaratnam R, Pedersen AJT, Højlund K, Handberg A. Acute Exercise Increases Plasma Levels of Muscle-Derived Microvesicles Carrying Fatty Acid Transport Proteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4804-4814. [PMID: 30933285 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Microvesicles (MVs) are a class of membrane particles shed by any cell in the body in physiological and pathological conditions. They are considered to be key players in intercellular communication, and with a molecular content reflecting the composition of the cell of origin, they have recently emerged as a promising source of biomarkers in a number of diseases. OBJECTIVE The effects of acute exercise on the plasma concentration of skeletal muscle-derived MVs (SkMVs) carrying metabolically important membrane proteins were examined. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen men with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 14 healthy male controls with obesity exercised on a cycle ergometer for 60 minutes. INTERVENTIONS Muscle biopsies and blood samples-obtained before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 3 hours into recovery-were collected for the analysis of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport proteins CD36 (a scavenger receptor class B protein) and fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) mRNA content in muscle and for flow cytometric studies on circulating SkMVs carrying either LCFA transport protein. RESULTS Besides establishing a flow cytometric approach for the detection of circulating SkMVs and subpopulations carrying either CD36 or FATP4 and thereby adding proof to their existence, we demonstrated an overall exercise-induced change of SkMVs carrying these LCFA transport proteins. A positive correlation between exercise-induced changes in skeletal muscle CD36 mRNA expression and concentrations of SkMVs carrying CD36 was found in T2DM only. CONCLUSIONS This approach could add important real-time information about the abundance of LCFA transport proteins present on activated muscle cells in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas James Thestrup Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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50
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Li G, Liu H, Ma C, Chen Y, Wang J, Yang Y. Exosomes are the novel players involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on type 2 diabetes. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14896-14905. [PMID: 30756380 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes contain regulatory signals such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which can be transferred to adjacent or remote cells to mediate cell-to-cell communication. Exercise is a positive lifestyle for metabolic health and a nonpharmacological treatment of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. Moreover, exercise is a stressor that induces cellular responses including gene expression and exosome release in various types of cells. Exosomes can carry the characters of parent cells by their modified cargoes, representing novel mechanisms for the effects of exercise. Here, we present a review of exosomes as the perspective players in mediating exercise's beneficial impacts on type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohua Li
- School of Physical Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring,College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring,College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring,College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Yi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring,College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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