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Fakhri Y, Mahdavi V, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Sarafraz M, Mahmudiono T, Khaneghah AM. Ochratoxin A in coffee and coffee-based products: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:211-220. [PMID: 36372738 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of food with mycotoxins can pose harmful effects on the health of consumers in the long term. Coffee contamination with mycotoxins has become a global concern. This study attempted to meta-analyze the concentration and prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee products and estimate consumers' health risks. The search was conducted among international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for 1 January 2010 to 1 May 2022. The concentration and prevalence of OTA in coffee products were meta-analyzed according to country subgroups. Health risk assessment was conducted based on Margin of Exposures (MOEs) using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. The three countries that had the highest Pooled concentration of OTA in coffee were observed in Chile (100.00%), Kuwait (100.00%), and France (100.00%). The overall prevalence of OTA in coffee products was 58.01%, 95% CI (48.37-67.39). The three countries that had the highest concentration of OTA were Philippines (39.55 μg/kg) > Turkey (39.32 μg/kg) > and Panama (21.33 μg/kg). The mean of MOEs in the adult consumers in Panama (9,526) and the Philippines (8,873) was lower than 10,000, while the mean of MOEs in other countries was higher than 10,000. Therefore, monitoring and control plans should be carried out in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mansour Sarafraz
- School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Lemmink IB, Straub LV, Bovee TFH, Mulder PPJ, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GI, Righetti L. Recent advances and challenges in the analysis of natural toxins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:67-144. [PMID: 38906592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<∼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial. Currently, the analysis of NTs is predominantly performed with targeted high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although these methods are highly sensitive and accurate, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming, while unknown or unexpected NTs will be missed. To overcome this, novel on-site screening methods and non-targeted HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. On-site screening methods can give non-specialists the possibility for broad "scanning" of potential geographical regions of interest, while also providing sensitive and specific analysis at the point-of-need. Non-targeted chromatography-HRMS methods can detect unexpected as well as unknown NTs and their metabolites in a lab-based approach. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight in the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives in the field of NTs analysis both from the on-site and the laboratory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ids B Lemmink
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yazid SNE, Selamat J, Ismail SI, Sanny M, Samsudin NIP. Molecular and aflatoxigenicity analyses of Aspergillus flavus isolates indigenous to grain corn in Malaysia; potentials for biological control. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae145. [PMID: 38877665 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The present work aimed to distinguish the indigenous Aspergillus flavus isolates obtained from the first (pioneer) grain corn farms in Terengganu, Malaysia, into aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic by molecular and aflatoxigenicity analyses, and determine the antagonistic capability of the non-aflatoxigenic isolates against aflatoxigenic counterparts and their aflatoxin production in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven A. flavus isolates previously obtained from the farms were characterized molecularly and chemically. All isolates were examined for the presence of seven aflatoxin biosynthesis genes, and their aflatoxigenicity was confirmed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Phylogenetic relationships of all isolates were tested using ITS and β-tubulin genes. Of the seven isolates, two were non-aflatoxigenic, while the remaining were aflatoxigenic based on the presence of all aflatoxin biosynthesis genes tested and the productions of aflatoxins B1 and B2. All isolates were also confirmed as A. flavus following phylogenetic analysis. The indigenous non-aflatoxigenic isolates were further examined for their antagonistic potential against aflatoxigenic isolates on 3% grain corn agar. Both non-aflatoxigenic isolates significantly reduced AFB1 production of the aflatoxigenic isolates. CONCLUSION The indigenous non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains identified in the present work were effective in controlling the aflatoxin production by the aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates in vitro and can be utilized for in situ testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Izera Ismail
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Qu Z, Ren X, Du Z, Hou J, Li Y, Yao Y, An Y. Fusarium mycotoxins: The major food contaminants. MLIFE 2024; 3:176-206. [PMID: 38948146 PMCID: PMC11211685 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, which are secondary metabolites produced by toxicogenic fungi, are natural food toxins that cause acute and chronic adverse reactions in humans and animals. The genus Fusarium is one of three major genera of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone are the major Fusarium mycotoxins that occur worldwide. Fusarium mycotoxins have the potential to infiltrate the human food chain via contamination during crop production and food processing, eventually threatening human health. The occurrence and development of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination will change with climate change, especially with variations in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentration. To address these challenges, researchers have built a series of effective models to forecast the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and provide guidance for crop production. Fusarium mycotoxins frequently exist in food products at extremely low levels, thus necessitating the development of highly sensitive and reliable detection techniques. Numerous successful detection methods have been developed to meet the requirements of various situations, and an increasing number of methods are moving toward high-throughput features. Although Fusarium mycotoxins cannot be completely eliminated, numerous agronomic, chemical, physical, and biological methods can lower Fusarium mycotoxin contamination to safe levels during the preharvest and postharvest stages. These theoretical innovations and technological advances have the potential to facilitate the development of comprehensive strategies for effectively managing Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qu
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanChina
| | - Zhaolin Du
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Jie Hou
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Ye Li
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Yanpo Yao
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
| | - Yi An
- Agro‐Environmental Protection InstituteMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjinChina
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Saleh I, Zeidan R, Abu-Dieyeh M. The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1659-1683. [PMID: 38662238 PMCID: PMC11106155 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria species are mycotoxin-producing fungi known to infect fresh produce and to cause their spoilage. Humans get exposed to fungal secondary metabolites known as mycotoxin via the ingestion of contaminated food. Alternariol (AOH) (C14H10O5) is an isocoumarins produced by different species of Alternaria including Alternaria alternata. AOH is often found in grain, fruits and fruits-based food products with high levels in legumes, nuts, and tomatoes. AOH was first discovered in 1953, and it is nowadays linked to esophagus cancer and endocrine disruption due to its similarity to estrogen. Although considered as an emerging mycotoxin with no regulated levels in food, AOH occurs in highly consumed dietary products and has been detected in various masked forms, which adds to its occurrence. Therefore, this comprehensive review was developed to give an overview on recent literature in the field of AOH. The current study summarizes published data on occurrence levels of AOH in different food products in the last ten years and evaluates those levels in comparison to recommended levels by the regulating entities. Such surveillance facilitates the work of health risk assessors and highlights commodities that are most in need of AOH levels regulation. In addition, the effects of AOH on cells and animal models were summarized in two tables; data include the last two-year literature studies. The review addresses also the main characteristics of AOH and the possible human exposure routes, the populations at risk, and the effect of anthropogenic activities on the widespread of the mycotoxin. The commonly used detection and control methods described in the latest literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry. This review aims mainly to serve as a guideline on AOH for mycotoxin regulation developers and health risk assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Randa Zeidan
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Urugo MM, Teka TA, Lema TB, Lusweti JN, Djedjibegovíc J, Lachat C, Tesfamariam K, Mesfin A, Astatkie T, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Dietary aflatoxins exposure, environmental enteropathy, and their relation with childhood stunting. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:241-254. [PMID: 38404064 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2314676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Childhood stunting is a global phenomenon affecting more than 149 million children under the age of 5 worldwide. Exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) in utero, during breastfeeding, and consumption of contaminated food affect the gut microbiome, resulting in intestinal dysfunction and potentially contributing to stunting. This review explores the potential relationship between AF exposure, environmental enteropathy and childhood stunting. AFs bind to DNA, disrupt protein synthesis and elicit environmental enteropathy (EE). An EE alters the structure of intestinal epithelial cells, impairs nutrient uptake and leads to malabsorption. This article proposes possible intervention strategies for researchers and policymakers to reduce AF exposure, EE and childhood stunting, such as exposure reduction, the implementation of good agricultural practices, dietary diversification and improving environmental water sanitation and hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Makiso Urugo
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosaina, Ethiopia
- Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun A Teka
- Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Belachew Lema
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kokeb Tesfamariam
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Addisalem Mesfin
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, MYTOX-SOUTH, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Fomina P, Femenias A, Tafintseva V, Freitag S, Sulyok M, Aledda M, Kohler A, Krska R, Mizaikoff B. Prediction of Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Wheat via Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis. ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 4:895-904. [PMID: 38660051 PMCID: PMC11037394 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The climate crisis further exacerbates the challenges for food production. For instance, the increasingly unpredictable growth of fungal species in the field can lead to an unprecedented high prevalence of several mycotoxins, including the most important toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium spp., i.e., deoxynivalenol (DON). The presence of DON in crops may cause health problems in the population and livestock. Hence, there is a demand for advanced strategies facilitating the detection of DON contamination in cereal-based products. To address this need, we introduce infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) spectroscopy combined with advanced data modeling routines and optimized sample preparation protocols. In this study, we address the limited exploration of wheat commodities to date via IR-ATR spectroscopy. The focus of this study was optimizing the extraction protocol for wheat by testing various solvents aligned with a greener and more sustainable analytical approach. The employed chemometric method, i.e., sparse partial least-squares discriminant analysis, not only facilitated establishing robust classification models capable of discriminating between high vs low DON-contaminated samples adhering to the EU regulatory limit of 1250 μg/kg but also provided valuable insights into the relevant parameters shaping these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Fomina
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Antoni Femenias
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Valeria Tafintseva
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Stephan Freitag
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology
IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and
Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad
Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology
IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and
Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad
Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Miriam Aledda
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology
IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and
Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad
Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077 Ulm, Germany
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Esperança VJR, Moreira PIO, Chávez DWH, Freitas-Silva O. Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts ( Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1357778. [PMID: 38665301 PMCID: PMC11044678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1357778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brazil nuts (BNs) result from sustainable extraction and are widely exploited in the Amazon region. Due to the production characteristics in the forest and the nutritional characteristics of these nuts, the occurrence of fungal contamination and the presence of aflatoxins are extensively discussed in the literature as a great aspect of interest and concern. This study aims to evaluate the microbial profile through DNA sequencing and amplification of 16S and ITS genes for bacterial and fungal analysis, respectively, and the presence of mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) from different fractions of the nuts processed. Methods The BN samples, harvest A (HA) and harvest B (HB), from two different harvests were collected in an extractive cooperative in the Amazon region for microbiological analysis (from DNA extraction and amplification of 16S genes, bacteria analysis, and ITS for fungi) and mycotoxins (aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) using HPLC-FD/KobraCell®. Results and discussion The samples showed a very different microbiome and aflatoxin profile. Genera such as Rothia (HA) and Cronobacter (HB) were abundant during the analysis of bacteria; as for fungi, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria were also considered prevalent in these samples. Soil microorganisms, including those pathogenic and related to inadequate hygienic-sanitary production practices, as well as aflatoxins, were found in the samples. However, they were within the established limits permitted by Brazilian legislation. Nuts have a diverse microbiota and are not restricted to fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The microbiological and toxicological profile can vary significantly within the same nut in the same extraction region and can be exacerbated by global climate changes. Therefore, it is necessary to advance sanitary educational actions by applying good production practices and inspection programs to ensure the sustainability and quality of the BN production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. R. Esperança
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGAN/UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula I. O. Moreira
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGAN/UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Davy W. H. Chávez
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Otniel Freitas-Silva
- Embrapa Food Technology, Office of Research and Development (Sector: Operational Units – Plan V), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lakatos I, Babarczi B, Molnár Z, Tóth A, Skoda G, Horváth GF, Horváth A, Tóth D, Sükösd F, Szemethy L, Szőke Z. First Results on the Presence of Mycotoxins in the Liver of Pregnant Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) Hinds and Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1039. [PMID: 38612278 PMCID: PMC11011066 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive abnormalities have been observed in fallow deer populations in Hungary. We supposed mycotoxin contamination to be one of the possible causes because multi-mycotoxin contamination is known to be dangerous even at low toxin levels, especially for young animals. We investigated the spatial pattern of mycotoxin occurrences and the relationship between maternal and fetal mycotoxin levels. A total of 72 fallow deer embryos and their mothers were sampled in seven forested regions in Hungary in the 2020/2021 hunting season. We analyzed Aflatoxin (AF), Zearalenone (ZEA), Fumonizin B1 (FB1), DON, and T2-toxin concentrations in maternal and fetal livers by ELISA. AF was present in 70% and 82%, ZEA in 41% and 96%, DON in 90% and 98%, T2-toxin in 96% and 85%, and FB1 in 84% and 3% of hind and fetus livers, respectively. All mycotoxins passed into the fetus, but only Fumonizin B1 rarely passed. The individual variability of mycotoxin levels was extremely high, but the spatial differences were moderate. We could not prove a relation between the maternal and fetal mycotoxin concentrations, but we found an accumulation of ZEA and DON in the fetuses. These results reflect the possible threats of mycotoxins to the population dynamics and reproduction of wild fallow deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Lakatos
- Department of Regional Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture, 1052 Budapest, Hungary;
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bianka Babarczi
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Arnold Tóth
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Gabriella Skoda
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Győző F. Horváth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Adrienn Horváth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Dániel Tóth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Szemethy
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Szőke
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
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Casu A, Camardo Leggieri M, Toscano P, Battilani P. Changing climate, shifting mycotoxins: A comprehensive review of climate change impact on mycotoxin contamination. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13323. [PMID: 38477222 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Climate change (CC) is a complex phenomenon that has the potential to significantly alter marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Global warming of 2°C is expected to be exceeded during the 21st century, and the frequency of extreme weather events, including floods, storms, droughts, extreme temperatures, and wildfires, has intensified globally over recent decades, differently affecting areas of the world. How CC may impact multiple food safety hazards is increasingly evident, with mycotoxin contamination in particular gaining in prominence. Research focusing on CC effects on mycotoxin contamination in edible crops has developed considerably throughout the years. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive literature search to collect available studies in the scientific literature published between 2000 and 2023. The selected papers highlighted how warmer temperatures are enabling the migration, introduction, and mounting abundance of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungal species, including those producing mycotoxins. Certain mycotoxigenic fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum, are expected to readily acclimatize to new conditions and could become more aggressive pathogens. Furthermore, abiotic stress factors resulting from CC are expected to weaken the resistance of host crops, rendering them more vulnerable to fungal disease outbreaks. Changed interactions of mycotoxigenic fungi are likewise expected, with the effect of influencing the prevalence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the future. Looking ahead, future research should focus on improving predictive modeling, expanding research into different pathosystems, and facilitating the application of effective strategies to mitigate the impact of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Casu
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Camardo Leggieri
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Piero Toscano
- IBE-CNR, Institute of BioEconomy-National Research Council, Firenze, Italia
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Dieye CAT, Durand N, Schorr-Galindo S, Strub C, Fontana A. Impacts of abiotic factors on the growth of three commercial biological control agents, on the growth and mycotoxinogenesis of Fusarium graminearum and on their interaction. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:932-941. [PMID: 37721389 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolving climatic conditions impact the behavior of microorganisms. The lack of efficiency of beneficial microorganisms against pathogens can be due to these evolving abiotic factors more favorable to the development and adaptation of pathogens. It is therefore of great interest to understand their impact (especially temperature increase and relative humidity (RH) variation) on pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. This work aimed to examine the possible effects of increasing temperature (20, 25, 30 and 33 °C) and RH (40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) on the growth and mycotoxin production (deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN)) of Fusarium graminearum, on the growth of three commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs; Mycostop®, Xedavir® and Polyversum®) and on the pathogen-BCA interaction. RESULTS Results demonstrated that BCAs have contrasting impacts on the growth and mycotoxinogenesis of F. graminearum depending on abiotic factors. At 25 °C and regardless of RH, commercial BCAs limit DON production by F. graminearum, but at 30 °C and intermediate RH, Xedavir® is no longer effective. The ability of Xedavir® to control the production of ZEN production by F. graminearum is also affected by abiotic factors. However, increasing temperature has an opposite effect on its ability to control the accumulation of ZEN. Polyversum® oomycete is the BCA with the most resilient efficacy against F. graminearum toxinogenesis under the different abiotic factors. CONCLUSION This work provides new knowledge of the effect of these abiotic parameters on the interaction between BCA and F. graminearum, especially on the production of mycotoxins. It paves the way for the development of efficient and resilient mycotoxin biocontrol strategies using beneficial microorganisms against F. graminearum, thus contributing to global food security. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Ahmeth Tidiane Dieye
- UMR Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Noël Durand
- UMR Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, France - Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- UMR Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Strub
- UMR Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Angélique Fontana
- UMR Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Ali N, Habib A, Mahmud F, Tuba HR, Degen GH. Aflatoxin M 1 Analysis in Urine of Mill Workers in Bangladesh: A Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:45. [PMID: 38251261 PMCID: PMC10819429 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in food and feed is a serious problem, especially in developing countries. Human exposure to this carcinogenic mycotoxin can occur through dietary intake, but also through inhalation or dermal contact when handling and processing AFB1-contaminated crops. A suitable biomarker of AFB1 exposure by all routes is the occurrence of its hydroxylated metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine. To assess mycotoxin exposure in mill workers in Bangladesh, we analyzed AFM1 levels in urine samples of this population group who may encounter both dietary and occupational AFB1 exposure. In this pilot study, a total of 76 participants (51 mill workers and 25 controls) were enrolled from the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Urine samples were collected from people who worked in rice, wheat, maize and spice mills and from controls with no occupational contact to these materials. A questionnaire was used to collect information on basic characteristics and normal food habits of all participants. Levels of AFM1 in the urine samples were determined by a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. AFM1 was detected in 96.1% of mill workers' urine samples with a range of LOD (40) of 217.7 pg/mL and also in 92% of control subject's urine samples with a range of LOD of 307.0 pg/mL). The mean level of AFM1 in mill workers' urine (106.5 ± 35.0 pg/mL) was slightly lower than that of the control group (123.3 ± 52.4 pg/mL), whilst the mean AFM1 urinary level adjusted for creatinine was higher in mill workers (142.1 ± 126.1 pg/mg crea) than in the control group (98.5 ± 71.2 pg/mg crea). Yet, these differences in biomarker levels were not statistically significant. Slightly different mean urinary AFM1 levels were observed between maize mill, spice mill, rice mill, and wheat mill workers, yet biomarker values are based on a small number of individuals in these subgroups. No significant correlations were found between the study subjects' urine AFM1 levels and their consumption of some staple food items, except for a significant correlation observed between urinary biomarker levels and consumption of groundnuts. In conclusion, this pilot study revealed the frequent presence of AFM1 in the urine of mill workers in Bangladesh and those of concurrent controls with dietary AFB1 exposure only. The absence of a statistical difference in mean biomarker levels for workers and controls suggests that in the specific setting, no extra occupational exposure occurred. Yet, the high prevalence of non-negligible AFM1 levels in the collected urines encourage further studies in Bangladesh regarding aflatoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (F.M.); (H.R.T.)
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (F.M.); (H.R.T.)
| | - Firoz Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (F.M.); (H.R.T.)
| | - Humaira Rashid Tuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (F.M.); (H.R.T.)
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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de Souza M, Baptista AAS, Menck-Costa MF, Justino L, da Glória EM, Shimizu GD, Ferraz CR, Verri WA, Van Immerseel F, Bracarense APFRL. Modulation of Broiler Intestinal Changes Induced by Clostridium perfringens and Deoxynivalenol through Probiotic, Paraprobiotic, and Postbiotic Supplementation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:46. [PMID: 38251262 PMCID: PMC10820081 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a DON and Clostridium perfringens (CP) challenge on the intestinal morphology, morphometry, oxidative stress, and immune response of broilers. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of a Lactobacillus spp. mixture as an approach to mitigate the damage induced by the challenge. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 252) were divided into seven treatment groups: Control, DON, CP, CP + DON, VL (DON + CP + viable Lactobacillus spp. mixture), HIL (DON + CP + heat-inactivated Lactobacillus spp. mixture), and LCS (DON + CP + Lactobacillus spp. mixture culture supernatant). Macroscopic evaluation of the intestines revealed that the CP + DON group exhibited the highest lesion score, while the VL and HIL groups showed the lowest scores. Microscopically, all Lactobacillus spp. treatments mitigated the morphological changes induced by the challenge. DON increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the jejunum, and CP increased ROS levels in the jejunum and ileum. Notably, the Lactobacillus spp. treatments did not improve the antioxidant defense against CP-induced oxidative stress. In summary, a Lactobacillus spp. mixture, whether used as a probiotic, paraprobiotic, or postbiotic, exerted a partially protective effect in mitigating most of the intestinal damage induced by DON and CP challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielen de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology (LAP), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Larissa Justino
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine (LAM), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (M.F.M.-C.); (L.J.)
| | - Eduardo Micotti da Glória
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Danilo Shimizu
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Camila Rodrigues Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (C.R.F.); (W.A.V.)
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (C.R.F.); (W.A.V.)
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Tunklová B, Šerá B, Šrámková P, Ďurčányová S, Šerý M, Kováčik D, Zahoranová A, Hnilička F. Growth Stimulation of Durum Wheat and Common Buckwheat by Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4172. [PMID: 38140503 PMCID: PMC10748235 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The grains of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and achenes of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were tested after treatment with two sources of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (DCSBD, MSDBD) with different treatment times (0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 s). The effect of these treatments was monitored with regard to the seed surface diagnostics (water contact angle-WCA, chemical changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-FTIR); twenty parameters associated with germination and initial seed growth were monitored. A study of the wettability confirmed a decrease in WCA values indicating an increase in surface energy and hydrophilicity depending on the type of seed, plasma source, and treatment time. Surface analysis by attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) showed no obvious changes in the chemical bonds on the surface of the plasma-treated seeds, which confirms the non-destructive effect of the plasma on the chemical composition of the seed shell. A multivariate analysis of the data showed many positive trends (not statistically significant) in germination and initial growth parameters. The repeated results for germination rate and root/shoot dry matter ratio indicate the tendency of plants to invest in underground organs. Durum wheat required longer treatment times with non-thermal plasma (10 s, 20 s) for germination and early growth, whereas buckwheat required shorter times (5 s, 10 s). The responses of durum wheat grains to the two non-thermal plasma sources used were equal. In contrast, the responses of buckwheat achenes were more favorable to MSDBD treatment than to DCSBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Tunklová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.T.); (F.H.)
| | - Božena Šerá
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Šrámková
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.Š.); (S.Ď.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sandra Ďurčányová
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.Š.); (S.Ď.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michal Šerý
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Jeronýmova 10, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Dušan Kováčik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.Š.); (S.Ď.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anna Zahoranová
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.Š.); (S.Ď.); (A.Z.)
| | - František Hnilička
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.T.); (F.H.)
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Ukwuru M, Muritala A. Evaluation of mycotoxins in grains sold in Idah, Ajaka and Ogbogbo areas of Nigeria. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:000658.v3. [PMID: 38188246 PMCID: PMC10765056 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000658.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in grains is a significant concern due to its adverse effects on human and animal health. Understanding the levels and patterns of mycotoxin contamination in different regions and storage conditions is crucial for developing effective control strategies. This study aimed to assess mycotoxin levels in stored and recently harvested grains in three regions (Idah, Ajaka, and Ogbogbo) and investigate the implications for food safety. The study involved the analysis of mycotoxin levels in maize, rice, sorghum, and millet using appropriate mycotoxin extraction method based on the mycotoxins of interest and a suitable HPLC system. The findings revealed the presence of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (1±0.2-5±0.4 µg kg-1), deoxynivalenol (520±0.8-700±1.2 µg kg-1), zearalenone (200±0.4-370±0.6 µg kg-1), ochratoxins (2±0.2-4±0.3 µg kg-1), and fumonisin (0±0.0-4±0.3 µg kg-1) in both recently harvested and stored grains. Patulin was absent in most of the samples. Variations in mycotoxin levels were observed among different grains and regions, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. The European Commission mycotoxin standards in grains for human consumption are: aflatoxins 4 µg kg-1 in maize, millet and sorghum while rice is 8 µg kg-1, deoxynivalenal 1750 µg kg-1, zearalenone 100 µg kg-1, ochratoxin A 5 µg kg-1 for maize, rice and millet, then 10 µg kg-1 for sorghum. Fumonisin is 4000 µg kg-1 but no level for rice and patulin is 50 µg kg-1 for rice and none for the other grains. This study demonstrates the persistence of mycotoxin contamination in stored grains and the importance of considering specific crop types and geographical locations when addressing mycotoxin contamination. The findings underscore the significance of implementing effective control measures to mitigate mycotoxin contamination and enhance food safety. The study provides valuable insights into mycotoxin contamination and emphasizes the need for comprehensive risk assessment studies and appropriate regulatory measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.U. Ukwuru
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Nigeria
| | - A. Muritala
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Nigeria
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Lopes LDS, Ramos GLPA, Alvarenga VO, Campagnollo FB, Oliveira SBS, Freire L, Sant'Ana AS. Quantitative risk assessment of the presence of fumonisin in corn produced in different regions of Brazil: Influence of climatic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116907. [PMID: 37597829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the probability of occurrence of fumonisins in corn in the states of greatest production in Brazil was determined. The data were analyzed through quantitative risk analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicated that there is a strong correlation between fumonisins contamination levels and the geographical region due to the influence of climatic characteristics, with temperature having the main influence. The Southern states presented higher risks of occurrence and concentration levels of fumonisins in corn due to the temperate climate with lower average temperature and higher relative humidity and precipitation indices. Cultivation in the best season indicates a significant reduction in the production of fumonisins when this period was evaluated, with average concentration levels up to 42% lower. The generated data are important for regulatory agencies and the agricultural sector, which needs to be aware that the chance of success in grain production depends on efficient planning of the growing season, mainly concerning the climatic conditions to which it is subject to minimize the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Dos Santos Lopes
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, SC, Brazil; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L P A Ramos
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Campagnollo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Syllas B S Oliveira
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Freire
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Koletsi P, Wiegertjes GF, Graat EAM, de Kool M, Lyons P, Schrama JW. Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other Fusarium mycotoxins on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and health. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:405-420. [PMID: 37470898 PMCID: PMC10635917 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed whether the toxicological effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium graminearum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are altered by the co-exposure to a mixture of toxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (FUmix). This FUmix contained fusaric acid and fumonisin B1, B2 and B3. Four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design: CON-CON; CON-FUmix; DON-CON; and DON-FUmix. Diets with and without DON contained on average 2700 and 0 µg/kg feed, respectively. The sum of the analysed FUmix toxins was 12,700 and 100 µg/kg feed in the diets with and without FUmix, respectively. The experiment consisted of a 6-week restrictive feeding period immediately followed by a 2-week ad libitum feeding period. Growth performance measurements were taken per feeding period. Histopathological measurements in the liver and gastrointestinal tract (pyloric caeca, midgut and hindgut) were assessed at the end of week 1 and week 6 of the restrictive feeding period and at week 8, the last day of the ad libitum feeding period. During both restrictive and ad libitum feeding, the effects of FUmix and DON on growth performance were additive (no interaction effect; p > 0.05). During the restrictive feeding period, exposure to DON (p ≤ 0.001) and FUmix (p ≤ 0.01) inhibited growth and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). During this period, DON exposure decreased the protein (p ≤ 0.001) and energy retention (p ≤ 0.05) in the trout. During the ad libitum feeding period, FUmix affected HSI (p ≤ 0.01), while DON exposure reduced feed intake (p ≤ 0.001) and growth (p ≤ 0.001) and increased FCR (p ≤ 0.01). In general, for both liver and intestinal tissue measurements, no interaction effects between DON and FUmix were observed. In the liver, histopathological analysis revealed mild alterations, increased necrosis score by DON (p ≤ 0.01), increased glycogen vacuolization by FUmix (p ≤ 0.05) and decreased percentage of pleomorphic nuclei by FUmix (p ≤ 0.01). DON had a minor impact on the intestinal histological measurements. Over time, some of the liver (glycogen vacuolization score, pleomorphic nuclei; p ≤ 0.01) and intestinal measurements (mucosal fold and enterocyte width; p ≤ 0.01) were aggravated in fish fed the FUmix contaminated diets, with the most severe alterations being noted at week 8. Overall, the co-exposure to FUmix and DON gave rise to additive effects but showed no synergistic or antagonistic effects for the combination of DON with other Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Koletsi
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc, Dunboyne, A86 X006, Ireland.
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Graat
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Kool
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Lyons
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc, Dunboyne, A86 X006, Ireland
| | - Johan W Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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20
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, He Q, Elliott C. Comparative Performance of Rapid Diagnostics for the Detection of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Oats. Molecules 2023; 28:6657. [PMID: 37764433 PMCID: PMC10537295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oat crops by trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 and HT-2 is an ongoing threat to our food safety. Within the industry, there are increasing concerns about the continued and growing presence of these mycotoxins occurring in oat crops due to climate change, farming practices and the handling of crops post-harvest. To safeguard human health, monitoring these mycotoxins in foodstuffs is paramount to ensure human exposure is limited. To achieve this, effective testing regimes must be established within the industry, consisting not only of rapid, reliable, and accurate analytical methods but also efficient sampling strategies. Four commercial rapid diagnostic kits were assessed against liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and included three lateral flow devices and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One-way ANOVA showed a p-value of 0.45 indicating no significant difference between the methods assessed. Qualitative analysis revealed test kits 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed false negative/false positive rates of 1.1/2.2, 7.6/0, 2.2/0, and 6.5/0 percent, respectively. Test Kit 1, the Neogen Reveal® Q+ MAX for T-2/HT-2 Kit provided the most reliable, accurate and cost-effective results. Furthermore, its ease of use and no requirement for technical skill makes it applicable for on-site testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Qiqi He
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Sabillón L, Alvarado J, Leiva A, Mendoza R, Espinal R, Leslie JF, Bianchini A. Presence, Co-Occurrence, and Daily Intake Estimates of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins in Maize Consumed in Food-Insecure Regions of Western Honduras. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:559. [PMID: 37755985 PMCID: PMC10534461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne mycotoxins are a significant food safety risk in developing countries. Our objective was to determine the occurrence of and exposure levels to aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in maize intended for human and animal consumption in food-insecure regions of western Honduras. Total AFs and FBs were quantified with a monoclonal antibody-based affinity spectrofluorimetric method. FBs were detected in 614/631 samples of maize destined for human consumption at 0.3 to 41 mg/kg (mean, 2.7 mg/kg). Of the 614 positive samples, 147 had FB levels exceeding the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory threshold of 4.0 mg/kg. AFs were detected in 109/631 samples of maize for human consumption with concentrations between 1.0 and 490 µg/kg (mean, 10 µg/kg). AF levels in 34 samples exceeded the FDA regulatory limit (i.e., 20 µg/kg). The average probable daily intake of AFs in western Honduras ranged from 0 to 260 ng/kg body weight/day, and for FBs, the average probable daily intake ranged from 17 to 53 μg/kg body weight/day. AFs and FBs co-occurred in 106/631 samples with 60 samples containing both toxins at levels greater than the FDA regulatory levels. Samples of maize intended for animal feed had significantly higher AF (mean, 22 µg/kg) and FB (mean, 7.6 mg/kg) contamination levels than those observed in samples destined for human consumption. Thus, the maize supply chain in western Honduras is contaminated with mycotoxins at levels that pose health risks to both humans and livestock. More effective mycotoxin surveillance and implementation of effective mitigation strategies are needed to reduce mycotoxin contamination and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sabillón
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Center of Excellence in Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Jackeline Alvarado
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente P.O. Box 93, Honduras
| | - Alejandra Leiva
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente P.O. Box 93, Honduras
| | - Rodrigo Mendoza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Raúl Espinal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente P.O. Box 93, Honduras
| | - John F. Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Andréia Bianchini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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22
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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23
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Kleber A, Gruber-Dorninger C, Platzer A, Payet C, Novak B. Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in French Wheat during a 4-Year Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:443. [PMID: 37505712 PMCID: PMC10467151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat represents one of the most widely consumed cereals worldwide. Cultivated in winter and spring, it is vulnerable to an array of different pathogens, including fungi, which are managed largely through the in-field application of fungicides. During this study, a 4-year field investigation (2018-2021) was performed in France, aiming to assess the efficacy of fungicide treatment to reduce mycotoxin contamination in common and durum wheat. Several different commercially available fungicides were applied via sprayers. Concentrations of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in wheat were determined using a multi-analyte liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-based method. The highest contamination levels and strongest effects of fungicides were observed in 2018, followed by 2021. A significant fungicide-mediated reduction was observed for the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and nivalenol-3-glucoside. Furthermore, fungicide treatment also reduced levels of culmorin and its hydroxy metabolites 5- and 15-hydroxy-culmorin, as well as aurofusarin. Interestingly, the Alternaria metabolite infectopyron was increased following fungicide treatment. In conclusion, fungicide treatment was effective in reducing mycotoxin levels in wheat. However, as complete prevention of mycotoxin contamination was not achieved, fungicide treatment should always be combined with other pre- and post-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to improve food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kleber
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Alexander Platzer
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Barbara Novak
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
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Alias C, Feretti D, Viola GVC, Zerbini I, Bisceglie F, Pelosi G, Zani C. Allium cepa tests: A plant-based tool for the early evaluation of toxicity and genotoxicity of newly synthetized antifungal molecules. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 889:503654. [PMID: 37491113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Many fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria are able to produce, among many other metabolites, the aflatoxins, a group of toxic and carcinogenic compounds. To reduce their formation, synthetic fungicides are used as an effective way of intervention. However, the extensive use of such molecules generates long-term residues into the food and the environment. The need of new antifungal molecules, with high specificity and low off-target toxicity is worth. The aim of this study was to evaluate: i) the toxicity and genotoxicity of newly synthesized molecules with a good anti-mycotoxic activity, and ii) the suitability of the Allium cepa multi-endpoint assay as an early screening method for chemicals. Eight compounds were tested for toxicity by using the A. cepa bulb root elongation test and for genotoxicity using the A. cepa bulb mitotic index, micronuclei and chromosome aberrations tests. Three molecules showed no toxicity, while two induced mild toxic effects in roots exposed to the highest dose (100 µM). A more pronounced toxic effect was caused by the other three compounds for which the EC50 was approximately 50 μM. Furthermore, all molecules showed a clear genotoxic activity, both in terms of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei. Albeit the known good antifungal activity, the different molecules caused strong toxic and genotoxic effects. The results indicate the suitability of experiments with A. cepa as a research model for the evaluation of the toxic and genotoxic activities of new molecules in plants before they are released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Alias
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia V C Viola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Bisceglie
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy.
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25
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De Felice B, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Enniatin B1: Emerging Mycotoxin and Emerging Issues. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:383. [PMID: 37368684 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although over the last 10 years several studies have focused on the emerging mycotoxins known as enniatins (ENNs), there is still a lack of knowledge regarding their toxicological effects and the development of a correct risk assessment. This is especially true for enniatin B1 (ENN B1), considered the younger sister of the widely studied enniatin B (ENN B). ENN B1 has been found in several food commodities and, as with other mycotoxins, presents antibacterial and antifungal properties. On the other hand, ENN B1 has shown cytotoxic activity, impairment of the cell cycle, the induction of oxidative stress, and changes in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, as well as negative genotoxic and estrogenic effects. Overall, considering the paucity of information available regarding ENN B1, further studies are necessary to perform a risk assessment. This review summarizes information on the biological characteristics and toxicological effects of ENN B1 as well as the future challenges that this mycotoxin could present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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26
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Paterson RRM. Special Issue: Coffee, Fungi, Mycotoxins, and Climate Change. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040941. [PMID: 37110364 PMCID: PMC10142419 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is very lucrative and enjoyed by many [...]
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27
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Approaches for a more microbiologically and chemically safe dried fruit supply chain. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102912. [PMID: 36841150 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Global production of dried fruits has increased significantly in the past decade. Both the increased consumer acceptance of nutritious packaged food and the broad use of dried fruits in products such as confectionery and bakery goods have fueled the dried fruit demand. Unfortunately, outbreaks and recalls due to contamination by pathogenic bacteria and viruses as well as the detection of mycotoxins highlight the need for optimizing current approaches, and evaluating and adopting newer interventions to protect the microbial and chemical safety of dried fruits. Drying processes alone are inadequate to control these hazards. Pre- and post-drying treatments serve as promising opportunities, with or without combination with the drying step, to achieve the goals of efficient hazard control.
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Hao W, Guan S, Li A, Wang J, An G, Hofstetter U, Schatzmayr G. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Feeds and Raw Materials in China: A Five-Year Investigation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:63. [PMID: 36668883 PMCID: PMC9866187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are ubiquitously present in feeds and raw materials and can exert toxicity on animals and humans. Therefore, mycotoxin occurrence should be monitored. We report here a multi-mycotoxin survey of feed samples in China from 2017 to 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxins, trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and zearalenone were determined in a total of 9392 samples collected throughout China. Regional differences and year-to-year variation of mycotoxin occurrence were also assessed in new-season corn. Generally, Fusarium mycotoxins were prevalent, while mycotoxin contamination in each feed commodity showed a distinct pattern, e.g., wheat and bran were typically affected by trichothecenes type B, peanut meals were highly susceptible to aflatoxins, and finished feeds exhibited a comparatively high prevalence of all mycotoxins. In new-season corn, trichothecenes type B and fumonisins were most prevalent, with positive rates of 84.04% and 87.16%, respectively. Regions exhibited different patterns of mycotoxin occurrence. The Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of East China exhibited a high prevalence and concentrations of aflatoxins with a positive rate and a positive average of 82.61% and 103.08 μg/kg, respectively. Central China obtained high fumonisins levels of 4707.84 μg/kg. Trichothecenes type B and zearalenone occurred more frequently in temperate regions of Northeast China, and their positive rates reached 94.99% and 55.67%, respectively. In these regions, mycotoxin concentrations in new-season corn exhibited pronounced year-to-year variations and this could be due to the unusual changes of rainfall or temperature during sensitive periods of corn growing. A large fraction of new-season corn samples contained multiple mycotoxins with two to three classes (75.42%), and the most frequently observed co-contaminants were the combination of trichothecenes type B and fumonisins (73.52%). Trichothecenes type B and zearalenone concentrations were highly positively correlated with a coefficient of 0.775. In conclusion, mycotoxins contamination and co-contamination of feeds are common. Mycotoxin contamination in new-season corn exhibited regional patterns and year-to-year variations, with climate and weather conditions as determinant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte. Ltd., Singapore 117440, Singapore
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ursula Hofstetter
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Austria GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria
| | - Gerd Schatzmayr
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Austria GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria
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Arimah A, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Nuraida L. Estimasi Risiko Okratoksin A dari Konsumsi Kopi Bubuk di Indonesia. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2022. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2022.33.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that can be found in coffee. This study aimed to obtain the processing steps commonly applied by coffee shops in Indonesia, calculate the level of OTA in coffee bean and ground coffee, and the risk estimate of OTA exposure from ground coffee in Indonesia. The processing steps were determined through an online survey while the level of OTA in coffee was calculated from available references. The consumption level of ground coffee was determined from the Indonesia total diet study report and the exposure assessment was carried out by deterministic approach. The risk estimates were expressed as % risk towards provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and margin of exposure (MOE). Based on the survey of coffee shops (n=20), ground coffee is commonly processed using dry method consisting of cherries sorting, sun drying, roasting and grinding. Ground coffee was the most common coffee consumed by adults. Based on references from countries with climate similar to Indonesia, the level of OTA in coffee bean ranged from 0.033 to 168 μg/kg with an average of 12.25 μg/kg and 0.018-55 μg/kg in ground coffee averaging at 5.60 μg/kg. The individual exposure to OTA from drinking coffee is 0.014-0.744 ng/kg bw/day. The risk estimates shows that risk of ochratoxin A from ground coffee consumption is low, with risk percentage of <100 % provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and a MOE of higher than 10000 for all age groups. The study suggested that adults (19-55 years) have higher exposure and risk than the other age groups.
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Lootens O, Vermeulen A, Croubels S, De Saeger S, Van Bocxlaer J, De Boevre M. Possible Mechanisms of the Interplay between Drugs and Mycotoxins-Is There a Possible Impact? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120873. [PMID: 36548770 PMCID: PMC9787578 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a global food safety issue leading to major public health concerns. Repeated exposure to multiple mycotoxins not only has repercussions on human health but could theoretically also lead to interactions with other xenobiotic substances-such as drugs-in the body by altering their pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics. The combined effects of chronic drug use and mycotoxin exposure need to be well understood in order to draw valid conclusions and, in due course, to develop guidelines. The aim of this review is to focus on food contaminants, more precisely on mycotoxins, and drugs. First, a description of relevant mycotoxins and their effects on human health and metabolism is presented. The potential for interactions of mycotoxins with drugs using in vitro and in vivo animal experiments is summarized. Predictive software tools for unraveling mycotoxin-drug interactions are proposed and future perspectives on this emerging topic are highlighted with a view to evaluate associated risks and to focus on precision medicine. In vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that mycotoxins affect CYP450 enzyme activity. An impact from drugs on mycotoxins mediated via CYP450-enzymes is plausible; however, an impact of mycotoxins on drugs is less likely considering the much smaller dose exposure to mycotoxins. Drugs that are CYP450 perpetrators and/or substrates potentially influence the metabolism of mycotoxins, metabolized via these CYP450 enzymes. To date, very little research has been conducted on this matter. The only statistically sound reports describe mycotoxins as victims and drugs as perpetrators in interactions; however, more analysis on mycotoxin-drug interactions needs to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orphélie Lootens
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (O.L.); (M.D.B.)
| | - An Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (O.L.); (M.D.B.)
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Xiong J, Chen F, Zhang J, Ao W, Zhou X, Yang H, Wu Z, Wu L, Wang C, Qiu Y. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Three Types of Milk from Xinjiang, China, and the Risk of Exposure for Milk Consumers in Different Age-Sex Groups. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233922. [PMID: 36496730 PMCID: PMC9738243 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a group 1 carcinogen, is a risk factor to be monitored in milk. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of AFM1 in milk in Xinjiang, China, and to assess the risk of exposure for milk consumers in different age-sex groups. A total of 259 milk samples including pasteurized milk (93 samples), extended-shelf-life (ESL) milk (96), and raw donkey milk (70) were collected in Xinjiang from January to March in 2022. The AFM1 content of the milk samples was detected using a validated ELISA method. Of the 259 total samples analyzed for AFM1, 84 (32.4%) samples were contaminated at levels greater than the detection limit of 5 ng/L, with the maximum level of 16.5 ng/L. The positive rates of AFM1 in pasteurized milk and ESL milk were 43.0% (n = 40) and 45.8% (n = 44), respectively, and AFM1 was undetectable in donkey milk. The estimated daily intakes of AFM1 in each age group were lower than the hazard limits and were similar between male and female milk consumers. Therefore, the AFM1 contamination of milk in Xinjiang is low but still needs to be continuously monitored considering that children are susceptible to AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Weiping Ao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (Y.Q.)
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Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kumwenda NC, Harry M, Matumba L, Njoroge SMC, Okori P. Aflatoxin in cereals and groundnut from small holder farming households in Malawi. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:266-274. [PMID: 35883265 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts may place children at higher risk of stunting and adults at risk of developing liver cancer. This study investigated knowledge on aflatoxins and the level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts in Malawi. It also included an examination of the proportion of cereals and nuts contaminated above regulatory maximum limits. Aflatoxin contamination in samples was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Less than half of all households knew that consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is associated with stunting and lowered immunity. Sorghum samples were the most contaminated and millet the least contaminated. Aflatoxin contamination was highest in southern Malawi and least in northern Malawi. Observed results indicate that this population is at risk of poor health due to lack of knowledge and aflatoxin exposure. Strategies to address contamination should therefore include a comprehensive education campaign to increase knowledge and promote accessible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku N Gichohi-Wainaina
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nelson C Kumwenda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Msere Harry
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Samuel M C Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
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Seguino A, Braun PG, Del-Pozo J, Soare C, Houf K, Baillie S. Evaluation of a Harmonized Undergraduate Catalog for Veterinary Public Health and Food Hygiene Pedagogy in Europe. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 49:721-732. [PMID: 34739357 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current and emerging veterinary public health (VPH) challenges raised by globalization, climate change, and industrialization of food production require the veterinarian's role to evolve in parallel and veterinary education to adapt to reflect these changes. The European Food Hygiene catalog was developed to provide a list of topics relevant to Day One Competencies in VPH. A study was undertaken to ensure that the catalog and teaching practices were pertinent to the work of public health veterinarians. Relevant stakeholders were consulted using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. A long questionnaire was distributed to 49 academics teaching VPH in European veterinary schools to review topics listed in the catalog. Eighteen responses were received (36.7%), representing 12 European countries. There was general agreement that most topics were appropriate for the undergraduate VPH curriculum. A short questionnaire was distributed to 348 European veterinarians working in the industry. Twenty-four questionnaires (6.7%) were received, representing eight European countries. Despite the low participation rate, topics needing greater emphasis in the undergraduate curriculum included Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP), food microbiology, and audits. Seven semi-structured interviews with public health veterinarians working in the UK identified the need for curricular changes including greater practical experience and a shift from a focus on meat inspection to risk management. This may be partly achieved by replacing traditional lectures with authentic case-based scenarios. The study findings can be used to inform the future direction to VPH education for veterinary students across Europe.
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Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 39:33-44. [PMID: 36443622 PMCID: PMC10156841 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study reports levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize samples (n = 1294) from all agroecological zones (AEZs) in Malawi. Most maize samples (> 75%) were contaminated with aflatoxins and 45% with fumonisins, which co-occurred in 38% of the samples. Total aflatoxins varied across the AEZs, according to mean annual temperature (P < 0.05) of the AEZs. Samples from the lower Shire AEZ (median = 20.8 µg/kg) had higher levels of aflatoxins (P < 0.05) than those from the other AEZs (median = 3.0 µg/kg). Additionally, the majority (75%) of the positive samples from the lower Shire AEZ had aflatoxin levels exceeding the EU regulatory limit (4 µg/kg), whereas 25%, 37%, and 39% of positive samples exceeded the threshold in the mid-elevation, Lake Shore and upper and middle Shire, and highlands AEZs, respectively. The lower Shire AEZ is characterised by higher mean temperatures throughout the year and low erratic rainfall. However, total fumonisins did not show significant variation across AEZs, but all positive samples exceeded 150 µg/kg, required for tolerable daily intake of 1.0 µg/kg body weight per day, established by the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Therefore, results of this study suggest that contamination of maize with aflatoxin responds to micro-climate more than with fumonisins. In addition, the data will be useful to public health policy-makers and stakeholders to articulate and implement monitoring and mitigation programs.
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Rasouli H, Nayeri FD, Khodarahmi R. May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981984. [PMID: 36386916 PMCID: PMC9649842 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Viegas C, Gomes B, Oliveira F, Dias M, Cervantes R, Pena P, Gomes AQ, Caetano LA, Carolino E, de Andrade ET, Viegas S. Microbial Contamination in the Coffee Industry: An Occupational Menace besides a Food Safety Concern? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013488. [PMID: 36294069 PMCID: PMC9602572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory abnormalities among workers at coffee roasting and packaging facilities have already been reported; however, little is known about microbiological contamination inside coffee production facilities. This study intends to assess the microbial contamination (fungi and bacteria) in two coffee industries from Brazil with a multi-approach protocol for sampling and for subsequent analyses using four main sources of samples: filtering respiratory protection devices (FRPD) used by workers, settled dust, electrostatic dust cloths (EDC) and coffee beans. The fungal contamination in the assessed industries was also characterized through the molecular detection of toxigenic species and antifungal resistance. Total bacteria contamination presented the highest values in FRPD collected from both industries (7.45 × 104 CFU·m-2; 1.09 × 104 CFU·m-2). Aspergillus genera was widespread in all the environmental samples collected and sections with clinical relevance (Fumigati) and with toxigenic potential (Nigri and Circumdati) were recovered from FRPD. Circumdati section was observed in 4 mg/mL itraconazole. Sections Circumdati (EDC, coffee beans and settled dust) and Nidulantes (EDC, coffee beans and FRPD) were detected by qPCR. Some of the targeted Aspergillus sections that have been identified microscopically were not detected by qPCR and vice-versa. Overall, this study revealed that microbial contamination is a potential occupational risk in the milling stage and should be tackled when assessing exposure and performing risk assessment. In addition, a multi-sampling campaign should be the approach to follow when assessing microbial contamination and FRPD should be included in this campaign. Occupational exposure to mycotoxins should be considered due to high fungal diversity and contamination. A One Health approach should address these issues in order to prevent consumption of coffee crops and beans infected by fungi and, more specifically, to avoid widespread azole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Bianca Gomes
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Oliveira
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Marta Dias
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Renata Cervantes
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pena
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anita Quintal Gomes
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ednilton Tavares de Andrade
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Susana Viegas
- H & TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Li A, Hao W, Guan S, Wang J, An G. Mycotoxin contamination in feeds and feed materials in China in year 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1016528. [PMID: 36299638 PMCID: PMC9589091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1016528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of mycotoxin contamination in feed commodities in China was performed and the regional differences of mycotoxin contamination in new season corn was assessed during January 2020-November 2020 in this research. 1,610 samples were analyzed for the major mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins, zearalenone (ZEN), trichothecenes type B, fumonisins (FUM), fusariotoxin T-2 (T-2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) using methods of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Generally, aflatoxins occurred in 16% of all samples, and ZEN, trichothecenes type B and FUM were more prevalent with positive rates of 47, 72, and 63%, respectively. T2 and OTA were rarely detected. In new season corn, samples were also seriously contaminated with ZEN, trichothecenes type B, and FUM at positive rates of 47, 76, and 79%, respectively, and their averages of positives were 112, 735, and 3,811 μg/kg, respectively. The patterns of mycotoxin occurrence showed distinct regional trends in new season corn samples. Samples from Shandong province were highly contaminated with FUM, while special attention should be paid to aflatoxins in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of East China. The contents of trichothecenes type B and ZEN from northern to southern provinces showed downward trends. In new season corm, co-occurrence of mycotoxins was widespread, and combinations of ZEN, trichothecenes type B, and FUM were frequently observed in this study. Trichothecenes type B and ZEN concentrations showed a positive correlation coefficient of 0.294, suggesting that toxicological interactions of these toxins deserve attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Shu Guan
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Determination of Mycotoxin Contamination Levels in Rice and Dietary Exposure Assessment. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:3596768. [PMID: 36091100 PMCID: PMC9463030 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3596768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination by aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone of samples of paddy and polished rice stored in silos located in Chiriquí, Panama, was evaluated. A total of 23 samples were extracted using immunoaffinity columns and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FLD) and post-column photochemical derivatization. For the method used, the detection limits were lower than 0.25 μg/Kg for aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) and ochratoxin A and 9.35 μg/Kg for zearalenone; the limits of quantification were between 0.25 and 18.75 μg/Kg, respectively. Of the samples analyzed, all of the paddy rice samples were positive for at least one of the mycotoxins studied, zearalenone being the one found with the highest incidence (90.91%); for the polished rice samples, the mycotoxin with the highest incidence was zearalenone (50%), although in concentrations lower than those established in European legislation (100 μg/Kg). The estimate of the daily zearalenone intake according to the concentrations found was always less than 0.07 μg/Kg/bw. This is the first report on the determination of 6 mycotoxins in rice grains from Panama by the HPLC-FLD methodology. Considering the high incidence of mycotoxins in the analyzed rice samples, regular control in the production process is recommended to improve quality and ascertain its safety.
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Seasonal Variation of Aflatoxin Levels in Selected Spices Available in Retail Markets: Estimation of Exposure and Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090597. [PMID: 36136535 PMCID: PMC9501981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 603 samples of selected spices from different seasons (winter and summer) were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total AFs, and tocopherols. The findings revealed that 120 (38.7%) samples from the summer and 136 (46.4%) samples from the winter season were observed to be infected with AFB1 and a large amount of AFs. The highest means of both AFB1 and total Afs were observed in red pepper, i.e., 15.5 ± 3.90 µg/kg and 22.90 ± 4.10 µg/kg, respectively. The minimum averages of AFB1 and total AFs were observed in cloves of 6.32 ± 1.8 and 8.40 ± 1.60 µg/kg, respectively (from the winter season). The seasonal variations in the levels of the total AFs in selected spices were observed to be nonsignificant (p ≥ 0.05), except for the levels in red pepper and ginger samples, which showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum average of the dietary intake of Afs, 4.80 µg/day/kg, was found in ginger from the winter season in individual females. Furthermore, the findings document that the maximum level of total tocopherol, i.e., 44.8 ± 9.3 mg/100 g, was observed in black pepper from the winter season. A significant difference in the concentration of total tocopherols was observed in selected spices from the summer and the winter seasons (p ≤ 0.05).
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Güç İ, Yalçin E, Çavuşoğlu K, Acar A. Toxicity mechanisms of aflatoxin M 1 assisted with molecular docking and the toxicity-limiting role of trans-resveratrol. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14471. [PMID: 36008536 PMCID: PMC9411558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, AFM1 toxicity and the protective role of trans-resveratrol (t-rsv) against this toxicity were investigated with the help of multiple parameters in albino mice. As a result, AFM1 (16 mg/kg b.w) administration caused a decrease in body, kidney and liver weights. This reduction was associated with a decrease in feed consumption. AFM1 induced an increase in AST and ALT enzyme parameters and BUN, creatinine and MDA levels and a decrease in GSH levels. These increases have been associated with liver and kidney cell damage. AFM1 decreased MI and encouraged increases in MN and CAs numbers. The decrease in MI was correlated with AFM1-tubulin and the increase in CAs was associated with the AFM1-DNA interaction, which was demonstrated by molecular docking and spectral shifting. Besides, the decrease in DNA damage and amount was demonstrated by the comet assay technique. Administration of t-rsv (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w) reduced the toxic effects of AFM1 and caused a dose-dependent improvement in all physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic parameter values studied. For this reason, foods containing t-rsv or food supplements should be consumed in the daily diet to reduce the effect of toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Güç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Emine Yalçin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Ali Acar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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Farooq MS, Wang X, Uzair M, Fatima H, Fiaz S, Maqbool Z, Rehman OU, Yousuf M, Khan MR. Recent trends in nitrogen cycle and eco-efficient nitrogen management strategies in aerobic rice system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960641. [PMID: 36092421 PMCID: PMC9453445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is considered as a staple food for more than half of the global population, and sustaining productivity under a scarcity of resources is challenging to meet the future food demands of the inflating global population. The aerobic rice system can be considered as a transformational replacement for traditional rice, but the widespread adaptation of this innovative approach has been challenged due to higher losses of nitrogen (N) and reduced N-use efficiency (NUE). For normal growth and developmental processes in crop plants, N is required in higher amounts. N is a mineral nutrient and an important constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids, and many photosynthetic metabolites, and hence is essential for normal plant growth and metabolism. Excessive application of N fertilizers improves aerobic rice growth and yield, but compromises economic and environmental sustainability. Irregular and uncontrolled use of N fertilizers have elevated several environmental issues linked to higher N losses in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and nitrate (NO3 -), thereby threatening environmental sustainability due to higher warming potential, ozone depletion capacities, and abilities to eutrophicate the water resources. Hence, enhancing NUE in aerobic rice has become an urgent need for the development of a sustainable production system. This article was designed to investigate the major challenge of low NUE and evaluate recent advances in pathways of the N cycle under the aerobic rice system, and thereby suggest the agronomic management approaches to improve NUE. The major objective of this review is about optimizing the application of N inputs while sustaining rice productivity and ensuring environmental safety. This review elaborates that different soil conditions significantly shift the N dynamics via changes in major pathways of the N cycle and comprehensively reviews the facts why N losses are high under the aerobic rice system, which factors hinder in attaining high NUE, and how it can become an eco-efficient production system through agronomic managements. Moreover, it explores the interactive mechanisms of how proper management of N cycle pathways can be accomplished via optimized N fertilizer amendments. Meanwhile, this study suggests several agricultural and agronomic approaches, such as site-specific N management, integrated nutrient management (INM), and incorporation of N fertilizers with enhanced use efficiency that may interactively improve the NUE and thereby plant N uptake in the aerobic rice system. Additionally, resource conservation practices, such as plant residue management, green manuring, improved genetic breeding, and precision farming, are essential to enhance NUE. Deep insights into the recent advances in the pathways of the N cycle under the aerobic rice system necessarily suggest the incorporation of the suggested agronomic adjustments to reduce N losses and enhance NUE while sustaining rice productivity and environmental safety. Future research on N dynamics is encouraged under the aerobic rice system focusing on the interactive evaluation of shifts among activities and diversity in microbial communities, NUE, and plant demands while applying N management measures, which is necessary for its widespread adaptation in face of the projected climate change and scarcity of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hira Fatima
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Zubaira Maqbool
- Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Obaid Ur Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Aflatoxins in Maize: Can Their Occurrence Be Effectively Managed in Africa in the Face of Climate Change and Food Insecurity? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080574. [PMID: 36006236 PMCID: PMC9412283 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dangers of population-level mycotoxin exposure have been well documented. Climate-sensitive aflatoxins (AFs) are important food hazards. The continual effects of climate change are projected to impact primary agricultural systems, and consequently food security. This will be due to a reduction in yield with a negative influence on food safety. The African climate and subsistence farming techniques favour the growth of AF-producing fungal genera particularly in maize, which is a food staple commonly associated with mycotoxin contamination. Predictive models are useful tools in the management of mycotoxin risk. Mycotoxin climate risk predictive models have been successfully developed in Australia, the USA, and Europe, but are still in their infancy in Africa. This review aims to investigate whether AFs’ occurrence in African maize can be effectively mitigated in the face of increasing climate change and food insecurity using climate risk predictive studies. A systematic search is conducted using Google Scholar. The complexities associated with the development of these prediction models vary from statistical tools such as simple regression equations to complex systems such as artificial intelligence models. Africa’s inability to simulate a climate mycotoxin risk model in the past has been attributed to insufficient climate or AF contamination data. Recently, however, advancement in technologies including artificial intelligence modelling has bridged this gap, as climate risk scenarios can now be correctly predicted from missing and unbalanced data.
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Mycotoxins in Cattle Feed and Feed Ingredients in Brazil: A Five-Year Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080552. [PMID: 36006214 PMCID: PMC9416694 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins-AFLA, deoxynivalenol-DON, fumonisins-FUMO, ochratoxin A-OTA, T-2 toxin-T-2 and zearalenone-ZON) in 1749 samples of feed and feed ingredients for cattle, collected in Brazil between 2017 and 2021, was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 97% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, yet, very few samples exceeded the lowest European Union guidance values for cattle, and the estimated daily intake also showed a low risk for the animals. However, co-occurrences were widely observed, as 87% of samples contained two or more mycotoxins at the same time, and the presence of more than one mycotoxin at the same time in feed can lead to interactions. In conclusion, the contamination of feed and feed ingredients for cattle with mycotoxins in Brazil is very common. Hence, the monitoring of these mycotoxins is of significant importance for food safety.
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Ulusoy BH, Hecer C, Sayıner S, Kaya Yıldırım F. Presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in samarella (tsamarella), a traditional dried-cured meat of Cyprus. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3002-3009. [PMID: 35872743 PMCID: PMC9304510 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to mycotoxins is a matter of great concern in terms of public health and regulatory bodies worldwide. Contamination of meat products with mycotoxigenic fungi and production of aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and other mycotoxins can occur at different points of the manufacturing steps, from farm to fork. Among all microorganisms, moulds (mycobiota) are groups of microorganisms that can contaminate dry-cured meats, so they may carry the risk of mycotoxicosis. Samarella (tsamarella in Greek) is one of Cyprus's traditional, sun-dried and salted meat products. Mycological studies on this product have not been reported, and the risk of AFs or OTA has not been studied. This point of view aimed to conduct a survey study in terms of mycotoxin risk in samarella. With this aim, samples (n = 30) were collected from all commercial brands from markets in Northern Cyprus and analysed by ELISA. According to the results of this study, 14 of 30 and 9 of 30 samples were above Quantitative Measurement Limits (LOQ) for Total AFs, and AFB1, respectively. On the other hand, no result was obtained above LOQ for OTA. It was obtained that among all detectable results for total AFs, even the min result (5.3 μg/kg) was above 4 μg/kg, defined as a critical limit for directly consumed foods. None of the AFB1 and OTA results was above the determined critical limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza H. Ulusoy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Canan Hecer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Esenyurt Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sayıner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fatma Kaya Yıldırım
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Katsini L, Bhonsale S, Akkermans S, Roufou S, Griffin S, Valdramidis V, Misiou O, Koutsoumanis K, Muñoz López CA, Polanska M, Van Impe JF. Quantitative methods to predict the effect of climate change on microbial food safety: A needs analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Farooq MS, Uzair M, Raza A, Habib M, Xu Y, Yousuf M, Yang SH, Ramzan Khan M. Uncovering the Research Gaps to Alleviate the Negative Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927535. [PMID: 35903229 PMCID: PMC9315450 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Climatic variability has been acquiring an extensive consideration due to its widespread ability to impact food production and livelihoods. Climate change has the potential to intersperse global approaches in alleviating hunger and undernutrition. It is hypothesized that climate shifts bring substantial negative impacts on food production systems, thereby intimidating food security. Vast developments have been made addressing the global climate change, undernourishment, and hunger for the last few decades, partly due to the increase in food productivity through augmented agricultural managements. However, the growing population has increased the demand for food, putting pressure on food systems. Moreover, the potential climate change impacts are still unclear more obviously at the regional scales. Climate change is expected to boost food insecurity challenges in areas already vulnerable to climate change. Human-induced climate change is expected to impact food quality, quantity, and potentiality to dispense it equitably. Global capabilities to ascertain the food security and nutritional reasonableness facing expeditious shifts in biophysical conditions are likely to be the main factors determining the level of global disease incidence. It can be apprehended that all food security components (mainly food access and utilization) likely be under indirect effect via pledged impacts on ménage, incomes, and damages to health. The corroboration supports the dire need for huge focused investments in mitigation and adaptation measures to have sustainable, climate-smart, eco-friendly, and climate stress resilient food production systems. In this paper, we discussed the foremost pathways of how climate change impacts our food production systems as well as the social, and economic factors that in the mastery of unbiased food distribution. Likewise, we analyze the research gaps and biases about climate change and food security. Climate change is often responsible for food insecurity issues, not focusing on the fact that food production systems have magnified the climate change process. Provided the critical threats to food security, the focus needs to be shifted to an implementation oriented-agenda to potentially cope with current challenges. Therefore, this review seeks to have a more unprejudiced view and thus interpret the fusion association between climate change and food security by imperatively scrutinizing all factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- College of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - Madiha Habib
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yinlong Xu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | | | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
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Tahir MA, Abbas A, Muneeb M, Bilal RM, Hussain K, Abdel-Moneim AME, Farag MR, Dhama K, Elnesr SS, Alagawany M. Ochratoxicosis in poultry: occurrence, environmental factors, pathological alterations and amelioration strategies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2090887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Tahir
- Department of Pathobiology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muneeb
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana M. Bilal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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48
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Mutuli GP, Mbuge DO, Gitau AN. Effect of humidity on aflatoxin contamination for selected African leafy vegetables. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:2724-2730. [PMID: 35734105 PMCID: PMC9206938 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aflatoxin contamination level of selected freshly harvested and dried African leafy vegetables was investigated after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus spores and incubation at 32%, 74%, 84%, and 96% static relative humidity. The study question was whether Aspergillus sp. growth on selected vegetables: Corchorus olitorius, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Vigna unguiculata, Solanum villosum, and Amaranthus blitum can produce aflatoxins. The experiment was replicated thrice and a control sample was included for each replicate. An Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system was used for analysis and we quantified the following aflatoxins; B1, B2, G1, and G2 in the selected vegetables. Our results show that aflatoxin B1, G1, and G2 were all present, with the B1 being prevalent. The contamination level increased with relative humidity increase for both freshly harvested and dried vegetables. However, the dried vegetables had a lower contamination level in comparison with freshly harvested. The findings affirm the importance of post-harvest crop preservation to avoid mycotoxin contamination. The vegetables can suffer aflatoxin contamination when exposed to high moisture and ambient temperature and drying is a suitable method of vegetable preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibson P. Mutuli
- Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Duncan O. Mbuge
- Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ayub N. Gitau
- Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hao W, Li A, Wang J, An G, Guan S. Mycotoxin Contamination of Feeds and Raw Materials in China in Year 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:929904. [PMID: 35847652 PMCID: PMC9281542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.929904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we performed a large-scale survey of mycotoxin contamination in several feed commodities and assessed regional differences in mycotoxin occurrence in maize across China in 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxins, zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins, and trichothecenes type B were analyzed in 2,643 raw material and compound feed samples collected from eight provinces. Generally, trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN were most prevalent and detected in averages of positive concentrations at 1,167, 1,623, and 204 μg/kg, respectively. In the new season maize, samples were also seriously infested with trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN, and their averages of positive concentrations were 1,302, 2,518, and 225 μg/kg, respectively. Wheat was commonly contaminated with trichothecenes type B and ZEN, and the highest concentration levels of trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN were all detected in the samples from maize by-products. Among the different geographical regions, distinct trends were observed in new season maize. Samples from Shandong province were highly contaminated with trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN, while special attention should be paid to aflatoxins and fumonisins in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in East China. In addition, the present survey showed that compound feeds and raw materials are commonly contaminated by multiple mycotoxins. Trichothecenes type B and ZEN concentrations were correlated significantly in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Shu Guan
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Belc N, Oprea OA, Pîrvu GP. Assessment of Fusarium-Damaged Kernels in Common Wheat in Romania in the Years 2015 and 2016 with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050326. [PMID: 35622573 PMCID: PMC9145446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article assesses the occurrence of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in summer 2015, and extreme precipitation and floods produced by an omega block in spring 2016). Wheat samples (N = 272) were analyzed for FDKs via visual estimation and manual weighing according to ISO 7970 and are statistically evaluated using SPSS. The dipole block in 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with FDKs, while the omega block in 2016 was non-significantly to very significantly correlated with FDKs in the northwestern and western regions. The occurrence of FDKs was favored for wheat cultivation in acidic soils and inhibited in alkaline soils. Wheat samples with FDKs ≥ 1% were sampled from crops grown in river meadows with high and very high risks of flooding. Knowing the contaminants’ geographical and spatial distributions under the influence of regular and extreme weather events is important for establishing measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and to ensure human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Oana-Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Gina-Pușa Pîrvu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
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