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Jiang Y, He G, Li R, Wang K, Wang Y, Zhao M, Zhang M. Functional Validation of the Cytochrome P450 Family PgCYP309 Gene in Panax ginseng. Biomolecules 2024; 14:715. [PMID: 38927118 PMCID: PMC11201774 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is an ancient and valuable Chinese herbal medicine, and ginsenoside, as the main active ingredient of ginseng, has received wide attention because of its various pharmacological active effects. Cytochrome P450 is the largest family of enzymes in plant metabolism and is involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, and other primary and secondary plant metabolites. It is significant to explore more PgCYP450 genes with unknown functions and reveal their roles in ginsenoside synthesis. In this study, based on the five PgCYP450 genes screened in the pre-laboratory, through the correlation analysis with the content of ginsenosides and the analysis of the interactions network of the key enzyme genes for ginsenoside synthesis, we screened out those highly correlated with ginsenosides, PgCYP309, as the target gene from among the five PgCYP450 genes. Methyl jasmonate-induced treatment of ginseng adventitious roots showed that the PgCYP309 gene responded to methyl jasmonate induction and was involved in the synthesis of ginsenosides. The PgCYP309 gene was cloned and the overexpression vector pBI121-PgCYP309 and the interference vector pART27-PgCYP309 were constructed. Transformation of ginseng adventitious roots by the Agrobacterium fermentum-mediated method and successful induction of transgenic ginseng hairy roots were achieved. The transformation rate of ginseng hairy roots with overexpression of the PgCYP309 gene was 22.7%, and the transformation rate of ginseng hairy roots with interference of the PgCYP309 gene was 40%. Analysis of ginseng saponin content and relative gene expression levels in positive ginseng hairy root asexual lines revealed a significant increase in PPD, PPT, and PPT-type monomeric saponins Re and Rg2. The relative expression levels of PgCYP309 and PgCYP716A53v2 genes were also significantly increased. PgCYP309 gene promotes the synthesis of ginsenosides, and it was preliminarily verified that PgCYP309 gene can promote the synthesis of dammarane-type ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Gaohui He
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ruiqi Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.J.); (G.H.); (R.L.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Li X, Zhao Y, He S, Meng J, Lu Y, Shi H, Liu C, Hao B, Tang Q, Zhang S, Zhang G, Luo Y, Yang S, Yang J, Fan W. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal the molecular mechanism underlying dynamic metabolic processes during taproot development of Panax notoginseng. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:170. [PMID: 38443797 PMCID: PMC10913227 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen is one of the most famous Chinese traditional medicinal plants. The taproot is the main organ producing triterpenoid saponins, and its development is directly linked to the quality and yield of the harvested P. notoginseng. However, the mechanisms underlying the dynamic metabolic changes occurring during taproot development of P. notoginseng are unknown. RESULTS We carried out metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate metabolites and gene expression during the development of P. notoginseng taproots. The differentially accumulated metabolites included amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, and lipids in 1-year-old taproots, flavonoids and terpenoids in 2- and 3-year-old taproots, and phenolic acids in 3-year-old taproots. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, metabolic pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites at all three developmental stages. Integrative analysis revealed that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was involved in not only the development of but also metabolic changes in P. notoginseng taproots. Moreover, significant accumulation of triterpenoid saponins in 2- and 3-year-old taproots was highly correlated with the up-regulated expression of cytochrome P450s and uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases genes. Additionally, a gene encoding RNase-like major storage protein was identified to play a dual role in the development of P. notoginseng taproots and their triterpenoid saponins synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the accumulation of and change relationship between primary and secondary metabolites in P. notoginseng taproots, and provide a basis for the quality control and genetic improvement of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shuilian He
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Meng
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yingchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huineng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Kumar S, Singh N, Lahane V, Tripathi V, Yadav AK, Shukla RK. Methyl jasmonate inducible UGT79A18 is a novel glycosyltransferase involved in the bacoside biosynthetic pathway in Bacopa monnieri. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14260. [PMID: 38511471 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacosides are dammarane-type triterpenoidal saponins in Bacopa monnieri and have various pharmacological applications. All the bacosides are diversified from two isomers, i.e., jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin. The biosynthetic pathway of bacoside is not well elucidated. In the present study, we characterized a UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT79A18, involved in the glycosylation of pseudojujubogenin. UGT79A18 shows higher expression in response to 5 h of wounding, and 3 h of MeJA treatment. The recombinant UGT79A18 shows in vitro activity against a wide range of flavonoids and triterpenes and has a substrate preference for protopanaxadiol, a dammarane-type triterpene. Secondary metabolite analysis of overexpression and knockdown lines of UGT79A18 in B. monnieri identify bacopasaponin D, bacopaside II, bacopaside N2 and pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside as the major bacosides that were differentially accumulated. In the overexpression lines of UGT79A18, we found 1.7-fold enhanced bacopaside II, 8-fold enhanced bacopasaponin D, 3-fold enhanced pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside, and 1.6-fold enhanced bacopaside N2 content in comparison with vector control plant, whereas in the knockdown lines of UGT79A18, we found 1.4-fold reduction in bacopaside II content, 3-fold reduction in the bacopasaponin D content, 2-fold reduction in the pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside content, and 1.5-fold reduction in bacopaside N2 content in comparison with vector control. These results suggest that UGT79A18 is a significant UDP glycosyltransferase involved in glycosylating pseudojujubogenin and enhancing the pseudojujubogenin-derived bacosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Neeti Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vaibhavi Lahane
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Botany Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Xu H, Dai W, Xia M, Guo W, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Gao W, You X. Expression of PnSS Promotes Squalene and Oleanolic Acid (OA) Accumulation in Aralia elata via Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) Induction. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1132. [PMID: 37372312 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aralia elata is an important herb due to the abundance of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins whose important precursors are squalene and OA. Here, we found that MeJA treatment promoted both precursors accumulation, especially the latter, in transgenic A. elata, overexpressing a squalene synthase gene from Panax notoginseng(PnSS). In this study, Rhizobium-mediated transformation was used to express the PnSS gene. Gene expression analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the effect of MeJA on squalene and OA accumulation. The PnSS gene was isolated and expressed in A. elata. Transgenic lines showed a very high expression of the PnSS gene and farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene (AeFPS) and a slightly higher squalene content than the wild-type, but endogenous squalene synthase (AeSS), squalene epoxidase (AeSE), and β-amyrin synthase (Aeβ-AS) gene were decreased as well as OA content. Following one day of MeJA treatment, the expression levels of PeSS, AeSS, and AeSE genes increased significantly. On day 3, the maximum content of both products reached 17.34 and 0.70 mg·g-1, which increased 1.39- and 4.90-fold than in the same lines without treatment. Transgenic lines expressing PnSS gene had a limited capability to promote squalene and OA accumulation. MeJA strongly activated their biosynthesis pathways, leading to enhance yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenxue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Meiling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shunjie Zhang
- Medical Resources Research Center, Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Wa Gao
- Application of Nuclear Technology, Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiangling You
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Peng S, Li X, Jiang W, Wang Y, Xiang G, Li M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang G, Ma C, Yang S. Identification of two key UDP-glycosyltransferases responsible for the ocotillol-type ginsenoside majonside-R2 biosynthesis in Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. PLANTA 2023; 257:119. [PMID: 37178342 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Two UDP-glycosyltransferases from Panax vienamensis var. fuscidiscus involved in ocotillol-type ginsenoside MR2 (majonside-R2) biosynthesis were identified. PvfUGT1 and PvfUGT2 sequentially catalyzes 20S,24S-Protopanxatriol Oxide II and 20S,24R-Protopanxatriol Oxide I to pseudoginsenoside RT4/RT5 and RT4/RT5 to 20S, 24S-MR2/20S, 24S-MR2. Ocotilol type saponin MR2 (majonside-R2) is the main active component of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus (commonly known as 'jinping ginseng') and is well known for its diverse pharmacological activities. The use of MR2 in the pharmaceutical industry currently depends on its extraction from Panax species. Metabolic engineering provides an opportunity to produce high-value MR2 by expressing it in heterologous hosts. However, the metabolic pathways of MR2 remain enigmatic, and the two-step glycosylation involved in MR2 biosynthesis has not been reported. In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the regulation of the entire ginsenoside pathway by MeJA (methyl jasmonate), which facilitated our pathway elucidation. We found six candidate glycosyltransferases by comparing transcriptome analysis and network co-expression analysis. In addition, we identified two UGTs (PvfUGT1 and PvfUGT2) through in vitro enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of MR2 which were not reported in previous studies. Our results show that PvfUGT1 can transfer UDP-glucose to the C6-OH of 20S, 24S-protopanaxatriol oxide II and 20S, 24R-protopanaxatriol oxide I to form pseudoginsenoside RT4 and pseudoginsenoside RT5, respectively. PvfUGT2 can transfer UDP-xylose to pseudoginsenoside RT4 and pseudoginsenoside RT5 to form 20S, 24S-MR2 and 20S, 24S-MR2. Our study paves the way for elucidating the biosynthesis of MR2 and producing MR2 by synthetic biological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Peng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yina Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunhua Ma
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Shengchao Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
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Wang Q, Chen B, Chen X, Mao X, Fu X. Squalene epoxidase (SE) gene related to triterpenoid biosynthesis assists to select elite genotypes in medicinal plant: Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 199:107726. [PMID: 37167758 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids, known for their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hypoglycemic properties, are the major bioactive components in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja. Selecting elite individuals with high triterpenoids content is the basis of C. paliurus industry for medicinal use. In this study, seasonal variation patterns of total triterpenoids and five triterpene monomers accumulation for three groups with different total triterpenoid contents (TTC; H: 59.74-64.03 mg g-1; M: 47.66-57.08 mg g-1, and L: 35.26-42.22 mg g-1) were surveyed. Seasonal expression dynamics of 6 key genes relevant to triterpenoids biosynthesis, including HMGR, DXR, SQS, SE, LUS, and β-AS, were described by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for three groups. The expression levels of HMGR, SE, LUS, and β-AS genes in group H were higher than in groups M and L. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that they were significantly positively correlated with triterpene accumulation, and the expression level of SE gene not only was significantly correlated with downstream genes, but also exhibited a linear relationship with TTC, especially in September. These results suggest that SE gene could serve as an effective make for screening elite individuals with high TTC from the germplasm of C. paliurus for medicinal use. Further testing on randomly selected individuals in next September proved the feasibility and reliability of SE gene in assisted selection. Also, we successfully cloned the full-length cDNA of SE. Thus, our work provides an efficient way to attain superior genotypes to develop medicinal industry of C. paliurus in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Biqin Chen
- Administration of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hongze District, Huai'an City, Huai'an, 223199, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212400, China
| | - Xiangxiang Fu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Xu J, Hu Z, He H, Ou X, Yang Y, Xiao C, Yang C, Li L, Jiang W, Zhou T. Transcriptome analysis reveals that jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling is associated with the biosynthesis of asperosaponin VI in Dipsacus asperoides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022075. [PMID: 36798802 PMCID: PMC9928152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dipsacus asperoides is a perennial herb, the roots of which are abundant in asperosaponin VI, which has important medicinal value. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of asperosaponin VI in D. asperoides remains unclear. In present study, a comprehensive investigation of asperosaponin VI biosynthesis was conducted at the levels of metabolite and transcript during root development. The content of asperosaponin VI was significantly accumulated in two-leaf stage roots, and the spatial distribution of asperosaponin VI was localized in the xylem. The concentration of asperosaponin VI gradually increased in the root with the development process. Transcriptome analysis revealed 3916 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 146 transcription factors (TFs) during root development in D. asperoides. In addition, α-linolenic acid metabolism, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, JA signal transduction, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were prominently enriched. Furthermore, the concentration of JA gradually increased, and genes involved in α-linolenic acid metabolism, JA biosynthesis, and triterpenoid biosynthesis were up-regulated during root development. Moreover, the concentration of asperosaponin VI was increased following methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment by activating the expression of genes in the triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, including acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (DaAACT), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (DaHMGCS), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (DaHMGCR). We speculate that JA biosynthesis and signaling regulates the expression of triterpenoid biosynthetic genes and facilitate the biosynthesis of asperosaponin VI. The results suggest a regulatory network wherein triterpenoids, JA, and TFs co-modulate the biosynthesis of asperosaponin VI in D. asperoides.
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8
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Xia P, Hu W, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Yan K, Liang Z. Structural and interactions analysis of a transcription factor PnMYB2 in Panax notoginseng. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153756. [PMID: 35767909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Panax notoginseng, are the Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). They can be synthesized via the mevalonate pathway; PnSS and PnSE1 are the key rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. In this study, an interaction between PnMYB2 and the key enzymes was identified and characterized from the P. notoginseng cDNA library using the Y1H technique. Subsequently, X-α-gal color reaction confirmed the interaction between PnMYB2 and the upstream sequences of PnSS and PnSE1 promoters. Full-length cDNA sequence of PnMYB2 was isolated and characterized. PnMYB2 has an open reading frame of 864 bp, encoding 287 amino acids. 3D structural analysis of PnMYB2 indicated that its structure was similar to that of the template. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PnMYB2 and PgMYB2 are highly homologous and belong to the R2R3 MYB transcription factor (TF). Subcellular localization analysis showed that PnMYB2 was localized in the nucleus. The recombinant protein PnMYB2 was successfully obtained through prokaryotic expression and was confirmed to be an inclusion body protein. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) experiments demonstrated that PnMYB2 specifically binds to MYB core and AC-rich elements. This study provides a theoretical basis for transcriptional regulation of saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Wanying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan, 663000, China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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Hu W, Zheng Y, Zheng J, Yan K, Liang Z, Xia P. Binding proteins PnCOX11 and PnDCD strongly respond to GA and ABA in Panax notoginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:303-313. [PMID: 35609837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are one of the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, a representative plant of the genus Panax. However, the detailed regulation mechanism of PNS biosynthesis remains elusive. Therefore, a sequence of upstream promoters of PnSS and PnSE were cloned and analyzed firstly. GUS quantitative results showed that the upstream promoters could specifically and significantly respond to exogenous GA and ABA signals. To further identify the binding proteins that respond to peripheral hormones, PnCOX11 and PnDCD were screened and identified from the P. notoginseng cDNA library. The Y1H experiment verified the interaction between the above two binding proteins and the promoters. Several online software was used to analyze the domains, secondary structures, three-dimensional structures, and phylogenetic trees of the two binding proteins. Subcellular localization analysis exhibited that PnCOX11 was mainly located in the chloroplast, while PnDCD was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Prokaryotic expression demonstrated that the recombinant proteins had a high concentration under the induction of IPTG. This study can provide a fundamental date for the subsequent thorough investigation of the transcription regulatory mechanism of PNS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianfen Zheng
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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10
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Ye S, Feng L, Zhang S, Lu Y, Xiang G, Nian B, Wang Q, Zhang S, Song W, Yang L, Liu X, Feng B, Zhang G, Hao B, Yang S. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis and Identification of Dammarenediol-II Synthase Involved in Saponin Biosynthesis in Gynostemma longipes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852377. [PMID: 35401630 PMCID: PMC8990310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma longipes contains an abundance of dammarane-type ginsenosides and gypenosides that exhibit extensive pharmacological activities. Increasing attention has been paid to the elucidation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that participate downstream of ginsenoside biosynthesis in the Panax genus. However, information on oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), the upstream genes responsible for the biosynthesis of different skeletons of ginsenoside and gypenosides, is rarely reported. Here, an integrative study of the metabolome and the transcriptome in the leaf, stolon, and rattan was conducted and the function of GlOSC1 was demonstrated. In total, 46 triterpenes were detected and found to be highly abundant in the stolon, whereas gene expression analysis indicated that the upstream OSC genes responsible for saponin skeleton biosynthesis were highly expressed in the leaf. These findings indicated that the saponin skeletons were mainly biosynthesized in the leaf by OSCs, and subsequently transferred to the stolon via CYPs and UGTs biosynthesis to form various ginsenoside and gypenosides. Additionally, a new dammarane-II synthase (DDS), GlOSC1, was identified by bioinformatics analysis, yeast expression assay, and enzyme assays. The results of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis proved that GlOSC1 could catalyze 2,3-oxidosqualene to form dammarenediol-II via cyclization. This work uncovered the biosynthetic mechanism of dammarenediol-II, an important starting substrate for ginsenoside and gypenosides biosynthesis, and may achieve the increased yield of valuable ginsenosides and gypenosides produced under excess substrate in a yeast cell factory through synthetic biology strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Yingchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Baowen Feng
- Honwin Pharma (Lianghe) Co., LTD., Dehong, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Hao,
| | - Shengchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Shengchao Yang,
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11
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Tien NQD, Ma X, Man LQ, Chi DTK, Huy NX, Nhut DT, Rombauts S, Ut T, Loc NH. De novo whole-genome assembly and discovery of genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis of Vietnamese ginseng ( Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2215-2229. [PMID: 34744362 PMCID: PMC8526660 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), also known as Ngoc Linh ginseng, is a high-value herb in Vietnam. Vietnamese ginseng has been proven to be effective in enhancing the immune system, human memory, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and prevent aging. The present study reports the first draft whole-genome of Vietnamese ginseng and the identification of potential genes involved in the triterpenoid metabolic pathway. De novo whole-genome assembly was performed successfully from a data of approximately 139 Gbps of 394,802,120 high quality reads to generate 9815 scaffolds with an N50 value of 572,722 bp from the leaf of Vietnamese ginseng. The assembled genome of Vietnamese ginseng is 3,001,967,204 bp long containing 79,374 gene models. Among them, there are 55,012 genes (69.30%) were annotated by various public molecular biology databases. The potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in Vietnamese ginseng and their metabolic pathway were also predicted." Three genes encoding squalene monooxygenase isozymes in Vietnamese ginseng were cloned, sequenced and characterized. Moreover, expression levels of several key genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in different parts of Vietnamese ginseng were also analyzed. The SSR markers were detected by various programs from both of assembly full dataset of Vietnamese ginseng genome and predicted genes. The present work provided important data of the draft whole-genome of Vietnamese ginseng for further studies to understand the role of genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and their metabolic pathway at the molecular level of this rare medicinal species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01076-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Duc Tien
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Xiao Ma
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Le Quang Man
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Kim Chi
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | | | - Duong-Tan Nhut
- Tay Nguyen Institute of Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Dalat, 670000 Vietnam
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tran Ut
- Ngoc Linh Ginseng and Medicinal Materials Development Center, Quang Nam Quang Ngai, 51000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Loc
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
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Qiu H, Su L, Wang H, Zhang Z. Chitosan elicitation of saponin accumulation in Psammosilene tunicoides hairy roots by modulating antioxidant activity, nitric oxide production and differential gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:115-127. [PMID: 34098155 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elicitation is one of the most effective strategies for enhancing plant bioactive compounds, such as triterpenoid saponins. Chitosan gained worldwide attention for biostimulant activity, but little is known about its roles in the elicitation of triterpenoid saponin in medicinal plants. Here, we explored the regulatory network of chitosan on saponin accumulation in hairy root cultures of Psammosilene tunicoides, a valuable medicinal herb known for its pain-relieving properties endemic to China. Compared with control, the highest total saponin accumulation exhibited a 4.55-fold enhancement in hairy roots elicited by 200 mg L-1 chitosan for nine days. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the yields of quillaic acid, gypsogenin and gypsogenin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside were significantly increased after chitosan treatments. Moreover, exogenous chitosan application dramatically triggered the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzyme activities and nitric oxide (NO) content in hairy roots. Comparative transcriptome analysis from chitosan-treated (1 and 9 d) or control groups revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were greatly enriched in plant-pathogen interaction and metabolic processes. The transcriptions of candidate DEGs involved in chitosan-elicited saponin metabolism were increased, especially genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and GR), stress-responsive transcription factors (WRKYs and NACs) and terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes (DXS, GPPS and SE). Taken together, these results indicate that chitosan elicitor promotes triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis by enhancing antioxidant activities, NO production and differential gene expression in P. tunicoides hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Qiu
- School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lingye Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zongshen Zhang
- School of Biology Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China.
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Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z. Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1813-1834. [PMID: 34386322 PMCID: PMC8343117 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids which belong to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-, ocotillol (OCT)- and oleanane (OA)-type saponins known as active compounds of Panax genus. They are accumulated in plant roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The content and composition of ginsenosides are varied in different ginseng species, and in different parts of a certain plant. In this review, we summarized the representative saponins structures, their distributions and the contents in nearly 20 Panax species, and updated the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides focusing on enzymes responsible for structural diversified ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also emphasized the transcription factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis and non-coding RNAs in the growth of Panax genus plants, and highlighted the current three major biotechnological applications for ginsenosides production. This review covered advances in the past four decades, providing more clues for chemical discrimination and assessment on certain ginseng plants, new perspectives for rational evaluation and utilization of ginseng resource, and potential strategies for production of specific ginsenosides.
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Key Words
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AtCPR (ATR), Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 reductase
- BARS, baruol synthase
- Biosynthetic pathway
- Biotechnological approach
- CAS, cycloartenol synthase
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CPQ, cucurbitadienol synthase
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DDS, dammarenediol synthase
- DM, dammarenediol-II
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate
- FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- FPPS (FPS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Ginsenoside
- HEJA, 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate
- HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase
- IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate
- ITS, internal transcribed spacer
- JA, jasmonic acid
- JA-Ile, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine
- JAR, JA-amino acid synthetase
- JAZ, jasmonate ZIM-domain
- KcMS, Kandelia candel multifunctional triterpene synthases
- LAS, lanosterol synthase
- LUP, lupeol synthase
- MEP, methylerythritol phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NDP, nucleotide diphosphate
- Non-coding RNAs
- OA, oleanane or oleanic acid
- OAS, oleanolic acid synthase
- OCT, ocotillol
- OSC, oxidosqualene cyclase
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPDS, PPD synthase
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PPTS, PPT synthase
- Panax species
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SA, salicylic acid
- SE (SQE), squalene epoxidase
- SPL, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like
- SS (SQS), squalene synthase
- SUS, sucrose synthase
- TDP, thymine diphosphate
- Transcription factors
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UGPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphosphprylase
- UGT, UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase
- WGD, whole genome duplication
- α-AS, α-amyrin synthase
- β-AS, β-amyrin synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Su X, Liu Y, Han L, Wang Z, Cao M, Wu L, Jiang W, Meng F, Guo X, Yu N, Gui S, Xing S, Peng D. A candidate gene identified in converting platycoside E to platycodin D from Platycodon grandiflorus by transcriptome and main metabolites analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9810. [PMID: 33963244 PMCID: PMC8105318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D and platycoside E are two triterpenoid saponins in Platycodon grandiflorus, differing only by two glycosyl groups structurally. Studies have shown β-Glucosidase from bacteria can convert platycoside E to platycodin D, indicating the potential existence of similar enzymes in P. grandiflorus. An L9(34) orthogonal experiment was performed to establish a protocol for calli induction as follows: the optimal explant is stems with nodes and the optimum medium formula is MS + NAA 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L to obtain callus for experimental use. The platycodin D, platycoside E and total polysaccharides content between callus and plant organs varied wildly. Platycodin D and total polysaccharide content of calli was found higher than that of leaves. While, platycoside E and total polysaccharide content of calli was found lower than that of leaves. Associating platycodin D and platycoside E content with the expression level of genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis between calli and leaves, three contigs were screened as putative sequences of β-Glucosidase gene converting platycoside E to platycodin D. Besides, we inferred that some transcription factors can regulate the expression of key enzymes involved in triterpernoid saponins and polysaccharides biosynthesis pathway of P. grandiflorus. Totally, a candidate gene encoding enzyme involved in converting platycoside E to platycodin D, and putative genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis in P. grandiflorus had been identified. This study will help uncover the molecular mechanism of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Su
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- College of Humanities and International Education Exchange, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Zhaojian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Mengyang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiaohu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Shihai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230038, China.
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15
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Spatial and developmental regulation of putative genes associated with the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and pyrethrin I in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Jiang Z, Tu L, Yang W, Zhang Y, Hu T, Ma B, Lu Y, Cui X, Gao J, Wu X, Tong Y, Zhou J, Song Y, Liu Y, Liu N, Huang L, Gao W. The chromosome-level reference genome assembly for Panax notoginseng and insights into ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100113. [PMID: 33511345 PMCID: PMC7816079 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a perennial herb of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae, has played an important role in clinical treatment in China for thousands of years because of its extensive pharmacological effects. Here, we report a high-quality reference genome of P. notoginseng, with a genome size up to 2.66 Gb and a contig N50 of 1.12 Mb, produced with third-generation PacBio sequencing technology. This is the first chromosome-level genome assembly for the genus Panax. Through genome evolution analysis, we explored phylogenetic and whole-genome duplication events and examined their impact on saponin biosynthesis. We performed a detailed transcriptional analysis of P. notoginseng and explored gene-level mechanisms that regulate the formation of characteristic tubercles. Next, we studied the biosynthesis and regulation of saponins at temporal and spatial levels. We combined multi-omics data to identify genes that encode key enzymes in the P. notoginseng terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Finally, we identified five glycosyltransferase genes whose products catalyzed the formation of different ginsenosides in P. notoginseng. The genetic information obtained in this study provides a resource for further exploration of the growth characteristics, cultivation, breeding, and saponin biosynthesis of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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17
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Lin T, Du J, Zheng X, Zhou P, Li P, Lu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of MeJA-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factors involved in notoginsenosides biosynthesis. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:290. [PMID: 32550109 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential transcriptome analysis is an effective method for gene selection of triterpene saponin biosynthetic pathways. MeJA-induced differential transcriptome of Panax notoginseng has not been analyzed yet. In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis of P. notoginseng roots and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced roots revealed 83,532 assembled unigenes and 21,947 differentially expressed unigenes. Sixteen AP2/ERF transcription factors, which were significantly induced by MeJA treatment in the root of P. notoginseng, were selected for further analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and co-expression network analysis of the 16 AP2/ERF transcription factors showed that PnERF2 and PnERF3 had significant correlation with dammarenediol II synthase gene (DS) and squalene epoxidase gene (SE), which are key genes in notoginsenoside biosynthesis, in different tissues and MeJA-induced roots. A phylogenetic tree was conducted to analyze the 16 candidate AP2/ERF transcription factors and other 38 transcription factors. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed PnERF2, AtERF3, AtERF7, TcERF12 and other seven transcriptional factors are in same branch, while PnERF3 had close evolutionary relationships with AtDREB1A, GhERF38 and TcAP2. The results of comparative transcriptomes and AP2/ERF transcriptional factors analysis laid a solid foundation for further investigations of disease resistance and notoginsenoside biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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18
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Xia P, Zheng Y, Liang Z. Structure and Location Studies on Key Enzymes in Saponins Biosynthesis of Panax notoginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246121. [PMID: 31817263 PMCID: PMC6940827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most widely used traditional herbs for the treatment of various diseases, in which saponins were the main active components. At present, the research of P. notoginseng mainly focused on the discovery of new compounds and pharmacology. However, there were few studies on the molecular mechanism of the synthesis of secondary metabolites of P. notoginseng. In our study, four coding sequences (CDS) encoding the key enzymes involved in saponin biosynthesis were cloned, namely farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), and dammarenediol-II synthase (DS), which contained open reading frame (ORF) of 1029 bp, 1248 bp, 1614 bp, and 2310 bp, and coded 342, 415, 537, and 769 amino acids, respectively. At the same time, their domains, secondary structures, three-dimensional structures, and phylogenetics trees were analyzed by kinds of bioinformatics tools. Their phylogenetics relationships were also analyzed. In addition, GFP (Green fluorescent protein) fusion genes were constructed by the plasmid transformation system to determine the subcellular localization. The results of subcellular localization showed that FPS, SE, and DS were mainly located in cytomembrane and its surrounding, while SS was located both in cytoplasm and cytomembrane. Our findings provided data demonstrating the expression patterns of genes involved in saponin biosynthesis and would facilitate efforts to further elucidate the biosynthesis of the bioactive components in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguo Xia
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-86843301 (Z.L.)
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-86843301 (Z.L.)
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19
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Li XJ, Yang JL, Hao B, Lu YC, Qian ZL, Li Y, Ye S, Tang JR, Chen M, Long GQ, Zhao Y, Zhang GH, Chen JW, Fan W, Yang SC. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying taproot thickening in Panax notoginseng. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:451. [PMID: 31655543 PMCID: PMC6815444 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taproot thickening is a complex biological process that is dependent on the coordinated expression of genes controlled by both environmental and developmental factors. Panax notoginseng is an important Chinese medicinal herb that is characterized by an enlarged taproot as the main organ of saponin accumulation. However, the molecular mechanisms of taproot enlargement are poorly understood. RESULTS A total of 29,957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during the thickening process in the taproots of P. notoginseng. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment revealed that DEGs associated with "plant hormone signal transduction," "starch and sucrose metabolism," and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" were predominantly enriched. Further analysis identified some critical genes (e.g., RNase-like major storage protein, DA1-related protein, and Starch branching enzyme I) and metabolites (e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose, malate, and arginine) that potentially control taproot thickening. Several aspects including hormone crosstalk, transcriptional regulation, homeostatic regulation between sugar and starch, and cell wall metabolism, were identified as important for the thickening process in the taproot of P. notoginseng. CONCLUSION The results provide a molecular regulatory network of taproot thickening in P. notoginseng and facilitate the further characterization of the genes responsible for taproot formation in root medicinal plants or crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ying-Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Zhi-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Shuang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Jun-Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Mo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Guang-Qiang Long
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National& Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
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20
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Inthima P, Sujipuli K. Improvement of growth and bacoside production in Bacopa monnieri through induced autotetraploidy with colchicine. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7966. [PMID: 31667019 PMCID: PMC6816379 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri is a medicinal herb that is increasing in demand in Thailand. However, the lack of high-bacoside cultivars has limited pharmaceutical utilization and production. Here, chromosome doubling in B. monnieri was attempt to improve biomass and bacoside content in its seedling. Nodal segments were treated with colchicine (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.5% w/v) for 24 or 48 h before transferring to multiple shoot induction medium (1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L−1 BAP). Of 326 tested clones, 18 and 84 were mixoploids and autotetraploids, respectively. The highest autotetraploid-induction percentage (14.6%) was found after treated with 0.5% (w/v) colchicine, and 48 hours exposure. From 28 selected autotetraploid clones, 21 and 13 have significantly higher fresh and dry weight compared to the diploid clone, respectively. The maximum fresh and dry weight of autotetraploid plants was 2.8 and 2.0-time higher than diploid plants, respectively. Moreover, the maximum total bacoside content (1.55 mg plant−1) was obtained from an autotetraploid plant, which was 2.3-fold higher than the level in diploid plants. These novel autotetraploids have the potential to be developed as resources for value-added improvements in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phithak Inthima
- Plant Tissue Culture Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kawee Sujipuli
- Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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21
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Liang W, Wang S, Yao L, Wang J, Gao W. Quality evaluation of Panax ginseng adventitious roots based on ginsenoside constituents, functional genes, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12901. [PMID: 31368571 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the study, six adventitious root lines of Panax ginseng have been successfully established. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed that 20 ginsenosides were identified in root lines, notoginsenoside Fa and notoginsenoside R2 were not found in AR lines. In AR lines, the highest accumulation of total ginsenosides was obtained in five-year main AR (24.87 mg/g). Principal component analysis classified root lines into three groups. Five-year ginseng was mostly similar with five-year main AR, five-year rootlet AR, and four-year rootlet AR in ginsenosides composition of group 1. Besides, gene expressions were consistent with the production of total ginsenosides, and correlation analysis revealed that total ginsenosides biosynthesis was significantly positively correlated with the gene expression of dammarenediol synthase. Five-year rootlet AR showed the highest activity on ferric-reducing antioxidant power test among samples. It provides a scientific evidence for the further exploitation and large-scale production of P. ginseng. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study provides valuable information for the commercial scale culture of ginseng adventitious roots. This report combines morphology, ginsenoside composition and content, gene expression, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power test to evaluate the quality of P. ginseng adventitious root, and combined with principal component analysis to screen out the high yield and stable ginseng adventitious roots. It would be profitable to use adventitious root culture of P. ginseng instead of field cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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22
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Shi Y, Zhang S, Peng D, Wang C, Zhao D, Ma K, Wu J, Huang L. Transcriptome Analysis of Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze and Identification of Genes Involved in Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2643. [PMID: 31146369 PMCID: PMC6600151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze (C. chinense) is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Triterpenoid saponins are a major class of active compounds in C. chinense with broad pharmacological activities and hemostatic, antitumor, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. To identify genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, transcriptomic analyses of leaves, stems, and roots from C. chinense were performed. A total of 135,968 unigenes were obtained by assembling the leaf, stem, and root transcripts, of which 102,154 were annotated in public databases. Differentially expressed genes were determined based on expression profile analysis and analyzed for differential expression of unique genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Multiple unigenes encoding crucial enzymes or transcription factors involved in triterpenoid saponin synthesis were identified and analyzed. The expression levels of unigenes encoding enzymes were experimentally validated using quantitative real-time PCR. This study greatly broadens the public transcriptome database for this species and provides a valuable resource for identifying candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and other secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Chenkai Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Derui Zhao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Kelong Ma
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Clinical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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23
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Screening and evaluation of adventitious root lines of Panax notoginseng by morphology, gene expression, and metabolite profiles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4405-4415. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Li J, Ma L, Zhang S, Zuo C, Song N, Zhu S, Wu J. Transcriptome analysis of 1- and 3-year-old Panax notoginseng roots and functional characterization of saponin biosynthetic genes DS and CYP716A47-like. PLANTA 2019; 249:1229-1237. [PMID: 30607503 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Transcriptome analysis revealed high expression of saponin biosynthetic genes may account for highly accumulated saponins in 3-year-old Panax notoginseng roots and DS and CYP716A47 - like were functionally verified by transgenic tobacco. Panax notoginseng is a well-known traditional medical herb that contains bioactive compounds known as saponins. Three major dammarene-type triterpene saponins including R1, Rb1, and Rg1 were found to be highly accumulated in the roots of 3-year-old plants when compared to those of 1-year-old plants. However, the underlying cellular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that most genes involved in saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng roots augmented during their growth periods. The analysis of the KEGG pathway indicated that the primary metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation were less active in the roots of 3-year-old plant; however, secondary metabolisms were enhanced, thus providing molecular evidence for the harvesting of P. notoginseng roots in the 3rd year of growth. Furthermore, the functional role of DS and CYP716A47-like, two of the candidate genes involved in saponin biosynthesis isolated from P. notoginseng, were verified via overexpression in cultivated tobacco. Approximately, 0.325 µg g-1 of dammarenediol-II and 0.320 µg g-1 of protopanaxadiol were recorded in the dry leaves of transgenic tobacco overexpressed with DS and both DS and CYP716A47-like, respectively. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms for saponin accumulation in P. notoginseng roots during its growth period and paves a promising way to produce dammarenediol-II and protopanaxadiol via transgenic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Cailian Zuo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Zu Y, Li Z, Mei X, Wu J, Cheng S, Jiang Y, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis of main roots of Panax notoginseng identifies genes involved in saponin biosynthesis under arsenic stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wei G, Wei F, Yuan C, Chen Z, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, Dong L, Chen S. Integrated Chemical and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Distribution of Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins in Panax notoginseng. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071773. [PMID: 30029488 PMCID: PMC6099965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is famous for its important therapeutic effects and commonly used worldwide. The active ingredients saponins have distinct contents in different tissues of P. notoginseng, and they may be related to the expression of key genes in the synthesis pathway. In our study, high-performance liquid chromatography results indicated that the contents of protopanaxadiol-(Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) and protopanaxatriol-type (R1, Rg1, and Re) saponins in below ground tissues were higher than those in above ground tissues. Clustering dendrogram and PCA analysis suggested that the below and above ground tissues were clustered into two separate groups. A total of 482 and 882 unigenes were shared in the below and above ground tissues, respectively. A total of 75 distinct expressions of CYPs transcripts (RPKM ≥ 10) were detected. Of these transcripts, 38 and 37 were highly expressed in the below ground and above ground tissues, respectively. RT-qPCR analysis showed that CYP716A47 gene was abundantly expressed in the above ground tissues, especially in the flower, whose expression was 31.5-fold higher than that in the root. CYP716A53v2 gene was predominantly expressed in the below ground tissues, especially in the rhizome, whose expression was 20.1-fold higher than that in the flower. Pearson's analysis revealed that the CYP716A47 expression was significantly correlated with the contents of ginsenoside Rc and Rb2. The CYP716A53v2 expression was associated with the saponin contents of protopanaxadiol-type (Rb1 and Rd) and protopanaxatriol-type (R1, Rg1, and Re). Results indicated that the expression patterns of CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2 were correlated with the distribution of protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type saponins in P. notoginseng. This study identified the pivotal genes regulating saponin distribution and provided valuable information for further research on the mechanisms of saponin synthesis, transportation, and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Fugang Wei
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology Co., Ltd., Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Can Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Jiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the distribution of saponins in Panax notoginseng. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:458-465. [PMID: 29881685 PMCID: PMC5989832 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is famous for its important therapeutic effects. Saponins are bioactive compounds found in different parts and developmental stages of P. notoginseng plants. Thus, it is urgently to study saponins distribution in different parts and growth ages of P. notoginseng plants. In this study, potential biomarkers were found, and their chemical characteristic differences were revealed through metabolomic analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography data indicated the higher content of saponins (i.e., Rg1, Re, Rd, and Rb1) in the underground parts than that in the aerial parts. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol saponins were mainly distributed in the aerial parts. Additionally, the total saponin content in the 3-year-old P. notoginseng plant (188.0 mg/g) was 1.4-fold higher than that in 2-year-old plant (130.5 mg/g). The transcriptomic analysis indicated the tissue-specific transcription expression of genes, namely, PnFPS, PnSS, PnSE1, PnSE2, and PnDS, which encoded critical synthases in saponin biosyntheses. These genes showed similar expression patterns among the parts of P. notoginseng plants. The expression levels of these genes in the flowers and leaves were 5.2fold higher than that in the roots and fibrils. These results suggested that saponins might be actively synthesized in the aerial parts and transformed to the underground parts. This study provides insights into the chemical and genetic characteristics of P. notoginseng to facilitate the synthesis of its secondary metabolites and a scientific basis for appropriate collection and rational use of this plant.
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Key Words
- AACT, acetoacetyl-CoA acyltransferase
- DS, dammarenediol-II synthase
- DXPR, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase
- DXPS, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase
- FPP, farnesyl diphosphate
- FPS, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase
- GDPS, gerenyl diphosphatesynthase
- Gene expression
- Growth years
- HDS, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase
- HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- HMGS, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase
- HPLC—UV, high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection
- IPP, isoprenyl diphosphate
- IPPI, isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
- ISPD, 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphatecytidyl transferase
- ISPE, 4-(cytidine-5′-diphospho)-2-C-methylerythritol kinase
- ISPH, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase
- MECPS, 2-C-methylerythritol-2,4-cyclophosphate synthase
- MEP, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVDD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MVK, mevalonate kinase
- Metabolomic analyses
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis
- P450, P450-monooxygenase
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PDS, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins
- PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase
- PTS, 20(S)-protopanaxatriol saponins
- Panax notoginseng
- SE, squalene epoxidase
- SS, squalene synthase
- Saponin
- UGTs, UDP-glycosyltransferases
- UPLC—MS, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- VIP, variable importance in projection
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Progress on the Studies of the Key Enzymes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030589. [PMID: 29509695 PMCID: PMC6017814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main bioactive constituents of Panax species, ginsenosides possess a wide range of notable medicinal effects such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities. However, the increasing medical demand for ginsenosides cannot be met due to the limited resource of Panax species and the low contents of ginsenosides. In recent years, biotechnological approaches have been utilized to increase the production of ginsenosides by regulating the key enzymes of ginsenoside biosynthesis, while synthetic biology strategies have been adopted to produce ginsenosides by introducing these genes into yeast. This review summarizes the latest research progress on cloning and functional characterization of key genes dedicated to the production of ginsenosides, which not only lays the foundation for their application in plant engineering, but also provides the building blocks for the production of ginsenosides by synthetic biology.
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Wang N, Wang L, Qi L, Lu X. Construct a gene-to-metabolite network to screen the key genes of triterpene saponin biosynthetic pathway in Panax notoginseng. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:119-127. [PMID: 28779486 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins are main active constituents of Panax notoginseng. Metabolites profiling of 12 triterpene saponins was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in leaf, petiole, and root extracts of P. notoginseng. Most of the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) type saponins, except ginsenoside Re, were mainly distributed in roots, while 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) type saponins were detected among various tissues. The total content of PPD-type saponins decreased in the order of leaf, petiole, and root. The expression patterns of four key genes (PnFPS, PnSQS, PnDS, and PnSE) in the triterpene saponin biosynthetic pathway were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). All the four investigated genes showed high expression levels in leaf. A gene-to-metabolite network was constructed through canonical correlation analysis. The results indicated that the expression levels of PnFPS, PnSQS, PnDS, and PnSE had high correlation with PPD-type saponins ginsenoside Rb2 , Rb3 , and Rc, while PnSQS was also highly correlated with Rb1 . Combining metabolic profiling, RT-qPCR, and gene-to-metabolite network, we inferred that the leaf of P. notoginseng was the main biosynthesis site of PPD-type saponins Rb2 , Rb3 , and Rc. The contribution to the biosynthesis of ginsenosides Rb2 , Rb3 , and Rc was in the order of PnSE > PnDS > PnSQS > PnFPS. PnSE and PnDS should be the preferred targets to regulate the production of PPD-type saponins Rb2 , Rb3 , and Rc in P. notoginseng by plant metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianwen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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Jeena GS, Fatima S, Tripathi P, Upadhyay S, Shukla RK. Comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri identifies potential genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:490. [PMID: 28659188 PMCID: PMC5490213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacopa monnieri commonly known as Brahmi is utilized in Ayurveda to improve memory and many other human health benefits. Bacosides enriched standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri is being marketed as a memory enhancing agent. In spite of its well known pharmacological properties it is not much studied in terms of transcripts involved in biosynthetic pathway and its regulation that controls the secondary metabolic pathway in this plant. The aim of this study was to identify the potential transcripts and provide a framework of identified transcripts involved in bacosides production through transcriptome assembly. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri in two independent biological replicate and obtained 22.48 million and 22.0 million high quality processed reads in shoot and root respectively. After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment total 26,412 genes got annotated in root and 18,500 genes annotated in shoot sample. Quality of raw reads was determined by using SeqQC-V2.2. Assembled sequences were annotated using BLASTX against public database such as NR or UniProt. Searching against the KEGG pathway database indicated that 37,918 unigenes from root and 35,130 unigenes from shoot were mapped to 133 KEGG pathways. Based on the DGE data we found that most of the transcript related to CYP450s and UDP-glucosyltransferases were specifically upregulated in shoot tissue as compared to root tissue. Finally, we have selected 43 transcripts related to secondary metabolism including transcription factor families which are differentially expressed in shoot and root tissues were validated by qRT-PCR and their expression level were monitored after MeJA treatment and wounding for 1, 3 and 5 h. Conclusions This study not only represents the first de novo transcriptome analysis of Bacopa monnieri but also provides information about the identification, expression and differential tissues specific distribution of transcripts related to triterpenoid sapogenin which is one of the most important pharmacologically active secondary metabolite present in Bacopa monnieri. The identified transcripts in this study will establish a foundation for future studies related to carrying out the metabolic engineering for increasing the bacosides biosynthesis and its regulation for human health benefits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shahnoor Fatima
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Pragya Tripathi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Upadhyay
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Enhancement of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in Panax notoginseng cells by co-overexpressions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and squalene synthase genes. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Yang Y, Ge F, Sun Y, Liu D, Chen C. Strengthening Triterpene Saponins Biosynthesis by Over-Expression of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene and RNA Interference of Cycloartenol Synthase Gene in Panax notoginseng Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040581. [PMID: 28379198 PMCID: PMC6153935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To conform to the multiple regulations of triterpene biosynthesis, the gene encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) was transformed into Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) cells in which RNA interference (RNAi) of the cycloartenol synthase (CAS) gene had been accomplished. Transgenic cell lines showed both higher expression levels of FPS and lower expression levels of CAS compared to the wild-type (WT) cells. In the triterpene and phytosterol analysis, transgenic cell lines provided a higher accumulation of total triterpene saponins, and a lower amount of phytosterols in comparison with the WT cells. Compared with the cells in which RNAi of the CAS gene was achieved, the cells with simultaneously over-expressed FPS and silenced CAS showed higher triterpene contents. These results demonstrate that over-expression of FPS can break the rate-limiting reaction catalyzed by FPS in the triterpene saponins biosynthetic pathway; and inhibition of CAS expression can decrease the synthesis metabolic flux of the phytosterol branch. Thus, more precursors flow in the direction of triterpene synthesis, and ultimately promote the accumulation of P. notoginseng saponins. Meanwhile, silencing and over-expressing key enzyme genes simultaneously is more effective than just manipulating one gene in the regulation of saponin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
- School of Biotechnology and Engineering, Dianxi Science and Technology Normal University, Lincang 677000, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Chaoyin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Zhao H, Tang Q, Mo C, Bai L, Tu D, Ma X. Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:215-222. [PMID: 28303229 PMCID: PMC5343116 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mogrosides and steroid saponins are tetracyclic triterpenoids found in Siraitia grosvenorii. Squalene synthase (SQS) and cycloartenol synthase (CAS) are key enzymes in triterpenoid and steroid biosynthesis. In this study, full-length cDNAs of SgSQS and SgCAS were cloned by a rapid amplification of cDNA-ends with polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) approach. The SgSQS cDNA has a 1254 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 417 amino acids, and the SgCAS cDNA contains a 2298 bp ORF encoding 765 amino acids. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the deduced SgSQS protein has two transmembrane regions in the C-terminal. Both SgSQS and SgCAS have significantly higher levels in fruits than in other tissues, suggesting that steroids and mogrosides are competitors for the same precursors in fruits. Combined in silico prediction and subcellular localization, experiments in tobacco indicated that SgSQS was probably in the cytoplasm or on the cytoskeleton, and SgCAS was likely located in the nucleus or cytosol. These results will provide a foundation for further study of SgSQS and SgCAS gene functions in S. grosvenorii, and may facilitate improvements in mogroside content in fruit by regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Changming Mo
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Longhua Bai
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Dongping Tu
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100194, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13501187416.
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Khan S, ur Rahman L. Pathway Modulation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Through Metabolic Engineering Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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35
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Guo H, Li R, Liu S, Zhao N, Han S, Lu M, Liu X, Xia X. Molecular characterization, expression, and regulation of Gynostemma pentaphyllum squalene epoxidase gene 1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:230-239. [PMID: 27744265 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a perennial medicinal herb widely distributed in China. This herb contains important medicinal components called gypenosides, which belong to dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins. Squalene epoxidase (SE, EC 1.14.99.7) catalyzes the epoxidation of squalene to form oxidosqualene and is a key regulatory enzyme in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. In this study, a SE gene designated as GpSE1 was isolated from G. pentaphyllum leaves. The deduced protein sequence of GpSE1 contained two conserved domains involved in the catalytic function of SE. GpSE1 was expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli cells, and the HIS-tagged recombinant protein was successfully purified and renatured in vitro. Immunofluorescence indicated that the polygonal reticular fluorescence signal of GpSE1 was significantly stronger in young leaves than in mature leaves and rhizomes. This finding is consistent with the tissue-specific expression pattern of GpSE1 and suggests that the young leaves of G. pentaphyllum mainly serve as the active site of gypenoside synthesis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment upregulated GpSE1 expression in both the young and mature leaves of G. pentaphyllum, with greater upregulation in young leaves than in mature leaves. However, the expression of GpSE1 was not enhanced continually with the increase in MeJA concentration. Moreover, the GpSE1 expression was maximally regulated in response to 50 μM MeJA but not to 100 μM MeJA. This result indicates that MeJA exerts a concentration-dependent effect on GpSE1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Rufang Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shibiao Liu
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuo Han
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Mengmeng Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xinli Xia
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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36
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Liu WJ, Lv HZ, He L, Song JY, Sun C, Luo HM, Chen SL. Cloning and Bioinformatic Analysis of HMGS and HMGR Genes from Panax notoginseng. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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37
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Zhang M, Wang S, Yin J, Li C, Zhan Y, Xiao J, Liang T, Li X. Molecular cloning and promoter analysis of squalene synthase and squalene epoxidase genes from Betula platyphylla. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1347-1363. [PMID: 26464187 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Betula platyphylla is a rich repository of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as birch triterpenoids (TBP). Here, we cloned the squalene synthase (SS) and squalene epoxidase genetic (SE) sequences from B. platyphylla that encode the key enzymes that are involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis and analyzed the conserved domains and phylogenetics of their corresponding proteins. The full-length sequence of BpSS is 1588 bp with a poly-A tail, which contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1241 bp that encoded a protein of 413 amino acids. Additionally, the BpSE full-length sequence of 2040 bp with a poly-A tail was also obtained, which contained an ORF of 1581 bp encoding a protein of 526 amino acids. Their organ-specific expression patterns in 4-week-old tissue culture seedlings of B. platyphylla were detected by real-time PCR and showed that they were all highly expressed in leaves, as compared to stem and root tissues. Additionaly, both BpSS and BpSE were enhanced following stimulation with ethephon and MeJA. The expression of BpSS was enhanced by ABA, whereas BpSE was not. The SA treatment did not affect the BpSS and BpSE transcripts notably. Using a genome walking approach, promoter sequences of 965 and 1193 bp, respectively, for BpSS and BpSE were isolated, and they revealed several key cis-regulatory elements known to be involved in the response to phytohormone and abiotic plant stress. We also found that the BpSS protein is localized in the cytoplasm. Opening reading frames of BpSS and BpSE were ligated into yeast expression plasmid pYES2 under control of GAL1 promoter and introduced into the yeast INVScl1 strain. The transformants were cultured for 12 h, the squalene content of galactose-induced BpSS expression yeast cells was 13.2 times of control (empty vector control yeast cells) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) test method. And, the squalene epoxidase activity of induced BpSE expression yeast cell was about 11.8 times of control. These indicated that we cloned birch BpSS and BpSE that were indeed involved in the synthesis of triteropenoids. This is the first report wherein SS and SE from B. platyphylla were cloned and may be of significant interest to understand the regulatory role of SS and SE in the triterpenoids biosynthesis of B. platyphylla. This is the first report wherein SS and SE from B. platyphylla were cloned and may be of significant interest to understand the regulatory role of SS and SE in the biosynthesis of birch triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jing Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Chunxiao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jialei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Tian Liang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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Subtractive transcriptome analysis of leaf and rhizome reveals differentially expressed transcripts in Panax sokpayensis. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:619-639. [PMID: 27586658 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) strategy was used to identify rare and differentially expressed transcripts in leaf and rhizome tissues of Panax sokpayensis. Out of 1102 randomly picked clones, 513 and 374 high quality expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) were generated from leaf and rhizome subtractive libraries, respectively. Out of them, 64.92 % ESTs from leaf and 69.26 % ESTs from rhizome SSH libraries were assembled into different functional categories, while others were of unknown function. In particular, ESTs encoding galactinol synthase 2, ribosomal RNA processing Brix domain protein, and cell division cycle protein 20.1, which are involved in plant growth and development, were most abundant in the leaf SSH library. Other ESTs encoding protein KIAA0664 homologue, ubiquitin-activating enzyme e11, and major latex protein, which are involved in plant immunity and defense response, were most abundant in the rhizome SSH library. Subtractive ESTs also showed similarity with genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway, namely farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, squalene synthase, and dammarenediol synthase. Expression profiles of selected ESTs validated the quality of libraries and confirmed their differential expression in the leaf, stem, and rhizome tissues. In silico comparative analyses revealed that around 13.75 % of unigenes from the leaf SSH library were not represented in the available leaf transcriptome of Panax ginseng. Similarly, around 18.12, 23.75, 25, and 6.25 % of unigenes from the rhizome SSH library were not represented in available root/rhizome transcriptomes of P. ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax vietnamensis, respectively, indicating a major fraction of novel ESTs. Therefore, these subtractive transcriptomes provide valuable resources for gene discovery in P. sokpayensis and would complement the available transcriptomes from other Panax species.
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Sahebi M, Hanafi MM, Azizi P, Hakim A, Ashkani S, Abiri R. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Versus Next-Generation Sequencing in Plant Genetic Engineering: Challenges and Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 57:880-903. [PMID: 26271955 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) is an effective method to identify different genes with different expression levels involved in a variety of biological processes. This method has often been used to study molecular mechanisms of plants in complex relationships with different pathogens and a variety of biotic stresses. Compared to other techniques used in gene expression profiling, SSH needs relatively smaller amounts of the initial materials, with lower costs, and fewer false positives present within the results. Extraction of total RNA from plant species rich in phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and polysaccharides that easily bind to nucleic acids through cellular mechanisms is difficult and needs to be considered. Remarkable advancement has been achieved in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) field. As a result of progress within fields related to molecular chemistry and biology as well as specialized engineering, parallelization in the sequencing reaction has exceptionally enhanced the overall read number of generated sequences per run. Currently available sequencing platforms support an earlier unparalleled view directly into complex mixes associated with RNA in addition to DNA samples. NGS technology has demonstrated the ability to sequence DNA with remarkable swiftness, therefore allowing previously unthinkable scientific accomplishments along with novel biological purposes. However, the massive amounts of data generated by NGS impose a substantial challenge with regard to data safe-keeping and analysis. This review examines some simple but vital points involved in preparing the initial material for SSH and introduces this method as well as its associated applications to detect different novel genes from different plant species. This review evaluates general concepts, basic applications, plus the probable results of NGS technology in genomics, with unique mention of feasible potential tools as well as bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
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Zha L, Liu S, Su P, Yuan Y, Huang L. Cloning, prokaryotic expression and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) in Magnolia officinalis. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 120:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang G, Cao Q, Liu J, Liu B, Li J, Li C. Refactoring β-amyrin synthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genlin Zhang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jingzhu Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Baiyang Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
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Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of ginsenosides. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:717-35. [PMID: 25747290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are essential for improving human health, and around 75% of the population in developing countries relies mainly on herb-based medicines for health care. As the king of herb plants, ginseng has been used for nearly 5,000 years in the oriental and recently in western medicines. Among the compounds studied in ginseng plants, ginsenosides have been shown to have multiple medical effects such as anti-oxidative, anti-aging, anti-cancer, adaptogenic and other health-improving activities. Ginsenosides belong to a group of triterpene saponins (also called ginseng saponins) that are found almost exclusively in Panax species and accumulated especially in the plant roots. In this review, we update the conserved and diversified pathway/enzyme biosynthesizing ginsenosides which have been presented. Particularly, we highlight recent milestone works on functional characterization of key genes dedicated to the production of ginsenosides, and their application in engineering plants and yeast cells for large-scale production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea.
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Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Natarajan S, Kim YJ, Jang MG, Park JH, Yang DC. Transcript expression profiling for adventitious roots of Panax ginseng Meyer. Gene 2014; 546:89-96. [PMID: 24831831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the major medicinal plants in oriental countries belonging to the Araliaceae family which are the primary source for ginsenosides. However, very few genes were characterized for ginsenoside pathway, due to the limited genome information. Through this study, we obtained a comprehensive transcriptome from adventitious roots, which were treated with methyl jasmonic acids for different time points (control, 2h, 6h, 12h, and 24h) and sequenced by RNA 454 pyrosequencing technology. Reference transcriptome 39,304,529 (0.04GB) was obtained from 5,724,987,880 bases (5.7GB) of 22 libraries by de novo assembly and 35,266 (58.5%) transcripts were annotated with biological schemas (GO and KEGG). The digital gene expression patterns were obtained from in vitro grown adventitious root sequences which mapped to reference, from that, 3813 (6.3%) unique transcripts were involved in ≥2 fold up and downregulations. Finally, candidates for ginsenoside pathway genes were predicted from observed expression patterns. Among them, 30 transcription factors, 20 cytochromes, and 11 glycosyl transferases were predicted as ginsenoside candidates. These data can remarkably expand the existing transcriptome resources of Panax, especially to predict existence of gene networks in P. ginseng. The entity of the data provides a valuable platform to reveal more on secondary metabolism and abiotic stresses from P. ginseng in vitro grown adventitious roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea; Insilicogen Inc., #909, Venture Valley, 958, Gosaek-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Park
- Insilicogen Inc., #909, Venture Valley, 958, Gosaek-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea.
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Jee HS, Chang KH, Park SH, Kim KT, Paik HD. Morphological Characterization, Chemical Components, and Biofunctional Activities ofPanax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, andPanax notoginsengRoots: A Comparative Study. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.883631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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