p-Coumaric acid kills bacteria through dual damage mechanisms

Investigating the synergistic antibacterial effects of chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids on Shigella dysenteriae

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a well-known plant secondary metabolite exhibiting multiple physiological functions. The present study focused on screening for synergistic antibacterial combinations containing CGA. The combination of CGA and p-coumaric acid (pCA) exhibited remarkably enhanced antibacterial activity compared to that when administering the treatment only. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a low-dose combination treatment could disrupt the Shigella dysenteriae cell membrane. A comprehensive analysis using nucleic acid and protein leakage assay, conductivity measurements, and biofilm formation inhibition experiments revealed that co-treatment increased the cell permeability and inhibited the biofilm formation substantially. Further, the polyacrylamide protein- and agarose gel-electrophoresis indicated that the proteins and DNA genome of Shigella dysenteriae severely degraded. Finally, the synergistic bactericidal effect was established for fresh-cut tomato preservation. This study demonstrates the remarkable potential of strategically selecting antibacterial agents with maximum synergistic effect and minimum dosage exhibiting excellent antibacterial activity in food preservation.

Fabrication of edible nanocellulose chitosan bi-component film based on a novel "swell-permeate" approach

The fabrication of multi-component film with colloidal particles could be inconvenient. A novel "swell-permeate" (SP) strategy was proposed to form homogeneous multi-component films. The SP strategy allows colloidal particles to fit into the polymer network by stretching the polymer chains assisted by water. We demonstrated the strategy by creating films with polysaccharide substrates as β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan (CS) with nanocellulose. The addition of nanocellulose significantly increased the mechanical properties and the barrier performance of the films. The size of nanocellulose particles in affecting mechanical properties was investigated by applying different length of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), the longer of which, due to denser physical entanglements, showed a better increase to the film in the elastic modulus and tensile strength to 4.54-fold and 5.71-fold, respectively. The films were also loaded with ethyl-p-coumarate (EpCA) and had an enhanced performance in anti-microbial for Altenaria alternata, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli. The anti-oxidative property was increased as well, and both effects were valid both in vitro and in ready-to-eat apples. The strategy provides a practical and convenient method for fabricating colloidal particle containing films, and the novel idea of "swell-permeate" is potentially regarded as a new solution to the challenge of ready-to-eat food quality maintenance.

Synergistic effect of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids with antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains

CONTEXT

The increase in bacterial resistance to currently available medications, which increases mortality rates, treatment costs is a global problem, and highlights the need for novel classes of antibacterial agents or new molecules that interact synergistically with antimicrobials.

OBJECTIVE

The current work explores the potential synergistic effects of certain natural phenylpropanoids and flavonoids on ciprofloxacin (CIP), ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (GEN), and tetracycline (TET).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The adjuvant role of cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, ferulic acid methyl ester, sinapic acid, apigenin, and luteolin was evaluated by determining the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) values of antibiotics in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations (200, 100, and/or 50 µM) of the compounds in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using a 2-fold broth microdilution method. The 96-well plates were incubated at 37 °C for 18 h, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a solvent control.

RESULTS

The combination of luteolin with CIP, reduced the MIC values of the antibiotic from 0.625 to 0.3125 µM and to 0.078 µM in 100 and 200 µM concentration, respectively, in sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Sinapic acid decreased the MIC value of CIP from 0.625 to 0.3125 µM in S. aureus, from 1.56 to 0.78 µM in Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the MIC of GEN from 0.39 to 0.095 µM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

These findings are useful in delaying the development of resistance, as the required antibacterial effect can be achieved with the use of lower concentrations of antibiotics.

Biocatalysis with In-Situ Product Removal Improves p-Coumaric Acid Production

Natural and pure p-coumaric acid has valuable applications, and it can be produced via bioprocessing. However, fermentation processes have so far been unable to provide sufficient production metrics, while a biocatalytic process decoupling growth and production historically showed much promise. This biocatalytic process is revisited in order to tackle product inhibition of the key enzyme tyrosine ammonia lyase. In situ product removal is proposed as a possible solution, and a polymer/salt aqueous two-phase system is identified as a suitable system for extraction of p-coumaric acid from an alkaline solution, with a partition coefficient of up to 13. However, a 10 % salt solution was found to reduce tyrosine ammonia lyase activity by 19 %, leading to the need for a more dilute system. The cloud points of two aqueous two-phase systems at 40 °C and pH 10 were found to be 3.8 % salt and 9.5 % polymer, and a 5 % potassium phosphate and 12.5 % poly(ethylene glycol-ran-propylene glycol) mW~2500 system was selected for in situ product removal. An immobilized tyrosine ammonia lyase biocatalyst in this aqueous two-phase system produced up to 33 g/L p-coumaric acid within 24 hours, a 1.9-fold improvement compared to biocatalysis without in situ product removal.

Honey Phytochemicals: Bioactive Agents With Therapeutic Potential for Dermatological Disorders

Honey has been reported to have a range of biological activities including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and wound healing effects. Indeed, medical-grade honey is currently used in hospitals for the clinical management of wound infections. Honey is also of scientific interest for its therapeutic effects on other dermatological disorders such as atopic dermatitis, rosacea, and skin cancer. Recent studies have uncovered that honey contains a range of phytochemicals including flavonoids, dicarboxylic acids, coumarins, and phenolic acids. In this review, PubMed was used to search the scientific literature on the biological properties of honey phytochemicals in relation to dermatological disorders and to evaluate their potential as bioactive agents, drugs, or cosmeceuticals for the treatment of skin disease. The review revealed that phytochemicals found in honey have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, antioxidant, anticancer, depigmenting, photoprotective, wound healing, and skin barrier enhancing properties. Although further high-quality studies are required to establish clinical efficacy, these findings suggest that honey phytochemicals may have the potential to be used as bioactive agents for the management of a range of dermatological disorders including wounds, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, rosacea, and skin cancer.

Antimicrobial Activity of Arthrospira platensis-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles against Streptococcus pneumoniae: A Metabolomic and Docking Study

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae necessitates the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. This study investigated the antimicrobial potential of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) fabricated using Arthrospira platensis extract. Characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids in the capping agents, suggesting their role in AuNP stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the formation of rod-shaped AuNPs with a mean diameter of 134.8 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering, and a zeta potential of -27.2 mV, indicating good colloidal stability. The synthesized AuNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 μg/mL, surpassing the efficacy of the control antibiotic, tigecycline. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, an untargeted metabolomic analysis of the A. platensis extract was performed, identifying 26 potential bioactive compounds belonging to diverse chemical classes. In silico studies focused on molecular docking simulations revealed that compound 22 exhibited a strong binding affinity to S. pneumoniae topoisomerase IV, a critical enzyme for bacterial DNA replication. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the stability of this protein-ligand complex. These findings collectively highlight the promising antimicrobial potential of A. platensis-derived AuNPs and their constituent compounds, warranting further investigation for the development of novel anti-pneumococcal therapeutics.

Phytochemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Properties of Various Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaves Assessed by RP-HPLC-DAD

This study aimed to investigate the leaves of six cultivars of Ipomoea batatas L. from the USA, focusing on their Total Polyphenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. TPC and TFC ranged from 7.29 ± 0.62 to 10.49 ± 1.04 mg TAE/g Dw, and from 2.30 ± 0.04 to 4.26 ± 0.23 mg QE/g Dw, respectively, with the highest values found in the 'O'Henry' variety. RP-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography identified six phenolic and flavonoid compounds: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and quercetin, excluding gallic acid. The highest levels of these compounds were found in acidified methanolic extracts. Antioxidant activities, measured by ABTS and DPPH assays, showed low IC50 values ranging from 94.6 ± 2.76 to 115.17 ± 7.65 µg/mL, and from 88.83 ± 1.94 to 147.6 ± 1.22 µg/mL. Ferric Ion-Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) measurements indicated significant antioxidant levels, varying from 1.98 ± 0.14 to 2.83 ± 0.07, with the 'O'Henry' variety exhibiting the highest levels. The antimicrobial activity test included five Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria, and two pathogenic fungi. S. aureus, S. mutans, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. dysenteriae, and C. albicans were most susceptible to the methanolic extract. This study underscores the impressive antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sweet potato leaves, often discarded, making them a valuable source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and other health-promoting compounds.

A transparent p-coumaric acid-grafted-chitosan coating with antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifogging properties for fruit packaging applications

The study aimed to develop a novel, transparent and non-toxic coating with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifogging properties. The p-coumaric acid-grafted chitosan (CS-PCA) was synthesized via a carbodiimide coupling reaction and then characterized. The CS-PCA coatings were further prepared using the casting method. The CS-PCA coatings obtained exhibited excellent transparency, UV-light barrier ability, and antifogging properties, as confirmed by spectroscopy and antifogging tests. The CS-PCA coatings showed stronger antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Botrytis cinerea compared to CS. The multifunctional coatings were further coated on the polyethylene cling film and their effectiveness was confirmed through a strawberry preservation test. The decay of the strawberries was reduced by CS-PCA coated film at room temperature.

Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Individual Polyphenols in Fallopia japonica Plants and Honey and Their Influence on Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities

Fallopia japonica (FJ), an invasive plant species known for its rich bioactive compounds, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its significant beekeeping potential, this aspect of FJ remains underexplored. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of FJ plants and honey. Notably, this study is the first to identify individual phenolic compounds in both FJ plant tissues and FJ honey, highlighting resveratrol as a marker of FJ honey. The study tested inhibitory activity against seven bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, and the yeast Candida albicans. Disk diffusion and microdilution methods were used to assess antimicrobial activity, while the crystal violet staining test evaluated antibiofilm activity. Results showed that FJ plant tissues and honey exhibited strong inhibition, particularly against Gram-negative bacterial strains. The most significant inhibition of biofilm formation, by both FJ plant tissues and honey, was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A significant positive correlation was found between antimicrobial activity and individual polyphenols, especially resveratrol. The antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of FJ plant tissues and honey suggests promising applications in sustainable beekeeping. Further research is necessary to evaluate the bioactive compounds found in FJ honey and their health effects.

Mechanism of antibacterial phytoconstituents: an updated review

The increase of multiple drug resistance bacteria significantly diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic armory and subsequently exaggerates the level of therapeutic failure. Phytoconstituents are exceptional substitutes for resistance-modifying vehicles. The plants appear to be a deep well for the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds. This is owing to the numerous enticing characteristics of plants, they are easily accessible and inexpensive, extracts or chemicals derived from plants typically have significant levels of action against infections, and they rarely cause serious adverse effects. The enormous selection of phytochemicals offers very distinct chemical structures that may provide both novel mechanisms of antimicrobial activity and deliver us with different targets in the interior of the bacterial cell. They can directly affect bacteria or act together with the crucial events of pathogenicity, in this manner decreasing the aptitude of bacteria to create resistance. Abundant phytoconstituents demonstrate various mechanisms of action toward multi drug resistance bacteria. Overall, this comprehensive review will provide insights into the potential of phytoconstituents as alternative treatments for bacterial infections, particularly those caused by multi drug resistance strains. By examining the current state of research in this area, the review will shed light on potential future directions for the development of new antimicrobial therapies.

Structural characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of six plant phenolic acids

Phenolic acids still gain significant attention due to their potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. In this study, we have investigated the antimicrobial of six phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, gallic and tannic acids in the concentration range 0.5-500 μM, against Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of these phenolic acids on two cancer cell lines, the colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line and Dukes' type C colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1 cell line was examined. To further understand the molecular properties of these phenolic acids, quantum chemical calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09W program. Parameters such as ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, chemical hardness, chemical softness, dipole moment, and electrophilicity index were obtained. The lipophilicity properties represented by logP parameter was also discussed. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of six phenolic acids, compounds deliberately selected due to their chemical structure. They are derivatives of benzoic or cinnamic acids with the increasing number of hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring. The integration of experimental and computational methodologies provides a knowledge of the molecular characteristics of bioactive compounds and partial explanation of the relationship between the molecular structure and biological properties. This knowledge aids in guiding the development of bioactive components for use in dietary supplements, functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs.

Bioactives of Melipona rufiventris Propolis: Exploring its Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities

This study explores the potential of propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, from Melipona rufiventris species. With its composition encompassing resin, wax, pollen, and soil, propolis holds historical significance in traditional medicine within tropical regions. This research is driven by the scarcity of information surrounding M. rufiventris propolis, prompting an investigation into its chemical constituents, in vivo toxicity, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This exploration could potentially uncover novel applications for this natural product, bolstering both meliponiculture practices and the preservation of native bee populations. The propolis was sampled in Cabo Verde-MG and underwent ethanolic extraction to yield an extract (EEP) for analysis. Chemical assessments (Folin-Ciocalteau, and UHPLC-HRMS) revealed the presence of polyphenols, including flavonoids. The EEP demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and exhibited efficacy against multiresistant strains isolated from complex wounds. Synergistic interactions with commercial antibiotics were also observed. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory evaluations showcased the EEP's potential in reducing NF-kB activation and TNF-α release at non-toxic concentrations. Despite these promising biological activities, the EEP exhibited no antiproliferative effects and demonstrated safety in both the MTS assay and the G. mellonella model. Collectively, these findings highlight the M. rufiventris propolis extract as a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds with multifaceted potential.

The effect of nano/microparticles of bee pollen on the shelf life of high-fat cooked sausage during refrigerated storage

Sausage is susceptible to oxidative changes in lipids and microbial spoilage due to the presence of water, fat, protein, and vitamins. Bee pollen (BP) as a source of potential antioxidants and antibacterial compounds can effectively prevent lipid peroxidation and microbial spoilage in meat products. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of BP and the effects of nano/microparticles of bee pollen extract (n/m BP) at a concentration of 125 and 250 mg/100 g meat on the oxidative stability and microbial growth of high-fat sausage during 30 days of storage at 4°C. The formation of BP particles in the nano/micro range was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. High concentrations of total phenolic compounds (28.26 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g BP) with antioxidant activity (EC50 = 5.4 ± 0.07 mg/mL) were detected in BP. Based on the microdilution assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration of n/m BP for all test bacteria was 1000 (μg/mL) and the minimum bactericidal concentration of n/m BP was 2000 (μg/mL) for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus and 4000 (μg/mL) for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The n/m BP treatment (250 mg/100 g meat) showed a higher pH value (p < .05) and lower TBARS values (p < .05) than the ascorbic acid treatment (100 mg/100 g meat) and the control during the storage period. The microbial analysis showed that the addition of n/m BP led to a significant decrease (p < .05) in the total bacterial count, coliforms, S. aureus, and fungal population compared to the other samples. The results show that the addition of n/m BP (125 mg/100 g) can improve the texture, taste, and overall acceptability of the sausage compared to the control sample. In conclusion, this study suggests that BP can replace synthetic antioxidants in high-fat sausages at the nano/microparticle level.

Antimicrobial Metabolites of Caucasian Medicinal Plants as Alternatives to Antibiotics

This review explores the potential of antimicrobial metabolites derived from Caucasian medicinal plants as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. With the rise of antibiotic resistance posing a global health threat, there is a pressing need to investigate alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Caucasian medicinal plants have traditionally been used for their therapeutic properties, and recent research has highlighted their potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds. Representatives of 15 families of Caucasian medicinal plant extracts (24 species) have been explored for their efficacy against these pathogens. The effect of these plants on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi is discussed in this paper. By harnessing the bioactive metabolites present in these plants, this study aims to contribute to the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can effectively combat bacterial infections while minimizing the risk of resistance emergence. Herein we discuss the following classes of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds of Allium species. The review discusses the pharmacological properties of selected Caucasian medicinal plants, the extraction and characterization of these antimicrobial metabolites, the mechanisms of action of antibacterial and antifungal plant compounds, and their potential applications in clinical settings. Additionally, challenges and future directions in the research of antimicrobial metabolites from Caucasian medicinal plants are addressed.

Development of White Cabbage, Coffee, and Red Onion Extracts as Natural Phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B) Inhibitors for Cognitive Dysfunction: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Human cognition fundamentally depends on memory. Alzheimer's disease exhibits a strong correlation with a decline in this factor. Phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative disorders, and its inhibition is one of the promising approaches for memory enhancement. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts and identify their molecular interaction with PDE4B by in silico and in vitro experiments. Crushed white cabbage and red onion were macerated separately with ethanol to yield respective extracts, and ground coffee was boiled with water to produce aqueous extract. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was used to examine the phytochemicals present in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts. Molecular docking studies were performed to know the interaction of test compounds with PDE4B. TLC-densitometry analysis showed that chlorogenic acid and quercetin were detected as major compounds in coffee and red onion extracts, respectively. In silico studies revealed that alpha-tocopherol (binding free energy (∆Gbind) = -38.00 kcal/mol) has the strongest interaction with PDE4B whereas chlorogenic acid (∆Gbind = -21.50 kcal/mol) and quercetin (∆Gbind = -17.25 kcal/mol) exhibited moderate interaction. In vitro assay showed that the combination extracts (cabbage, coffee, and red onion) had a stronger activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.12 ± 0.03 µM) than combination standards (sinigrin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin) (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.03 µM) and rolipram (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.008 µM). Thus, the combination extracts are a promising cognitive enhancer by blocking PDE4B activity.

Anticyanobacterial effect of p-coumaric acid on Limnothrix sp. determined by proteomic and metabolomic analysis

Regulating photosynthetic machinery is a powerful but challenging strategy for selectively inhibiting bloom-forming cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis mainly occurs in thylakoids. P-coumaric acid (p-CA) has several biological properties, including free radical scavenging and antibacterial effects, and studies have shown that it can damage bacterial cell membranes, reduce chlorophyll a in cyanobacteria, and effectively inhibit algal growth at concentrations exceeding 0.127 g/L. Allelochemicals typically inhibit cyanobacteria by inhibiting photosynthesis; however, research on inhibiting harmful algae using phenolic acids has focused mainly on their inhibitory and toxic effects and metabolite levels, and the molecular mechanism by which p-CA inhibits photosynthesis remains unclear. Thus, we examined the effect of p-CA on the photosynthesis of Limnothrix sp. in detail. We found that p-CA inhibits algal growth and damages photosynthesis-related proteins in Limnothrix sp., reduces carotenoid and allophycocyanin levels, and diminishes the actual quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII). Moreover, p-CA significantly altered algal cell membrane protein systems, and PSII loss resulting from p-CA exposure promoted reactive oxygen species production. It significantly altered algae cell membrane protein systems. Finally, p-CA was found to be environmentally nontoxic; 80 % of 48-h-old Daphnia magna larvae survived when exposed to 0.15 g/L p-CA. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of cyanobacterial inhibition by p-CA, providing a more practical approach to controlling harmful algal blooms.

Coordinative Compounds Based on Unsaturated Carboxylate with Versatile Biological Applications

This review presents an overview of the biological applications of coordinative compounds based on unsaturated carboxylates accompanied by other ligands, usually N-based heterocyclic species. The interest in these compounds arises from the valuable antimicrobial and antitumor activities evidenced by some species, as well as from their ability to generate metal-containing polymers suitable for various medical purposes. Therefore, we describe the recently discovered aspects related to the synthesis, structure, and biological activity of a wide range of unsaturated carboxylate-containing species and metal ions, originating mostly from 3d series. The unsaturated carboxylates encountered in coordinative compounds are acrylate, methacrylate, fumarate, maleate, cinnamate, ferulate, coumarate, and itaconate. Regarding the properties of the investigated compounds, it is worth mentioning the good ability of some to inhibit the development of resistant strains or microbial biofilms on inert surfaces or, even more, exert antitumor activity against resistant cells. The ability of some species to intercalate into DNA strands as well as to scavenge ROS species is also addressed.

Seaweed-derived phenolic compounds as diverse bioactive molecules: A review on identification, application, extraction and purification strategies

Seaweed, a diverse group of marine macroalgae, has emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds with numerous health-promoting properties. Among these, phenolic compounds have garnered significant attention for their diverse therapeutic applications. This review examines the methodologies employed in the extraction and purification of phenolic compounds from seaweed, emphasizing their importance in unlocking the full potential of these oceanic treasures. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the structural diversity and biological activities of seaweed-derived phenolics, elucidating their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Furthermore, it explores the impact of extraction techniques, including conventional methods and modern green technologies, on the yield and quality of phenolic extracts. The purification strategies for isolating specific phenolic compounds are also discussed, shedding light on the challenges and advancements in this field. Additionally, the review highlights the potential applications of seaweed-derived phenolics in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods, underscoring the economic value of these compounds. Finally, future perspectives and research directions are proposed to encourage continued exploration of seaweed phenolics, fostering a deeper understanding of their therapeutic potential and promoting sustainable practices in the extraction and purification processes. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers interested in harnessing the untapped potential of phenolic compounds from seaweed for the betterment of human health and environmental sustainability.

Antimicrobial Effect of Honey Phenolic Compounds against E. coli-An In Vitro Study

Growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in chronic wound patients necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments from natural sources. This study suggests that honey's phenolic compounds may offer antimicrobial benefits, warranting further investigation for therapeutic development. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds and to determine the effects of their sub-inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli (E. coli). 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA), p-coumaric acid (PCA), and phloretin were tested against the bacterial strain of E. coli ATCC 25922. Comparison of the antimicrobial activity of honey constituents in vitro was performed using a broth culture assay. Measurement of the inhibitory properties of constituents in vitro was conducted using disc and well diffusion assays. The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of PCA on the susceptibility of E. coli ATCC 25922 to penicillin-streptomycin were tested. The results demonstrated that PLA was the most efficient antimicrobial agent, followed by PCA, whereas phloretin, at lower (2 mg/mL) concentrations, led to an increase in the growth of E. coli. Various modifications of the agar diffusion assay did not reveal the antibacterial properties of the studied phytochemicals. The enhancing effect of a sub-inhibitory concentration of PCA in cooperation with penicillin-streptomycin was shown. These findings might be helpful for the further investigation and development of new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of skin infections and wounds.

Effects of p-coumaric acid on probiotic properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG

Probiotics are defined as "live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts." Probiotics have beneficial effects on human health, including antibacterial activity against intestinal pathogens, regulation of blood cholesterol levels, reduction of colitis and inflammation incidence, regulation of the immune system, and prevention of colon cancer. In addition to probiotic bacteria, some phenolic compounds found in foods we consume (both food and beverages) have positive effects on human health. p-coumaric acid (p-CA) is one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in nature and human diet. The interactions between these two different food components (phenolics and probiotics), resulting in more beneficial combinations called synbiotics, are not well understood in terms of how they will affect the gut microbiota by promoting the probiotic properties and growth of probiotic bacteria. Thus, this study aimed to investigate synbiotic relationship between p-CA and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 (LA-5), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Probiotic bacteria were grown in the presence of p-CA at different concentrations, and the effects of p-CA on probiotic properties, as well as its in vitro effects on AChE and BChE activities, were investigated. Additionally, Surface analysis was conducted using FTIR. The results showed that treatment with p-CA at different concentrations did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on the growth kinetics of LA-5 and LGG probiotic bacteria. Additionally, both probiotic bacteria demonstrated high levels of antibacterial properties. It showed that it increased the auto-aggregation of both probiotics. While p-CA increased co-aggregation of LA-5 and LGG against Escherichia coli, it decreased co-aggregation against Staphylococcus aureus. Probiotics grown with p-CA were more resistant to pepsin. While p-CA increased the resistance of LA-5 to bile salt, it decreased the resistance of LGG. The combinations of bacteria and p-CA efficiently suppressed AChE and BChE with inhibition (%) 11.04-68.43 and 13.20-65.72, respectively. Furthermore, surface analysis was conducted using FTIR to investigate the interaction of p-coumaric acid with LA-5 and LGG, and changes in cell components on the bacterial surface were analyzed. The results, recorded in range of 4000 -600 cm-1 with resolution of 4 cm-1, demonstrated that p-CA significantly affected only the phosphate/CH ratio for both bacteria. These results indicate the addition of p-CA to the probiotic growth may enhance the probiotic properties of bacteria.

Dietary Polyphenols: Review on Chemistry/Sources, Bioavailability/Metabolism, Antioxidant Effects, and Their Role in Disease Management

Polyphenols, as secondary metabolites ubiquitous in plant sources, have emerged as pivotal bioactive compounds with far-reaching implications for human health. Plant polyphenols exhibit direct or indirect associations with biomolecules capable of modulating diverse physiological pathways. Due to their inherent abundance and structural diversity, polyphenols have garnered substantial attention from both the scientific and clinical communities. The review begins by providing an in-depth analysis of the chemical intricacies of polyphenols, shedding light on their structural diversity and the implications of such diversity on their biological activities. Subsequently, an exploration of the dietary origins of polyphenols elucidates the natural plant-based sources that contribute to their global availability. The discussion extends to the bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols within the human body, unraveling the complex journey from ingestion to systemic effects. A central focus of the review is dedicated to unravelling the antioxidant effects of polyphenols, highlighting their role in combating oxidative stress and associated health conditions. The comprehensive analysis encompasses their impact on diverse health concerns such as hypertension, allergies, aging, and chronic diseases like heart stroke and diabetes. Insights into the global beneficial effects of polyphenols further underscore their potential as preventive and therapeutic agents. This review article critically examines the multifaceted aspects of dietary polyphenols, encompassing their chemistry, dietary origins, bioavailability/metabolism dynamics, and profound antioxidant effects. The synthesis of information presented herein aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and health enthusiasts, fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between polyphenols and human health.

LC-MS/MS, GC-MS and molecular docking analysis for phytochemical fingerprint and bioactivity of Beta vulgaris L

The plants that we consume in our daily diet and use as a risk preventer against many diseases have many biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, the phytochemical fingerprint and biological activities of Beta vulgaris L. leaf extract, which are widely consumed in the Black Sea region, were investigated. The leaf parts of the plant were dried in an oven at 35 °C and then ground into powder. The main constituents in B. vulgaris were identified by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses. Phenolic content, betaxanthin and betacyanin levels were investigated in the extracts obtained using three different solvents. The biological activity of the extract was investigated by anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-diabetic activity tests. Anti-diabetic activity was investigated by in vitro enzyme inhibition and in-silico molecular docking was performed to confirm this activity. In the LC-MS analysis of B. vulgaris extract, a major proportion of p_coumaric acid, vannilin, protecatechuic aldehyde and sesamol were detected, while the major essential oils determined by GC-MS analysis were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone and phytol. Among the solvents used, the highest extraction efficiency of 2.4% was obtained in methanol extraction, and 36.2 mg of GAE/g phenolic substance, 5.1 mg/L betacyanin and 4.05 mg/L betaxanthin were determined in the methanol extract. Beta vulgaris, which exhibited broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity by forming a zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria, exhibited anti-mutagenic activity in the range of 35.9-61.8% against various chromosomal abnormalities. Beta vulgaris extract, which did not exhibit mutagenic, sub-lethal or lethal effects, exhibited anti-proliferative activity by reducing proliferation in Allium root tip cells by 21.7%. 50 mg/mL B. vulgaris extract caused 58.9% and 55.9% inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, respectively. The interactions of coumaric acid, vanniline, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone and phytol, which are major compounds in phytochemical content, with α-amylase and α-glucosidase were investigated by in silico molecular docking and interactions between molecules via various amino acids were determined. Binding energies between the tested compounds and α-amylase were obtained in the range of - 4.3 kcal/mol and - 6.1 kcal/mol, while for α-glucosidase it was obtained in the range of - 3.7 kcal/mol and - 5.7 kcal/mol. The biological activities of B. vulgaris are closely related to the active compounds it contains, and therefore studies investigating the phytochemical contents of plants are very important. Safe and non-toxic plant extracts can help reduce the risk of various diseases, such as diabetes, and serve as an alternative or complement to current pharmaceutical practices.

p-Coumaric acid-loaded nanoliposomes: Optimization, characterization, antimicrobial properties and preservation effects on fresh pod pepper fruit

Novel p-coumaric acid (pCA)-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method, assisted with ultrasonic treatment, and optimized by the response surface methodology. The characterization showed that the fabricated pCA-loaded liposomes were nanosized spherical vesicles (83.55 ± 0.34 nm), exhibiting favorable dispersibility and encapsulation efficiency (55.70 ± 0.10 %). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that pCA was encapsulated into phospholipid bilayer through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Tests of temperature stability and centrifugal stability suggested that pCA-loaded nanoliposomes were less sensitive to aggregation and fusion during storage. Incubation experiments revealed that pCA-loaded nanoliposomes had a good inhibitory effect on the expansion of disease area on fresh pod pepper fruit caused by Botrytis cinerea. Additionally, pCA-loaded nanoliposomes effectively extended shelf life of fresh pod peppers by reducing weight loss and naturally-infected decays. The findings presented a viable strategy for designing liposomal encapsulation technology to efficiently enhance antimicrobial activity of pCA in food preservation.

A Long-Term Study on Chemical Compounds and Their Location in Sweet Basil Leaves from Organic and Conventional Producers

Bioactive compound profiles in organic and conventional sweet basil were analyzed by HPLC, and the enzymatic status and antioxidant status of plants cultivated with the two systems were also examined. Fluorescence microscopy was used for the determination of compounds' locations in the basil leaves. The experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Organic and conventional basil samples were obtained directly from Polish herb producers. The results showed that the chemical profiles of organic and conventional basil leaves are different. Not only the cultivation method but also the experimental year had a significant impact on the antioxidant content in basil leaves. Organic basil contained significantly more dry matter (11.97 g 100 g-1 FW) compared to conventional one (10.54 g 100 g-1 FW) and a higher tendency for total phenolic compounds (5.24 mg g -1 DW) accumulation. The higher bioactive compound content reflects the antioxidant activity (61.0%, 54.33%, and 46%) in organic basil compared to conventional (46.87%, 38.055, and 39.24%) with respect to the analysis method (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP). Catalase activity (39 µmol H2O2 min-1 mg-1) in organic basil was higher compared to conventional (23.19 µmol H2O2 min-1 mg-1) ones. The obtained results are very unique and could be used by herb producers as a key for high-quality basil production. The higher concentration of bioactive compounds in organic basil gives a better nutraceutical status to this popular herb.

Combating Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Disruption with Coumaric Acid on Dentin Surface

Streptococcus mutans, the primary cause of dental caries, relies on its ability to create and sustain a biofilm (dental plaque) for survival and pathogenicity in the oral cavity. This study was focused on the antimicrobial biofilm formation control and biofilm dispersal potential of Coumaric acid (CA) against Streptococcus mutans on the dentin surface. The biofilm was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay, microtiter plate assay, production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), florescence microscopy (surface coverage and biomass μm2) and three-dimensional (3D) surface plots. It was observed that CA at 0.01 mg/mL reduced bacterial growth by 5.51%, whereases at 1 mg/mL, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction (98.37%) was observed. However, at 1 mg/mL of CA, a 95.48% biofilm formation reduction was achieved, while a 73.45% biofilm dispersal (after 24 h. treatment) was achieved against the preformed biofilm. The MTT assay showed that at 1 mg/mL of CA, the viability of bacteria in the biofilm was markedly (p < 0.05) reduced to 73.44%. Moreover, polysaccharide (EPS) was reduced to 24.80 μg/mL and protein (EPS) to 41.47 μg/mL. ImageJ software (version 1.54 g) was used to process florescence images, and it was observed that the biofilm mass was reduced to 213 (μm2); the surface coverage was reduced to 0.079%. Furthermore, the 3D surface plots showed that the untreated biofilm was highly dense, with more fibril-like projections. Additionally, molecular docking predicted a possible interaction pattern of CA (ligand) with the receptor Competence Stimulating Peptide (UA159sp, PDB ID: 2I2J). Our findings suggest that CA has antibacterial and biofilm control efficacy against S. mutans associated with dental plaque under tested conditions.

P-coumaric Acid: Advances in Pharmacological Research Based on Oxidative Stress

P-coumaric acid is an important phenolic compound that is mainly found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and fungi and is also abundant in Chinese herbal medicines. In this review, the pharmacological research progress of p-coumaric acid in recent years was reviewed, with emphasis on its role and mechanism in oxidative stress-related diseases, such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and nervous system diseases. Studies have shown that p-coumaric acid has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of these diseases by inhibiting oxidative stress. In addition, p-coumaric acid also has anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-aging skin and other pharmacological effects. This review will provide reference and inspiration for further research on the pharmacological effects of p-coumaric acid.

Anti-Staphylococcal, Anti-Candida, and Free-Radical Scavenging Potential of Soil Fungal Metabolites: A Study Supported by Phenolic Characterization and Molecular Docking Analysis

Staphylococcus and Candida are recognized as causative agents in numerous diseases, and the rise of multidrug-resistant strains emphasizes the need to explore natural sources, such as fungi, for effective antimicrobial agents. This study aims to assess the in vitro anti-staphylococcal and anti-candidal potential of ethyl acetate extracts from various soil-derived fungal isolates. The investigation includes isolating and identifying fungal strains as well as determining their antioxidative activities, characterizing their phenolic substances through HPLC analysis, and conducting in silico molecular docking assessments of the phenolics' binding affinities to the target proteins, Staphylococcus aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and Candida albicans secreted aspartic protease 2. Out of nine fungal species tested, two highly potent isolates were identified through ITS ribosomal gene sequencing: Aspergillus terreus AUMC 15447 and A. nidulans AUMC 15444. Results indicated that A. terreus AUMC 15447 and A. nidulans AUMC 15444 extracts effectively inhibited S. aureus (concentration range: 25-0.39 mg/mL), with the A. nidulans AUMC 15444 extract demonstrating significant suppression of Candida spp. (concentration range: 3.125-0.39 mg/mL). The A. terreus AUMC 15447 extract exhibited an IC50 of 0.47 mg/mL toward DPPH radical-scavenging activity. HPLC analysis of the fungal extracts, employing 18 standards, revealed varying degrees of detected phenolics in terms of their presence and quantities. Docking investigations highlighted rutin as a potent inhibitor, showing high affinity (-16.43 kcal/mol and -12.35 kcal/mol) for S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and C. albicans secreted aspartic protease 2, respectively. The findings suggest that fungal metabolites, particularly phenolics, hold significant promise for the development of safe medications to combat pathogenic infections.

Functional groups matter: metabolomics analysis of Escherichia coli exposed to trans-cinnamic acid and its derivatives unveils common and unique targets

Phenolic acids are derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids, which possess important biological activities at certain concentrations. Trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) and its derivatives, such as p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) have been shown to have antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. However, there is limited information available concerning the antibacterial mode of action of these phenolic acids. In this study, we aimed to ascertain metabolic alterations associated with exposure to t-CA, p-CA, and FA in Escherichia coli BW25113 using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. The results showed that t-CA, p-CA, and FA treatments led to significant changes (p < 0.05) in the concentration of 42, 55, and 74% of the identified metabolites in E. coli, respectively. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed a clear separation between control and phenolic acid groups with regard to metabolic response. Moreover, it was found that FA and p-CA treatment groups were clustered closely together but separated from the t-CA treatment group. Arginine, putrescine, cadaverine, galactose, and sucrose had the greatest impact on group differentiation. Quantitative pathway analysis demonstrated that arginine and proline, pyrimidine, glutathione, and galactose metabolisms, as well as aminoacyl-tRNA and arginine biosyntheses, were markedly affected by all phenolic acids. Finally, the H2O2 content of E. coli cells was significantly increased in response to t-CA and p-CA whereas all phenolic acids caused a dramatic increase in the number of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Overall, this study suggests that the metabolic response of E. coli cells to t-CA is relatively different from that to p-CA and FA. However, all phenolic acids had a certain impact on oxidative/antioxidant status, genomic stability, arginine-related pathways, and nucleic acid metabolism.

Anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities of honey: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Man has used honey to treat diseases since ancient times, perhaps even before the history of medicine itself. Several civilizations have utilized natural honey as a functional and therapeutic food to ward off infections. Recently, researchers worldwide have been focusing on the antibacterial effects of natural honey against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review aims to summarize research on the use of honey properties and constituents with their anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing mechanisms of action. Further, honey's bacterial products, including probiotic organisms and antibacterial agents which are produced to curb the growth of other competitor microorganisms is addressed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of honey and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the review addressed the effects of antibacterial agents of honey from bacterial origin. Relevant information on the antibacterial activity of honey was obtained from scientific online databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed.

RESULTS

Honey's antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities are mostly attributed to four key components: hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, bee defensin-1, and phenolic compounds. The performance of bacteria can be altered by honey components, which impact their cell cycle and cell morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that specifically summarizes every phenolic compound identified in honey along with their potential antibacterial mechanisms of action. Furthermore, certain strains of beneficial lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Fructobacillus, and Lactobacillaceae, as well as Bacillus species can survive and even grow in honey, making it a potential delivery system for these agents.

CONCLUSION

Honey could be regarded as one of the best complementary and alternative medicines. The data presented in this review will enhance our knowledge of some of honey's therapeutic properties as well as its antibacterial activities.

Characterization of tyrosine ammonia lyases from Flavobacterium johnsonian and Herpetosiphon aurantiacus

p-Coumaric acid (pCA) can be produced via bioprocessing and is a promising chemical precursor to making organic thin film transistors. However, the required tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) enzyme generally has a low specific activity and suffers from competitive product inhibition. Here we characterized the purified TAL variants from Flavobacterium johnsoniae and Herpetosiphon aurantiacus in terms of their susceptibility to product inhibition and their activity and stability across pH and temperature via initial rate experiments. FjTAL was found to be more active than previously described and to have a relatively weak affinity for pCA, but modeling revealed that product inhibition would still be problematic at industrially relevant product concentrations, due to the low solubility of the substrate tyrosine. The activity of both variants increased with temperature when tested up to 45°C, but HaTAL1 was more stable at elevated temperature. FjTAL is a promising biocatalyst for pCA production, but enzyme or bioprocess engineering are required to stabilize FjTAL and reduce product inhibition.

Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) with Phenolic Acids for Active Food Packaging

PHBV films incorporating 3, 6 and 9% ferulic acid (FA) or p-coumaric acid (PCA) were obtained by melt blending and compression moulding. The films' microstructures and thermal behaviours were analysed as well as their mechanical, optical and barrier properties. The overall and specific migration of the materials in different food simulants was also characterised. FA was homogeneously mixed with the polymer, whereas PCA was mainly dispersed as fine particles in the PHBV matrices due to its higher melting point. These structural features promoted differences in the physical properties of the films depending on the compound concentration. As the concentration of both compounds rose, the barrier capacity of the films to oxygen, and to a lesser extent water vapour, was enhanced. While FA promoted the extensibility of the films, 9% PCA enhanced their brittleness. Both compounds affected the crystallisation pattern of the polymer, promoting smaller crystalline formations and a slight decrease in crystallinity. Although the overall migration of every film formulation was lower than the overall migration limit (OML), the release of active compounds was dependent on the food simulant; almost total release was noted in ethanol containing simulants but was more limited in aqueous systems. Therefore, these films could be used as food contact materials, contributing to extending the food's shelf life.

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Nyctinaginacea): review of phytochemistry and antimicrobial potential

The Bougainvillea glabra or bougainvillea is a climbing plant native from South America belonging to the Nyctaginaceae family. The bougainvillea is recognized worldwide for its horticultural importance, due to the color of its bracts, commonly known as "flowers," made up of bracts, which are the striking parts, and the true flowers, which are white and small. Bougainvillea is widely known in traditional medicine to treat respiratory diseases such as cough, asthma, and bronchitis, gastrointestinal diseases, also for its antibacterial and insecticidal capacity. The antimicrobial potential of the involucre of this plant has not been studied, despite research showing a high phytochemical presence of secondary metabolites such as alkanes, phenols, terpenes, and betalains. This review compiles information about the traditional uses of B. glabra, its botanical description, ecological relevance, phytochemistry, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, such as the toxicology of bracts and flowers.

Microbial synthesis of the plant natural product precursor p-coumaric acid with Corynebacterium glutamicum

BACKGROUND

Phenylpropanoids such as p-coumaric acid represent important precursors for the synthesis of a broad range of plant secondary metabolites including stilbenoids, flavonoids, and lignans, which are of pharmacological interest due to their health-promoting properties. Although extraction from plant material or chemical synthesis is possible, microbial synthesis of p-coumaric acid from glucose has the advantage of being less expensive and more resource efficient. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered for the production of the plant polyphenol precursor p-coumaric acid from glucose.

RESULTS

Heterologous expression of the tyrosine ammonia-lyase encoding gene from Flavobacterium johnsoniae enabled the conversion of endogenously provided tyrosine to p-coumaric acid. Product consumption was avoided by abolishing essential reactions of the phenylpropanoid degradation pathway. Accumulation of anthranilate as a major byproduct was eliminated by reducing the activity of anthranilate synthase through targeted mutagenesis to avoid tryptophan auxotrophy. Subsequently, the carbon flux into the shikimate pathway was increased, phenylalanine biosynthesis was reduced, and phosphoenolpyruvate availability was improved to boost p-coumaric acid accumulation. A maximum titer of 661 mg/L p-coumaric acid (4 mM) in defined mineral medium was reached. Finally, the production strain was utilized in co-cultivations with a C. glutamicum strain previously engineered for the conversion of p-coumaric acid into the polyphenol resveratrol. These co-cultivations enabled the synthesis of 31.2 mg/L (0.14 mM) resveratrol from glucose without any p-coumaric acid supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

The utilization of a heterologous tyrosine ammonia-lyase in combination with optimization of the shikimate pathway enabled the efficient production of p-coumaric acid with C. glutamicum. Reducing the carbon flux into the phenylalanine and tryptophan branches was the key to success along with the introduction of feedback-resistant enzyme variants.

Potential of Natural Phenolic Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most widespread foodborne bacteria that cause high morbidity, mortality, and economic loss, primarily if foodborne diseases are caused by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in chicken meat in Egyptian markets. Thus, this study might be the first to assess the efficiency of different natural phenolic compounds as novel antibacterial agents against MDR S. aureus pathogens isolated from raw chicken meat in the Egyptian market. The incidence and quantification of pathogenic S. aureus were detected in retail raw chicken meat parts (breast, thigh, fillet, and giblets). In total, 73 out of 80 (91.3%) of the chicken meat parts were contaminated, with S. aureus as the only species isolated. Of the 192 identified S. aureus isolates, 143 were coagulase-positive S. aureus and 117 isolates were MDR (81.8%, 117/143). Twenty-two antibiotic resistance profile patterns were detected. One strain was randomly selected from each pattern to further analyze virulence and resistance genes. Extracted DNA was assessed for the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes, i.e., vancomycin-resistance (vanA), aminoglycosides-resistance (aacA-aphD), apramycin-resistance (apmA), and methicillin-resistance (mecA), penicillin-resistance (blaZ), and virulence genes staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea and seb), Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl), clumping factor A (clfA), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst). Clustering analyses revealed that six S. aureus strains harbored the most virulence and resistance genes. The activity of hydroquinone was significantly higher than thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, and protocatechuic acid. Therefore, phenolic compounds, particularly hydroquinone, could potentially alternate with conventional antibiotics against the pathogenic MDR S. aureus inhabiting raw chicken meat. Hence, this study indicates that urgent interventions are necessary to improve hygiene for safer meat in Egyptian markets. Moreover, hydroquinone could be a natural phenolic compound for inhibiting foodborne pathogens.

Inhibitory Effect of Non-Saccharomyces Starmerella bacillaris CC-PT4 Isolated from Grape on MRSA Growth and Biofilm

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a notorious pathogen with biofilm-forming and drug-resistant properties that make it difficult to eradicate. In this study, the inhibition of MRSA (ATCC 43300) by Starmerella bacillaris CC-PT4 (CGMCC No. 23573) was evaluated. The results showed that the inhibition of MRSA growth and biofilm was caused by S. bacillaris CC-PT4 cell-free supernatant (CFS). The CFS of S. bacillaris CC PT4 at different times can effectively inhibit the formation of MRSA biofilm, remove the preformed biofilm, and down-regulate the related genes that promote the formation of biofilm. Afterwards, untargeted metabolomics was performed to analyze the CFS of S. bacillaris CC-PT4. Several molecules with antibacterial and inhibitory biofilm effects from the CFS were found, one of which, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol (APE), has not been reported to have antiMRSA ability before. In this study, molecular docking analysis and in vitro experiments were used to verify the function of APE to inhibit MRSA. These results indicate that S. bacillaris CC-PT4 CFS can effectively inhibit MRSA which has potential application value in controlling MRSA.

Induction role of chitosan nanoparticles to Anethum graveolens extract against food-borne bacteria, oxidant, and diabetic activities in vitro

Foodborne diseases as well as Foodborne pathogens are a global issue with significant effects on human health and economy. Therefore, several investigators have tried to find new alternative approaches to prevent and control this problem. In this context, the present study aimed to find some possible and effective approaches for controlling food-borne bacteria via Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) extract (DE) loaded with chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) besides its anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Flavonoid and phenolic contents of DE were detected by HPLC, indicating the presence of 18 constituents, high content (22526.51 μg/mL) of chlorogenic acid, followed by 2236.21 μg/mL of coumaric acid and 2113.81 μg/mL of pyrocatechol. In contrast, low contents of cinnamic acid, methyl gallate, apigenin, daidzein, quercetin, syringic acid, and kaempferol were detected. B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, S. typhi, E. faecalis, and C. albicans were highly inhibited by DE loaded ChNPs (DELChNPs) with inhibition zones (IZs) of 28.50 ± 0.87, 30.33 ± 0.58, 29.33 ± 0.58, 23.17 ± 0.76, 25.76 ± 0.58, and 24.17 ± 0.29 mm with MIC 15.41 ± 0.36, 7.70 ± 0.17, 15.58 ± 0.07, 31.08 ± 0.07, 31.04 ± 0.07 and 62.33 ± 0.29 μg/mL compared with inhibitory activity caused by DE, where the IZs were 25.83 ± 1.44, 29.67 ± 0.85, 24.83 ± 0.76, 20.33 ± 1.53, 21.17 ± 0.29, and 19.67 ± 1.15 mm with MIC 62.33 ± 0.29, 31.08 ± 0.07, 62.50 ± 0.29, 31.08 ± 0.07, 31.04 ± 0.07, and 249.0 ± 1.73 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of DELChNPs was less than DE against all tested microorganisms. The MBC/MIC index documented that DELChNPs were more effective than DE. The biofilm of tested bacteria was inhibited by DE and DELChNPs but with different levels of anti-biofilm activity. For example, the anti-biofilm activity was 79.26 and 86.15% against B. cereus using DE and DELChNPs, respectively. DELChNPs and DE, compared with the ascorbic acid, exhibited DPPH scavenging % with IC⁵⁰ values of 7.8 μg/mL, 13.96 μg/mL, and 4.83 μg/mL, respectively. Anti-diabetic activity in vitro via inhibition of amylase indicated that IC⁵⁰ was 164.2 μg/mL and 164.3 μg/mL using DE and DELChNPs, respectively. This investigation highlights the vital DE phytoconstituents, particularly DELChNPs which possess important therapeutic effects against food-borne microorganisms and could be utilized as a safe alternative to synthetic drugs.

Revised Aspects into the Molecular Bases of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Metabolism in Lactobacilli

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants against microbiological threats, and bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms to counter the antimicrobial stress imposed by these compounds, including their metabolism into different microbial derivatives. The metabolism of HCAs has been intensively studied in Lactobacillus spp., as the metabolic transformation of HCAs by these bacteria contributes to the biological activity of these acids in plant and human habitats or to improve the nutritional quality of fermented foods. The main mechanisms known to date used by Lactobacillus spp. to metabolize HCAs are enzymatic decarboxylation and/or reduction. Here, recent advances in the knowledge regarding the enzymes that contribute to these two enzymatic conversions, the genes involved, their regulation and the physiological significance to lactobacilli are reviewed and critically discussed.

Development of sodium alginate-pectin biodegradable active food packaging film containing cinnamic acid

Plastics are still the most popular food packaging material, and many of them end up in the environment for a long period. Besides, due to packaging material's inability to inhibit microbial growth, beef often contains microorganisms that affect its aroma, colour, and texture. Cinnamic acid is categorized as generally recognised as safe and is permitted for use in food, however, the development of biodegradable food packaging film with cinnamic acid has never been conducted before. Thus, this present study was aimed to develop a biodegradable active packaging material for fresh beef using sodium alginate and pectin. The film was successfully developed with solution casting method. The films' thickness, colour, moisture level, dissolution, water vapour permeability, bending strength, and elongation at break were comparable to those of polyethylene plastic film in terms of these attributes. The developed film also showed the degradability in soil of 43.26% in a duration of 15 days. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that cinnamic acid was successfully incorporated with the film. The developed film showed significant inhibitory activity on all test foodborne bacteria. On Hohenstein Challenge Test, a 51.28-70.45% reduction on bacterial growth was also observed. The antibacterial efficacy of the established film by using fresh beef as food model. The meats wrapped with the film showed significant reduction in bacterial load throughout the experimental period by 84.09%. The colour of the beef also showed significant different between control film and edible film during 5 days test. Beef with control film turned into dark brownish and beef with cinnamic acid turn into light brownish. In conclusion, sodium alginate and pectin film with cinnamic acid showed good biodegradability and antibacterial activity. Further studies can be conducted to investigate the scalability and commercial viability of this environmental-friendly food packaging materials.

In vitro ovicidal effect of p-coumaric acid from Acacia bilimekii aerial parts against Haemonchus contortus

Acacia bilimekii is a plant with a high content of protein, fibre, and condensed tannins, making it an excellent feed for small ruminants with anthelmintic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the ovicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (Ab-HA) and fractions from A. bilimekii aerial parts on Haemonchus contortus. The ovicidal activity of the Ab-HA extract and its fractions obtained by chromatographic fractionation were evaluated through the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The results showed that the Ab-HA extract had 91% EHI at 20,000 µg/mL with a mean effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 9260 µg/mL. After liquid-liquid fractionation of Ab-HA extract, the aqueous fraction (Ab-Aq) did not show ovicidal activity, whereas the organic fraction (Ab-EtOAc) showed a better EHI than the Ab-HA extract (98.9% at 2500 µg/mL). Then, the chemical fractionation of Ab-EtOAc allowed obtaining six bioactive fractions (AbR12-17) with an EHI greater than 90% at 1500 µg/mL. The best treatment was AbR15 (98.7% EHI at 750 µg/mL). Chemical analysis by HPLC-PDA of AbR15 indicated the presence of p-coumaric acid and the flavone luteolin as major compounds. Additionally, the commercial p-coumaric acid standard was evaluated in the EHI assay and showed an EHI of 97% at 62.5 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis demonstrated a colocalization effect between p-coumaric acid and the H. contortus embryonated eggs. These results indicate that due to their major chemical compounds (including p-coumaric acid), the aerial parts of the plant A. bilimekii, could be considered as natural potential tool for controlling haemonchosis in small ruminants.

Effect of nisin and p-coumaric acid on autoinducer-2 activity, biofilm formation, and sprE expression of Enterococcus faecalis

Quorum sensing (QS) is an inter- and intracellular communication mechanism that regulates gene expression in response to population size. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signaling is a QS signaling molecule common to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. There has been an increasing interest in controlling infectious diseases through targeting the QS mechanism using natural compounds. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nisin and p-coumaric acid (pCA), on biofilm formation and AI-2 signaling in E. faecalis. Their effect on the expression of the QS-regulated virulence encoding gene sprE was also investigated. Nisin exhibited a MIC ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 mg/mL, while the MIC of pCA was 1 mg/mL. The luminescence-based response of the reporter strain Vibrio harveyi BB170 was used to determine AI-2 activity in E. faecalis strains. Nisin was not effective in inhibiting AI-2 activity, while pCA reduced AI-2 activity by ≥ 60%. Moreover, pCA and nisin combination showed higher inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of E. faecalis, compared to the treatment of pCA or nisin alone. qRT-PCR analysis showed that nisin alone and the combination of nisin and pCA, at their MIC values, led to a 32.78- and 40.22-fold decrease in sprE gene expression, respectively, while pCA alone did not have a significant effect. Considering the demand to explore new therapeutic avenues for infectious bacteria, this study was the first to report that pCA can act like a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) against AI-2 signaling in E. faecalis.

Preparation and characterization of antibacterial, antioxidant, and biocompatible p-coumaric acid modified quaternized chitosan nanoparticles

To fabricate multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) based on chitosan (CS) derivative, we first prepared quaternized CS (2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride CS, HTCC) via a one-step approach, then synthesized p-coumaric acid (p-CA) modified HTCC (HTCC-CA) for the first time through amide reaction, and finally fabricated a series of NPs (HTCC-CA NPs) using HTCC-CAs with different substitution degrees and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) by ionic gelation. Newly-prepared HTCC and HTCC-CAs were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, elemental analysis (EA), full-wavelength UV scanning, silver nitrate titration, and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. DLS and TEM results demonstrated that three selected HTCC-CA NPs had moderate size (< 350 nm), good dispersion (PDI < 0.4), and positive zeta potential (11-20 mV). The HTCC-CA NPs had high antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were almost the same as the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (250-1000 μg/mL). Also, the HTCC-CA NPs had good antioxidation (radical scavenging ratio > 65 %) and low cytotoxicity (relative cell viability >80 %) to the tested cells. Totally, HTCC-CA NPs with high antibacterial activity, great antioxidation, and low cytotoxicity might serve as new biomedical materials for promoting skin wound healing.

Dual Burst and Sustained Release of p-Coumaric Acid from Shape Memory Polymer Foams for Polymicrobial Infection Prevention in Trauma-Related Hemorrhagic Wounds

Hemorrhage is the primary cause of trauma-related death. Of patients that survive, polymicrobial infection occurs in 39% of traumatic wounds within a week of injury. Moreover, traumatic wounds are susceptible to hospital-acquired and drug-resistant bacterial infections. Thus, hemostatic dressings with antimicrobial properties could reduce morbidity and mortality to enhance traumatic wound healing. To that end, p-coumaric acid (PCA) was incorporated into hemostatic shape memory polymer foams by two mechanisms (chemical and physical) to produce dual PCA (DPCA) foams. DPCA foams demonstrated excellent antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against native Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis; co-cultures of E. coli and S. aureus; and drug-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis at short (1 h) and long (7 days) time points. Resistance against biofilm formation on the sample surfaces was also observed. In ex vivo experiments in a porcine skin wound model, DPCA foams exhibited similarly high antimicrobial properties as those observed in vitro, indicating that PCA was released from the DPCA foam to successfully inhibit bacterial growth. DPCA foams consistently showed improved antimicrobial properties relative to those of clinical control foams containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against single and mixed species bacteria, single and mixed species biofilms, and bacteria in the ex vivo wound model. This system could allow for physically incorporated PCA to first be released into traumatic wounds directly after application for instant wound disinfection. Then, more tightly tethered PCA can be continuously released into the wound for up to 7 days to kill additional bacteria and protect against biofilms.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Latvian Honey against Causative Agents of Wound Infections

Honey is widely used in traditional medicine and modern wound healing biomaterial research as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. The study's objectives were to evaluate the antibacterial activity and polyphenolic profiles of 40 monofloral honey samples collected from beekeepers in the territory of Latvia. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Latvian honey samples were compared with commercial Manuka honey and the honey analogue sugar solutions-carbohydrate mixture and tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, clinical isolates Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produced Escherichia coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the well-diffusion method (80% honey solution w/v) and microdilution method. The honey samples with the highest antimicrobial potential were tested to prevent biofilm development and activity against a preformed biofilm. The principal component analysis of the antimicrobial properties of honey samples vs. polyphenolic profile was performed. Eleven honey samples exhibited antibacterial activity to all investigated bacteria. The antibacterial effect of the samples was most significant on the Gram-positive bacteria compared to the studied Gram-negative bacteria. Latvian honey presents promising potential for use in wound healing biomaterials, opening the possibility of achieving long-term antibacterial effects.

The Antibacterial Activity of Rhazya stricta Extracts against Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Some Soil Invertebrates at High Altitudes

Klebsiella is a common dangerous pathogen for humans and animals and is widely present in the digestive system. The genus Klebsiella is ubiquitous, as it is endemic to surface water, soil, and sewage. In this study, 70 samples were obtained from soil-dwelling invertebrates from September 2021 to March 2022 from Taif and Shafa in different altitudinal regions of Saudi Arabia. Fifteen of these samples were identified as Klebsiella spp. The Klebsiella isolates were genetically identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae using rDNA sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the Klebsiella isolates was determined. Amplification of virulence genes was performed using PCR. In this study, 16S rDNA sequencing showed a similarity from 98% to 100% with related K. pneumonia from the NCBI database, and the sequences were deposited in the NCBI GenBank under accession numbers ON077036 to ON077050. The growth inhibition properties of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta's leaves against K. pneumoniae strains using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method and disc diffusion were evaluated. In addition, the biofilm inhibitory potential of these extracts was investigated using crystal violet. HPLC analysis identified 19 components divided into 6 flavonoids, 11 phenolic acids, stilbene (resveratrol), and quinol, and revealed variations in the number of components and their quantities between extracts. Both extracts demonstrated interesting antibacterial properties against K. pneumoniae isolates. The 2 extracts also showed strong biofilm inhibitory activities, with percentages of inhibition extending from 81.5% to 98.7% and from 35.1% to 85.8% for the ethanolic and methanolic extracts, respectively. Rhazya stricta leaf extract revealed powerful antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against K. pneumoniae isolates and could be a good candidate for the treatment or prevention of K. pneumonia-related infections.

Antimicrobial PVA Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Release Profiles

Hydrogels are broadly employed in wound healing applications due to their high water content and tissue-mimicking mechanical properties. Healing is hindered by infection in many types of wound, including Crohn's fistulas, tunneling wounds that form between different portions of the digestive system in Crohn's disease patients. Owing to the rise of drug-resistant infections, alternate approaches are required to treat wound infections beyond traditional antibiotics. To address this clinical need, we designed a water-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) hydrogel, with natural antimicrobials in the form of phenolic acids (PAs), for potential use in wound filling and healing. The shape memory properties could allow for implantation in a low-profile shape, followed by expansion and would filling, while the PAs provide localized delivery of antimicrobials. Here, we developed a urethane-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with cinnamic (CA), p-coumaric (PCA), and caffeic (Ca-A) acid chemically or physically incorporated at varied concentrations. We examined the effects of incorporated PAs on antimicrobial, mechanical, and shape memory properties, and on cell viability. Materials with physically incorporated PAs showed improved antibacterial properties with lower biofilm formation on hydrogel surfaces. Both modulus and elongation at break could be increased simultaneously in hydrogels after both forms of PA incorporation. Cellular response in terms of initial viability and growth over time varied based on PA structure and concentration. Shape memory properties were not negatively affected by PA incorporation. These PA-containing hydrogels with antimicrobial properties could provide a new option for wound filling, infection control, and healing. Furthermore, PA content and structure provide novel tools for tuning material properties independently of network chemistry, which could be harnessed in a range of materials systems and biomedical applications.

Cytoprotective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic and antibacterial properties of Lallemantia iberica extracts

BACKGROUND

Plants have important chemical compounds to protect organisms from many mutagens but they may also have dangerous toxic substances that must be tested before use. Lallemantia iberica has been used by local people for treatment of some diseases but it was never tested for its cell protective and antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic properties. In this study, it was aimed to determine the cytoprotective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant and phenolic profile of L. iberica by MTS assay, micronucleus test/somatic mutation recombination test (SMART), disc diffusion method, ABTS/DPPH tests and liquid chromatography (LC), respectively.

RESULTS

MTS assay results showed that both of the extracts supported the normal growth of healthy human lymphocytes and there was no significant difference between extracts. Although there was no significant increase in micronucleus concentration (‰) of the cultures treated with ethanol or methanol extracts, methanol extract caused slightly lower micronucleus concentration (12.64 ± 3.65‰) than the ethanol extract (24.46 ± 4.50‰). SMART results showed that ethanol and methanol extracts prevented harmful mitotic recombination. Lallemantia iberica also showed antibacterial activity against all of the strains tested, and the largest inhibition zones were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.9 mm) and Enterobacter aerogenes (13.8 mm). Methanol extracts showed better antioxidant activities (ABTS IC₅₀ : 104.07 μg mL^-1 , DPPH IC₅₀ : 58.8 μg mL^-1 ) than ethanol extracts (ABTS IC₅₀ : 344.03 μg mL^-1 , DPPH IC₅₀ : 233.7 μg mL^-1 ). According to the LC results, the most abundant phenolic compounds were rutin hydrate (1796.4 ± 62.9 mg kg^-1 ) and p-coumaric acid (228.1 ± 7.60 mg kg^-1 ).

CONCLUSION

Lallemantia iberica extracts had cell-protective, antimutagenic/antirecombinogenic, antibacterial and strong antioxidant characteristics in relation to their rich phenolic content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (Persea americana L.) Seeds

The aim of this research was to identify and quantify biologically active compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) seeds (AS) utilizing different techniques with the use of ultrasound (US), ethanol (EtOH), and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) for possible applications in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other relevant industries. Initially, a study of the process efficiency (η) was carried out, which revealed yields in the range of 2.96-12.11 wt%. The sample obtained using scCO₂ was found to be the richest in total phenols (TPC) and total proteins (PC), while the sample obtained with the use of EtOH resulted in the highest content of proanthocyanidins (PAC). Phytochemical screening of AS samples, quantified by the HPLC method, indicated the presence of 14 specific phenolic compounds. In addition, the activity of the selected enzymes (cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, transglutaminase, and superoxide dismutase) was quantified for the first time in the samples from AS. Using DPPH radical scavenging activity, the highest antioxidant potential (67.49%) was detected in the sample obtained with EtOH. The antimicrobial activity was studied using disc diffusion method against 15 microorganisms. Additionally, for the first time, the antimicrobial effectiveness of AS extract was quantified by determination of microbial growth-inhibition rates (MGIRs) at different concentrations of AS extract against three strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) bacteria, three strains of Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacteria, and fungi (Candida albicans). MGIRs and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) values were determined after 8 and 24 h of incubation, thus enabling the screening of antimicrobial efficacy for possible further applications of AS extracts as antimicrobial agents in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other industries. For example, the lowest MIC₉₀ value was determined for B. cereus after 8 h of incubation in the case of UE and SFE extracts (70 μg/mL), indicating an outstanding result and the potential of AS extracts, as the MIC values for B. cereus have not been investigated so far.

Growth-stimulating and antioxidant effects of vanillic acid on healthy broiler chickens

Background and Aim

Phytobiotics are a safe alternative to feed antibiotics in industrial poultry farming that increases productivity by stimulating various digestive enzymes to reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines and improve antioxidant status and immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vanillic acid in its pure form and in combination with gamma lactone on weight growth and the physiological parameters of broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods

The studies were performed on 120 Arbor Acres broiler chickens (7 days old) that were randomly divided into four groups with five replicates (cages) and six birds per replicate. The control group was fed the basal diet (BD) only. Group I was fed the BD + gamma lactone (average dose 0.07 mL/animal/day). Group II was fed the BD + vanillic acid (average dose 0.07 mL/animal/day). Group III was fed the BD + gamma lactone + vanillic acid in a 1:1 ratio (average dose 0.07 mL/body/day). Live weight of broiler chickens for all group was assessed at the end of each period (age of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days). At the end of the experiment (on day 42), 10 broilers with an average live weight were selected for blood sampling from the axillary vein.

Results

The results showed a growth-promoting effect of vanillic acid when fed with a diet free of synthetic antioxidants. Groups I and II had increased live weights throughout the entire experiment and a significant increase at the end of the experiment (8.2%-8.5%; p ≤ 0.05) compared to the control group. Toxic effects were not found in the biochemical blood serum analyses of Groups II and III. The metabolic processes in the experimental groups were intensified, especially in the enzyme associated with amino acid metabolism (gamma-glutamyl transferase) in Groups I and III (p ≤ 0.05). Vanillic acid, whether fed alone or in combination with gamma lactone, exhibited high antioxidant activities, protected cells from oxidative damage by inducing total antioxidant, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities (p ≤ 0.05), and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (p ≤ 0.05) measured. No significant changes in the morphological blood parameters were found.

Conclusion

The use of vanillic acid alone and in combination with gamma lactone increases the digestive enzyme activities in blood plasma, increases body weight, and has a positive effect on lipid metabolism and the antioxidant status of broiler chickens. These findings indicate the significant potential use of vanillic acid and gamma lactone in poultry due to their antioxidant properties.

Combining genetic engineering and bioprocess concepts for improved phenylpropanoid production

The group of natural aromatic compounds known as phenylpropanoids has diverse applications, but current methods of production which are largely based on synthesis from petrochemicals or extraction from agricultural biomass are unsustainable. Bioprocessing is a promising alternative, but improvements in production titers and rates are required to make this method profitable. Here the recent advances in genetic engineering and bioprocess concepts for the production of phenylpropanoids are presented for the purpose of identifying successful strategies, including adaptive laboratory evolution, enzyme engineering, in-situ product removal, and biocatalysis. The pros and cons of bacterial and yeast hosts for phenylpropanoid production are discussed, also in the context of different phenylpropanoid targets and bioprocess concepts. Finally, some broad recommendations are made regarding targets for continued improvement and areas requiring specific attention from researchers to further improve production titers and rates.

Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Artemisia Species

Taking into account the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, actual research focused on plant extracts is vital. The aim of our study was to investigate leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia annua L. in order to explore their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS. The antibacterial activity of wormwood extracts was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enteritidis cultures, and by zone of inhibition in Klebsiella carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Escherichia coli extended-spectrum β-lactamases cultures (ESBL). The Artemisia annua L. leaf extract (AnL) exhibited the highest TPC (518.09 mg/mL) and the highest expression of sinapic acid (285.69 ± 0.002 µg/mL). Nevertheless, the highest antioxidant capacity (1360.51 ± 0.04 µM Trolox/g DW by ABTS and 735.77 ± 0.02 µM Trolox/g DW by DPPH) was found in Artemisia absinthium L. leaf from the second year of vegetation (AbL2). AnL extract exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC for all tested bacteria and the maximal zone of inhibition for Klebsiella CRE and Escherichia coli ESBL. Our study revealed that AbL2 exhibited the best antioxidant potential, while AnL extract had the strongest antibacterial effect.