Curcumin ameliorates oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial damage by promoting Parkin dependent mitophagy through AMPK-TFEB signal pathway

Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes involve in oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial dysfunction under diquat exposing

Many factors induced by environmental toxicants have made oxidative stress a risk factor for the intestinal barrier injury and growth restriction, which is serious health threat for human and livestock and induces significant economic loss. It is well-known that diquat-induced oxidative stress is implicated in the intestinal barrier injury. Although some studies have shown that mitochondria are the primary target organelle of diquat, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Recently, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) have aroused increasing concerns among scholars, which participate in mitochondrial dynamics and signal transduction. In this study, we investigated whether MAMs involved in intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells). The results showed that diquat induced growth restriction and impaired intestinal barrier. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased and mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased following diquat exposure. The ultrastructure of mitochondria and MAMs was also disturbed. Meanwhile, diquat upregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress marker protein and activated PERK pathway. Furthermore, loosening MAMs alleviated intestinal barrier injury, decrease of antioxidant enzyme activity and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by diquat in IPEC-J2 cells, while tightening MAMs exacerbated diquat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggested that MAMs may be associated with the intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by diquat in the jejunum of piglets.

New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widespread and multifactorial disorder, and the study of its pathogenesis and treatment remains challenging. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that maintains cellular renewal and homeostasis, is essential for maintaining antimicrobial defense, preserving epithelial barrier integrity, promoting mucosal immune response, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and regulating gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Dysfunctional autophagy is implicated in the pathological mechanisms of MetS, involving insulin resistance (IR), chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with IR being a predominant feature. The study of autophagy represents a valuable field of research with significant clinical implications for identifying autophagy-related signals, pathways, mechanisms, and treatment options for MetS. Given the multifactorial etiology and various potential risk factors, it is imperative to explore the interplay between autophagy and gut microbiota in MetS more thoroughly. This will facilitate the elucidation of new mechanisms underlying the crosstalk among autophagy, gut microbiota, and MetS, thereby providing new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of MetS.

Effects of hesperidin on mitochondrial function, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and IP3R-MCU calcium axis in the intestine of piglets exposed to deoxynivalenol

Deoxynivalenol (DON) pollution is prevalent in crops, and can induce oxidative stress and intestinal injury. Hesperidin is one of the major flavonoids in citrus fruits that has various biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, whether hesperidin could alleviate DON-induced intestinal injury and the mechanism remain unclear. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) have attracted attention for their crucial signaling points to regulate ER-mitochondria calcium transfer. This study aims to evaluate the effects of hesperidin on the intestinal barrier, mitochondrial function, MAMs, and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) calcium axis in the intestine of piglets exposed to DON. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for a 21-d experiment: Control: basal diet; hesperidin group: basal diet + 300 mg kg-1 hesperidin; DON: basal diet + 1.5 mg kg-1 DON; DON + hesperidin group: basal diet + 1.5 mg kg-1 DON + 300 mg kg-1 hesperidin. The data showed that when compared with the DON group, hesperidin improved growth performance and the intestinal barrier, alleviated intestinal oxidative stress and ER stress, and decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (P < 0.05). Hesperidin also alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in the intestine of piglets exposed to DON (P < 0.05). Importantly, hesperidin prevented excessive MAM formation by downregulating the protein levels of Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75), decreasing the ratio of the mitochondria with MAMs/total mitochondria and the ratio of MAM length/mitochondrial perimeter and lengthening the mitochondria-ER distance in MAMs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hesperidin regulated the IP3R-glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75)-voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)-MCU calcium axis by decreasing the protein levels of GRP75 and MCU and the calcium level of the mitochondria compared with the DON group (P < 0.05). An in vitro experiment was conducted to further explore whether IP3R-mediated ER-mitochondria calcium transfer was involved in the protective effects of hesperidin on the intestinal epithelium barrier and mitochondria. Data showed that hesperidin may exert protective effects on the intestinal epithelium barrier and mitochondria via inhibiting ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer mediated by IP3Rs. These data suggested that hesperidin could alleviate MAM-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload, thereby improving mitochondrial function and alleviating oxidative stress and intestinal injury in DON-challenged piglets.

Mitochondrial quality control dysfunction in osteoarthritis: Mechanisms, therapeutic strategies & future prospects

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, pain, and disability. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial quality control dysfunction contributes to OA pathogenesis. Mitochondria are essential organelles to generate cellular energy via oxidative phosphorylation and regulate vital processes. Impaired mitochondria can negatively impact cellular metabolism and result in the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dysfunction in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms has been increasingly linked to OA onset and progression. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of mitochondrial quality control disruption in OA, highlighting disturbed mitochondrial dynamics, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defenses and mitophagy. The review also discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial Quality Control in OA, offering future perspectives on advancing OA therapeutic strategies.

Regulation of oxidative stress in the intestine of piglets after enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is recognized globally as a major gastrointestinal pathogen that impairs intestinal function. ETEC infection can lead to oxidative stress and disruption of intestinal integrity. The present study investigated the mechanism of increased oxidative stress and whether restoration of antioxidant defense could improve intestinal integrity in a piglet model with ETEC infection. Weaned piglets were divided into three groups: control, ETEC-infection and ETEC-infection with antibiotic supplementation. The infection caused a significant elevation of serum diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate levels coupled with a reduced intestinal (mid-jejunum) tight-junction protein expression, suggesting increased intestinal permeability and impaired gut function. The infection also inhibited nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, decreased the expression of glutathione synthesizing enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the intestine. This led to a decreased antioxidant glutathione level and an increased lipid peroxidation in the intestine and serum, indicating oxidative stress. The infection stimulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α). Antibiotic supplementation attenuated oxidative stress, in part, through restoration of glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme expression in the intestine. Such a treatment enhanced tight-junction protein expression and improved intestinal function. Furthermore, induction of oxidative stress in Caco2 cells by hydrogen peroxide inhibited tight-junction protein expression and stimulated inflammatory cytokine expression. Glutathione supplementation effectively attenuated oxidative stress and restored tight-junction protein expression. These results suggest that downregulation of Nrf2 activation may weaken antioxidant defense and increase oxidative stress in the intestine. Mitigation of oxidative stress can improve intestinal function after infection.

The mechanism of curcumin to protect mouse ovaries from oxidative damage by regulating AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagy

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is considered the main cause of granulosa cell apoptosis in ovarian disease. Curcumin has various biological roles, but its potential role in protecting granulosa cells from oxidative damage remains unidentified.

PURPOSE

The study revealed the protective effect of curcumin on granulosa cell survival under oxidative stress, and explored its mode of action.

STUDY DESIGN

The protective effect of curcumin on oxidative stress-induced ovarian cell apoptosis was evaluated in vivo and in vitro, and the role of autophagy and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in this process was also demonstrated.

METHODS

First, mice were injected to 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA, 20 mg/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days to establish the ovarian oxidative stress model, at same time, curcumin (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day) was given orally. Thereafter, functional changes, cell apoptosis, and autophagy in ovarian tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, TUNEL assays, and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, oxidative stress model of granulosa cells was established with H2O2in vitro and treated with curcumin. The underlying mechanisms of curcumin to protect the apoptosis under oxidative stress in vitro were determined using western blotting and TUNEL assays.

RESULTS

In our study, after curcumin treatment, the mouse ovarian function disorder under 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress recovered significantly, and ovarian cell apoptosis decreased. H2O2 induced granulosa cell apoptosis in vitro, and curcumin antagonized this process. Autophagy contributes to tissue and cell survival under stress. We therefore examined the role of autophagy in this process. According to the in vivo and in vitro results, curcumin restored autophagy under oxidative stress. The autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine) exhibited the same effect as curcumin, whereas the autophagy activator (rapamycin) antagonized the effect of curcumin. In addition, the study found that the AMPK/mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in curcumin- mediated autophagy to protect against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our findings for the first time systematically revealed a new mechanism through which curcumin protects ovarian granulosa cells from oxidative stress-induced damage through AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy and suggested that it can be a new therapeutic direction for female ovarian diseases.

Protective effect of crocin on peroxidation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells

The antioxidant properties of crocin are attracting interest, yet the underlying mechanisms by which crocin mitigates oxidative stress-induced intestinal damage have not been determined. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of crocin on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intestinal epithelial injury in intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in IPEC-J2 cells, crocin was added to assess its effects. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assays and flow cytometry. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were quantified. We investigated, in which cell oxidation and apoptosis were measured at the gene and protein levels and employed transcriptome analysis to probe the mechanism of action and validate relevant pathways. The results showed that crocin ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS and MDA levels and by countering the reductions in CAT, total antioxidant capacity, and SOD. Crocin also attenuates the upregulation of key targets in the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, it effectively mitigated IPEC-J2 cell apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in cell cycle factor expression, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis pathway activity. In addition, crocin preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier by protecting tight junction proteins against oxidative stress. Transcriptome sequencing analysis suggested that the mitochondrial pathway may be a crucial mechanism through which crocin exerts its protective effects. In summary, crocin decreases oxidative stress molecule formation, inhibits Nrf2 pathway activity, prevents apoptosis-induced damage, enhances oxidative stress resistance in IPEC-J2 cells, and maintains redox balance in the pig intestine.

Mitochondrial quality control in human health and disease

Mitochondria, the most crucial energy-generating organelles in eukaryotic cells, play a pivotal role in regulating energy metabolism. However, their significance extends beyond this, as they are also indispensable in vital life processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, and redox balance. In response to various physiological signals or external stimuli, a sophisticated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanism has evolved, encompassing key processes like mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy, which have garnered increasing attention from researchers to unveil their specific molecular mechanisms. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the primary mechanisms and functions of key regulators involved in major components of MQC. Furthermore, the critical physiological functions regulated by MQC and its diverse roles in the progression of various systemic diseases have been described in detail. We also discuss agonists or antagonists targeting MQC, aiming to explore potential therapeutic and research prospects by enhancing MQC to stabilize mitochondrial function.

NLRX1 Mediates the Disruption of Intestinal Mucosal Function Caused by Porcine Astrovirus Infection via the Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases/Myosin Light-Chain Kinase (ERK/MLCK) Pathway

Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) has a potential zoonotic risk, with a high proportion of co-infection occurring with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and other diarrheal pathogens. Despite its high prevalence, the cellular mechanism of PAstV pathogenesis is ill-defined. Previous proteomics analyses have revealed that the differentially expressed protein NOD-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) located in the mitochondria participates in several important antiviral signaling pathways in PAstV-4 infection, which are closely related to mitophagy. In this study, we confirmed that PAstV-4 infection significantly up-regulated NLRX1 and mitophagy in Caco-2 cells, while the silencing of NLRX1 or the treatment of mitophagy inhibitor 3-MA inhibited PAstV-4 replication. Additionally, PAstV-4 infection triggered the activation of the extracellular regulated protein kinases/ myosin light-chain kinase (ERK/MLCK) pathway, followed by the down-regulation of tight-junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) as well as MUC-2 expression. The silencing of NLRX1 or the treatment of 3-MA inhibited myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation and up-regulated occludin and ZO-1 proteins. Treatment of the ERK inhibitor PD98059 also inhibited MLC phosphorylation, while MLCK inhibitor ML-7 mitigated the down-regulation of mucosa-related protein expression induced by PAstV-4 infection. Yet, adding PD98059 or ML-7 did not affect NLRX1 expression. In summary, this study preliminarily explains that NLRX1 plays an important role in the disruption of intestinal mucosal function triggered by PAstV-4 infection via the ERK/MLC pathway. It will be helpful for further antiviral drug target screening and disease therapy.

Hydroxytyrosol Alleviates Intestinal Oxidative Stress by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism in a Piglet Model

Infants and young animals often suffer from intestinal damage caused by oxidative stress, which may adversely affect their overall health. Hydroxytyrosol, a plant polyphenol, has shown potential in decreasing intestinal oxidative stress, but its application and mechanism of action in infants and young animals are still inadequately documented. This study selected piglets as a model to investigate the alleviating effects of hydroxytyrosol on intestinal oxidative stress induced by diquat and its potential mechanism. Hydroxytyrosol improved intestinal morphology, characterized by higher villus height and villus height/crypt depth. Meanwhile, hydroxytyrosol led to higher expression of Occludin, MUC2, Nrf2, and its downstream genes, and lower expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both oxidative stress and hydroxytyrosol resulted in a higher abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and a lower abundance of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, without a significant effect on short-chain fatty acids levels. Oxidative stress also led to disorders in bile acid (BA) metabolism, such as the lower levels of primary BAs, hyocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid, which were partially restored by hydroxytyrosol. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between these BA levels and the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes. Collectively, hydroxytyrosol may reduce oxidative stress-induced intestinal damage by regulating BA metabolism.

Nicotinamide Supplementation Mitigates Oxidative Injury of Bovine Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Autophagy Modulation

The small intestine is important to the digestion and absorption of rumen undegradable nutrients, as well as the barrier functionality and immunological responses in ruminants. Oxidative stress induces a spectrum of pathophysiological symptoms and nutritional deficits, causing various gastrointestinal ailments. Previous studies have shown that nicotinamide (NAM) has antioxidant properties, but the potential mechanism has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of NAM on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative injury in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) and its potential mechanism. The results showed that NAM increased the cell viability and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in BIECs challenged by H2O2. The NAM exhibited increased expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase 2, and tight junction proteins. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was increased in BIECs challenged by H2O2, and NAM significantly decreased the expression of autophagy-related proteins. When an autophagy-specific inhibitor was used, the oxidative injury in BIECs was not alleviated by NAM, and the T-AOC and the release of LDH were not affected. Collectively, these results indicated that NAM could alleviate oxidative injury in BIECs by enhancing antioxidant capacity and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins, and autophagy played a crucial role in the alleviation.

HO-1-induced autophagy establishes a HO-1-p62-Nrf2 positive feedback loop to reduce gut permeability in cholestatic liver disease

OBJECTIVES

The gut-liver axis disruption is a unified pathogenetic principle of cholestatic liver disease (CSLD). Increased gut permeability is the leading cause of gut-liver axis disruption. HO-1 is capable of protecting against gut-liver axis injury. However, it has rarely been reported whether autophagy is involved in HO-1 protecting gut-liver barrier integrity and the underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) was established as CSLD model in vivo. Caco-2 cells with LPS treatment was established as in vitro cell model. Immunofluorescence, western blot and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) assay were used to observe epithelial tight junction (TJ) and autophagy. Liver injury and fibrosis were evaluated as well through H&E staining, masson staining, sirius red staining and ELISA.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that the epithelial TJ and TER were notably reduced both in BDL mice and in LPS treated intestinal epithelial cells. Increased HO-1 expression could significantly induce intestinal epithelial cell autophagy. Additionally, this increased autophagy level reversed the reduction effects of BDL or LPS on epithelial TJ and TER in vivo and in vitro, therefore decreased transaminase level in serum and relieved liver fibrosis in BDL mice. Besides, increased autophagy level in turn upregulated the expression of HO-1 by p62 degradation of Keap1 and subsequent activation of Nrf2 pathway. Collectively, these results indicate that HO-1 reduces gut permeability by enhancing autophagy level in CSLD, the increased autophagy establishes a HO-1-p62-Nrf2 positive feedback loop to further improve gut-liver axis disruption. Therefore, our study confirms the critical role of autophagy in HO-1 ameliorating gut-liver axis injury during CSLD, highlighting HO-1 as a promising therapeutic target.

Antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of curcumin and curcuminoids in SH-SY5Y cells infected by SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, affects neuronal cells, causing several symptoms such as memory loss, anosmia and brain inflammation. Curcuminoids (Me08 e Me23) and curcumin (CUR) are derived from Curcuma Longa extract (EXT). Many therapeutic actions have been linked to these compounds, including antiviral action. Given the severe implications of COVID-19, especially within the central nervous system, our study aims to shed light on the therapeutic potential of curcuminoids against SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in neuronal cells. Here, we investigated the effects of CUR, EXT, Me08 and Me23 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. We observed that Me23 significantly decreased the expression of plasma membrane-associated transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and TMPRSS11D, consequently mitigating the elevated ROS levels induced by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, Me23 exhibited antioxidative properties by increasing NRF2 gene expression and restoring NQO1 activity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both Me08 and Me23 effectively reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing ACE2 (SH-ACE2). Additionally, all of these compounds demonstrated the ability to decrease proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17, while Me08 specifically reduced INF-γ levels. Our findings suggest that curcuminoid Me23 could serve as a potential agent for mitigating the impact of COVID-19, particularly within the context of central nervous system involvement.

Imaging Findings and Toxicological Mechanisms of Nervous System Injury Caused by Diquat

Diquat (DQ) is a nonselective bipyridine herbicide with a structure resembling paraquat (PQ). In recent years, the utilization of DQ as a substitute for PQ has grown, leading to an increase in DQ poisoning cases. While the toxicity mechanism of DQ remains unclear, it is primarily attributed to the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) through the process of reduction oxidation. This results in oxidative stress, leading to a cascade of clinical symptoms. Notably, recent reports on DQ poisoning have highlighted a concerning trend: an upsurge in cases involving neurological damage caused by DQ poisoning. These patients often present with severe illness and a high mortality rate, with no effective treatment available thus far. Imaging findings from these cases have shown that neurological damage tends to concentrate on the brainstem. However, the specific mechanisms behind this poisoning remain unclear, and no specific antidote exists. This review summarizes the research progress on DQ poisoning and explores potential mechanisms. By shedding light on the nerve damage associated with DQ poisoning, we hope to raise awareness, propose new avenues for investigating the mechanisms of DQ poisoning, and lay the groundwork for the development of treatment strategies for DQ poisoning. Trial registration number: 2024PS174K.

Effect of resistance training plus enriched probiotic supplement on sestrin2, oxidative stress, and mitophagy markers in elderly male Wistar rats

This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance training combined with a probiotic supplement enriched with vitamin D and leucine on sestrin2, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, and mitophagy markers in aged Wistar rats. Thirty-five male rats were randomly assigned to two age groups (old with 18-24 months of age and young with 8-12 weeks of age) and then divided into five groups, including (1) old control (OC: n = 5 + 2 for reserve in all groups), (2) young control (YC: n = 5), (3) old resistance training (OR: n = 5), (4) old resistance training plus supplement (ORS: n = 5), and old supplement group (OS: n = 5). Training groups performed ladder climbing resistance training 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Training intensity was inserted progressively, with values equal to 65, 75, and 85, determining rats' maximal carrying load capacity. Each animal made 5 to 8 climbs in each training session, and the time of each climb was between 12 and 15 s, although the time was not the subject of the evaluation, and the climbing pattern was different in the animals. Old resistance plus supplement and old supplement groups received 1 ml of supplement 5 times per week by oral gavage in addition to standard feeding, 1 to 2 h post training sessions. Forty-eight hours after the end of the training program, 3 ml of blood samples were taken, and all rats were then sacrificed to achieve muscle samples. After 8 weeks of training, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity levels increased in both interventions. A synergistic effect of supplement with resistance training was observed for total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and PTEN-induced kinase 1. Sestrin 2 decreased in intervention groups. These results suggest that resistance training plus supplement can boost antioxidant defense and mitophagy while potentially decreasing muscle strength loss.

Immobilizing c(RGDfc) on the surface of metal-phenolic networks by thiol-click reaction for accelerating osteointegration of implant

The limited osteointegration often leads to the failure of implant, which can be improved by fixing bioactive molecules onto the surface, such as arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD): a cell adhesion motif. Metal-Phenolic Networks (MPNs) have garnered increasing attention from different disciplines in recent years due to their simple and rapid process for depositing on various substrates or particles with different shapes. However, the lack of cellular binding sites on MPNs greatly blocks its application in tissue engineering. In this study, we present a facile and efficient approach for producing PC/Fe@c(RGDfc) composite coatings through the conjugation of c(RGDfc) peptides onto the surface of PC/Fe-MPNs utilizing thiol-click reaction. By combined various techniques (ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, water contact angle, scanning electronic microscopy, atomic force microscopy) the physicochemical properties (composition, coating mechanism and process, modulus and hydrophilicity) of PC/Fe@c(RGDfc) surface were characterized in detail. In addition, the PC/Fe@c(RGDfc) coating exhibits the remarkable ability to positively modulate cellular attachment, proliferation, migration and promoted bone-implant integration in vivo, maintaining the inherent features of MPNs: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative properties, as well as multiple substrate deposition. This work contributes to engineering MPNs-based coatings with bioactive molecules by a facile and efficient thiol-click reaction, as an innovative perspective for future development of surface modification of implant materials.

Sporisorium reilianum polysaccharides improve DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating intestinal barrier function and metabolites

This study investigated the regulatory effects of Sporisorium reilianum polysaccharides (SRPS) on metabolism and the intestinal barrier in mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). SRPS were resistant to the digestion of saliva, gastric juices, and intestinal fluid. SRPS significantly reduced the disease activity index and inhibited DSS-induced colon shortening. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the colon was normal (P < 0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid contents increased. Moreover, 64 biomarker metabolites were affected, including 42 abnormal decreases and 22 abnormal increases caused by DSS, which targeted amino acid biosynthesis; tryptophan metabolism; protein digestion and absorption; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. In addition, SRPS reduced goblet cell loss and increased mucin secretion. The short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 was activated, and zonula occludens-1 and occludin expression levels were upregulated. Epithelial cell apoptosis was inhibited by increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax expression NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 protein levels decreased. Intestinal barrier damage improved, and colon inflammation was reduced. Thus, our preliminary findings reveal that SRPS regulates metabolism and has the potential to protect the intestinal barrier in ulcerative colitis mice.

TFEB regulates the odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells by promoting a positive feedback loop between mitophagy and glycolysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the regulatory effect of transcription factor EB (TFEB) on the odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs) in vivo and in vitro.

DESIGNS

RNA-seq was used to detect differentially expressed genes in differentiated DPSCs. Lysosomes and the expression of the related gene TFEB were examined in DPSCs. DPSCs were then transfected with lentivirus for TFEB-overexpression. Cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 and EdU assays, while cell differentiation was detected using ALP and ARS detection kits. Subsequently, mitophagy and cell metabolism were examined using TEM and Seahorse. An odontoblastic differentiation model was constructed subcutaneously in nude mice. Finally, the effects of glycolysis and mitophagy inhibitors were evaluated on odontoblastic differentiation and the associated mechanisms were explored.

RESULTS

TFEB overexpression promoted a significant increase in ALP activity and the expression of differentiation-related genes in DPSCs, while it inhibited cell proliferation. In vivo, TFEB overexpression caused higher bone volume/trabecular volume(BV/TV), and an increase in collagen formation and heightened DMP-1 expression. Furthermore, Seahorse flux analysis demonstrated that TFEB promoted metabolic reprogramming. Transmission electron microscope(TEM) results indicated an increase in mitochondrial autophagosomes after TFEB overexpression, and the expression of mitophagy-related genes was also elevated. The odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs promoted by TFEB overexpression was suppressed after the addition of 2-DG and Midiv-1. Addition of Midiv-1 reduced the glycolytic rate of DPSCs, while addition of 2-DG also decreased the mitophagy level of the cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that TFEB promoted the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs and identified mitophagy and metabolic reprogramming as a positive feedback loop.

Genistein Alleviates Intestinal Oxidative Stress by Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells

In the weaning period, piglets often face oxidative stress, which will cause increased diarrhea and mortality. Genistein, a flavonoid, which is extracted from leguminous plants, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidative bioactivities. However, little is known about whether genistein could attenuate the oxidative stress that occurs in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Herein, this experiment was carried out to investigate the protective effects of genistein in the IPEC-J2 cells oxidative stress model. Our results disclosed that H2O2 stimulation brought about a significant diminution in catalase (CAT) activity and cell viability, as well as an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05), whereas pretreating cells with genistein before H2O2 exposure helped to alleviate the reduction in CAT activity and cell viability (p < 0.05) and the raise in the levels of ROS (p = 0.061) caused by H2O2. Furthermore, H2O2 stimulation of IPEC-J2 cells remarkably suppressed gene level Nrf2 and CAT expression, in addition to protein level Nrf2 expression, but pretreating cells with genistein reversed this change (p < 0.05). Moreover, genistein pretreatment prevented the downregulation of occludin expression at the gene and protein level, and ZO-1 expression at gene level (p < 0.05). In summary, our findings indicate that genistein possesses an antioxidant capacity in IPEC-J2 cells which is effective against oxidative stress; the potential mechanism may involve the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our findings could offer a novel nutritional intervention strategy to enhance the intestinal health of piglets during the weaning process.

The dysregulated autophagy in osteoarthritis: Revisiting molecular profile

The risk factors of osteoarthritis (OA) are different and obesity, lifestyle, inflammation, cell death mechanisms and diabetes mellitus are among them. The changes in the biological mechanisms are considered as main regulators of OA pathogenesis. The dysregulation of autophagy is observed in different human diseases. During the pathogenesis of OA, the autophagy levels (induction or inhibition) change. The supportive and pro-survival function of autophagy can retard the progression of OA. The protective autophagy prevents the cartilage degeneration. Moreover, autophagy demonstrates interactions with cell death mechanisms and through inhibition of apoptosis and necroptosis, it improves OA. The non-coding RNA molecules can regulate autophagy and through direct and indirect control of autophagy, they dually delay/increase OA pathogenesis. The mitochondrial integrity can be regulated by autophagy to alleviate OA. Furthermore, therapeutic compounds, especially phytochemicals, stimulate protective autophagy in chondrocytes to prevent cell death. The protective autophagy has ability of reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, as two key players in the pathogenesis of OA.

The Modulatory Effects of Curcumin on the Gut Microbiota: A Potential Strategy for Disease Treatment and Health Promotion

Curcumin (CUR) is a lipophilic natural polyphenol that can be isolated from the rhizome of turmeric. Studies have proposed that CUR possesses a variety of biological activities. Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, CUR shows promise in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, while its anti-obesity effects make it a potential therapeutic agent in the management of obesity. In addition, curcumin's ability to prevent atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular benefits further expand its potential application in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, owing to the limited bioavailability of CUR, it is difficult to validate its specific mechanism of action in the treatment of diseases. However, the restricted bioavailability of CUR makes it challenging to confirm its precise mode of action in disease treatment. Recent research indicates that the oral intake of curcumin may lead to elevated levels of residual curcumin in the gastrointestinal system, hinting at curcumin's potential to directly influence gut microbiota. Furthermore, the ecological dysregulation of the gut microbiota has been shown to be critical in the pathogenesis of human diseases. This review summarizes the impact of gut dysbiosis on host health and the various ways in which curcumin modulates dysbiosis and ameliorates various diseases caused by it through the administration of curcumin.

Exploiting Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery: Advancing the Anti-Cancer Effects of Autophagy-Modulating Compounds in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Background

Cancer continues to be a prominent issue in the field of medicine, as demonstrated by recent studies emphasizing the significant role of autophagy in the development of cancer. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides a variety of anti-tumor agents capable of regulating autophagy. However, the clinical application of autophagy-modulating compounds derived from TCM is impeded by their restricted water solubility and bioavailability. To overcome this challenge, the utilization of nanotechnology has been suggested as a potential solution. Nonetheless, the current body of literature on nanoparticles delivering TCM-derived autophagy-modulating anti-tumor compounds for cancer treatment is limited, lacking comprehensive summaries and detailed descriptions.

Methods

Up to November 2023, a comprehensive research study was conducted to gather relevant data using a variety of databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI. The keywords utilized in this investigation included "autophagy", "nanoparticles", "traditional Chinese medicine" and "anticancer".

Results

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of nanotechnology in overcoming delivery challenges and enhancing the anti-cancer properties of autophagy-modulating compounds in TCM. The evaluation is based on a synthesis of different classes of autophagy-modulating compounds in TCM, their mechanisms of action in cancer treatment, and their potential benefits as reported in various scholarly sources. The findings indicate that nanotechnology shows potential in enhancing the availability of autophagy-modulating agents in TCM, thereby opening up a plethora of potential therapeutic avenues.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of autophagy-modulating compounds in traditional TCM, through regulation of autophagy.

L-Citrulline Ameliorates Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Quality Control via Activating AMPK Pathway in Intestine and Improves Microbiota in Mice with Iron Overload

SCOPE

Oxidative stress caused by iron overload tends to result in intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction and intestinal microbiota imbalance. As a neutral and nonprotein amino acid, L-Citrulline (L-cit) has been implicated in antioxidant and mitochondrial amelioration properties. This study investigates whether L-cit can alleviate iron overload-induced intestinal injury and explores the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

C57BL/6J mice are intraperitoneally injected with iron dextran, then gavaged with different dose of L-cit for 2 weeks. L-cit treatment significantly alleviates intestine pathological injury, oxidative stress, ATP level, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activities, accompanied by ameliorating mitochondrial quality control. L-cit-mediated protection is associated with the upregulation of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, inhibition Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy and ferroptosis, and improvement of gut microbiota. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) cells are treated with L-cit or AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. AMPK signaling has been activated by L-cit. Notably, Compound C abolishes L-cit's protection on intestinal barrier, mitochondrial function, and antioxidative capacity in IPEC-J2 cells.

CONCLUSION

L-cit may restrain ferritinophagy and ferroptosis to regulate iron metabolism, and induce AMPK pathway activation, which contributes to exert antioxidation, ameliorate iron metabolism and mitochondrial quality control, and improve intestinal microbiota. L-cit is a promising therapeutic strategy for iron overload-induced intestinal injury.

Promotion of transcription factor EB-dependent autophagic process by curcumin alleviates arsenic-caused lung oxidative stress and inflammation in mice

Arsenic is a human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment, and arsenic exposure from drinking water has received widespread attention as a global public health problem. Curcumin is a natural bioactive substance with high efficiency and low toxicity extracted from turmeric, which has a variety of biological properties such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anticancer, and immuno-modulatory activities. Curcumin is widely used in daily life as a food additive and dietary supplement. However, its protective effects in lung injuries by chronic arsenic exposure orally remain unexplored. In this study, curcumin treatment not only significantly accelerated arsenic elimination and improved lung tissue morphology, but also decreased arsenic-generated ROS by activating Nrf2 and its down-stream antioxidants. Further, curcumin alleviated inflammatory changes in mice exposed to arsenic for 6 and 12 weeks, as manifested by lung MPO levels, total protein and cellular levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum IL-4 levels, and MAPK/NF-κB expression in lung tissue. Notably, our study also confirmed that curcumin could promote the expression and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), as well as activate TFEB-regulated autophagy in lung tissue of arsenic-treated mice, accompanied by inhibition of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Overall, our study here suggests that natural bioactive compound curcumin could alleviate arsenic-induced pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo, which is closely related to enhanced TFEB activity and induction of the autophagic process.

Deoxynivalenol induced intestinal barrier injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium overload by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs)-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) calcium axis

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination is widespread in crops and could easily cause intestinal injury, which brings hazards to animals. Mitochondria are considered as an important target of DON, nevertheless, the mechanism is still unclear. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) have gained arousing interest and are recognized as critical signaling hubs that control calcium signaling transduction between ER and mitochondria. This study aims to investigate the effects of DON on intestinal barrier, mitochondria, MAMs and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs)-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) calcium axis in piglets and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Furthermore, inhibition of IP3Rs or MCU was used to explore whether IP3Rs-MCU axis of MAMs was involved in the mitochondria dysfunction and intestinal epithelium barrier injury induced by DON in IPEC-J2. The data showed that DON induced intestinal barrier injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS in piglets' jejunum and IPEC-J2. Moreover, DON increased MAMs by upregulating the protein level of Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), increasing the percentage of mitochondria with MAMs/total mitochondria and the ratio of MAMs length/mitochondrial perimeter and shortening the distance between mitochondria and ER of MAMs. Importantly, DON influenced IP3Rs-glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75)-voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)-MCU calcium axis by increasing the protein levels of GRP75 and MCU and the interaction of VDAC1-GRP75-IP3Rs complex, which in turn induced mitochondrial calcium overload. Furthermore, inhibition of IP3Rs or MCU alleviated DON-induced intestinal epithelium barrier injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial calcium overload of IPEC-J2. The current investigation proposed that DON induced intestinal injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium overload via IP3Rs-GRP75-VDAC1-MCU calcium axis.

Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates 3-MCPD-induced renal cell pyroptosis by activating mitophagy

Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) is among the most significant effective pharmacological components in ginseng. 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), a chloropropanol-like contaminant, is produced in the production of refined oils and thermal processing of food. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death triggered by inflammasomes. Excessive pyroptosis causes kidney injury and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed that 3-MCPD induced pyroptosis in mice and NRK-52E cells. In the present study, we find that Gs-Rb1 attenuates 3-MCPD-induced renal cell pyroptosis by assaying GSDMD-N, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β in mice and NRK-52E cells. In further mechanistic studies, we show that Gs-Rb1 removes damaged mitochondria via mitophagy and reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, therefore alleviating 3-MCPD-induced NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) activation and pyroptosis. The above results are further validated by the addition of autophagy inhibitor Chloroquine (CQ) and mitophagy inhibitor Cyclosporin A (CsA). Afterward, we explore how Gs-Rb1 activated mitophagy in vitro. We determine that Gs-Rb1 enhances the protein expression and nuclear translocation of Transcription factor EB (TFEB). However, silencing of the TFEB gene by small interfering RNA technology reverses the role of Gs-Rb1 in activating mitophagy. Therefore, we conclude that 3-MCPD damages mitochondria and leads to ROS accumulation, which causes NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis in ICR mice and NRK-52E cells, while Gs-Rb1 mitigates this phenomenon via the TFEB-mitophagy pathway. Our findings may provide new insights for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which Gs-Rb1 mitigates renal injury.

Gut microbiota contributes to bisphenol A-induced maternal intestinal and placental apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fetal growth restriction in pregnant ewe model by regulating gut-placental axis

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant with endocrine-disrupting properties that induce fetal growth restriction (FGR). Previous studies on pregnant ewes revealed that BPA exposure causes placental apoptosis and oxidative stress (OS) and decreases placental efficiency, consequently leading to FGR. Nonetheless, the response of gut microbiota to BPA exposure and its role in aggravating BPA-mediated apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and OS of the maternal placenta and intestine are unclear in an ovine model of gestation.

RESULTS

Two pregnant ewe groups (n = 8/group) were given either a subcutaneous (sc) injection of corn oil (CON group) or BPA (5 mg/kg/day) dissolved in corn oil (BPA group) once daily, from day 40 to day 110 of gestation. The maternal colonic digesta and the ileum and placental tissue samples were collected to measure the biomarkers of autophagy, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, ERS, and OS. To investigate the link between gut microbiota and the BPA-induced FGR in pregnant ewes, gut microbiota transplantation (GMT) was conducted in two pregnant mice groups (n = 10/group) from day 0 to day 18 of gestation after removing their intestinal microbiota by antibiotics. The results indicated that BPA aggravates apoptosis, ERS and autophagy, mitochondrial function injury of the placenta and ileum, and gut microbiota dysbiosis in pregnant ewes. GMT indicated that BPA-induced ERS, autophagy, and apoptosis in the ileum and placenta are attributed to gut microbiota dysbiosis resulting from BPA exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate the underlying role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and gut-placental axis behind the BPA-mediated maternal intestinal and placental apoptosis, OS, and FGR. The findings further provide novel insights into modulating the balance of gut microbiota through medication or probiotics, functioning via the gut-placental axis, to alleviate gut-derived placental impairment or FGR. Video Abstract.

Heat Shock Protein 22 Attenuates Nerve Injury-induced Neuropathic Pain Via Improving Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Reducing Oxidative Stress Mediated By Spinal AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway in Male Rats

Heat shock protein 22 (hsp22) plays a significant role in mitochondrial biogenesis and redox balance. Moreover, it's well accepted that the impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and redox imbalance contributes to the progress of neuropathic pain. However, there is no available evidence indicating that hsp22 can ameliorate mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, sustain mitochondrial biogenesis and redox balance in rats with neuropathic pain. In this study, pain behavioral test, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Dihydroethidium staining are applied to confirm the role of hsp22 in a male rat model of spared nerve injury (SNI). Our results indicate that hsp22 was significantly decreased in spinal neurons post SNI. Moreover, it was found that intrathecal injection (i.t.) with recombinant heat shock protein 22 protein (rhsp22) ameliorated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, facilitated nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1)/ mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis, decreased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and suppressed oxidative stress via activation of spinal adenosine 5'monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/ peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) pathway in male rats with SNI. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that AMPK antagonist (compound C, CC) or PGC-1α siRNA reversed the improved mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, and the decreased ROS induced by rhsp22 in male rats with SNI. These results revealed that hsp22 alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, improved the impairment of NRF1/TFAM-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis, down-regulated the level of ROS, and mitigated oxidative stress through stimulating the spinal AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in male rats with SNI.

Oleic acid as modulator of oxidative stress in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed high dietary lipid levels

Although the benefits of oleic acid (OA) have been established in mammals, its effects on fish remain understudied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of OA in the liver, intestine, and muscle of European sea bass juveniles fed diets containing different lipid levels. For that purpose, six diets with 16 or 22% lipids and 0, 1, and 2% OA were formulated and triplicate groups of European sea bass juveniles (21.4 g) were fed with these experimental diets for 9 weeks. Increasing dietary lipid levels or OA supplementation did not affect antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and muscle. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the intestine increased with both the dietary lipid and OA levels, while glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity increased only with dietary OA supplementation. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione (tGSH) content were higher in the liver and intestine of fish fed the low-lipid diets, while in the high-lipid diets it was lower in the muscle than in the liver and intestine. Present findings suggest that OA plays a role in the antioxidant defense mechanisms of European sea bass, particularly at the intestine level, but additional research is required to further assess the potential benefits of incorporating OA into the diets.

Accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors: Does the dose matter in swine production?

Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of physiological problems in swine, including reduced production efficiency. Recently, although there has been increased research into regulatory mechanisms and antioxidant strategies in relation to oxidative stress-induced pig production, it remains so far largely unsuccessful to develop accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors. Here, we discuss the dose and dose intensity of the causes of oxidative stress involving physiological, environmental and dietary factors, recent research models and the antioxidant strategies to provide theoretical guidance for future oxidative stress research in swine.

Transcription Factor EB: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke

Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is an important endogenous defensive protein that responds to ischemic stimuli. Acute ischemic stroke is a growing concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. Most survivors suffer from disabilities such as numbness or weakness in an arm or leg, facial droop, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, confusion, impaired balance or coordination, or loss of vision. Although TFEB plays a neuroprotective role, its potential effect on ischemic stroke remains unclear. This article describes the basic structure, regulation of transcriptional activity, and biological roles of TFEB relevant to ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explore the effects of TFEB on the various pathological processes underlying ischemic stroke and current therapeutic approaches. The information compiled here may inform clinical and basic studies on TFEB, which may be an effective therapeutic drug target for ischemic stroke.

Natural Products as Dietary Agents for the Prevention and Mitigation of Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in the Intestinal Barrier

Food intake is a basic need to sustain life, but foodborne pathogens and food-related xenobiotics are also the main health concerns regarding intestinal barrier homeostasis. With a predominant role in the well-being of the entire human body, intestinal barrier homeostasis is strictly regulated by epithelial and immune cells. These cells are also the main intervenients in oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases in the intestinal tract, triggered, for example, by genetic/epigenetic factors, food additives, pesticides, drugs, pathogens, and their metabolites. Nevertheless, the human diet can also be seen as a solution for the problem, mainly via the inclusion of functional foods or nutraceuticals that may act as antioxidant/anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and mitigate acute and chronic oxidative damage and inflammation. A literature analysis of recent advances in this topic highlights the significant role of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) pathways in these biological processes, with many natural products and phytochemicals targeting endogenous antioxidant systems and cytokine production and balance. In this review, we summarized and discussed studies using in vitro and in vivo models of the intestinal tract used to reproduce oxidative damage and inflammatory events, as well as the role of natural products as modulators of Nrf2 and NK-kB pathways.

Effects of curcumin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A scientific metrogy study

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases encountered in clinical practice. Curcumin can alleviate insulin resistance, inhibit oxidative stress response, reduce inflammation, reduce liver fat deposition, and effectively improve NAFLD through various modalities, inhibiting the progression into cirrhosis and fibrosis.

PURPOSE

To explore the current status, hot spots, and developing trends of curcumin in NAFLD treatment through quantitative scientific analysis to serve as a reference for subsequent studies.

STUDY DESIGN

A comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of action of curcumin in the treatment of NAFLD and methods to increase curcumin bioavailability using bibliometric analysis and literature review.

METHODS

This study used VOSviewer software to analyze the literature related to curcumin treatment of NAFLD in the Web of Science (WOS) core set database. A comprehensive and in-depth review was conducted based on the results of scientific econometric research and literature review.

RESULTS

The review observed that curcumin can activate various signaling pathways such as AMPK and NF-κB to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis, thereby reflecting its pharmacological effects: lowering lipid, anti-inflammatory, reducing insulin resistance, and anti-fibrosis. These mechanisms improve or even reverse the complex pathological features of lipid metabolism disorders associated with NAFLD. Curcumin also can potentially serve as a primary regulatory target for treating hepatic steatosis using gut microbiota. However, these pharmacological effects of curcumin were limited owing to its low bioavailability.

CONCLUSION

This review discusses NAFLD treatment with curcumin, analyzes the reasons for its low bioavailability, and introduces models for studying and methods for improving curcumin bioavailability. As research on NAFLD grows, future research should capture the trend of basic research, pay attention to clinical research, and continuously explore the therapeutic potential of curcumin.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermentation enhanced the protective effect of kiwifruit on intestinal injury in rats: Based on mitochondrial morphology and function

Fermented foods have protective effects on body health. In our previously study, we found Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermentation enhanced antioxidant activity of kiwifruit in vitro digestion. Then, in this work we explored the protective effect of fermented kiwi on intestinal injury induced by acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress. Compared to non-fermented kiwi pulp (KP), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermented kiwi pulp (FKP-LP) contained more peptides, hormones and vitamins contents, lesser nucleic acid and carbohydrate contents. FKP-LP could relieve the intestinal injury by improving morphological of tight junction and upregulating tight junction proteins mRNA expression. Fermented kiwi maintained the mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial respiratory function, and mitochondrial homeostasis, and relieved the LPS induced injury by regulating the contents of energy substances, and the respiratory chain complex enzyme activity through the pathway of AMPK and its downstream factors including PGC-1α, NRF1, NRF2, TFAM, and ULK2.

Nanocurcumin Reduces High Glucose and Particulate Matter-Induced Endothelial Inflammation: Mitochondrial Function and Involvement of miR-221/222

Purpose

Particulate matter (PM) 2.5, harmful air pollutants, and diabetes are associated with high morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the combined effects of PM and diabetes on CVD remain unclear.

Methods

Endothelial cells (ECs) treated with high glucose (HG) and PM mimic hyperglycemia and air pollutant exposure in CVD. Endothelial inflammation was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence of ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion. The mechanisms underlying endothelial inflammation were elucidated through MitoSOX Red analysis, JC-1 staining, MitoTracker analysis, and Western blot analysis of mitochondrial fission-related, autophagy-related, and mitophagy-related proteins. Furthermore. nanocurcumin (NCur) pretreatment was used to test if it has a protective effect.

Results

ECs under co-exposure to HG and PM increased ICAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion, whereas NCur pretreatment attenuated these changes and improved endothelial inflammation. PM exposure increased mitochondrial ROS levels, worsened mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted mitochondrial fission, induced mitophagy, and aggravated inflammation in HG-treated ECs, while NCur reversed these changes. Also, HG and PM-induced endothelial inflammation is through the JNK signaling pathway and miR-221/222 specifically targeting ICAM-1 and BNIP3. PM exposure also aggravated mitochondrial ROS levels, mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, and endothelial inflammation in STZ-induced hyperglycemic mice, whereas NCur attenuated these changes.

Conclusion

This study elucidated the mechanisms underlying HG and PM-induced endothelial inflammation in vitro and in vivo. HG and PM treatment increased mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial fission, and mitophagy in ECs, whereas NCur reversed these conditions. In addition, miR-221/222 plays a role in the amelioration of endothelial inflammation through targeting Bnip3 and ICAM-1, and NCur pretreatment can modulate miR-221/222 levels. Therefore, NCur may be a promising approach to intervene in diabetes and air pollution-induced CVD.

Global research trends and hot spots on autophagy and kidney diseases: a bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022

Background: Autophagy is an essential cellular process involving the self-degradation and recycling of organelles, proteins, and cellular debris. Recent research has shown that autophagy plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of kidney diseases. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis regarding the relationship between autophagy and kidney diseases. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted by searching for literature related to autophagy and kidney diseases in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2000 to 2022. Data processing was carried out using R package "Bibliometrix", VOSviewers, and CiteSpace. Results: A total of 4,579 articles related to autophagy and kidney diseases were collected from various countries. China and the United States were the main countries contributing to the publications. The number of publications in this field showed a year-on-year increasing trend, with open-access journals playing a major role in driving the literature output. Nanjing Medical University in China, Osaka University in Japan, and the University of Pittsburgh in the United States were the main research institutions. The journal "International journal of molecular sciences" had the highest number of publications, while "Autophagy" was the most influential journal in the field. These articles were authored by 18,583 individuals, with Dong, Zheng; Koya, Daisuke; and Kume, Shinji being the most prolific authors, and Dong, Zheng being the most frequently co-cited author. Research on autophagy mainly focused on diabetic kidney diseases, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. "Autophagy", "apoptosis", and "oxidative stress" were the primary research hotspots. Topics such as "diabetic kidney diseases", "sepsis", "ferroptosis", "nrf2", "hypertension" and "pi3k" may represent potential future development trends. Research on autophagy has gradually focused on metabolic-related kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and hypertension. Additionally, PI3K, NRF2, and ferroptosis have been recent research directions in the field of autophagy mechanisms. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study summarizing the relationship between autophagy and kidney diseases. The findings aid in identifying recent research frontiers and hot topics, providing valuable references for scholars investigating the role of autophagy in kidney diseases.

Pharmacological intervention of curcumin via the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke

Ischemic-induced neuronal injury arises due to low oxygen/nutrient levels and an inflammatory response that exacerbates neuronal loss. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is an important regulator of inflammation after ischemic stroke, with its inhibition being involved in nerve regeneration. Curcumin, a main active ingredient in Chinese herbs, plays a positive role in neuronal repair and neuroprotection by regulating the NLRP3 signaling pathway. Nevertheless, the signaling mechanisms relating to how curcumin regulates NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammation and neural restoration following ischemic stroke are unknown. In this report, we summarize the main biological functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome along with the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of curcumin via impairment of the NLRP3 pathway in ischemic brain injury. We also discuss the role of medicinal interventions that target the NLRP3 and potential pathways, as well as possible directions for curcumin therapy to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hinder inflammation in ischemic stroke. This report conclusively demonstrates that curcumin has neuroprotective properties that inhibit inflammation and prevent nerve cell loss, thereby delaying the progression of ischemic brain damage.

Xinmaikang-mediated mitophagy attenuates atherosclerosis via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

The Chinese herbal compound Xinmaikang (XMK) is effective in treating atherosclerosis (AS), although the associated mechanisms of action remain unclear. We hypothesize that XMK increases mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway and decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus treating AS.

PURPOSE

To explore the above-mentioned mechanisms of action of XMK in AS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography assay was performed to clarify the composition of XMK. A 16-week high-fat diet was fed to APOE-/- mice to form an AS model. Next, mice were given XMK(0.95 g/kg/d, 1.99 g/kg/d, 3.98 g/kg/d, i.g.) or Atorvastatin(3 mg/kg/d, i.g.) or Rapamycin(4 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or XMK with Mdivi-1(40 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or an equivalent amount of normal saline for 4 weeks. Then mice were examined for AS plaque area, lesion area, collagen fiber, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid level, ROS level and mitophagy level. We assessed AS using Oil Red O, hematoxylin and eosin, and Sirius red staining, as well as ROS measurements. Mitophagy was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot, single-cell Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. In vitro, by oxidizing low-density lipoprotein, formation of RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells induced. we induced foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Then cells were incubated with XMK-medicated serum with or without Mdivi-1. We examined foam cell formation, ROS level, mitophagy level in cells. Finally, we knocked down the PINK1, and examined foam cell formation and PINK1/Parkin level in RAW264.7 macrophages.

RESULTS

UPLC analysis revealed 102 main ingredients in XMK. In vivo, XMK at medium-dose or high-dose significantly reduced AS plaques, lipids, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ROS and increased mitophagy. In further study, Single-cell western blot showed that mitophagy level in macrophages sorted from AS mice was lower than the control mice. While XMK improved mitophagy level. In vitro, XMK reduced foam cell formation and ROS and increased mitophagy. When PINK1 was knocked down, XMK's effects on foam cell formation and PINK1/Parkin pathway activation were reduced.

CONCLUSION

The study shows that XMK is effective against AS by mediating macrophage mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. For the treatment of AS and drug discovery, it provides an experimental basis and target.

Pretreatment with Kahweol Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Homeostasis in a CaMKKII/AMPK-Dependent Pathway

SCOPE

It is well-established that dysregulated mitochondrial homeostasis in macrophages leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, which are essential in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Kahweol, a natural diterpene extracted from coffee beans, reportedly possesses anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial protective properties. Herein, the study investigates whether Kahweol can alleviate sepsis-induced ALI and explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

C57BL/6J mice are intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h to induce ALI. Pretreatment with kahweol by gavage for 5 days significantly alleviates lung pathological injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, accompanied by shifting the dynamic process of mitochondria from fission to fusion, enhancing mitophagy, and activating AMPK. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, differentiated THP-1 cells are cultured in a medium containing Kahweol for 12 h prior to LPS exposure, yielding consistent findings with the in vivo results. Moreover, AMPK inhibitors abrogate the above effects, indicating Kahweol acts in an AMPK-dependent manner. Furthermore, the study explores how Kahweol activates AMPK and finds that this process is mediated by CamKK II.

CONCLUSION

Pretreatment with Kahweol attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury via improving mitochondrial homeostasis in a CaMKKII/AMPK-dependent pathway and may be a potential candidate to prevent sepsis-induced ALI.

Effects of DON on Mitochondrial Function, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Contact Sites in the Jejunum of Piglets

Recent research has emphasized the significance of investigating the interplay between organelles, with endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria contact sites (ERMCSs) being recognized as critical signaling hubs between organelles. The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) on jejunal mitochondria, ER, and ERMCSs. Twelve piglets (35 d, 10.22 ± 0.35 kg) were randomized into two groups: control group, basal diet; the DON group, basal diet + 1.5 mg/kg DON. The findings revealed that DON decreased growth performance, induced jejunal oxidative stress, and impaired jejunal barrier function. DON was also found to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the piglets' jejunum, and activate mitochondrial and ER apoptosis pathways by upregulating apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-8, Caspase-12, Bax, and CHOP). To investigate the involvement of ERMCSs in DON-induced intestinal injury, we measured the protein levels of ERMCS proteins, such as mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75) and Pearson's correlation coefficient of ERMCS proteins and ERMCS ultrastructure. Our finding showed that DON upregulated the protein level of Mfn2 and GRP75 and increased the percentage of mitochondria with ERMCSs/total mitochondria, the length of ERMCSs compared to the perimeter of mitochondria, and the Pearson's correlation coefficient of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in piglets' jejunum. Furthermore, DON shortened the distance between mitochondria and ER at ERMCSs. These findings suggested that DON impaired mitochondrial function, triggered ERS, and increased ERMCSs, indicating that the increased ERMCSs could be related to mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS involved in the intestinal injury of piglets induced by DON.

Subtle distinction in molecular structure of flavonoids leads to vastly different coating efficiency and mechanism of metal-polyphenol networks with excellent antioxidant activities

Metal-polyphenol networks (MPNs) are of immense scientific interest because of their simple and rapid process to deposit on various substrates or particles with different shapes. However, there are rare reports on the effect of polyphenol molecular structure on coating efficiency and mechanism of MPNs. Herein, three typical flavonoid polyphenols, catechin (Cat), epigallocatechin (EGC) and procyanidin (PC), with the same skeleton (C6-C3-C6) but subtle distinction in molecular structure, were selected to build MPN coatings with ferric ions (Fe3+). And various techniques combined with the density functional theory (DFT) were applied to deeply reveal the roles of coordinative phenolic hydroxyl groups as well as noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding and π - π stacking) in the formation of flavonoid-based MPNs. We found that more accessible numbers of coordinative phenolic hydroxyl groups, the higher coating efficiency. In these flavonoid-based MPNs, the single-complex is the predominant during the coordinative modes between phenolic hydroxyl and Fe3+, not the previously reported mono-complex, bis-complex and/or tris-complex. Besides coordinative interaction, noncovalent interactions also contribute to MPNs formation, and hydrogen bonds prevail in the noncovalent interaction compared with π-π stacking. And these engineered MPN coatings can endow the substrate with excellent antioxidant activities. This study contributes to in-depth understanding the building mechanism of flavonoid-based MPNs, and increasing coating efficiency by choosing proper polyphenols.

Disruption of the intestinal barrier by avermectin in carp involves oxidative stress and apoptosis and leads to intestinal inflammation

Avermectin (AVM) is a widely used insecticide. Due to its sensitive toxicity to aquatic organisms, the toxicology of AVM on fish intestines remains unclear. Here, we established a 96 h AVM acute toxicity model to explore the effects of AVM on the intestinal tract of carp. The 96 h LC50 of carps exposed to AVM was 24.04 μg/L, 12.02 μg/L was selected as the high-dose group and 3.005 μg/L was selected as the low-dose group. After 96 h of exposure, intestinal tissues were collected and subsequently analyzed for histopathology, the activities of antioxidant oxidases (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px), and the expression of mRNA associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Our study showed that AVM exposure caused intestinal damage in carp, decreased the expression of the tight junction protein gene, activated oxidative stress, induced apoptosis, and induced intestinal inflammation in carp. Therefore, we demonstrated that AVM exposure compromised the integrity of the intestinal barrier in carp, activated oxidative stress, induced endogenous apoptosis, and induced intestinal inflammatory responses. These results indicate that AVM, as a drug-sensitive to aquatic organisms, has a much more complex toxic effect on the fish intestinal tract, which provides a new perspective for studying the toxicology of AVM on the fish intestinal tract.

Natural Products: A Dependable Source of Therapeutic Alternatives for Inflammatory Bowel Disease through Regulation of Tight Junctions

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and mucosal layer and lead to intestinal damage and intestinal dysfunction. IBD is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that significantly impacts public health development. Monoclonal antibodies and other synthetic medications are currently used to treat IBD, but they are suspected of producing serious side effects and causing a number of other problems with long-term use. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that organic macromolecules from plants and animals have an alleviating effect on IBD-related problems, and many of them are also capable of altering enzymatic function, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting the production of cytokines and release of proinflammatory transcriptional factors. Thus, in this paper, the natural products with potential anti-IBD activities and their mechanism of action were reviewed, with a focus on the protective effects of natural products on intestinal barrier integrity and the regulation of tight junction protein expression and remodeling. In conclusion, the insights provided in the present review will be useful for further exploration and development of natural products for the treatment of IBD.

Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial and results from a complex interplay between mucosal immunity, environmental factors, and host genetics. Future therapeutics for GI disorders, including IBD, that are driven by oxidative stress require a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the GI tract, oxidative stressors include infections and pro-inflammatory responses, which boost ROS generation by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represent two important signaling pathways in intestinal immune cells that regulate numerous physiological processes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Natural antioxidant compounds exhibit ROS scavenging and increase antioxidant defense capacity to inhibit pro-oxidative enzymes, which may be useful in IBD treatment. In this review, we discuss various polyphenolic substances (such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, green tea flavonoids, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, luteolin, xanthohumol, genistein, alpinetin, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, silymarin), phenolic compounds including thymol, alkaloids such as berberine, storage polysaccharides such as tamarind xyloglucan, and other phytochemicals represented by isothiocyanate sulforaphane and food/spices (such as ginger, flaxseed oil), as well as antioxidant hormones like melatonin that target cellular signaling pathways to reduce intestinal inflammation occurring with IBD.

Hypermethylation of RNF125 promotes autophagy-induced oxidative stress in asthma by increasing HMGB1 stability

Asthma is a global chronic airway disease. The expression and role of RNF125, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in asthma remain uncertain. In this study, we revealed that RNF125 was downregulated in the bronchial epithelium of mice and patients with asthma. Rnf125 hypermethylation was responsible for the low expression of RNF125 in primary airway epithelial cells of mice treated with OVA. Moreover, we demonstrated that RNF125 could attenuate autophagy, oxidative stress, and protect epithelial barrier in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we identified HMGB1 as a substrate of RNF125, which interacted with the HMG B-box domain of HMGB1 and induced degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system, reducing autophagy and oxidative stress. Overall, our findings elucidated that hypermethylation of Rnf125 reduced its expression, which promoted autophagy-induced oxidative stress in asthma by increasing HMGB1 stability. These findings offer a theoretical and experimental basis for the pathogenesis of asthma.

Curcumin Alleviates Singapore Grouper Iridovirus-Induced Intestine Injury in Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a new ranavirus species in the Iridoviridae family, whose high lethality and rapid spread have resulted in enormous economic losses for the aquaculture industry. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, has been proven to possess multiple biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. This study was conducted to determine whether curcumin protected orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) from SGIV-induced intestinal damage by affecting the inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and intestinal microbiota. Random distribution of healthy orange-spotted groupers (8.0 ± 1.0 cm and 9.0 ± 1.0 g) into six experimental groups (each group with 90 groupers): Control, DMSO, curcumin, SGIV, DMSO + SGIV, and curcumin + SGIV. The fish administered gavage received DMSO dilution solution or 640 mg/L curcumin every day for 15 days and then were injected intraperitoneally with SGIV 24 h after the last gavage. When more than half of the groupers in the SGIV group perished, samples from each group were collected for intestinal health evaluation. Our results showed that curcumin significantly alleviated intestine damage and repaired intestinal barrier dysfunction, which was identified by decreased intestine permeability and serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and increased expressions of tight junction proteins during SGIV infection. Moreover, curcumin treatment suppressed intestinal cells apoptosis and inflammatory response caused by SGIV and protected intestinal cells from oxidative injury by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which was related to the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Moreover, we found that curcumin treatment restored the disruption of the intestinal microbiota caused by SGIV infection. Our study provided a theoretical basis for the functional development of curcumin in aquaculture by highlighting the protective effect of curcumin against SGIV-induced intestinal injury.

The Role of Plant-Derived Natural Products in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-What Is the Clinical Evidence So Far?

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are a major healthcare challenge worldwide. Disturbances in the immune system and gut microbiota followed by environmental triggers are thought to be part of the aetiological factors. Current treatment for IBD includes corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and other biologic agents; however, some patients are still unresponsive, and these are also linked to high financial load and severe side effects. Plant-derived natural products are rich in phytochemicals and have been used as healing agents in several diseases since antiquity due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, as well as gut microbiota modulation. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phytochemicals act in key pathways that are associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. It is also reported that the use of plant-derived natural products as complementary treatments is increasing amongst patients with IBD to avoid the side effects accompanying standard medical treatment. This review summarises the relevant evidence around the use of plant-derived natural products in the management of IBD, with specific focus on the clinical evidence so far for Curcumin, Mastiha, Boswellia serrata, and Artemisia absinthium.

Difenoconazole disrupts carp intestinal physical barrier and causes inflammatory response via triggering oxidative stress and apoptosis

As a common fungicide, difenoconazole (DFZ) is widespread in the natural environment and poses many potential threats. Carp makes up a significant proportion of China's freshwater aquaculture population and are vulnerable to the DFZ. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of DFZ (0.488 mg/L and 1.953 mg/L) exposure for 4 d on the intestinal tissues of carp and explored the mechanisms. Specifically, DFZ exposure caused pathological damage to the intestinal tissues of carp, reducing the expression levels of intestinal tight junction proteins, and leading to damage to the intestinal barrier. In addition, DFZ exposure activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, increasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and decreasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β1). As disruption of the intestinal barrier is closely linked to oxidative stress and apoptosis, we have conducted research in both areas for this reason. The results showed that DFZ exposure elevated reactive oxygen species in carp intestines, decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, and suppressed the expression of oxidative stress-related genes. TUNEL results showed that DFZ induced the onset of apoptosis. In addition, the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and proteins were examined. Western blotting results showed that DFZ could upregulate the protein expression levels of Bax, Cytochrome C and downregulate the protein levels of Bcl-2. qPCR results showed that DFZ could upregulate the transcript levels of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 and downregulate the transcript levels of Bcl-2 transcript levels. This suggests that DFZ can induce apoptosis of mitochondrial pathway in carp intestine. In conclusion, DFZ can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in carp intestine, leading to the destruction of intestinal physical barrier and the occurrence of inflammation. Our data support the idea that oxidative stress and apoptosis are important triggers of pesticide-induced inflammatory bowel illness.

Curcumin derived from medicinal homologous foods: its main signals in immunoregulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

It has been for thousands of years in China known medicinal homologous foods that can be employed both as foods and medicines to benefit human and animal health. These edible herbal materials perform divert roles in the regulation of metabolic disorders, cancers, and immune-related diseases. Curcumin, the primary component derived from medicinal homologous foods like curcuma longa rhizome, is reported to play vital actions in organic activities, such as the numerous pharmacological functions including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti/pro-apoptosis in treating various diseases. However, the potential mechanisms of curcumin-derived modulation still need to be developed and attract more attention worldwide. Given that these signal pathways are enrolled in important bioactive reactions, we collected curcumin's last achievements predominantly on the immune-regulation signals with the underlying targetable strategies in the last 10 years. This mini-review will be helpful to accelerate curcumin and other extracts from medicinal homologous foods use in future human clinical applications.