Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked?

Carbonyl-amine condensation coupled ozonolysis of dipropylamine and styrene: Decay kinetics, reaction mechanism, secondary organic aerosol formation and cytotoxicity

Oxidation of organic amines (OAs) or aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) produces carbonyls, which further react with OAs to form carbonyl-amine condensation products, threatening environmental quality and human health. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of the carbonyl-amine condensation reaction processes of OAs or between OAs and AHs, and subsequent environmental health impact. This work systematically investigated the carbonyl-amine condensation coupled ozonolysis kinetics, reaction mechanism, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and cytotoxicity from the mixture of dipropylamine (DPA) and styrene (STY) by a combined method of product mass spectrometry identification, particle property analysis and cell exposure evaluation. The results from ozonolysis of DPA and STY mixture revealed that STY inhibited the ozonolysis of DPA to different degrees to accelerate its own decay rate. The barycenter of carbonyl-amine condensation reactions was shifted from inside of DPA to between DPA and STY, which accelerated STY ozonolysis, but slowed down DPA ozonolysis. For the first time, ozonolysis of DPA and STY mixture to complex carbonyl-amine condensation products through the reactions of DPA with its carbonyl products, DPA with STY's carbonyl products and DPA's bond breakage product with STY's carbonyl products was confirmed. These condensation products significantly contributed to the formation and growth of SOA. The SOA containing particulate carbonyl-amine condensation products showed definite cytotoxicity. These findings are helpful to deeply and comprehensively understand the transformation, fate and environmental health effects of mixed organics in atmospheric environment.

Navigating the redox landscape: reactive oxygen species in regulation of cell cycle

Objectives: To advance our knowledge of disease mechanisms and therapeutic options, understanding cell cycle regulation is critical. Recent research has highlighted the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell cycle regulation. Although excessive ROS levels can lead to age-related pathologies, ROS also play an essential role in normal cellular functions. Many cell cycle regulatory proteins are affected by their redox status, but the precise mechanisms and conditions under which ROS promote or inhibit cell proliferation are not fully understood.Methods: This review presents data from the scientific literature and publicly available databases on changes in redox state during the cell cycle and their effects on key regulatory proteins.Results: We identified redox-sensitive targets within the cell cycle machinery and analysed different effects of ROS (type, concentration, duration of exposure) on cell cycle phases. For example, moderate levels of ROS can promote cell proliferation by activating signalling pathways involved in cell cycle progression, whereas excessive ROS levels can induce DNA damage and trigger cell cycle arrest or cell death.Discussion: Our findings encourage future research focused on identifying redox-sensitive targets in the cell cycle machinery, potentially leading to new treatments for diseases with dysregulated cell proliferation.

Bisphenol P induces increased oxidative stress in renal tissues of C57BL/6 mice and human renal cortical proximal tubular epithelial cells, resulting in kidney injury

Bisphenol P (BPP) has been detected in human biological samples; however studies on its nephrotoxicity are scarce. Given the susceptibility of kidneys to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, there is an urgent need to investigate the renal toxicity of BPP. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of BPPs on the kidneys of C57BL/6 mice and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of renal damage using a combination of mouse renal transcriptomic data and human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Mice were exposed to BPP (0, 0.3, 30, 3000 μg/kg bw/d) via gavage for 5 weeks. Renal injury was assessed based on changes in body and kidney weights, serum renal function indices, and histopathological examination. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes and pathways, whereas cellular assays were used to measure cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and the expression of key genes and proteins. The results show that BPP exposure induces renal injury, as evidenced by increased body weight, abnormal renal function indices, and renal tissue damage. Transcriptomic analysis revealed alterations in genes and pathways related to oxidative stress, p53 signaling, autophagy, and apoptosis. Cellular experiments confirmed that BPP induces oxidative stress and apoptosis. Furthermore, BPP exposure significantly inhibits autophagy, potentially exacerbating apoptosis and contributing to kidney injury. Treatment with a ROS inhibitor (N-Acetylcysteine, NAC) mitigated BPP-induced autophagy inhibition and apoptosis, implicating oxidative stress as a key factor. BPP exposure may lead to renal injury through excessive ROS accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, autophagy inhibition, and increased apoptosis. The effects of NAC highlight the role of oxidative stress in BPP-induced nephrotoxicity. These findings enhance our understanding of BPP-induced nephrotoxicity and underscore the need to control BPP exposure to prevent renal disease. This study emphasized the importance of evaluating the safety of new Bisphenol A analogs, including BPP, in environmental toxicology.

mTOR aggravated CD4+ T cell pyroptosis by regulating the PPARγ-Nrf2 pathway in sepsis

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. CD4+T cell reduction is crucial to sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Pyroptosis, a programmed necrosis, is concerned with lymphocytopenia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulated by upstream mTOR, exerts anti-pyroptosis effects. To investigate the potential effects of mTOR-PPARγ on sepsis-induced CD4+T cell depletion and the underlying mechanisms, we observed mTOR activation and pyroptosis with PPARγ-Nrf suppression through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis mouse model. Further mechanism research used genetically modified mice with T cell-specific knockout mTOR or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex1 (TSC1). It revealed that mTOR mediated CD4 + T cell pyroptosis in septic mice by negatively regulating the PPARγ-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, mTOR-PPARγ-Nrf2 signaling mediated the CD4+ T cell pyroptosis in sepsis, contributing to CD4+T cell depletion and immunosuppression.

Plasma albumin, bilirubin, and uric acid and the subsequent risk of cancer: a case-cohort study in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

Several epidemiologic studies have investigated the circulating levels of albumin, bilirubin, and uric acid (UA) in relation to cancer risk; however, they have provided equivocal evidence. In this prospective case-cohort study, we measured the plasma levels of albumin, bilirubin, and UA and investigated their association with cancer incidence in 3584 case patients and 4270 randomly selected participants with a median follow-up of 15.8 years. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of total cancer for the highest quartile (Q4) versus lowest quartile (Q1) was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.67-0.90; P <.001 for trend) for albumin. This association was attenuated after excluding liver cancer cases with lower plasma albumin levels. Plasma bilirubin levels were positively related to liver cancer but inversely to total cancer after excluding liver cancer with, for Q4 versus Q1, an adjusted HR of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74-0.99; P = .015 for trend). Plasma UA levels were not dose-responsively associated with total cancer risk. Higher plasma bilirubin levels were associated with a decreased risk of total cancer after excluding liver cancer, which is likely attributed to the antioxidant properties of bilirubin.

Combined effects of glyphosate and chemical hypoxia in zebrafish: a new toxicological point of view

Glyphosate (Gly), a systemic and non-selective post-emergence herbicide used worldwide, has emerged as a pollutant. However, its toxic effects are debated by regulatory authorities. In addition, in the aquatic environment, often the presence of pollutants is associated with a hypoxia condition that could change their toxicological effects. We used zebrafish embryos to evaluate the toxic effects of Gly and its mechanisms in a hypoxic condition chemically induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2). We found that Gly induced toxicity in a time and concentration-dependent manner. The toxicity of Gly was determined at 96 hours post fertilization as a lethal concentration (LC), and LC10, LC20, and LC50 values were 85.7, 97, and 122.9 mg/L, respectively. When Gly was combined with CoCl2 the toxicological endpoints were lower than values referred to the Gly alone indicating the worse effects of chemical hypoxia on Gly toxicity. Histological observations were performed at 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L for Gly both alone and in combination with 10 mM CoCl2. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences in the presence of hepatic and gut inflammation at 75 and 100 mg/L of Gly both alone and in combination with CoCl2. To deeply investigate the effects of hypoxia on Gly toxicity we decided to test the lowest dose of Gly, 50 mg/L, alone or in combination with CoCl2 10 mM on liver glycogen storage and oxidative stress. Again the results obtained indicate the worse effects of chemical hypoxia on Gly toxicity. Thus Gly toxicity could be reconsidered in light of the damage it causes to the liver and intestines and its effect in combination with factors that induce chemical hypoxia.

Evaluation of antioxidant status of lens epithelial cells in cataract patients

PURPOSE

The main factor that causes cataracts is the increased oxidative stress and imbalance of an antioxidant defense mechanism, which leads to significant changes in the lens microarchitecture. Senile cataract is the most common type of acquired cataracts due to aging.

METHODS

We carried out a case-control study in the biochemistry department to examine the antioxidant status (catalase and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]) and lipid peroxidation marker, that is, malondialdehyde (MDA) in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) of different grades of senile cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. We collected 150 samples from patients aged 50-90 years. These included 50 samples of cortical cataracts, 50 of nuclear cataracts, and 50 samples of posterior subcapsular cataracts. We measured catalase activity by the Beer method, TAC by the Benzie and Strain method, and protein by the Bradford method. We also estimated TAC in the aqueous extract of HLECs by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method and MDA by the thiobarbituric acid assay method.

RESULTS

The results of this study showed that the level of catalase enzyme was higher in the first grade of nuclear, posterior subcapsular, and cortical cataracts than in other grades. This suggests that the catalase enzyme activity drops sharply in the second and third grades of these types of cataracts. The same pattern was observed for TAC, which was higher in the first grade of nuclear, posterior subcapsular, and cortical cataracts than in other grades. There were significant differences between catalase and TAC in different grades of cataracts, indicating that as the grading increases, both catalase and TAC decrease.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed that the levels of MDA were higher and the levels of catalase and TAC were lower in patients with more severe cataracts compared to the healthy controls.

3,3'4-trimethoxy-4'-rutinosylellagic acid and its acetylated derivative: Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells and molecular docking study

Cancers account for many deaths worldwide and natural compounds and their derivatives are interesting chemotherapeutic agents for cancer drug development. In this study, a natural compound 3,3'4-trimethoxy-4'-rutinosylellagic acid (TR2) and its acetylated derivative 3,3'4-trimethoxy-4'-hexaacetylrutinosylellagic acid (TR22) were evaluated for their antioxidant and anticancer effects against estrogen sensitive (MCF-7) and estrogen non-sensitive (MDA-MB 231) breast adenocarcinoma. In the β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay, DPPH• radical scavenging and CUPRAC assay, the compound TR2 had better activity than the standard α-Tocopherol, while in the ABTS•+ assay, it was more active than both standards α- α-Tocopherol and BHA. Both compounds had good antioxidant effects with TR2 being more active than TR22. Both compounds inhibited growth of breast carcinoma cells when compared to the untreated controls after 72 h. Compound TR22 significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited proliferation of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast carcinoma cell lines suggesting that acetylation reaction improves inhibition of breast cancer cells growth. On the contrary, TR2 exhibited better inhibitory effect of clone formation than TR22 suggesting that acetylation reduces the activity in this assay. Both compounds inhibited migration of the cancer cells when compared to the untreated control cells and compound TR2 exhibited greater cellular anti-migration effect than TR22 at the same concentration and after the same period of incubation. Molecular docking studies supplemented the results and revealed that TR2 and TR22 had appreciable interactions with tyrosine kinase with negative binding energies suggesting that they are potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors which can impede on cancer progression.

The Influence of Removable Complete Denture on Pro-Oxidant Antioxidant Balance and Redox-Sensitive Inflammation Biomarker NF-ĸB in the Oral Cavity: An Interventional Follow-Up Study

OBJECTIVES

Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the body's natural antioxidant defenses and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can result in serious oral diseases, including oral cancer, periodontal diseases, and oral lichen planus, through the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential effects of a removable complete denture on the levels of oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and catalase, and the quantitative expression of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB p65 subunit.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This interventional follow-up study enrolled 40 participants of both sexes aged 28-78 years, with a median age of 56 years, where unstimulated saliva was collected before denture placement, immediately after the denture placement, and 24 h, 7 days, and 30 days after the denture placement. The most prominent ROS overproduction was reported on the seventh day (p < 0.05), followed by a significant fall in antioxidative defense.

RESULTS

The NF-κB p65 subunit, whose expression pattern was highest in the same time period on the seventh day, serves as a signaling molecule for redox imbalance due to ROS production. Over the next 30 days, its levels remained moderately increased compared to the basal value, which may influence pro-inflammatory pathways and the integrity of oral tissue components. These alterations may be induced by the dentures, which can produce high pressures on the supporting tissues or by the synthetic materials used for producing the dentures.

CONCLUSION

Our research may help to clarify the potential pathways by which oxidative stress and redox-sensitive inflammatory mediators, as well as mechanical and chemical irritants, may serve as risk factors for premalignant lesions in the mouth. Further research on this topic is required to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the relationship between inflammation and oral premalignant lesions caused by mechanical and chemical irritation.

Association of uric acid with length of stay and mortality in pediatric hospitalized population

PURPOSE

Elevated uric acid (UA) levels have been associated with acute and chronic diseases, which could affect the prognosis of pediatric hospitalized patients. However, the association of UA levels with length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality in hospitalized children and adolescents remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of serum UA levels with in-hospital mortality and prolonged LOS in hospitalized children and adolescents.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted, involving 128 patients under 18 years of age, admitted to a tertiary-care hospital between January 2014 and December 2018. UA levels were assessed with an average of 3 days before the in-hospital outcome (discharge or death). Logistic regression was used to determine the association of UA with prolonged LOS (defined as over 30 days of hospitalization), while Cox regression multivariate analysis was employed to assess UA as a predictor of in-hospital mortality.

RESULTS

UA levels showed an inverse association with prolonged LOS. Specifically, for every 1 mg/dL increase in UA level, the odds of experiencing prolonged LOS decreased by 31% (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50-0.95). Additionally, individuals with elevated UA levels had lower odds of prolonged LOS (OR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08-0.66). However, UA levels were not associated with in-hospital mortality (HR = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.94-2.82).

CONCLUSION

Serum UA was inversely associated with LOS among children and adolescents, but no association was observed with in-hospital mortality.

Cellular Effects of Cationic Copper(II) Schiff Base Complexes: Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Properties

A series of potassium isothiocyanato-(N-salicylidene-aminoacidato) cuprates (1-5) with the general formula of the monomeric unit K[Cu(sal-aa)(NCS)] ⋅ xH2O (x=0 or 2), containing a Schiff-base ligand (H2sal-aa) derived from natural amino acids such as glycine, DL-α-alanine, DL-valine, DL-phenylalanine and β-alanine, and salicylaldehyde, was screened for in vitro antiradical and major cellular effects against selected cancerous and normal cells. The complexes exhibited strong antioxidant properties against superoxide in vitro and a protective effect on DNA under Fenton-like reaction conditions. Screening of their cellular effects revealed moderate in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R and MCF-7), with IC50 values of 25-35 μM, and relatively low toxicity to normal fibroblast MRC-5 cells (with IC50 values>50 μM). Additional experiments performed on A2780 cells revealed that the most potent complex 5 significantly increased the number of A2780 cells arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and triggered intracellular oxidative stress. The selected flow cytometry experiments (detection of apoptosis/autophagy and activation of caspases 3/7 and depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential) did not reveal the dominant mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of the complexes but clearly differentiated their molecular effects from those of the reference drug cisplatin. All the complexes exerted anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-activated THP-1 macrophage-like cells. Complex 5 also slightly influenced the activity of the upstream NF-κB transcription factor, while no effect on PPARγ activation was detected.

p-Hydroxy benzaldehyde, a phenolic compound from Nostoc commune, ameliorates DSS-induced colitis against oxidative stress via the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1/NF-κB/AP-1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), presents with limited current drug treatment options. Consequently, the search for safe and effective drug for UC prevention and treatment is imperative. Our prior studies have demonstrated that the phenolic compound p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (HD) from Nostoc commune, effectively mitigates intestinal inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying HD's anti-inflammatory effects remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study delved into the pharmacodynamics of HD and its underlying anti-inflammation mechanisms.

METHODS

For in vivo experiments, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model was established. In vitro inflammation model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The protective effect of HD against colitis was determined by monitoring clinical symptoms and histological morphology in mice. The levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers were subsequently analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biochemical kits. Furthermore, western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), luciferase reporter gene, drug affinity reaction target stability (DARTS) assay, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were used to determine the potential target and molecular mechanism of HD.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that HD significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms and histological morphology of colitis in mice, and curtailed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, COX-2, and iNOS. Furthermore, HD stimulated the production of SOD, CAT, and GSH-px, enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and reduced MDA levels. Mechanically, HD augmented the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1, while concurrently downregulating the phosphorylation of p65, IκBα, c-Jun, and c-Fos. ML385 and siNrf2 largely attenuated the protective effect of HD in enteritis mice and RAW 264.7 cells, as well as the promotion of HO-1 expression levels. ZnPP-mediated HO-1 knockdown reversed HD-induced inhibition of colonic inflammation. Luciferase reporter assay and IF assay confirmed the transcriptional activation of Nrf2 by HD. DARTS analysis, molecular docking, and MD results showed high binding strength, interaction efficiency and remarkable stability between Nrf2 and HD.

CONCLUSION

These outcomes extend our previous research results that HD can combat oxidative stress through the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1/NF-κB/AP-1 pathways, effectively alleviating colitis, and propose new targets for HD to protect against intestinal barrier damage.

Polysaccharides extracted from tucum-do-cerrado fruits (Bactris setosa Mart) have antineoplastic effects in mice while preserving hepatic gluconeogenesis

This study investigated the antitumoral, anti-inflammatory and oxidative effects of polysaccharides from tucum (Bactris setosa, TUC) using the Ehrlich carcinoma as a tumor model. Additionally, the glycogen content, cytochrome P levels, and gluconeogenesis from lactate were assessed in the liver of healthy animals. Tumor-bearing female mice were orally treated with 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 of TUC or vehicle, once a day, or with 1.5 mg.kg-1 methotrexate via i.p., every 3 days, along 21 days. Both doses of TUC reduced the tumor weight and volume. In the tumor tissue, it decreased GSH and IL-1β levels, and increased LPO, NAG, NO and TNF-α levels. The tumor histology showed necrosis and leukocytes infiltration. The metabolic effects of TUC were investigated by measurement of total cytochrome P (CYP) and glycogen in tumor-bearing mice, and by ex vivo liver perfusion on non-bearing tumor male mice, using lactate as gluconeogenic precursor. Metabolically, the hepatic glucose and pyruvate productions, oxygen uptake, and the total CYP concentration were not modified by TUC. Thus, tucum-do-cerrado polysaccharides have antitumor effects through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation, without impairing glucose production from lactate in the liver, the main organ responsible for the metabolism of organic and xenobiotic compounds.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots derived from ellagic acid and L-tyrosine for photothermal anticancer and anti-inflammation

Photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumor would ineluctably cause oxidative stress and related inflammation in adjacent normal tissues, leading to a discounted therapeutic outcome. To address this issue, herein an innovative therapeutic strategy that integrates photothermal anticancer and normal cell protection is developed. A new type of nitrogen-doped carbon dot (ET-CD) has been synthesized in one step by hydrothermal method using ellagic acid and L-tyrosine as reaction precursors. The as-prepared ET-CD exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiency and good photothermal stability. After intravenous injection, ET-CD can accumulate at the tumor site and the hyperthermia generated under near infrared laser irradiation effectively ablates tumor tissues, thereby significantly inhibiting tumor growth. Importantly, owing to the inherited antioxidant activity from ellagic acid, ET-CD can remove reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced in the body and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors induced by oxidative stress, so as to alleviate the damage caused by heat-induced inflammation to normal cells and tissues while photothermal anticancer. These attractive features of ET-CD may open the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies to promote the clinical application of PTT.

Total flavonoids from the aerial parts of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum prevent LPS-induced ALI by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in mice

BACKGROUND

The traditional Chinese medicine Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum (TH) is employed in treating respiratory diseases; however, the aerial parts by which its total flavonoids alleviate acute lung injury (ALI) are still unknown. This study investigated the protective effect and mechanism of Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum flavonoids (THF) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice.

METHODS

Firstly, the total flavonoids from the above-ground part of TH were extracted. Subsequently, the composition of THF was analyzed using LC-MS. In vivo, the impact of THF on ALI mice was assessed through lung histopathology and the evaluation of various inflammatory factors' expression in mice. After treating RAW264.7 cells with THF in vitro, changes in inflammatory markers were examined upon LPS stimulation, and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors were detected using RT-qPCR. Finally, Western blot analysis was performed to determine TLR4/NF-κB pathway-associated proteins expression.

RESULTS

In summary, a total of 24 flavonoids have been identified in THF. In vivo and vitro results show that THF effectively reduces the damage caused by LPS inflammation by blocking the expression and release of inflammatory factors. THF alleviates inflammatory injury by modulating the TLR4/NF-KB pathway.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that flavonoids exhibit a potent anti-inflammatory effect and effectively mitigate LPS-induced injury both in vivo and in vitro. We suggested that these flavonoids exert their therapeutic effects by modulating the TLR4/NF-KB pathway. In conclusion, the development of THF is anticipated to represent a promising new pharmaceutical for treatingALI.

Angiogenesis unveiled: Insights into its role and mechanisms in cartilage injury

Osteoarthritis (OA) commonly results in compromised mobility and disability, thereby imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems. Cartilage injury is a prevalent pathological manifestation in OA and constitutes a central focus for the development of treatment strategies. Despite the considerable number of studies aimed at delaying this degenerative process, their outcomes remain unvalidated in preclinical settings. Recently, therapeutic strategies focused on angiogenesis have attracted the growing interest from researchers. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive literature review to elucidate the current progress in research and pinpoint research gaps in this domain. Additionally, it provides theoretical guidance for future research endeavors and the development of treatment strategies.

Multiple-heated cooking oil promotes early hepatic and renal senescence in adult male rats: the potential regenerative capacity of oleuropein

For economic purposes, cooking oil is repeatedly heated in food preparation, which imposes serious health threats. This study investigated the detrimental effects of multiple-heated cooking oil (MHO) on hepatic and renal tissues with particular focusing on cellular senescence (CS), and the potential regenerative capacity of oleuropein (OLE). Adult male rats were fed MHO-enriched diet for 8 weeks and OLE (50 mg/kg, PO) was administered daily for the last four weeks. Liver and kidney functions and oxidative stress markers were measured. Cell cycle markers p53, p21, cyclin D, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were evaluated in hepatic and renal tissues. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Bax were assessed by immunohistochemistry. General histology and collagen deposition were also examined. MHO disturbed hepatic and renal structures and functions. MHO-fed rats showed increased oxidative stress, TNF-α, Bax, and fibrosis in liver and kidney tissues. MHO also enhanced the renal and hepatic expression of p53, p21, cyclin D and PCNA. On the contrary, OLE mitigated MHO-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory burden, apoptotic and fibrotic changes. OLE also suppressed CS and preserved kidney and liver functions. Collectively, OLE displays marked regenerative capacity against MHO-induced hepatic and renal CS, via its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Ginkgo Biloba Extract Can Antagonize Subchronic Arsenite Exposure-Induced Hepatocyte Senescence by Inhibiting Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rats

A growing body of evidence suggests that long-term arsenic exposure can induce liver injury. Our previous studies have demonstrated that liver injury occurs in arsenic-poisoning patients and arsenic-exposed rats. However, therapeutic targets are still unclear, and there is a lack of effective drugs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium arsenite (arsenite) exposure on hepatocyte senescence and the intervention effect of ginkgo biloba extract in rats. In this study, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 180-200 g) were randomized into three groups. The control group received a normal diet, and the arsenic-exposed group was given 10 mg/L arsenite for 3 months by free drinking along with a normal diet. The ginkgo biloba extract treatment group was consecutively administered EGb761 (10 mg/kg, by gavage) for 1 month following 2 months of arsenite exposure. Our results showed that exposure to 10 mg/L arsenite induced narrowing of the hepatic sinus space, enlargement of hepatocytes, and increased multinucleated hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration in rat liver tissue compared with the normal control group. Moreover, 10 mg/L arsenite also caused abnormal expression of inflammation-related indices (IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α), oxidative damage-related indices (SOD, MDA, GPx), and senescence-related proteins (p16, p-p53, E2F1). EGb761 could effectively reduce the pathological damage of liver tissue and antagonize the abnormal expression of liver tissue inflammation and oxidative damage-related indices as well as cellular senescence-related proteins caused by arsenite exposure. Notably, EGb761 reduced the accumulation of arsenic in rat liver tissues. These results suggested that EGb761 could effectively alleviate subchronic arsenic exposure-induced senescence of hepatocytes, which may be achieved partially through inhibiting inflammation and oxidative damage in rats. This study may provide a new therapeutic target for arsenic-induced liver injury.

Diagnostic properties of miR-146a-5p from liquid biopsies in prostate cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several studies on biomarker properties of microRNAs from liquid biopsy in prostate cancer (PCa) identified miR-146a-5p as a potential novel diagnostic marker. However, other studies with the same or similar topic failed to confirm the supposed discriminatory ability of miR-146a-5p, for which reason we aimed at elucidating the potential biomarker role of circulatory/urinary miR-146a-5p in PCa by conducting a qualitative and quantitative data synthesis.

METHODS

Eligible articles were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Open MetaAnalyst software was used for pooling data on sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio (OR) of miR-146a-5p.

RESULTS

A total of 15 articles were eligible for qualitative data synthesis, while the results from 13 studies with 2080 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The established between-study heterogeneity was high, while the expression of hsa-miR-146a was associated with a diagnostic OR of 3.544 (P < 0.001; 95 %CI 2.186-5.747). Pooled sensitivity was found to be lower than 70 % (0.655, 95 %CI 0.573-0.729, P < 0.001), while the obtained value for specificity was 65 % (95 %CI 0.583-0.709, P < 0.001). Segregating studies according to ethnicity, sample type or the type of controls did not result in significantly higher sensitivity and specificity in subgroups, compared to the overall pooled data.

CONCLUSIONS

The resulting pooled sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic OR do not qualify miR-146a-5p for a reliable diagnostic biomarker of PCa.

Sleep loss-induced oncogenic pathways are mediated via the neuron-specific interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (AcPb)

Interleukin-1β (IL1), a pleiotropic cytokine, is involved in sleep regulation, tumor ontogeny, and immune responses. IL1 receptor adaptor proteins, including the IL1 receptor accessory protein (AcP), and its neuron-specific isoform, AcPb, are required for IL1 signaling. The AcPb isoform is resultant from alternate splicing of the AcP transcript. Our previous studies using AcPb null (AcPb-/-) mice characterized its participation in sleep regulation and emergent neuronal/glial network properties. Here, we investigated the impact of acute sleep disruption (SD) on brain cancer-related pathways in wild-type (WT) and AcPb-/- mice, employing RNA sequencing methods. In WT mice, SD increased AcPb mRNA levels, but not AcP mRNA, confirming prior similar work in rats. Transcriptome and pathway enrichment analyses demonstrated significant alterations in cancer, immune, and viral disease-related pathways in WT mice after SD, which were attenuated in AcPb-/- mice including multiple upregulated Src phosphorylation-signaling-dependent genes associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Our RNAseq findings, were analyzed within the context of The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) data base; revealing an upregulation of sleep- and cancer-linked genes (e.g., IL-17B, IL-17RA, LCN2) across various tumors, including brain tumors, compared to normal tissues. Sleep-linked factors, identified through TCGA analyses, significantly impact patient prognosis and survival, particularly in low-grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. Overall, our findings suggest that SD promotes a pro-tumor environment through AcPb-modulated pathways.

The Association between Ambient PM2.5's Constituents Exposure and Cervical Cancer Survival

Increasing evidence links exposure to ambient particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) with reduced survival in cancer survivors, but little was known about the association between PM2.5 exposure and cervical cancer survival. We analyzed data from 5144 cervical cancer patients diagnosed between January 2014 and December 2020, who completed recommended treatments. Exposure levels were determined by the monthly average concentration of ambient PM2.5 and its five constituents, obtained from Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) based on individual residential addresses. Log-rank tests and multivariate Cox Proportional Hazardous regression were performed to examine the impacts of PM2.5 and its constituents on overall survival (OS) of cervical cancer patients. We observed that for every increase of 1 μg/m3 in average individual exposure, the hazard ratios (95%CI) for ambient PM2.5, sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrates (NO3-) were 1.078(1.069-1.086), 6.755(5.707-7.996), 2.123(1.935-2.329), and 3.717(3.237-4.267), respectively. Subgroups with longer OS had larger HRs of PM2.5 and its constituents, which might attributed to more cumulative exposure. No evidence of a threshold for the hazardous effects of PM2.5 on the OS of cervical cancer patients was identified. Furthermore, long-term exposure to PM2.5 was negatively associated with pretreatment counts of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in peripheral blood of cervical cancer patients. In conclusion, elevated levels of PM2.5 mass, SO42-, NH4+, and NO3- in ambient PM2.5 exposure were associated with reduced OS among cervical cancer patients. There may be no discernible threshold effect of PM2.5 on the risk for cervical cancer patients.

Epithelial barrier dysfunction, type 2 immune response, and the development of chronic inflammatory diseases

The prevalence of many chronic noncommunicable diseases has been steadily rising over the past six decades. During this time, humans have been increasingly exposed to substances toxic for epithelial cells, including air pollutants, laundry and dishwashers, household chemicals, toothpaste, food additives, microplastics, and nanoparticles, introduced into our daily lives as part of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization. These substances disrupt the epithelial barriers and lead to microbial dysbiosis and cause immune response to allergens, opportunistic pathogens, bacterial toxins, and autoantigens followed by chronic inflammation due to epigenetic mechanisms. Recent evidence from studies on the mechanisms of epithelial barrier damage has demonstrated that even trace amounts of toxic substances can damage epithelial barriers and induce tissue inflammation. Further research in this field is essential for our understanding of the causal substances and molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation of leaky epithelial barriers that cascade into chronic inflammatory diseases.

Beyond genetics: integrative oncology and the metabolic perspective on cancer treatment

Cancer is traditionally approached as a genetic disease, with standard treatments including chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and surgery significantly improving survival rates and patient outcomes. However, there is a growing recognition of the need for integrative oncology, which expands cancer management by considering cancer as a metabolic disease. Integrative medicine physicians employ holistic therapies focused on patients' needs, aiming to correct the metabolic imbalances associated with cancer and alleviate cancer-related symptoms. Viewing cancer as a metabolic disease involves addressing factors such as an acidic microenvironment, vitamin C deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced intracellular oxygen levels, elevated oxidative stress, dysfunctional autophagy, and psychological stress. This paper presents an overview of the evidence and comprehensive strategies supporting integrative medicine approaches in addressing cancer metabolism in integrative oncology settings. Furthermore, the paper underscores the necessity of integrating different cancer theories-genetic and metabolic-for improved patient outcomes and experiences. By combining these perspectives, integrative oncology offers a more holistic, patient-centered approach to cancer treatment.

Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing

In recent decades, several cell-based and acellular methods have been developed to evaluate ambient particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Although cell-based methods provide a more comprehensive assessment of PM toxicity, their results are difficult to comprehend due to the diversity in cellular endpoints, cell types, and assays and the interference of PM chemical components with some of the assays' techniques. In this review, we attempt to clarify some of these issues. We first discuss the morphological and immunological differences among various macrophage and epithelial cells, belonging to the respiratory systems of human and murine species, used in the in vitro studies evaluating PM toxicity. Then, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of different PM chemical components and the relevance of atmospheric processing and aging of aerosols in the respiratory toxicity of PM. Our review demonstrates the need to adopt more physiologically relevant cellular models such as epithelial (or endothelial) cells instead of macrophages for oxidative stress measurement. We suggest limiting macrophages for investigating other cellular responses (e.g., phagocytosis, inflammation, and DNA damage). Unlike monocultures (of macrophages and epithelial cells), which are generally used to study the direct effects of PM on a given cell type, the use of co-culture systems should be encouraged to investigate a more comprehensive effect of PM in the presence of other cells. Our review has identified two major groups of toxic PM chemical species from the existing literature, i.e., metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn) and organic compounds (PAHs, ketones, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and quinones). However, the relative toxicities of these species are still a matter of debate. Finally, the results of the existing studies investigating the effect of aging on PM toxicity are ambiguous, with varying results due to different cell types, different aging conditions, and the presence/absence of specific oxidants. More systematic studies are necessary to understand the role of different SOA precursors, interactions between different PM components, and aging conditions in the overall toxicity of PM. We anticipate that our review will guide future investigations by helping researchers choose appropriate cell models, resulting in a more meaningful interpretation of cell-based assays and thus ultimately leading to a better understanding of the health effects of PM exposure.

Cyanocobalamin-loaded dissolving microneedles diminish skin inflammation in vivo

Inflammatory diseases of the skin have a considerable high prevalence worldwide and negatively impact the patients' quality of life. First line, standard therapies for these conditions inherently entail important side effects when used long term, particularly complicating the management of chronic cases. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to offer reliable alternative treatments. Abnormally high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are characteristic of this kind of illnesses, and therefore a reasonable therapeutic goal. Cyanocobalamin, also known as Vitamin B12, possesses notable antioxidant and ROS-scavenging properties which could make it a possible therapeutic alternative. However, its considerable molecular weight restricts passive diffusion through the skin and forces the use of an advanced transdermal delivery system. Here, we present several prototypes of Cyanocobalamin-loaded Dissolving Microarray Patches (B12@DMAPs) with adequate mechanical properties to effectively penetrate the stratum corneum barrier, allowing drug deposition into the skin structure. Ex vivo penetration and permeability studies noted an effective drug presence within the dermal skin layers; in vitro compatibility studies in representative cell skin cell lines such as L929 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes ensured their safe use. The in vivo efficacy of the selected prototype was tested in a delayed-type hypersensitivity murine model that mimics an inflammatory skin process. Several findings such as a reduction of MPO-related photon emission in a bioluminescence study, protection against histological damage, and decrease of inflammatory cytokines levels point out the effectivity of B12@DMAPs to downregulate the skin inflammatory environment. Overall, B12@DMAPs offer a cost-effective translational alternative for improving patients' skin healthcare.

Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Activity of the Conformers of C-tetra(4-methoxyphenyl)calix[4]resorcinarene

C-tetra(4-methoxyphenyl)calix[4]resorcinarene was synthesized by hydrochloric acid-catalysed cyclocondensation of resorcinol and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde. Under these conditions, the reaction produces a conformational mixture of crown and chair structural conformers, which were separated and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity of both conformers was measured by using the DPPH assay, through which it was observed that the chair conformer showed greater antioxidant activity (IC50 = 47.46 ppm) than the crown conformer (IC50 = 78.46 ppm). Additionally, it was observed that the mixture of both conformers presented lower antioxidant activity than either conformer in isolation. The results found suggest that the chair conformer has efficient antioxidant activity that makes it a potential target for further research.

The bioavailability of polyphenols following acute consumption of pigmented barley and wheat

Polyphenols from pigmented cereal grains exert health-promoting effects but data on their bioavailability are limited. This study investigated the acute bioavailability of polyphenols from the consumption of pigmented whole grain cereal porridges, including purple barley (PB), purple wheat (PW), and blue wheat (BW), compared to a non-pigmented regular wheat (RW). A secondary objective was to assess their effects on plasma antioxidant and inflammatory status postprandially. Phenolic characterisation and antioxidant profiling were performed on extracts from the cooked cereals. Three healthy individuals consumed 200 g of a cereal in a 4-way crossover trial with a one-week washout in between meals. Blood samples were collected at fasting baseline, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours postprandially. Urine samples were collected at fasting baseline and the 4-hour time point. Pigmented grains exhibited significantly higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.001) compared to RW. This suggests that pigmented grains may be a better source of polyphenols and potentially offer greater health benefits. However, polyphenol bioavailability following pigmented grain consumption was reduced (less than 6%), suggesting that a substantial fraction remained unabsorbed. The bioavailable phenolic compounds detected included phenolic acids (protocatechuic and caffeic acid), hippuric acid and other phenolic metabolites. Interpersonal variability and the type of grain consumed had an impact on the absorption and excretion of phenolic acids. Only PW consumption resulted in significant (p < 0.01) increases in plasma antioxidant status but no short-term impact on the inflammatory status. This study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of polyphenol bioavailability from pigmented cereal consumption and warrants further investigation.

Coffee consumption, cancer, and healthy aging: epidemiological evidence and underlying mechanisms

This comprehensive review examines the role of coffee consumption in promoting healthy aging and its potential impact on cancer prevention. Previous research has shown that moderate coffee intake may contribute to extending healthspan and enhancing longevity through beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and key biological processes involved in aging. However, the relationship between coffee consumption and cancer risk remains controversial. This review synthesizes longitudinal observational and interventional data on the effects of coffee consumption on overall and site-specific cancers, explores underlying biological mechanisms, and discusses clinical and public health implications. Additionally, the review highlights evidence from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies to assess potential causal relationships. Our findings suggest that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of several cancers, including skin, liver, prostate, and endometrial cancers, and may also lower cancer recurrence rates, particularly in colorectal cancer. These protective associations appear consistent across different demographic groups, with the most significant benefits observed at consumption levels of three or more cups per day. However, evidence is inconclusive for many other cancers, and coffee consumption is consistently linked to an increased risk of lung cancer. MR studies generally do not support a strong causal relationship for most cancers, though some suggest potential protective effects for hepatocellular, colorectal, and possibly prostate cancers, with mixed results for ovarian cancer and an increased risk for esophageal cancer and multiple myeloma. The protective effect of coffee on liver and prostate cancer is supported by both observational and MR studies. The potential anti-cancer benefits of coffee are attributed to its bioactive compounds, such as caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and diterpenes, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds may reduce oxidative stress, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and modulate hormone levels. The review emphasizes the need for further research to clarify dose-response relationships, causal associations, and the biological mechanisms underlying these associations. While coffee consumption appears to contribute to cancer prevention and healthy aging, caution is warranted due to the increased risk of certain cancers, highlighting the complexity of its health effects.

Examining Hemin and its Derivatives: Induction of Heme-Oxygenase-1 Activity and Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer Cells through Collaborative Experimental Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Hemin triggers intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and enhances heme oxygenase-1 (HOX-1) activity, indicating its potential as an anticancer agent, though precise control of its intracellular levels is crucial. The study explores the impact of hemin and its derivatives, hemin-tyrosine, and hemin-styrene (H-Styr) conjugates on migration, HOX-1 expression, specific apoptosis markers, mitochondrial functions, and ROS generation in breast cancer cells. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to understand the interactions among HOX-1, heme, and the compounds. Hemin outperforms its derivatives in inducing HOX-1 expression, exhibiting pro-oxidative effects and reducing cell migration. Molecular simulations show that heme binds favorably to HOX-1, followed by the other compounds, primarily through van der Waals and electrostatic forces. However, only van der Waals forces determine the H-Styr complexation. These interactions, influenced by metalloporphyrin characteristics, provide insights into HOX-1 regulation and ROS generation, potentially guiding the development of breast cancer therapies targeting oxidative stress.

Anti-ageing mechanism of topical bioactive ingredient composition on skin based on network pharmacology

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the anti-ageing mechanism of the combination of eight ingredients on the skin from a multidimensional view of the skin.

METHODS

The target pathway mechanisms of composition to delay skin ageing were investigated by a network pharmacology approach and experimentally validated at three levels: epidermal, dermal, and tissue.

RESULTS

We identified 24 statistically significant skin ageing-related pathways, encompassing crucial processes such as epidermal barrier repair, dermal collagen and elastin production, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as modulation of acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptor binding. Furthermore, our in vitro experimental findings exhibited the following outcomes: the composition promotes fibroblast proliferation and the expression of barrier-related genes in the epidermis; it also stimulated the expression of collagen I, collagen III, and elastic fibre while inhibiting ROS and β-Gal levels in HDF cells within the dermis. Additionally, Spilanthol in the Acmella oleracea extract contained in the composition demonstrated neuro-relaxing activity in Zebrafish embryo, suggesting its potential as an anti-wrinkle ingredient at the hypodermis level.

CONCLUSIONS

In vitro experiments validated the anti-ageing mechanism of composition at multiple skin levels. This framework can be extended to unravel the functional mechanisms of other clinically validated compositions, including traditional folk recipes utilized in cosmeceuticals.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals oxidative stress-related signature and molecular subtypes in cholangio carcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous and aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. The identification of reliable prognostic biomarkers and a deeper understanding of the molecular subtypes are critical for the development of targeted therapies and improvement of patient outcomes. This study aims to uncover oxidative stress-related genes (ORGs) in CCA and develop a prognostic risk model using comprehensive transcriptomic analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Through LASSO regression analysis, we identified prognosis-related ORGs and constructed a prognostic signature consisting of six ORGs. This signature demonstrated strong predictive performance in survival analysis and ROC curve assessment. Functional enrichment and GSEA analyses revealed significant enrichment of immune-related pathways among different risk groups. GSVA analysis indicated reduced activity in inflammation and oxidative stress pathways in the high-risk subgroup, and xCell results showed lower immune cell infiltration levels in this group. Additionally, immune checkpoint genes and immune-related pathways were downregulated in the high-risk subgroup. Our research has developed a unique prognostic model focusing on oxidative stress, enabling accurate forecasting of patient outcomes and providing crucial insights and recommendations for the prognosis of individuals with CCA. Future studies should aim to validate these findings in clinical settings and further explore therapeutic targets within oxidative stress pathways.

A probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum GR-3 mitigates colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice via modulating gut microbiome

Bacterial therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a burgeoning frontier. The probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum GR-3, derived from traditional food "Jiangshui", exhibited superior antioxidant capacity by producing indole derivatives ICA and IPA. In an AOM/DSS-induced CRC mouse model, GR-3 treatment alleviated weight loss, colon shortening, rectal bleeding and intestinal barrier disruption by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. GR-3 colonization in distant colon induced apoptosis and reduced tumor incidence by 51.2%, outperforming the control strain and vitamin C. The beneficial effect of GR-3 on CRC was associated with gut microbiome modulation, increasing SCFA producer Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and suppressing pro-inflammatory strain Bacteroides. Metagenomic and metabolic analyses revealed that GR-3 intervention upregulated antioxidant genes (xseA, ALDH) and butyrate synthesis gene (bcd), while increasing beneficial metabolites (SCFAs, ICA, IPA, VB12 and VD3) and reducing harmful secondary bile acids. Overall, GR-3 emerges as a promising candidate in CRC therapy, offering effective gut microbiome remediation.

Etanercept ameliorates chronic mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior in rats: Crosstalk between MAPK and STAT3 pathways and norepinephrine and serotonin transporters

Depression is a serious medical illness characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest in daily activities. It can interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology of depression remains incompletely understood. The correlation between depression and inflammation has recently attracted considerable attention. This study investigated the potential antidepressant effect of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor, utilizing a chronic mild stress (CMS) model in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups; one following a non-stressed protocol and the other a stressed protocol for 5 weeks. From the beginning of the third week, rats were treated either with saline daily or with etanercept twice a week (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) or with fluoxetine daily (10 mg/kg, i.p) as a reference. Etanercept exhibited comparable effects to those of fluoxetine in counteracting CMS-induced behavioral manifestation in the forced swimming and splash tests. Etanercept also restored serotonin and norepinephrine levels to control values in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Moreover, the current study verified the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of etanercept. Interestingly, etanercept halted the expression of both norepinephrine and serotonin transporters in stressed rats. This could be attributed to abrogation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) pathways in the PFC. The findings of the present study contribute to the understanding of the potential of etanercept as an antidepressant and provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects.

Microbiota-immune-brain interactions: A new vision in the understanding of periodontal health and disease

This review highlights the significance of interactions between the microbiota, immune system, nervous and hormonal systems, and the brain on periodontal health and disease. Microorganisms in the microbiota, immune cells, and neurons communicate via homeostatic nervous and hormonal systems, regulating vital body functions. By modulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adaptive immune responses, these systems control the composition and number of microorganisms in the microbiota. The strength of these brain-controlled responses is genetically determined but is sensitive to early childhood stressors, which can permanently alter their responsiveness via epigenetic mechanisms, and to adult stressors, causing temporary changes. Clinical evidence and research with humans and animal models indicate that factors linked to severe periodontitis enhance the responsiveness of these homeostatic systems, leading to persistent hyperactivation. This weakens the immune defense against invasive symbiotic microorganisms (pathobionts) while strengthening the defense against non-invasive symbionts at the gingival margin. The result is an increased gingival tissue load of pathobionts, including Gram-negative bacteria, followed by an excessive innate immune response, which prevents infection but simultaneously destroys gingival and periodontal tissues. Thus, the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adaptive immunity is crucial in controlling the microbiota, and the responsiveness of brain-controlled homeostatic systems determines periodontal health.

Antitumor properties of griseofulvin and its toxicity

Griseofulvin (GF), which is mainly extracted from Penicillium griseofulvum, is a heat-resistant, chlorine-containing non-polyene antifungal antibiotic. Previous research shows that GF has a variety of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumor effects. In recent years, GF has received extensive attention for its antitumor effects as a natural compound, offering a low price, a wide range of uses, and other beneficial characteristics. However, no comprehensive review of GF pharmacological activity in tumors has been published so far. In order to fully elucidate the antitumor activities of GF, this review focuses on the antitumor potential and toxicity of GF and its derivatives, based on a literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases, to lay a good foundation for further research of GF and the development of new drugs for antitumor activities.

Melatonin downregulates angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by regulating tumor-associated macrophages via NLRP3 inflammasomes in lung adenocarcinoma

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), present within the tumor microenvironment (TME), strictly modulate tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Nevertheless, the associated signaling networks and candidate drug targets for these events remains to be elucidated. Given its antioxidative activities, we speculated that melatonin may reduce pyroptosis, and thereby modulate both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. We revealed that a co-culture of A549 cells and THP-1 macrophages strongly enhanced expressions of the NLRP3 inflammasome axis members, and augmented angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Next, we overexpressed NLRP3 in the A549 cells, and demonstrated that excess NLRP3 expression substantially upregulated VEGF and CXCL cytokine expressions, and enhanced lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) tube formation. In contrast, NLRP3 inhibition produced the opposite effect. In addition, relative to controls, melatonin administration strongly inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome axis, as well as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the co-culture system. Subsequent animal experiments using a Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) subcutaneous tumor model in mice corroborate these findings. Melatonin treatment and NLRP3 knockdown significantly inhibit tumor growth and downregulate NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in tumor tissues. Furthermore, melatonin downregulates the expression of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic markers in tumor tissues. Taken together, the evidence suggested that a THP-1 macrophage and A549 cell co-culture stimulates angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis via the NLRP3 axis. Melatonin protected against the TAMs- and NLRP3 axis-associated promotion of the aforementioned events in vitro and in vivo. Hence, melatonin is a promising candidate for managing for tumor-related angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma.

Risk stratification models incorporating oxidative stress factors to predict survival and recurrence in patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy: A real-world multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress significantly influences the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). It remains unreported whether incorporating oxidative stress factors into nomograms can improve the predictive accuracy for survival and recurrence risk in GC patients.

METHODS

3498 GC patients who underwent radical gastrectomy between 2009 and 2017 were enrolled and randomly divided into training cohort (TC) and internal validation cohort (IVC). Cox regression analysis model was used to evaluate six preoperative oxidative stress indicators to formulate the Systemic oxidative stress Score (SOSS). Two nomograms based on SOSS was constructed by multivariate Cox regression and validated using 322 patients from another two hospitals.

RESULTS

A total of 3820 patients were included. The SOSS, composed of three preoperative indicators-fibrinogen, albumin, and cholesterol-was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The two nomograms based on SOSS showed a significantly higher AUC than the pTNM stage (OS: 0.830 vs. 0.778, DFS: 0.824 vs. 0.775, all P < 0.001) and were validated in the IVC and EVC (all P < 0.001). The local recurrence rate, peritoneal recurrence rate, distant recurrence rate and multiple recurrence rate in high-risk group were significantly higher than those in low-risk group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The two novel nomograms based on SOSS which was a combination score of three preoperative blood indicators, demonstrated outstanding predictive abilities for both survival and recurrence in GC patients with different risk groups, which may potentially improve survival through perioperatively active intervention strategies and individualized postoperatively close surveillance.

Comprehensive analysis of splicing factor SRs-related gene characteristics: predicting osteosarcoma prognosis and immune regulation status

Objective

To investigate the impact of SRs-related genes on the overall survival and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients through bulk and single-cell RNA-seq transcriptome analysis.

Methods

In this study, we constructed a prognosis model based on serine/arginine-rich splicing factors (SRs) and predicted the survival of osteosarcoma patients. By analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data and applying AUCell enrichment analysis, we revealed oncogenic pathways of SRs in osteosarcoma immune cells. Additionally, we described the regulatory role of SRSF7 in pan-cancer.

Results

Lasso regression analysis identified 6 key SRs-related genes, and a prognosis prediction model was established. The upregulation of these pathways revealed that SRs promote tumor cell proliferation and survival by regulating related signaling pathways and help tumor cells evade host immune surveillance. Additionally, by grouping single-cell data using AUCell, we found significant differences in T cell expression between high and low-risk groups. The analysis results indicated that the regulatory activity of SRs is closely related to T cell function, particularly in regulating immune responses and promoting immune evasion. Furthermore, SRSF7 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Conclusion

SRs-related genes play a critical regulatory role in osteosarcoma. T cells are key in regulating immune responses and promoting immune evasion through SRs genes. SRSF7 is a significant gene influencing the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma.

The role of Nrf2 in immune cells and inflammatory autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review

INTRODUCTION

Nrf2 regulates mild stress, chronic inflammation, and metabolic changes by regulating different immune cells via downstream signaling. Collection of information about the role of Nrf2 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases will better understand the therapeutic potential of targeting Nrf2 in these diseases.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, we comprehensively discussed biological function of Nrf2 in different immune cells, including Nrf2 preventing oxidative tissue injury, affecting apoptosis of immune cells and inflammatory cytokine production. Moreover, we discussed the role of Nrf2 in the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases.

EXPERT OPINION

Nrf2 binds to downstream signaling molecules and then provides durable protection against different cellular and organ stress. It has emerged as an important target for inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Development of Nrf2 modulator drugs needs to consider factors such as target specificity, short/long term safety, disease indication identification, and the extent of variation in Nrf2 activity. We carefully discussed the dual role of Nrf2 in some diseases, which helps to better target Nrf2 in the future.

Design and synthesis of a novel chiral photoacoustic probe and accurate imaging detection of hydrogen peroxide in vivo

Nanocatalytic medicine, which aims to accurately target and effectively treat tumors through intratumoral in situ catalytic reactions triggered by tumor-specific environments or markers, is an emerging technology. However, the relative lack of catalytic activity of nanoenzymes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has hampered their use in biomedical applications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a highly sensitive probe that specifically responds to the TME or disease markers in the TME for precision diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this work, a chiral photoacoustic (PA) nanoprobe (D/L-Ce@MoO3) based on the H2O2-catalyzed TME activation reaction was constructed in a one-step method using D-cysteine (D-Cys) or L-cysteine (L-Cys), polymolybdate, and cerium nitrate as raw materials. The designed and synthesized D/L-Ce@MoO3 chiral nanoprobe can perform in situ, non-invasive, and precise imaging of pharmacological acute liver injury. In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that the D/L-Ce@MoO3 probe had chiral properties, the CD signal decreased upon reaction with H2O2, and the absorption and PA signals increased with increasing H2O2 concentration. This is because of the catalytic reaction between Ce ions doped in the nanoenzyme and the high expression of H2O2 caused by drug-induced liver injury to produce ·OH, which has a strong oxidizing property to kill tumor cells and destroy the Mo-S bond in the probe, thus converting the chiral probe into an achiral polyoxometalate (POM) with PA signal.

A new β-carboline-type alkaloid from the flowers of Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton

In our antioxidant screening of some Vietnamese plant extracts, the CHCl3-soluble fraction from Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton flowers showed moderate DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 55.8 μg/mL. Thus, a further phytochemical study was carried out to obtain five alkaloids, including a new β-carboline-type alkaloid, caloside H (1). These known compounds were identified as 5-hydroxy-(2-methoxymethyl)pyridine (2), nicotinic acid (3), p-(acetylamino)phenol (4), and thymine (5). These structures were determined based on the NMR spectroscopic analysis. In antioxidant assay, caloside H at concentration of 100 μM showed DPPH radical scavenging capacity with a percentage of inhibition of 40.2%. In addition, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for the formation of caloside H was proposed based on the Schiff base formation and Mannich-like reaction.

The use of serum paraoxonase-1 to assess inflammation in horses with colitis

BACKGROUND

Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) has been suggested as a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress in horses and could potentially be used for prognostication in horses with colitis.

OBJECTIVES

Assessment of PON-1 in horses with colitis and comparison of two methods.

METHODS

Serum PON-1 was measured by two methods (paraoxon and p-nitrophenyl acetate) in 161 horses with colitis and 57 controls. Follow-up samples obtained during hospitalization were available from 106 horses with colitis. The two methods were compared.

RESULTS

Serum PON-1 was significantly lower in horses with colitis than in healthy horses (P < .0001 for both methods) as well as in nonsurvivors compared with survivors (P = .0141 [paraoxon-based method] and P < .0001 [p-nitrophenyl acetate-based method]), but with marked overlap between groups. PON-1 activity did not change parallel to a change in inflammatory status in response to treatment when assessed at admission and in up to seven follow-up samples. Admission PON-1 activity could not reliably classify horses as survivors or nonsurvivors, with sensitivity and specificity ranging between 53.1% and 72.9%. Results from the two methods were comparable.

CONCLUSIONS

Both methods reliably measured serum PON-1 activity. Significant differences in PON-1 activity were found between healthy horses and horses with colitis and between survivors and nonsurvivors. However, PON-1 activity varied considerably within groups. Both the proposed reference intervals as well as alternative cutoff values resulted in suboptimal diagnostic and prognostic performance, and the use of serum PON-1 in horses with colitis thus seems to add little to existing diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Role of sRNAs protein molecules in extracellular vesicles derived from Lactobacillus plantarum rejuvenate against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging in human keratinocytes

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation accelerates the aging process of skin cells by triggering oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of sRNAs and protein molecules in the regenerative extracellular vesicles of Lactobacillus plantarum against the UVB-induced photoaging process of human keratinocytes. The extracellular vesicles regenerated by Lactobacillus plantarum were isolated and purified to identify sRNAs and protein components. Human keratinocytes were treated with UVB radiation to simulate the photoaging model. The effects of different concentrations of vesicle extract on cell survival rate, oxidative stress index and inflammatory marker expression were evaluated in control group and treatment group. The results showed that the regenerated extracellular vesicles of L. plantarum significantly improved the survival rate of keratinocytes after UVB radiation, and delayed the aging process of skin cells by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory response.

NIR-II Absorption/Emission Dual Function Based 2D Targeted Nanotheranostics for Tunable Hydrogenothermal Therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach for treating tumors that offers multiple advantages. Nevertheless, its practical use in clinical settings faces several limitations, such as suboptimal delivery efficiency, uneven heat distribution, and challenges in predicting optimal treatment duration. In addition, the localized hyperthermia generated by the PTT method to induce cell apoptosis can result in the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of inflammatory cytokines, which can pose a threat to the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor. To address the above challenges, this work designs an integrated H2 delivery nanoplatform for multimodal imaging H2 thermal therapy. The combination of the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging (FL) agent (CQ4T) and the photothermal and photoacoustic (PA) properties of Ti3C2 (TC) enables real-time monitoring of the tumor area and guides photothermal treatment. Simultaneously, due to the acid-responsive H2 release characteristics of the nanoplatform, H2 can be utilized for synergistic photothermal therapy to eradicate tumor cells effectively. Significantly, acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, Ti3C2-BSA-CQ4T-H2 (TCBCH) protects peritumoral normal cells from damage. The proposed technique utilizing H2 gas for combination therapies and multimodal imaging integration exhibits prospects for effective and secure treatment of tumors in future clinical applications.

Toxicological analysis of Eisenia fetida in soil under the coexistence of rockwool substrate andtricyclazole

This study investigated the combined effects of rockwool, a novel seedling substrate, and tricyclazole (TCA) on the bioavailability of TCA to Eisenia fetida. The single addition of rockwool and TCA alone to the soil inhibited the growth of E. fetida. A high concentration (300 mg·L-1) of TCA significantly decreased the biomass of E. fetida. The addition of 20-mesh rockwool reduced this effect on earthworm biomass by decreasing the soil TCA through adsorption, effectively mitigating TCA bioaccumulation in earthworms. A mechanistic analysis showed that the Mg-O functional group on the rockwool surface combined with the CC functional group in TCA to generate Mg-O-C, and the adsorption process was dominated by chemisorption. Toxicology experiments demonstrated that malondialdehyde and cellulase could be used as biomarkers of inhibitory effects of combined rockwool and TCA in soil on E. fetida. Macrogenomic analyses revealed that small particle sizes and high concentrations of rockwool caused co-stress effects on earthworms when TCA was present. When the particle size of rockwool increased, the toxic effect of TCA on earthworms instead decreased at higher rockwool concentrations. Therefore, in practical agricultural production, the particle size of rockwool can be controlled to realize the adsorption of TCA and reduce the toxic effects of TCA and rockwool on earthworms.

Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet reduces the risk of head and neck cancers in 101,755 American adults: a prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the EAT-Lancet diet (ELD) and head and neck cancers (HNCs) in 101,755 Americans enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

METHODS

ELD score was calculated to assess participant's adherence to ELD. Cox hazard regression models were utilised to evaluate the association of ELD and dietary components with HNC risk. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots were employed to explore the linearity of the relationships. Predefined subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifiers and to assess the stability of the findings, respectively.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 8.84 years, 279 cases of HNCs, including 169 cases of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers and 110 cases of laryngeal cancer were recorded. This study observed a dose-response negative correlation between ELD and HNCs (hazard ratio [HR]Q4 vs Q1: 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.80; P-trend = 0.003; HRper SD increment: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.91), and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers (HRQ4 vs Q1: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.88; P-trend = 0.008; HRper SD increment: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.92). Analysis using RCS plots indicated a significant linear association between adherence to the ELD and reduced risk of HNCs and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers (P-nonlinearity > 0.05). Subgroup analysis did not reveal significant interaction factors (P-interaction > 0.05), and sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of this study. Additionally, negative correlations were found between the consumption of fruits and whole grains and HNCs (fruits: HRQ4 vs Q1: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.84; P-trend = 0.010; whole grains: HRQ4 vs Q1: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.97; P-trend = 0.004).

CONCLUSION

Adherence to ELD contributes to the prevention of HNCs.

ROS: A "booster" for chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of highly active molecules produced by normal cellular metabolism and play a crucial role in the human body. In recent years, researchers have increasingly discovered that ROS plays a vital role in the progression of chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment established by chronic inflammation can induce ROS production through inflammatory cells. ROS can then directly damage DNA or indirectly activate cellular signaling pathways to promote tumor metastasis and development, including breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and so on. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between ROS, chronic inflammation, and tumor metastasis, explaining how chronic inflammation can induce tumor metastasis and how ROS can contribute to the evolution of chronic inflammation toward tumor metastasis. Interestingly, ROS can have a "double-edged sword" effect, promoting tumor metastasis in some cases and inhibiting it in others. This article also highlights the potential applications of ROS in inhibiting tumor metastasis and enhancing the precision of tumor-targeted therapy. Combining ROS with nanomaterials strategies may be a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of tumor treatment.

Mitochondrial Plasticity and Glucose Metabolic Alterations in Human Cancer under Oxidative Stress-From Viewpoints of Chronic Inflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

Oxidative stress elicited by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chronic inflammation are involved both in deterring and the generation/progression of human cancers. Exogenous ROS can injure mitochondria and induce them to generate more endogenous mitochondrial ROS to further perpetuate the deteriorating condition in the affected cells. Dysfunction of these cancer mitochondria may possibly be offset by the Warburg effect, which is characterized by amplified glycolysis and metabolic reprogramming. ROS from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are an essential element for neutrophils to defend against invading pathogens or to kill cancer cells. A chronic inflammation typically includes consecutive NET activation and tissue damage, as well as tissue repair, and together with NETs, ROS would participate in both the destruction and progression of cancers. This review discusses human mitochondrial plasticity and the glucose metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells confronting oxidative stress by the means of chronic inflammation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

Single-cell and spatial transcriptome assays reveal heterogeneity in gliomas through stress responses and pathway alterations

Background

Glioma is a highly heterogeneous malignancy of the central nervous system. This heterogeneity is driven by various molecular processes, including neoplastic transformation, cell cycle dysregulation, and angiogenesis. Among these biomolecular events, inflammation and stress pathways in the development and driving factors of glioma heterogeneity have been reported. However, the mechanisms of glioma heterogeneity under stress response remain unclear, especially from a spatial aspect.

Methods

This study employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) to explore the impact of oxidative stress response genes in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Our analysis identified distinct pathways activated by oxidative stress in two different types of gliomas: high- and low- grade (HG and LG) gliomas.

Results

In HG gliomas, oxidative stress induced a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, promoting cell survival by preventing apoptosis. This metabolic reprogramming was accompanied by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and an upregulation of stress response genes. Furthermore, SCENIC (Single-Cell rEgulatory Network Inference and Clustering) analysis revealed that oxidative stress activated the AP1 transcription factor in HG gliomas, thereby enhancing tumor cell survival and proliferation.

Conclusion

Our findings provide a novel perspective on the mechanisms of oxidative stress responses across various grades of gliomas. This insight enhances our comprehension of the evolutionary processes and heterogeneity within gliomas, potentially guiding future research and therapeutic strategies.

Effects of a 4-week free-sugar avoidance during periodontal therapy: An explorative randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the effect of a 4-week free-sugar avoidance on periodontal parameters during periodontal therapy.

METHODS

Twenty-one patients with untreated periodontitis and daily free-sugar intake were allocated to a sugar avoidance group (SAG) and a control group (CG). The SAG received a 45-min dietary consultation and was instructed to avoid free sugars during the following 4 weeks after subgingival instrumentation, while the CG continued with their regular diet. Bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque control record, body weight (BW), visceral fat (FATv), and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were collected at baseline (T1), 4 weeks (T2), and 8 weeks (T3) after subgingival instrumentation.

RESULTS

The main outcome parameter BOP was significantly reduced at T2 by 40.3% ± 15.54 in the SAG and 34% ± 12.47 in the CG (intra-p value both <0.001, inter-p value 0.361). A linear regression analysis of changes at patient level adjusted for age and FATv revealed a significant group difference for BOP (regression coefficient = -6.8; p = 0.019). Significant reductions were observed in BW, FATv and mean daily intake of free sugars (-14.4 g/day), and a significant increase of vitamin C derived from fruits (75.89 mg/day) at T2 in the SAG only.

CONCLUSION

This study may indicate additional beneficial effects of a sugar avoidance on periodontal and metabolic parameters, and nutritional intake during periodontal therapy. German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00026699).

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

The current widespread free-sugar consumption is linked to an increasing incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases. Data indicate a relationship between sugar intake and a higher prevalence of periodontitis and increased gingival inflammation. This study showed that free-sugar avoidance after periodontal therapy had additional beneficial effects on periodontal and metabolic parameters in 10 test and 11 control patients. After 4 weeks of avoiding free sugars like sweets, processed white flour, juice, and so forth, periodontal bleeding was significantly reduced in both groups (-40.3% test group, -34% control group). Further regression analysis revealed a significant difference between groups favoring the intervention. Additionally, body weight and visceral fat were significantly reduced in the intervention group, only. To avoid sugar, patients were allowed to replace it with whole fruit, which led to increased levels of micronutrients such as vitamin C. Therefore, free-sugar avoidance may be of therapeutic benefit in addition to periodontal therapy. Further research is needed to investigate this effect in larger cohorts.