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Asghar S, Atif M, Arshad S. An exploratory study to identify the factors influencing community pharmacist retention by using COM-B model. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:786-795. [PMID: 38749895 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to multitude of gaps in Pakistan's healthcare system, community pharmacies serve as the" first port of call" for various illnesses. However, the present scarcity of pharmacists in these settings poses significant challenges to healthcare delivery in the country. This scarcity is primarily due to difficulties in retaining pharmacists for community practice. The aim of this study was to explore the factors that influence the retention of community pharmacists by using COM-B model. METHODS A qualitative methodology employing the COM-|B model was utilized to design this study. In-depth interviews were conducted with pharmacists experienced in community pharmacy practice, at time and place convenient to them. Data were transcribed, translated and analyzed by deductive thematic analysis in accordance with the constructs of COM-B model. RESULTS A diverse range of factors were identified that negatively influenced the retention of community pharmacists including working conditions and proprietor's demeanor, deficiency in training and intern experience, lack of career planning, low social acceptance, less salary and job satisfaction, less regulatory control and aptitude of renting out category. Conversely, the study also identified the factors that motivate community pharmacists to stay in their roles despite the challenges including strong educational background, abundant job opportunities, flexible schedules, direct patient engagement and positive impact on sales. CONCLUSION There was an observed discrepancy between the challenges faced by community pharmacists and the motivators that encourage them to continue their job. Due to a disparity and abundance of challenges rather than motivators, retention rates for community pharmacists are low. This imbalance shed light on areas where improvements are needed to enhance pharmacist retention. Various areas for change were highlighted including strict implementation of regulations, integration of practical experience of community pharmacy practice and internships into academic programs, career guidance, and raising patient awareness about the roles of community pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Asghar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Saria Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Abdul Razzak HA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Khan AH, Thomas S. Attitudes of community pharmacists towards extending their professional roles in Oman. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2367018. [PMID: 38952489 PMCID: PMC11216276 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2367018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last few decades, the pharmacy profession has witnessed a substantial evolution accompanied by the developing role of community pharmacists (CPs). Evidence indicates that extending the role of CPs contributes to fostering public health outcomes. However, in many countries, their role is still underused. To extend the role of CPs in Oman, it is crucial to understand their perception and determine the influences. Aim This study determines the willingness of CPs in Oman to extend their role and assess their perception towards barriers. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted across Oman using an online self-administered survey targeting CPs working in the private sector. Result Generally, respondents welcomed broadening their professional role. However, among the top perceived barriers were shortage of staff, insufficient training, lack of interconnection between CPs and physicians, and regulation constraints. Different socio-demographic characteristics of respondents showed a noticeable impact on their responses. Conclusion CPs welcomed extending their role. However, several obstacles were raised that need to be tackled to enable CPs to advance their role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amer Hayat Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sabin Thomas
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
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Johari SM, Razalli NH, Chua KJ, Shahar S. The efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) intervention package through a subscription model among type-2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia: a preliminary trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:135. [PMID: 38902819 PMCID: PMC11191324 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG) intervention package through a subscription model in improving HbA1c and health parameters among type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals in Malaysia. METHODS This is a quasi-experimental study involving a total number of 111 individuals with T2DM (mean age 57.0 ± 11.7 years, 61% men) who were assigned to intervention (n = 51) and control (n = 60) groups. The intervention group participants were the subscribers of SugO365 program which provided a personalized care service based on self-recorded blood glucose values. Subscribers received a Contour® Plus One glucometer which can connect to Health2Sync mobile app to capture all blood glucose readings as well as physical and virtual follow up with dietitians, nutritionists, and pharmacists for 6 months. Outcome measures were body weight, body mass index (BMI), random blood glucose (RBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL, assessed by SF-36 questionnaire). Data were measured at baseline, third and sixth months. RESULTS Repeated-measure analysis of covariance showed significant improvement in HbA1c level (ƞp2 = 0.045, p = 0.008) in the intervention (baseline mean 7.7% ± 1.1%; end mean 7.3% ± 1.3%) as compared to control (baseline mean 7.7% ± 0.9%; end mean 8.1% ± 1.6%) group. Similar trend was observed for Role Emotional domain of the quality of life (ƞp2 = 0.047, p = 0.023) in the intervention (baseline mean 62.8 ± 35.1, end mean 86.3 ± 21.3) compared to control (baseline mean group 70.5 ± 33.8; end mean 78.4 ± 27.3) group. Negative association was found in HbA1c changes using Z-score and Physical Function domain (r = - 0.217, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION A 6 months SMBG intervention package through a subscription model improved blood glucose control as measured by HbA1c and health-related quality of life, particularly the Role Emotional domain. Elevated HbA1c levels are correlated with decreased physical function.There is a need to further examine the efficacy of SMBG intervention package using a larger sample and a longer period of intervention and to determine its cost efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurul Huda Razalli
- Dietetic Program, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-CARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Suzana Shahar
- Dietetic Program, Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness (H-CARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hu C, Sheng M, Wang K, Yang Z, Che S. The Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Research for Hospital Medication Management Based on the Web of Science Database. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:1561-1575. [PMID: 38882053 PMCID: PMC11179643 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s464456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Identify the collaborations between authors, countries, and institutions, respectively, and explore the hot issues and prospects for research on hospital medication management. Materials and Methods Publications on hospital medication management were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses were performed using CiteSpace 6.1.R3, HistCite 2.1, and VOSviewer 1.6.16. The network maps were created between authors, countries institutions, and keywords. Results A total of 18,723 articles related to hospital medication management studies were identified. Rapid growth in the number of publications since 2017. The high papers were published in AM J HEALTH-SYST PH, while JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC was the most co-cited journal. Manias E and WHO ranked first in the author and cited author. There were active collaborations among the top authors. Bates DW was the key author in this field. The authors have active collaborations in adverse drug events, acute coronary syndrome, in-hospital major bleeding, and so on. The US was the leading contributor in this field. The UK, Australia, and China are also very active. Active cooperation between countries and between institutions was observed. The main hot topics included matters related to outcome indicators, hospital pharmacy service behaviors, and medication use in pain management. More recent keywords focus on chronic disease medication management and clinical medication management. Conclusion Hospital medication management studies have significantly increased after 2017. There was active cooperation between authors, countries, and institutions. The application of hospital medication management in the emergency department and the relationship between medication management and medication adherence are current research hotspots. In addition, with the continuous progress of society, chronic diseases have become an important factor affecting people's health, and medication management is becoming more and more subdivided, so the direction of chronic disease medication management as well as precise medication may become the development direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Hu
- Solicitation Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Sheng
- Solicitation Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Solicitation Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Yang
- Solicitation Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Che
- Solicitation Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Ram SS, Scahill S. Understanding Risk Factors for Complaints Against Pharmacists: A Content Analysis. J Patient Saf 2024; 20:e18-e28. [PMID: 38506483 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pharmacists constitute a crucial component of the healthcare system, significantly influencing the provision of medication services and ensuring patient safety. This study aims to understand the characteristics and risk factors for complaints against pharmacists through Health and Disability Commissioner (HDC) published decisions. METHODS This study adopts a retrospective, qualitative approach. An inductive content analysis technique was used to analyze 37 complaints against pharmacists published decisions from the New Zealand Health and Disability Commissioner website to investigate a range of underlying risk factors contributing to the occurrence of complaints against pharmacists. RESULTS A set of 20 categories of risk factors emerged through the content analysis and were subsequently grouped into five overarching themes: pharmacist individual factors, organizational factors, system factors, medication-specific factors, and external environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide valuable insights that expand the understanding of risk management in pharmacist practice, serving as a valuable resource for regulatory bodies, policymakers, educators, and practitioners. It is recommended not only to focus solely on individual pharmacists but also to consider integrating their environment and individual behaviors to proactively address situations prone to errors and subsequent complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- From the School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Campbell I, Harrison H, Kurdi A. A qualitative study exploring the challenges and enablers of pharmacists with a recent background in community pharmacy transitioning into primary care. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:704-713. [PMID: 38478211 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists are an increasing part of the primary care health care team in Scotland. Recruitment to this expanding sector has largely come from community pharmacy. However, it is unknown if these pharmacists have specific needs to perform their role within the primary care team. AIM To explore the perceived challenges and enablers of community pharmacists transitioning into primary care pharmacist roles. METHOD Eight pharmacists (5 female, 3 male, median age 32) across Scotland's largest regional health board who previously practised in community pharmacy participated in a recorded, semi-structured interview via Microsoft Teams® to explore their challenges and enablers of transition into primary care. Recordings were transcribed, verified, and thematic analysis then undertaken. RESULTS Five themes were identified: challenging transition, transferable skills, transferable training from community pharmacy, training needs for primary care role, and benefits of structured learning. Participants reported lack of opportunity to apply their clinical knowledge and for professional development in community pharmacy. CONCLUSION Pharmacists in our study reported a range of challenges (such as examination skills, improved clinical and therapeutics knowledge) required to practice in primary care, while their regular patient contact and knowledge of community pharmacy workings enabled their transition. Previous sectors of practice should be taken into consideration when inducting pharmacists into a new role and background specific inductions may need to be implemented to support these pharmacists work autonomously at an advanced level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Campbell
- Glasgow City (South) Health and Social Care Partnership, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1St Floor, Pavilion One, Rowan Business Park, 5 Ardlaw Street, Glasgow, G51 3RR, Scotland, UK.
| | - Heather Harrison
- Central Prescribing Team, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Clarkston Court, 56 Busby Road, Glasgow, G76 7AT, Scotland, UK
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Michel DE, Tonna AP, Dartsch DC, Weidmann AE. Implementation of medication reviews in community pharmacy: reaching consensus on stakeholders' recommendations for mechanisms of change using the nominal group technique. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:714-726. [PMID: 38489050 PMCID: PMC11133082 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2022, patients with five or more medicines are eligible for a medication review (MR) in a community pharmacy remunerated by the German health system. However, implementation has been slow, with few pharmacies providing MRs. Stakeholders' input is necessary to detail how implementation strategies can be executed effectively on a national level. Prior research identified "external facilitation" and "altering incentives" as crucial strategies to achieve implementation outcomes. AIM To gather stakeholders' recommendations for, and obtain consensus on, mechanisms of change that allow implementation strategies to work in practice. METHOD The consensus method used was the nominal group technique (NGT) with NGT-discussions held separately with pharmacy owners and pharmacy chambers employees. Votes were summed and the relative importance (rI) calculated, defined as (score achieved for a mechanism)/(maximum possible score) × 100. Content analysis provided context for the highest ranked mechanisms and allowed linking to implementation outcomes. RESULTS Four NGT-discussions were held in 2023 (n = 2 owners; n = 2 chamber employees) with a total of 17 participants. The overall highest ranked mechanisms were fit-for-purpose software (rI = 154.7) detailed process support (rI = 104.9) and an expert support line (rI = 77.7). These together with financial viability (rI = 40.0) were prioritised by both participant groups. Three mechanisms were favoured for both implementation strategies, namely software, process support and materials (rI = 34.3). CONCLUSION This study identified stakeholders' priorities for mechanisms of change to implement MRs in community pharmacies. Focusing efforts on the prioritised mechanisms is likely to significantly advance a national implementation plan for countries which are at an early implementation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee E Michel
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, Scotland
| | - Antonella P Tonna
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, Scotland
| | | | - Anita E Weidmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Innsbruck University, Innrain 80, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Zhang X, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Tong WK, Xia Q, Han B, Guo N. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary healthcare practitioners regarding pharmacist clinics: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:677. [PMID: 38811999 PMCID: PMC11134695 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacist clinics offer professional pharmaceutical services that can improve public health outcomes. However, primary healthcare staff in China face various barriers and challenges in implementing such clinics. To identify existing problems and provide recommendations for the implementation of pharmacist clinics, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacist clinics among primary healthcare providers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey based on the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model, was conducted in community health centers (CHCs) and private hospitals in Shanghai, China in May, 2023. Descriptive analytics and the Pareto principle were used to multiple-answer questions. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and binary logistic regression models were employed to identify factors associated with the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacist clinics. RESULTS A total of 223 primary practitioners participated in the survey. Our study revealed that most of them had limited knowledge (60.1%, n = 134) but a positive attitude (82.9%, n = 185) towards pharmacist clinics, with only 17.0% (n = 38) having implemented them. The primary goal of pharmacist clinics was to provide comprehensive medication guidance (31.5%, n = 200), with medication education (26.3%, n = 202) being the primary service, and special populations (24.5%, n = 153) identified as key recipients. Logistic regression analysis revealed that education, age, occupation, position, work seniority, and institution significantly influenced their perceptions. Practitioners with bachelor's degrees, for instance, were more likely than those with less education to recognize the importance of pharmacist clinics in medication guidance (aOR: 7.130, 95%CI: 1.809-28.099, p-value = 0.005) and prescription reviews (aOR: 4.675, 95% CI: 1.548-14.112, p-value = 0.006). Additionally, practitioners expressed positive attitudes but low confidence, with only 33.3% (n = 74) feeling confident in implementation. The confidence levels of male practitioners surpassed those of female practitioners (p-value = 0.037), and practitioners from community health centers (CHCs) exhibited higher confidence compared to their counterparts in private hospitals (p-value = 0.008). Joint physician-pharmacist clinics (36.8%, n = 82) through collaboration with medical institutions (52.0%, n = 116) emerged as the favored modality. Daily sessions were preferred (38.5%, n = 86), and both registration and pharmacy service fees were considered appropriate for payment (42.2%, n = 94). The primary challenge identified was high outpatient workload (30.9%, n = 69). CONCLUSIONS Although primary healthcare practitioners held positive attitudes towards pharmacist clinics, limited knowledge, low confidence, and high workload contributed to the scarcity of their implementation. Practitioners with diverse sociodemographic characteristics, such as education, age, and institution, showed varying perceptions and practices regarding pharmacist clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Zhijia Tang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Wai Kei Tong
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xia
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China.
| | - Nan Guo
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, P.R. China.
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Mäkinen E, Holmström AR, Airaksinen M, Schoultz A. Trends in dispensing errors reported in Finnish community pharmacies in 2015-2020: a national retrospective register-based study. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:183. [PMID: 38783197 PMCID: PMC11118726 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacies are responsible for dispensing of medicines and related counselling in outpatient care. Dispensing practices have remarkably changed over time, but little is known about how the changes have influenced medication safety. This national study investigated trends in dispensing errors (DEs) related to prescribed medicines, which were reported in Finnish community pharmacies within a 6-year period. METHODS This national retrospective register study included all DEs reported to a nationally coordinated voluntary DE reporting system by Finnish community pharmacies during 2015-2020. DE rates, DE types, prescription types, individuals who detected DEs and contributing factors to DEs were quantified as frequencies and percentages. Poisson regression was used to assess the statistical significance of the changes in annual DE rates by type. RESULTS During the study period, altogether 19 550 DEs were reported, and the annual number of error reports showed a decreasing trend (n = 3 913 in 2015 vs. n = 2 117 in 2020, RR 0.54, p < 0.001). The greatest decrease in reported DEs occurred in 2019 after the national implementation of the Medicines Verification System (MVS) and the additional safety feature integrated into the MVS process. The most common error type was wrong dispensed strength (50% of all DEs), followed by wrong quantity or pack size (13%). The annual number of almost all DE types decreased, of which wrong strength errors decreased the most (n = 2121 in 2015 vs. n = 926 in 2020). Throughout the study period, DEs were most commonly detected by patients (50% of all DEs) and pharmacy personnel (30%). The most reported contributing factors were factors related to employees (36% of all DEs), similar packaging (26%) and similar names (21%) of medicinal products. CONCLUSIONS An overall decreasing trend was identified in the reported DEs and almost all DE types. These changes seem to be associated with digitalisation and new technologies implemented in the dispensing process in Finnish community pharmacies, particularly, the implementation of the MVS and the safety feature integrated into the MVS process. The role of patients and pharmacy personnel in detecting DEs has remained central regardless of changes in dispensing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mäkinen
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna-Riia Holmström
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Airaksinen
- Clinical Pharmacy Group, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bradley SH, Jones D, Wood S, Rafiq M, Bradley C, Hamilton WT. Diagnosing cancer in English community pharmacies. BMJ 2024; 385:e077087. [PMID: 38740425 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Jones
- Academic Unit of Primary Care, University of Leeds, UK
- North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Carlisle, UK
| | - Su Wood
- Academic Unit of Primary Care, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Meena Rafiq
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Australia
- Epidemiology of Cancer and Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) group, University College London, UK
| | | | - William T Hamilton
- Department of Health and Community Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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Thomas D, Abdalla A, Hussein S, Joury J, Elshamy A, Khalifa S, Saleh Z. Pharmacists' readiness and willingness to vaccinate the public in United Arab Emirates community pharmacies: A cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2024; 12:292. [PMID: 38774308 PMCID: PMC11106594 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.131153.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacist-administered vaccination is currently implemented in many countries worldwide. It has contributed to increased vaccine access and vaccine uptake. This observational cross-sectional study assessed community pharmacists' willingness, and readiness to administer vaccines to the public in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and relate it to national and international policies on vaccination. Methods This research was an online survey of 24-questions that was made available to community pharmacists via social media and WhatsApp. The survey was open for six weeks (from April to June 2022). Descriptive and inferential analysis was performed. Results The questionnaire was completed by 374 of 575 (65%) respondents. More than half (64.2%) of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed that pharmacists should be able to vaccinate and 68.4% responded that they were willing to administer vaccines if local regulations allowed them to vaccinate. Most (81.8%) expressed willingness to complete training required to be able to administer vaccines in their pharmacies. Logistic regression showed that pharmacists defined as having high readiness were significantly more willing to undergo all essential training to start a vaccination service in their pharmacies than were pharmacists with poor readiness (OR 2.647; 95% CI: 1.518-4.615; p=0.001). High readiness was also significantly associated with agreement on safety of pharmacy-based vaccination (p=0.027). Conclusions The majority of community pharmacists surveyed showed readiness to commence pharmacy-based vaccination services. Those with high readiness characteristics are amenable to receiving essential training and consider that vaccination in the community pharmacy setting would be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixon Thomas
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Saeed Hussein
- Global Medical Solutions, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean Joury
- Pfizer Gulf FZ LLC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amin Elshamy
- Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sherief Khalifa
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ziad Saleh
- Al Ain Pharmacy Group, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Sendekie AK, Tesfaye AH, Tadesse YB, Dagnaw AD, Belachew EA. Actual practices of community pharmacists in the management of diabetes: a comparison of simulated patient-based study with perceived role of involvement. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2326381. [PMID: 38562557 PMCID: PMC10984231 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2326381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the level of community pharmacy professionals' (CPPs) actual practices and contrasted it with their self-reported perceived involvement in diabetes management. Methods A self-reported cross-sectional and simulated patient (SP)-based study were employed at community drug retail outlets (CDROs) in Northwest Ethiopia. SP-case scenarios were used to examine the actual practices of CPPs in diabetes management and were compared with self-reported perceived involvement. The data were managed and analysed using SPSS version 26. Results About 184 participants in the self-reported and 100 CPPs' actual practices using three SP visits were included. The overall actual practice (17.8%) was found to be significantly different compared with the perceived level of involvement (73.5%) (p-value <0.05). About 94.3% of CPPs dispensed requested medications to the SP without a prescription. Despite most participants being perceived to be involved, more than 76% of CPPs did not counsel the SP for lifestyle modifications, avoiding risky behaviours, adherence to treatment, routine blood glucose checkups, diabetic foot care techniques, or consultation with physicians for further management. Conclusion A significant discrepancy between actual practices and perceived CPPs' involvement in the management of diabetes was observed. The findings may suggest that exploring possible gaps may be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yabibal Berie Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Dessie Dagnaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eyayaw Ashete Belachew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Gessl AS, Brodtka N, Zhao J, Gessl N. Analyzing pharmacist representation in public-facing health media: Insights and implications. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:353-362. [PMID: 38129221 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of marketing for community pharmacies, evidence on its effectiveness in influencing consumer behavior and the added value for pharmacies remains limited. This study explores the representation of pharmacists in consumer-facing print media used for consumer marketing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze professional representation, especially of community pharmacists alongside other health professionals, in health-related public-facing print media, and to explore and further develop the use of novel, consumer facing data sources in a healthcare research context. METHODS An exploratory qualitative content analysis of a sample of issues from a leading consumer-facing healthcare print magazine was conducted. Of 565 extracted text passages, 328 were retained for analysis and coded using a coding scheme focused on described professional role, type of content, depth of voice, and demographics. RESULTS Physicians (42 %) and researchers (19 %) were the largest professional groups to be directly cited in print media texts while pharmacists provided 14 % of all direct quotations. Nurses were identified as sources in 1 % of texts. Male professionals were quoted almost twice as frequently as their female counterparts. Images accompanying texts were more gender balanced but did not reflect workforce demographics. CONCLUSION The comparative lack of pharmacist representation in marketing print magazines suggests a missed opportunity both as a marketing tool and for educating the public about community pharmacist expertise. There is a need to harness the potential of print media, especially those financed by and distributed in community pharmacies, to improve public perception and visibility of pharmacists, and to inform the public about the evolving roles of pharmacists in the healthcare ecosystem. Further research should explore pharmacist representations in different types of news media to better understand the impacts on public perception of pharmacists internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra S Gessl
- LMU Munich School of Management, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nils Brodtka
- LMU Munich School of Management, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianan Zhao
- LMU Munich School of Management, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Gessl
- LMU Munich School of Management, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
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Robberechts A, Brumer M, Garcia-Cardenas V, Dupotey NM, Steurbaut S, De Meyer GRY, De Loof H. Medication Review: What's in a Name and What Is It about? PHARMACY 2024; 12:39. [PMID: 38392946 PMCID: PMC10892708 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication review is a multifaceted service aimed at optimizing the use of medicines and enhancing the health outcomes of patients. Due to its complexity, it is crucial to clearly describe the service, its variants, and its components to avoid confusion and ensure a better understanding of medication review among healthcare providers. AIM This study aims to bring clarity to the origins, definitions, abbreviations, and types of medication reviews, together with the primary criteria that delineate key features of this service. METHOD A narrative review approach was employed to clarify the diverse terminology associated with "medication review" services. Relevant references were initially identified through searches on PubMed and Google Scholar, complementing the existing literature known to the authors. RESULTS The study uncovers a complicated and sometimes convoluted history of "medication review" in different regions around the world. The initial optimization of medicine use had an economic purpose before evolving subsequently into a more patient-oriented approach. A selection of abbreviations, definitions, and types were outlined to enhance the understanding of the service. CONCLUSIONS The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive information and standardization regarding the content and quality of the services, collectively referred to as "medication review".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Robberechts
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (G.R.Y.D.M.); (H.D.L.)
- Meduplace, Royal Pharmacists Association of Antwerp (KAVA), 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium;
| | - Maja Brumer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (G.R.Y.D.M.); (H.D.L.)
| | | | | | - Stephane Steurbaut
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Guido R. Y. De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (G.R.Y.D.M.); (H.D.L.)
| | - Hans De Loof
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (G.R.Y.D.M.); (H.D.L.)
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15
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Henman MC, Ravera S, Lery FX. Council of Europe Resolution on the Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care-A Step Forward in Enhancing the Appropriate Use of Medicines and Patient-Centred Care. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:232. [PMID: 38255119 PMCID: PMC10815874 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care was proposed to address morbidity and mortality associated with medicine-related problems. It utilises the pharmacist's expertise in medicines, their relationship with the patient and cooperation with other healthcare professionals to optimise the use of medicines. The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), part of the Council of Europe, found significant variation in the acceptance of pharmaceutical care and in the implementation of pharmaceutical care in Europe. A multidisciplinary group was established to draft a statement of principles and recommendations concerning pharmaceutical care. Through face-to-face meetings, circulation of draft texts and informal consultation with stakeholders, the group produced a resolution. On 11 March 2020, the resolution was adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It explains pharmaceutical care and illustrates pharmacists' contribution to medicine optimisation in different care settings. Pharmaceutical care's value to health services and its place in health policy were emphasised by addressing the risks and harms from suboptimal use of medicines. Pharmaceutical care can improve medicine use, promote rational use of healthcare resources and reduce inequalities in healthcare by realigning the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists and healthcare professionals. EDQM will promote and advocate for the implementation of pharmaceutical care by enacting practice Resolution CM/Res(2020)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C. Henman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Ravera
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; (S.R.); (F.-X.L.)
| | - Francois-Xavier Lery
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; (S.R.); (F.-X.L.)
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16
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Riboulet M, Clairet AL, Bennani M, Nerich V. Patient Preferences for Pharmacy Services: A Systematic Review of Studies Based on Discrete Choice Experiments. THE PATIENT 2024; 17:13-24. [PMID: 38093090 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-023-00652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In recent years, the mission of pharmacists has evolved and the model of the caregiver-patient relationship has been challenged by a new patient-centered approach. A challenge to providing personalized care is the assessment of patient preferences. We aimed to systematically identify published discrete choice experiments related to patient preferences for pharmacy services and to assess the quality of the selected articles. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted in two databases (PubMed and Embase, until March 2023) according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The quality of the selected articles was assessed according to the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research conjoint analysis checklist. RESULTS Among the 421 articles identified, 16 published studies were included and analyzed. They were mostly published in pharmaceutical (n = 6), economic (n = 4), and public health (n = 4) journals. Only two articles concerned the field of hospital pharmacy. Only five presented the specific pharmacy service studied: filling of prescriptions, management of symptoms, treatment delivery, and components of pharmacist counseling. Five articles focused on pharmacy services related to a specific disease. None fully fulfilled the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research checklist, only partially fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS According to the identified studies, cost, time, logistics (organizational criteria), and pharmacists' courtesy and skills were consistently cited as factors influencing patient preferences for pharmacy services. The disclosure of patient preferences is a complex and under-researched topic, especially in the field of pharmacy, but interest is growing. As the mission of pharmacists evolves to bring them closer to patients, the better understanding of patient preferences in pharmacy services will allow for better targeting and better integration of patient profiles in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Laure Clairet
- Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Pôle Pharmacie, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | | | - Virginie Nerich
- Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Pôle Pharmacie, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
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Deniz EU, Rasheed MK, Eren R, Gözeler H. Lived experiences of Turkish community pharmacists toward person-centric care: a qualitative analysis. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 17:2294942. [PMID: 38234994 PMCID: PMC10793631 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2023.2294942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In Turkey, the SMART pharmacist program was launched to enable community pharmacists to deliver patient-centric care services. However, how far this programme has achieved success and what are the challenges faced by the programme need to be evaluated. Objective This study aimed to explore the experiences of community pharmacists in providing person-centric care services in pharmacies and provide recommendations for improved care effectiveness. Methods A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. To conduct qualitative interviews, a semi-structured interview guide was devised to gather insights from the pharmacists. The interviews were coded verbatim. Subsequently, various themes and sub-themes were developed based on the aim and objectives of the study. A total of 14 pharmacists engaged in semi-structured interviews conducted between May and August 2023. Results Two main themes emerged from the data: challenges in person-centric care and recommendations to improve person-centric care. Barriers were subdivided into patient-related challenges and personal challenges. Recommendations consisted of pharmacists' professional tasks and recommendations. Conclusion The findings of this study, suggest that the concerned healthcare authorities should re-evaluate the 'SMART pharmacist' program in Turkey and address professional and personal challenges faced by community pharmacists in delivering effective person-centric care. Pharmacists recommend patient follow-up (follow-ups), providing a counselling environment, collaboration with physicians, expansion of pharmacy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ulutas Deniz
- Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
| | | | - Rumeysa Eren
- Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Gözeler
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
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18
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Golna C, Poimenidou C, Giannoukari EE(E, Saridi M, Liberopoulos E, Souliotis K. Assessing a Pharmacist-Enabled Intervention to Improve Adherence to Medication for Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Chronic Venous Circulation Disorders in Greece. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:3341-3352. [PMID: 38106368 PMCID: PMC10725630 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s420811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adherence to medication in chronic conditions may be influenced by interventions from pharmacists. This study aimed to assess the impact of guidance and reminders from pharmacists on adherence to medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic venous circulation disorders (CVCD) in Greece. Methods The prospective CONCORD study aimed to record and report on change in self-reported adherence to medication following pharmacist reminders amongst a cohort of adult patients, diagnosed with at least one or a combination of these health conditions. All study participants were regular patients of a network of pharmacies in Attica and southern Greece. Pharmacists were trained to provide adherence reminders over 4 months. Impact on self-reported adherence of the intervention was reported at baseline and again in month 4. Results Of the 1146 participants, 48% were men and 60% were aged 55-74 years. Among them, 23.7% were diagnosed with hypertension, 16.5% with dyslipidemia, 3% with CVCD, 42.5% with hypertension and dyslipidemia, 3.1% with hypertension and CVCD, 2.6% with dyslipidemia and CVCD, and 8.6% with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and CVCD. In month 4 vs month 0, patients were less likely to forget to take their prescribed medications (p<0.001), to be careless about their medications during the last 30 days (p<0.001), and to temporarily discontinue their medications without prior doctor's advice (p<0.001). Patients with CVCD were more prone to lower self-reported adherence compared to patients who were not diagnosed with CVCD or a combination of conditions that included CVCD. Discussion Reminders and advice from pharmacists resulted in higher adherence to medication amongst participants in month 4 versus month 0. Conclusion Pharmacist-enabled interventions, including reminders and advice, following targeted training, may positively impact on patient medication adherence in chronic health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Golna
- Research Department, Health Policy Institute, Maroussi, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Saridi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Souliotis
- Research Department, Health Policy Institute, Maroussi, Greece
- Department of Social and Education Policy, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece
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Darlow B, Brown M, Stanley J, Abbott JH, Briggs AM, Clark J, Frew G, Grainger R, Hood F, Hudson B, Keenan R, Marra C, McKinlay E, Pask A, Pierobon A, Simmonds S, Vincent L, Wilson R, Dean S. Reducing the burden of knee osteoarthritis through community pharmacy: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the Knee Care for Arthritis through Pharmacy Service. Musculoskeletal Care 2023; 21:1053-1067. [PMID: 37212721 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knee osteoarthritis (OA) negatively impacts the health outcomes and equity, social and employment participation, and socio-economic wellbeing of those affected. Little community-based support is offered to people with knee OA in Aotearoa New Zealand. Identifying Māori and non-Māori with knee OA in community pharmacy and providing co-ordinated, evidence- and community-based care may be a scalable, sustainable, equitable, effective and cost-effective approach to improve health and wellbeing. AIM Assess whether the Knee Care for Arthritis through Pharmacy Service (KneeCAPS) intervention improves knee-related physical function and pain (co-primary outcomes). Secondary aims assess impacts on health-related quality of life, employment participation, medication use, secondary health care utilisation, and relative effectiveness for Māori. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A pragmatic randomised controlled trial will compare the KneeCAPS intervention to the Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand Arthritis Fact Sheet and usual care (active control) at 12 months for Māori and non-Māori who have knee OA. Participants will be recruited in community pharmacies. Knee-related physical function will be measured using the function subscale of the Short Form of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Knee-related pain will be measured using an 11-point numeric pain rating scale. Primary outcome analyses will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis using linear mixed models. Parallel within-trial health economic analysis and process evaluation will also be conducted. ETHICS AND TRIAL DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the Central Health and Ethics Committee (2022-EXP-11725). The trial is registered with ANZCTR (ACTRN12622000469718). Findings will be submitted for publication and shared with participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Darlow
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Brown
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Stanley
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jane Clark
- Consumer Research Partner, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gareth Frew
- Canterbury Community Pharmacy Group, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Fiona Hood
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ben Hudson
- University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rāwiri Keenan
- University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Alghamdi KS, Petzold M, Alsugoor MH, Makeen HA, Al Monif KH, Hussain-Alkhateeb L. Community pharmacists' perspectives towards automated pharmacy systems and extended community pharmacy services: An online cross-sectional study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100363. [PMID: 38023630 PMCID: PMC10679933 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Private sector partnerships through community pharmacies are essential for effective healthcare integration to achieve the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. This partnership can provide significant clinical outcomes and reduce health system expenditures by delivering services focused on patient-centred care, such as public health screening and medication therapy management. Objectives To assess the understanding of the proposed strategic and health system reform in Saudi Arabia by exploring community pharmacists' perspectives towards the capacity and readiness of community pharmacies to use automated pharmacy systems, provide extended community pharmacy services, and identify perceived barriers. Materials and methods This multicentre, cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia (October-December 2021). Graphical and numerical statistics were used to describe key dimensions by the background and characteristics of the respondents, and multiple ordinal logistic regression analyses were sought to assess their associations. Results Of the 403 consenting and participating community pharmacists, most were male (94%), belonged to chain pharmacies (77%), and worked >48 h per week (72%). Automated pharmacy systems, such as electronic prescriptions, were never utilised (50%), and health screening services, such as blood glucose (76%) and blood pressure measurement (74%), were never provided. Services for medication therapy management were somewhat limited. Age groups ≤40 years, chain pharmacies, >10 years of experience and ≥ 3 pharmacists in place with <100 daily medication prescriptions and Jazan province were significantly more likely to provide all medication therapy management services than others. Operational factors were the barriers most significantly associated with the independent variables. Conclusion The results showed that most services and automated pharmacy systems remained limited and well-needed. When attempting to implement these services to drive change, community pharmacies face numerous challenges, and urgent efforts by private and government sectors are essential to improve pharmaceutical care in community pharmacy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S. Alghamdi
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden
- Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Max Petzold
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Mahdi H. Alsugoor
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kudaisi H. Al Monif
- Medical Supply Department, Najran Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden
- Population Health Research Section, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Davey BJ, Lindsay D, Cousins J, Glass BD. Pharmacy Students' Perspective on Business Management for the Community Pharmacist. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100563. [PMID: 37399898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacy students are important future stakeholders in community pharmacy, with business management being an integral part of practice. Thus, this study aims to determine pharmacy students' perceptions of the business management skills required of the community pharmacist and how these skills should be taught within the pharmacy curriculum. METHODS An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design involved the administration of an online survey to pharmacy students in years 1 and 4 across 2 Australian universities, followed by focus groups to gather in-depth perceptions. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and associations between years 1 and 4 and outcomes were explored. A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive thematic analysis was used for focus group transcriptions. RESULTS A total of 51 pharmacy students responded to the online survey, with 85% agreeing that business management is an essential part of the community pharmacist's skill set. Students indicated a preference for learning management during their community pharmacy placement, university workshops, and via mentorship. Although thematic analysis of student focus groups revealed a preference for learning clinical skills during their university education, business management was also recognized as important. Enthusiasm for management, however, could be increased by exposure to mentors who display leadership and are passionate about business management. CONCLUSION Pharmacy students considered business management as intrinsic to the role of community pharmacists and recommended a multimethod teaching approach to learning these skills. These findings could be used by pharmacy educators and the profession to inform both the content and the delivery of business management in pharmacy curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braedon J Davey
- James Cook University, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Daniel Lindsay
- University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Cousins
- University of Tasmania, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, Hobart, Australia
| | - Beverley D Glass
- James Cook University, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Townsville, Australia
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Mulherin K, Brandt J, Hu A, Ravinatarajan P. Resources and interventions to support psychological health and wellbeing in the pharmacy workforce: Analysis and use of a health worker 'burnout' toolkit. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100359. [PMID: 37965247 PMCID: PMC10641757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists have experienced declines in psychological health and wellbeing post-pandemic. The phenomena of moral distress, disengagement and burnout are associated with workforce attrition, unfitness to practice and inferior quality of patient care. A working group of the Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) was formed to identify resources and interventions (R&I) for occupational psychological health and wellbeing. Objective To characterize R&I from an evidence-based national health worker 'burnout' Toolkit with potential to support the pharmacy workforce. Methods All R&I included within a draft 'burnout' Toolkit from the Canadian Health Workforce Network (CHWN) were screened to determine relevancy and usefulness for the pharmacy workforce. R&I with higher grades were data-charted to capture information on topic and content delivery. Final R&I were determined through consensus meetings where 'highly rated' R&I were discussed and selected. Results Of 140 original CHWN Toolkit R&I, 53 (37.8%) were of potential relevance or usefulness to improve well-being for most in the pharmacy workforce. Of those 53 R&I, 28 (20% of original) were final selections. The majority of R&I at each stage were focused on 'preventing burnout' and 'promoting mental health' (>60%) rather than 'addressing burnout', 'supporting recovery' or managing specific issues in the workplace (i.e. stigma, discrimination, bullying, hostility, workload). No R&I were specifically developed or studied within the pharmacy workforce. Conclusions Health professions may benefit from the CHWN Toolkit and the knowledge translation activity described here. R&I relevant and useful to the pharmacy workforce generally require adaptation for dissemination and/or implementation. The set of final R&I form the basis for orchestrated plans to support the pharmacy workforce with respect to psychological health and wellbeing. There is a relative lack of R&I devoted to addressing and recovering from burnout and workload management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Mulherin
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- Windpharm Consulting, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Jaden Brandt
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amy Hu
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pavithra Ravinatarajan
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Xuan YW, Goh HP, Rehman IU, Shafqat N, Al-Worafi YM, Ming LC, Hermansyah A. Assessing consumers' perception and demand on the community pharmacists' dispensing. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:162. [PMID: 38031133 PMCID: PMC10685624 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the general public's perception of services provided by community pharmacies, their willingness to utilize these services, their satisfaction with and understanding of community pharmacists, and their views on dispensing separation and pharmacy medicines (P medicines). METHODS An online cross-sectional study was conducted, in which questionnaires were distributed among the general public. A novel questionnaire was designed and validated specifically for this study. It was composed of six sections: demographics, pharmacy usage and service preferences, understanding and satisfaction with pharmacists, views on dispensing separation, private community pharmacies, and knowledge of P medicines. Statistical analyses such as one-way ANOVA, independent t test, and binary logistic regression were employed, with a p value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS The study received 222 responses. The majority of the respondents were females within the 20-29-year-old age group (62.2%). Most respondents preferred to consult doctors for medical treatment, with their primary reason for visiting community pharmacies being to collect prescribed medicines. About 52.7% of respondents expressed their willingness to avail of screening services and treatment for minor illnesses at community pharmacies. A statistically significant difference was found among different age groups regarding their views on the dispensing separation system, with those aged 41-50 years demonstrating higher scores. However, the binary logistic regression analysis did not reveal any statistical significance when comparing the understanding of P medicines among respondents. CONCLUSIONS In general, the public prefers to consult doctors for medical treatment and visit community pharmacies predominantly to collect prescriptions or purchase over-the-counter medications. Nonetheless, they are also open to utilizing services provided by community pharmacists, particularly screening services and treatment for minor illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapp Wen Xuan
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei.
| | - Inayat Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Shafqat
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi
- College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, P.O. Box 2202, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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Alsahli S, Hor SY, Lam M. Factors Influencing the Acceptance and Adoption of Mobile Health Apps by Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e50419. [PMID: 37938873 PMCID: PMC10666016 DOI: 10.2196/50419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, the provision of and access to health care have been uniquely challenging, particularly during lockdowns or when dealing with COVID-19 cases. Health care professionals have had to provide patients with the necessary health care. However, delivering health care services while reducing face-to-face interaction puts an immense strain on health systems that are already overburdened. Against this backdrop, it is now more critical than ever to ensure the accessibility of health care services. Such access has been made increasingly available through mobile health (mHealth) apps. These apps have the potential to significantly improve health care outcomes and expectations and address some of the challenges confronting health care systems worldwide. Despite the advantages of mHealth, its acceptance and adoption remain low. Hence, health care organizations must consider the perceptions and opinions of physicians if the technology is to be successfully implemented. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to explore and synthesize the scientific literature on the factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of mHealth among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A systematic review of the studies published between March 2020 and December 2022 was conducted using the MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and ProQuest databases. The database search yielded an initial sample of 455 potential publications for analysis, of which 9 (2%) met the inclusion criteria. The methodology of this review was based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). RESULTS The factors influencing mHealth acceptance and adoption by physicians were divided into perceived barriers and perceived facilitators, which were further grouped into the following 3 major thematic categories: technological, individual, and organizational barriers and facilitators, respectively. The technological barriers were accessibility, technical issues, usefulness, and data management; individual barriers were perceived patient barriers, time and workload pressure, technical literacy, knowledge of mHealth, and peer support; and organizational barriers were financial factors, management support and engagement, data security, telemonitoring policy, and collaboration. The technological facilitators of uptake were technical factors, clinical usefulness, and data management; individual facilitators were patient-related care, intrinsic motivation, collaboration, and data sharing (individual); and organizational facilitators were workflow-related determinants, organizational financial support, recommendation of mHealth services, and evidence-based guidelines. CONCLUSIONS This review summarized the evidence on the factors influencing mHealth acceptance and adoption by physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main findings highlighted the importance of addressing organizational readiness to support physicians with adequate resources, shifting the focus from technological to patient-centered factors, and the seamless integration of mHealth into routine practice during and beyond the pandemic. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022356125; https://tinyurl.com/2mmhn5yu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alsahli
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Health Information Technology and Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary Lam
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Paloumpi E, Ozieranski P, Watson MC, Jones MD. Professional stakeholders' expectations for the future of community pharmacy practice in England: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075069. [PMID: 37844992 PMCID: PMC10582972 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the views of professional stakeholders on the future of community pharmacy services in England. Specific objectives related to expectations of how community pharmacy services will be provided by 2030 and factors that will influence this. DESIGN Qualitative, using semistructured interviews in person or via telephone/Skype. The topic guide was informed by a recent policy review that used the Walt and Gilson policy framework. Transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. SETTING England. PARTICIPANTS External stakeholders were representatives of non-pharmacy organisations, including policy-makers, commissioners and representatives of healthcare professions. Internal stakeholders were community pharmacists or pharmacy organisation representatives. Interviewees were identified using stakeholder mapping RESULTS: In total, 25 interviews were completed (7 external stakeholders and 18 internal stakeholders, of which 10 were community pharmacists). Community pharmacy was recognised as having a key role in expanding health system capacity ('…pharmacy is the obvious person to take on those roles…'), particularly for long-term condition management (eg, adherence, reducing polypharmacy, monitoring), urgent care (eg, minor illnesses) and public health (including mental health). For these contributions to be developed and optimised, greater integration and collaboration with general practices will be needed ('…there is no room for isolationism in pharmacy anymore…'), as well as use of technology in a patient-centred way and full access to health records. These changes will require workforce development together with appropriate commissioning and contractual arrangements. Community pharmacy is currently undervalued ('…the complete misunderstanding by senior Government officials is very scary') and recent investment in general practice pharmacists rather than community pharmacy was seen as a missed opportunity. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacy as a sector could and should be developed to increase health service capacity to address its current challenges. Numerous modifications are required from a range of stakeholders to create the environment in which these changes can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Ozieranski
- Department of Social & Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Margaret C Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Kwon KE, Nam DR, Lee MS, Kim SJ, Lee JE, Jung SY. Status of Patient Safety Culture in Community Pharmacy Settings: A Systematic Review. J Patient Saf 2023; 19:353-361. [PMID: 37466638 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic aimed to understand the global status using the results of survey studies based on the Community Pharmacy Survey on Patient Safety Culture and set the directions of development in terms of the patient safety culture of community pharmacies. METHODS Electronic searches were performed in EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and CINAHL databases by using the words "patient safety," "culture," and "community pharmacy" with synonyms or associated words in the original English language research articles published between January 1, 2012, and March 2, 2023. This systematic review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS Eleven surveys from 10 countries were selected. Five studies were conducted on pharmacists, whereas 6 studies were carried out on all pharmacy staff members such as pharmacists, technicians, clerks, and pharmacy students on apprenticeship. There was a considerable variation in the positive response rates across the dimensions of all the surveys. The highest positive response score was demonstrated for "teamwork" and "patient counseling," whereas the "staffing, work pressure, and pace" dimension was essential for improving patient safety culture in community pharmacy settings. For overall rating of the pharmacy on patient safety, 84.8% of pharmacy staff members gave good, very good, or excellent as their responses. CONCLUSIONS Despite the differences among studies, findings of this study are expected to be used as valuable evidence to develop patient safety improvement strategies after reflecting each country's health care setting or community pharmacy practice. Furthermore, the results would offer meaningful assistance to achieve the goals of global campaigns such as the World Health Organization Patient Safety Challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mo-Se Lee
- Regional Patient Safety Center, Korean Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Regional Patient Safety Center, Korean Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Courtney J, Aragon KG, Douglas M, Malhotra A. A Resource Compendium for Embedding LGBTQIA+ Patient Care in the Professional Identity of Community Pharmacists. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100127. [PMID: 37852690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cultural, clinical, social, and legally competent patient care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) patients is currently scarcely incorporated in pharmacy curricula. Furthermore, clinical, legal, and socio-cultural training that prepares pharmacists on the job to provide LGBTQIA+ competent patient care is scant. Here, our objectives were to (1) systematically review the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify trends in community pharmacists' professional identity development related to the provision of competent LGBTQIA+ patient care, and (2) create a reference guide for community pharmacists for self-directed learning. The literature search focused on 4 professional identity domains common to most pharmacists: academic and clinical competence, cultural sensitivity, knowledge of state and federal laws, and continuing professional development. FINDINGS A total of 207 articles were identified, with 93 retrieved, of which 26 articles were included in the final analysis based on title and abstract and other inclusion criteria. SUMMARY Overall, our search identified that the LGBTQIA+ health professions literature focused on the following themes: guidance for appropriate drug selection and therapy, creation of cultural sensitivity training curricula, community pharmacists' perceptions of their ability to provide LGBTQIA+ care, health system interventions, and Allyship education for advancing LGBTQIA+ care, the need for enhanced training of pharmacists for understanding the federal and state laws and requirements while providing care, and the need for a resource compendium to help community pharmacists access self-directed learning information, for which we have created a self-help resource guide for pharmacists in these 4 professional pharmacist identity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Courtney
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Gove, CA, USA
| | | | - Monica Douglas
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ashim Malhotra
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Gove, CA, USA.
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28
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Price E, Shirtcliffe A, Fisher T, Chadwick M, Marra CA. A systematic review of economic evaluations of pharmacist services. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2023; 31:459-471. [PMID: 37543960 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Challenges to the provision of health care are occurring internationally and are expected to increase in the future, further increasing health spending. As pharmacist roles are evolving and expanding internationally to provide individualised pharmaceutical care it is important to assess the cost-effectiveness of these services. OBJECTIVES To systematically synthesise the international literature regarding published economic evaluations of pharmacy services to assess their cost-effectiveness and clinical outcomes. METHODS A systematic review of economic evaluations of pharmacy services was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, IPA and online journals with search functions likely to publish economic evaluations of pharmacy services. Data were extracted regarding the interventions, the time horizon, the outcomes and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Studies' quality of reporting was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standard (CHEERS) statement. RESULTS Seventy-five studies were included in the systematic review, including 67 cost-effectiveness analyses, 6 cost-benefit analyses and 2 cost-consequence analyses. Of these, 57 were either dominant or cost-effective using a willingness-to-pay threshold of NZ$46 645 per QALY. A further 11 studies' cost-effectiveness were unable to be evaluated. Interventions considered to be most cost-effective included pharmacist medication reviews, pharmacist adherence strategies and pharmacist management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and warfarin/INR monitoring. The quality of reporting of studies differed with no studies reporting all 28 items of the CHEERS statement. CONCLUSIONS There is strong economic evidence to support investment in extended pharmacist services, particularly those focussed on long-term chronic health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Price
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andi Shirtcliffe
- Allied Health Office of the Chief Clinical Officers System Performance and Monitoring Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thelma Fisher
- Centre for Pacific Health Information Services, University Library, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Martin Chadwick
- Office of the Chief Clinical Officers, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Carlo A Marra
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Merks P, Religioni U, Jaguszewski M, Barańska A, Neumann-Podczaska A, Kaźmierczak J, Blicharska E, Šola KF, Vaillancourt R. Patient satisfaction survey of the "Healthy Heart" pharmaceutical care service - evaluation of pharmacy labelling with pharmaceutical pictograms. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:962. [PMID: 37679680 PMCID: PMC10483748 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low adherence is a major challenge in healthcare worldwide, being particularly dangerous for patients with chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and heart failure, where strict adherence is essential. Non-adherence is observed in almost half of patients, and the consequences encompass a lack of therapeutic effects, health deterioration, decreased quality of life, and even death. For cardiovascular patients, the great importance of health education and pharmaceutical education can be provided within pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies. Therefore, our study aimed at evaluating the level of satisfaction with the "Healthy Heart" pharmaceutical service, in which patients received pictograms with dosage information affixed to their medication. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was designed for patients who had been prescribed an antiplatelet medication for the first time. The patients were recruited by 577 pharmacies that took part in the study after completing a special course. Ultimately, 1590 patients were enrolled in the study. The project ran from November 2019 to January 2022. RESULTS Most of patients had a positive attitude to the "Healthy Heart" pharmaceutical service. More than 85% of the respondents were of the opinion that the pictograms facilitated the use of the medication, and 81.7% of the respondents stated that the system of labels helped in adherence. Over 66% of the respondents thought that such labels should be included in pharmacy services, and 77.92% of the participants reported that this system of labelling medications should be offered through all pharmacies. CONCLUSIONS Pharmaceutical labels in the pharmacists' everyday practice can largely improve patient adherence. These efforts, provided as part of their pharmaceutical services, can have a huge influence on optimisation of patient health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Merks
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Religioni
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Miłosz Jaguszewski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Barańska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics With E-Health Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Eliza Blicharska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatograph, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarina Fehir Šola
- European Association of Employed Community Pharmacist (EPhEU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Regis Vaillancourt
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
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Tran J, Shaffelburg C, Phelan E, Neville H, Lively A, Poyah P, Tennankore K, More K, Soroka S, Harpell D, Wilson JA. Community pharmacists' perspectives on assessing kidney function and medication dosing for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: A qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2023; 156:272-281. [PMID: 38222892 PMCID: PMC10786017 DOI: 10.1177/17151635231176530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Background The kidneys are responsible for the elimination of many drugs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common, and medications may require adjustment to avoid adverse outcomes. Despite the availability of kidney drug dosing resources, people with CKD are at risk of inappropriate drug prescribing. Community pharmacists are in the ideal position to mitigate harm from inappropriate prescribing in this population. Methods In this qualitative study, community pharmacists were interviewed on their perspective on kidney function assessment and dose adjustment in people with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2). The theoretical domains framework for targeting behavioural change was used to inform the interview guide and analysis. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation. Semistructured virtual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and uploaded into NVIVO 12 Pro to facilitate thematic analysis. Deductive and inductive iterative coding approaches were employed to determine categories and themes. Results Twelve pharmacists were interviewed, with a mean age of 42 years and 16 years of experience. Four themes comprising 10 categories were identified to influence kidney function assessment and dosing, including resources (information access, technology, references), environment (pharmacy infrastructure, practice setting), reflection (triggers, experience and training, collaboration) and leadership and governance (pharmacist role, advocacy). Feedback on an optimal CKD tool was collected, and enabling themes (categories) for implementation included knowledge and skills (education, training) and reflection (role, support, integration). Conclusions Findings will inform the interventions needed to improve implementation of kidney assessment and dosing of high-risk medications in people with kidney impairment into community pharmacy practice. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2023;156:xx-xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Tran
- Pharmacy Department, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax
| | | | - Emma Phelan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Phelan), Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | | | | | - Penelope Poyah
- Division of Nephrology, Nova Scotia Health, Central Zone
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | - Karthik Tennankore
- Division of Nephrology, Nova Scotia Health, Central Zone
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | - Keigan More
- Division of Nephrology, Nova Scotia Health, Central Zone
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | - Steven Soroka
- Nephrology and NSH Renal Program, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax
- Division of Nephrology, Nova Scotia Health, Central Zone
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | | | - Jo-Anne Wilson
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax
- Nephrology and NSH Renal Program, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax
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Paloumpi E, Ozieranski P, Watson MC, Jones MD. Professional and governmental policy on community pharmacy: A 10-year policy review and comparative analysis (2008-2017). EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 11:100298. [PMID: 37455810 PMCID: PMC10339181 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increased role for community pharmacy might bring considerable value to healthcare systems, for example by relieving workload elsewhere in primary care through the provision of medicines-related services. This requires support from appropriate policy. Objectives To explore the representation of community pharmacy in governmental and professional health policies in England (2008-2017) using the Walt and Gilson policy framework. Methods Relevant policies were identified using a systematic search. The content of these policies was analysed using thematic analysis. The transparency of evidence use during the policymaking process was scored in four keys areas using a recognised tool: diagnosis; proposal; implementation; testing and evaluation. Key actors involved in the development of each policy were summarised. Results 18 governmental policies and 7 pharmacy profession policies were included. Convergence between governmental and professional policy content was identified in 6 areas: healthcare workforce; behaviour and collaborations; utilising technology; urgent care; long-term health conditions; service provision. Divergence was identified in 5 areas: enquiry-driven culture; quality in healthcare; cancer care; mental health care; commissioning. Professional policies were less transparent in their use of evidence and had less documentation of the involvement of key actors, such as professionals and the public. Conclusions The profession has limited influence and/or representation in governmental policies. This may be because professional policies did not reflect concerns expressed in governmental policies and had low credibility due to limited stakeholder involvement and transparency about evidence use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Ozieranski
- Department of Social & Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Margaret C. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Sendekie AK, Tadesse YB, Kasahun AE, Belachew EA. Determine the perceived level of involvement and factors affecting diabetes management by community pharmacy professionals at drug retails in northwestern amhara region, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20091. [PMID: 37810015 PMCID: PMC10559852 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) have significant involvement in diabetes prevention and management by providing more direct interventions in medication education, preventive measures, and disease management. This study examined the perceived level of involvement of community pharmacy professionals (CPPs) in diabetes management at CDROs in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among CPPs in Northwest Ethiopia between September 1 and 30, 2022. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26 was used to analyzed the data, which had been gathered using a self-administered structured questionnaire. An independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the mean perceived involvement score difference between CPPs. The association between CPPs' involvement and other sociodemographic variables was examined using linear regression analysis. At a 95% confidence interval (CI), a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study included 184 (94.3%) of 195 CPPs approached. The overall mean perceived involvement score of CPPs in diabetes management was 3.80 ± 0.63 out of 5. CPPs with a bachelor's degree or higher [β = 3.065, 95% CI: 2.704, 3.641; p < 0.001], CPPs with a higher monthly income (≥5000 ETB) [β = 0.242, 95% CI: 0.112, 0.596; p = 0.034], and those who provided more than 8 hours of service per day [β = 0.163, 95% CI: 0.051, 0.332; p = 0.043] had higher perceived involvement in the management of diabetes compared with their counterparts. Conclusions This study found that most CPPs had a high level of perceived involvement in diabetes management. Higher educational backgrounds, a higher monthly salary, and working longer hours were associated with an increased level of perceived involvement. Promoting the educational background of CPPs may be crucial to enhance their active involvement in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yabibal Berie Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Emagn Kasahun
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eyayaw Ashete Belachew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
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Juperi RNAA, Goh HP, Rehman IU, Lee KS, Ming LC, Hermansyah A. Evaluating healthcare professionals' perceptions of dispensing separation and sale of pharmacy medicine in Brunei Darussalam. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 37620839 PMCID: PMC10463969 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy medicine (P) is obtained exclusively from a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist. This study aims to understand the perception of healthcare professionals towards the dispensing separation, as well as the dispensing of pharmacy medicine by community pharmacies to enhance patient health outcomes in Brunei Darussalam. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st March 2023 and 20th April 2023 among healthcare professionals. A newly designed and validated questionnaire was used. Its face and content validity, along with internal consistency, was adequately established. Convenient sampling was employed to recruit participants for the study. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA was performed, considering a p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS The study compiled data from 108 participants, comprising doctors (38.9%) and pharmacy technicians (45.4%). Approximately 28.7% of respondents had 11-20 years of healthcare experience, while 25.9% had less than 5 years. Nearly all respondents (98.1%) agreed on the vital role pharmacists and pharmacy technicians play in prescription checks. A significant number of participants (93.5%) agreed that Brunei's current medicine dispensing system needs improvement. The mean total score for the perception of medicine dispensing in Brunei was 3.79 ± 1.103. A statistically significant difference was found between the perception score and the respondents' profession (p = 0.018), but not with their age, experience, or place of work. Respondents' awareness score showed no statistically significant correlation with their profession, age, experience, or place of work. CONCLUSION The study underscores the necessity for more patient-centered care in community pharmacies in Brunei Darussalam. The country's healthcare professionals should recognize the potential advantages of expanding pharmacy services. However, to implement these services successfully, regulatory restrictions and infrastructure limitations must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei.
| | - Inayat Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Kah Seng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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Mizranita V, Hughes JD, Sunderland B, Sim TF. Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians' Perceptions of Scopes of Practice Employing Agency Theory in the Management of Minor Ailments in Central Indonesian Community Pharmacies: A Qualitative Study. PHARMACY 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37736905 PMCID: PMC10514829 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacy staff assist in the management of minor ailments. Agency Theory underpins relationships between health professionals and patients. This study explores pharmacists' and pharmacy technicians' perceived scopes of practice of minor ailment services in community pharmacies. Twelve one-on-one semi-structured interviews used an open-ended interview guide for each cohort of community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, between June and July 2021. Purposive sampling selected a diversity of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, thematically analysed assisted by NVivo version 20. Agency Theory aided the interpretation. Three main themes emerged: (1) inconsistencies in practice, (2) the lack of understanding of the scopes of practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, and (3) provision of prescription-only medicines for some minor ailments or to fulfil patient requests. Several sub-themes included pharmacy staff involvement, education and training, provision of prescription-only medicines, and weak regulatory enforcement. Agency Theory indicated pharmacy patients (principals) delegated authority to pharmacists and pharmacy technicians (agents), which was confused by partial pharmacist absence. The lack of defined scopes of practice for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians disrupted established professional relationships. The scopes of practice and roles of the pharmacist and pharmacy technicians should be clearly defined, assisted by practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinci Mizranita
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Sebelas Maret, JL. Ir. Sutami No. 36A Kentingan, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
- Pharmacy, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.D.H.); (B.S.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Jeffery David Hughes
- Pharmacy, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.D.H.); (B.S.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Bruce Sunderland
- Pharmacy, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.D.H.); (B.S.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Tin Fei Sim
- Pharmacy, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.D.H.); (B.S.); (T.F.S.)
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Sallom H, Abdi A, Halboup AM, Başgut B. Evaluation of pharmaceutical care services in the Middle East Countries: a review of studies of 2013-2020. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1364. [PMID: 37461105 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical care services (PCs) have evolved significantly over the last few decades, with a greater focus on patient's safety and proven effectiveness in a wide range of contexts. Many of the evidence supporting this technique comes from the United States, the evaluation and adoption of (PCs) which differ greatly across the globe. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify and assess the efficacy of pharmaceutical care services in various pharmaceutical aspects throughout seventeen Middle Eastern nations. METHOD The Arkesy and O'Malley technique was used to conduct a scoping review. It was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Springer Link, Clinical Trials, and Web of Science etc. The Van Tulder Scale was utilized in randomized trials research, whereas the dawn and black checklists were used in non-randomized trials research. A descriptive and numerical analysis of selected research was done. The scope of eligible PCs, pharmaceutical implementers, study outcomes, and quality were all identified by a thematic review of research. RESULTS There were about 431,753 citations found in this study, and 129 publications were found to be eligible for inclusion after analysing more than 271 full-text papers. The study design was varied, with 43 (33.3%) RCTs and 86 (66.7%) n-RCTs. Thirty-three (25.6%) of the studies were published in 2020. Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey were home to the majority of the studies (25.6%, 16.3%, and 11.6%) respectively. Thirty-seven studies (19.7%) were concerned with resolving drug related problems (DRPs), whereas 27 (14.4%) were concerned with increasing quality of life (QOL) and 23 (12.2%) with improving drug adherence. Additionally, the research revealed that the average ratings of the activities provided to patients improved every year. CONCLUSION Studies in the Middle East continue to provide evidence supporting the positive impact of pharmaceutical care services on both hard and soft outcomes measured in most studies. Yet there was rare focus on the value of the implemented services. Thus, rigorous evaluation of the economic impact of implemented pharmaceutical care services in the Middle East and assessment of their sustainability is must.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Sallom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus, Turkey.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Abdikarim Abdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulsalam M Halboup
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bilgen Başgut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yang DW, Son KB. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Public Perceptions of the Roles and Functions of Community Pharmacies in South Korea: Updated Cross-Sectional Self-Reported Web-Based Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e46723. [PMID: 37390391 PMCID: PMC10453941 DOI: 10.2196/46723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists confronted dual burdens in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by expanding the scope of pharmaceutical practices. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the perceived roles and functions of community pharmacies during the pandemic and to explore their updated roles after the pandemic began. METHODS We conducted a self-reported web-based survey in October 2022. Based on Korean census data, we recruited the study participants (n=1000) through quota sampling stratified by age, sex, and region, yielding a 7.45% (1000/13,423) response rate. The questionnaires were composed of 3 sections: demographics, the roles and functions of community pharmacies during the pandemic, and the updated roles of community pharmacies during disasters. Each question in the second and third sections was rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and each item's mean scores and SDs were reported. The study participants were categorized into 2 groups: individuals who had a family pharmacy and those who did not. A chi-square test and ordered logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Out of 1000 respondents, 418 (41.8%) had a history of COVID-19, and 639 (63.9%) had a family pharmacy. Assigning specific roles and functions to community pharmacies during the pandemic contributed to positive assessments. Respondents gave higher scores to community pharmacies that had responded appropriately (a mean Likert score of 3.66, SD .077 out of 5) and provided continuous pharmaceutical services (mean 3.67, SD 0.87) during the pandemic. The pandemic served as an opportunity to positively recognize the role of community pharmacies (mean 3.59, SD 0.83). In the ordered logistic model, having a family pharmacy was consistently associated with positive perceptions. Respondents perceived that community pharmacies collaborated with general practitioners and health authorities. However, community pharmacies need to function appropriately in terms of knowledge. The mean score of the 4 domains of community pharmacy functions was the highest for collaboration (mean 3.66, SD 0.83), followed by communication (mean 3.57, SD 0.87), responsiveness (mean 3.54, SD 0.87), and knowledge (mean 3.41, SD 0.91). CONCLUSIONS The pandemic resulted in interprofessional collaboration between community pharmacists and general practitioners. Family pharmacies could be a valuable asset to the comprehensive case management of patients. However, community pharmacists should have the expertise to build solid interprofessional collaborations and fulfill their expanded and updated roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bok Son
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Rens E, Scheepers J, Foulon V, Hutsebaut C, Ghijselings A, Van den Broeck K. Building Bridges between Pharmacy and Psychosocial Care: Supporting and Referring Patients with Psychosocial Needs in a Pilot Study with Community Pharmacists. Int J Integr Care 2023; 23:15. [PMID: 37781047 PMCID: PMC10540865 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community pharmacists are accessible primary care providers and therefore in a good position to detect unmet psychosocial needs of their patients and pharmacy visitors. Description A collaboration between pharmacists and psychosocial work was set up in Flanders, Belgium. Community pharmacists were trained to discuss psychosocial needs, to inform patients about possible help and refer them to a Center for General Wellbeing if needed. During the pilot of the project between October 2021 and January 2022, the feasibility and potential of this collaboration were examined. Discussion A total of 79 patient contacts about psychosocial wellbeing were reported using an online registration form, the majority of which concerned women. Family problems and mental health problems were most often reported. Focus group discussions with 28 participating pharmacists showed that they experience their role in psychosocial care as fulfilling and of valuable. Patient satisfaction was mentioned to be a major motivating factor, while time and privacy are barriers. Adequate training in psychosocial wellbeing and care was considered crucial. Conclusion Pharmacists can be valuable partners in the recognition and referral of patients with unmet psychosocial needs. Structural collaborations between community pharmacy and psychosocial care should be further supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rens
- Family and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Janne Scheepers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Foulon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Hutsebaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aline Ghijselings
- Vlaams Apothekersnetwerk (Flemish Association of Pharmacists), Belgium
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Zhang Y, Yao J, Li W, Wang H. Global research trends and hotspots in pharmaceutical care: a bibliometric analysis and visualisation using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023:ejhpharm-2022-003617. [PMID: 37344165 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2022-003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmaceutical care is closely related to the outcome and prognosis of disease treatment. This study analyses the research status, hotspots, frontiers and development trends of pharmaceutical care from the perspective of bibliometrics. METHODS Related literature on pharmaceutical care published in the Web of Science Core Collection database was collected and knowledge maps were drawn by science information visualisation software Citespace 6.1 .R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.17.0. RESULTS A total of 3289 institutions from 105 countries/regions published 2906 papers in 669 academic journals, which were cited 50 027 times. The top three countries/regions by the number of publications are the USA, UK and Brazil. The top three institutions are Utrecht University and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and University College London in the UK. The top three journals are American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. The top three authors are Hersberger KE, Bouvy ML and Hughes CM. The most co-cited is Hepler CD, and the most co-cited influential is Strand LM. COVID-19 pandemic, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pharmacy practice are the most cutting edge topics in the field of research in pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical service and clinical pharmacy are research hotspots in pharmaceutical care. CONCLUSION In the past 10 years, papers in the field of pharmaceutical care have shown a significant growth trend and scholars have become increasingly interested in research on related content in the field of pharmaceutical care. Our research results are of great significance for improving the connotation construction of pharmaceutical care and improving patient satisfaction and prognosis, and can also be used as an important reference for relevant scholars to select scientific research topics for subsequent research. The objective basis for relevant government departments is to modify and formulate health policies or measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhang
- Library, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanni Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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Sakr F, Akel M, Sacre H, Haddad C, Tawil S, Safwan J, Hajj A, Zeenny RM, Iskandar K, Salameh P. The specialized competency framework for community pharmacists (SCF-CP) in Lebanon: validation and evaluation of the revised version. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:77. [PMID: 37344915 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of similar studies in Lebanon, this study aimed at upgrading and validating the Lebanese specialized competencies framework for community pharmacists (SCF-CP) as a tool to transform community practice and support the professional development and career progression of community pharmacists. METHODS Content validity was assessed and improved through a team of experts. After a thorough literature review and utilizing the Delphi technique, six domains were defined in the framework, with their respective competencies and behaviors. A cross-sectional study was then carried out from March to October 2022 using an online questionnaire created on Google Forms. The snowball technique was applied to reach community pharmacists across all the Lebanese governorates. RESULTS The final sample included 512 community pharmacists. The construct validity of the framework was confirmed by factor analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measures of sampling adequacy were satisfactory for all models ranging from 0.500 to 0.956 with a significant Bartlett's test of sphericity (P < 0.001). The internal consistency of all competency domains was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, with values ranging from 0.803 to 0.953. All competencies were significantly correlated with their respective domains (P < 0.001), and all domains were significantly correlated with each other and with the framework (P < 0.001). The participants declared being competent in all domains relating to fundamental skills, safe and rational use of medicines, pharmacy management, professional skills, public health fundamentals, and emergency preparedness and response, with some exceptions, such as compounding, management, and emergency preparedness. A higher declared competency level was associated with having more experience and receiving more than 50 patients per day. CONCLUSION Our findings could demonstrate that the Lebanese specialized competency framework is a valid and reliable tool. This framework could help assess the minimum competencies that community pharmacists should possess or acquire and direct initial and continuing education for better practice. Hence, it could be adopted by the authorities and implemented in the Lebanese community pharmacy setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University of Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal El Dib, Lebanon
| | - Samah Tawil
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Jihan Safwan
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aline Hajj
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité Des Médicament (LPCQM), Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Rony M Zeenny
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacy, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Katia Iskandar
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Jackson JK, Scahill SL, Mintrom M, Kirkpatrick CM. An evaluation of the Australian Community Pharmacy Agreement from a public policy perspective: industry policy cloaked as health policy? J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:71. [PMID: 37308959 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of Community Pharmacy Agreements (Agreements) between the Federal government and a pharmacy-owners' body, the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA) have been influential policy in Australian community pharmacy (CP) since 1990. While ostensibly to support the public's access and use of medicines, the core elements of the Agreements have been remuneration for dispensing and rules that limit the establishment of new pharmacies. Criticism has focused on the self-interest of pharmacy owners, the exclusion of other pharmacy stakeholders from the Agreement negotiations, the lack of transparency, and the impact on competition. The objective of this paper is to determine the true nature of the policy by examining the evolution of the CPA from a policy theory perspective. METHODS A qualitative evaluation of all seven Agreement documents and their impact was undertaken using policy theories including a linear policy development model, Multiple Streams Framework, Incremental Theory, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, the Theory of Economic Regulation, the Punctuated Equilibrium Framework, and Elite Theory. The Agreements were evaluated using four lenses: their objectives, evidentiary base, stakeholders and beneficiaries. RESULTS The PGA has acted as an elite organisation with long-standing influence on the policy's development and implementation. Notable has been the failure of other pharmacy stakeholders to establish broad-based advocacy coalitions in order to influence the Agreements. The incremental changes negotiated every 5 years to the core elements of the Agreements have supported the publics' access to medication, provided stability for the government, and security for existing pharmacy owners. Their impact on the evolution of pharmacists' scope of practice and through that, on the public's safe and appropriate use of medication, has been less clear. CONCLUSIONS The Agreements can be characterised predominantly as industry policy benefiting pharmacy owners, rather than health policy. An emerging issue is whether incremental change will continue to be an adequate policy response to the social, political, and technological changes that are affecting health care, or whether policy disruption is likely to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Jackson
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety (CMUS), Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Shane L Scahill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Mintrom
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl M Kirkpatrick
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety (CMUS), Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Thomas D, Abdalla A, Hussein S, Joury J, Elshamy A, Khalifa S, Saleh Z. Pharmacists’ readiness and willingness to vaccinate the public in United Arab Emirates community pharmacies: A cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2023; 12:292. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.131153.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pharmacist-administered vaccination is currently implemented in many countries worldwide. It has contributed to increased vaccine access and vaccine uptake. This observational cross-sectional study assessed community pharmacists’ willingness, and readiness to administer vaccines to the public in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and relate it to national and international policies on vaccination. Methods: This research was an online survey of 24-questions that was made available to community pharmacists via social media and WhatsApp. The survey was open for six weeks (from April to June 2022). Descriptive and inferential analysis was performed. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 374 of 575 (65%) respondents. More than half (64.2%) of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed that pharmacists should be able to vaccinate and 68.4% responded that they were willing to administer vaccines if local regulations allowed them to vaccinate. Most (81.8%) expressed willingness to complete training required to be able to administer vaccines in their pharmacies. Logistic regression showed that pharmacists defined as having high readiness were significantly more willing to undergo all essential training to start a vaccination service in their pharmacies than were pharmacists with poor readiness (OR 2.647; 95% CI: 1.518–4.615; p=0.001). High readiness was also significantly associated with agreement on safety of pharmacy-based vaccination (p=0.027). Conclusions: The majority of community pharmacists surveyed showed readiness to commence pharmacy-based vaccination services. Those with high readiness characteristics are amenable to receiving essential training and consider that vaccination in the community pharmacy setting would be safe.
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Seston EM, Schafheutle EI, Willis SC, Karolczak-Bayatti M, Lane J, White S, Shaw M. Preparing pharmacists for the Community Pharmacist Consultation Service: a questionnaire survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2023; 31:32-37. [PMID: 36356049 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Community Pharmacist Consultation Service launched in England in 2019. Patients requiring urgent care were referred from National Health Service-based telephone/digital triage or general practice to a community pharmacist, who provided a consultation, which could include a physical examination. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a learning programme to prepare community pharmacists for the service. METHODS Learning programme participants were invited to complete an online survey shortly after the workshop and another survey 3 months later. The survey collected opinions on aspects of the programme, including Likert-type statements and free text questions. The 3-month follow-up survey explored how the programme had helped pharmacists change their practice. Data were analysed in SPSS (v.25; IBM) with inferential statistics used to compare subgroups. Open comments were analysed qualitatively. KEY FINDINGS The learning programme addressed participants' learning needs including history-taking, clinically observing the patient, performing physical examinations, structuring a consultation, safety-netting, and documenting consultations. Barriers to using skills acquired included low service uptake and a lack of equipment to perform physical examinations. While many participants recognised the importance of skills to provide person-centred care, some participants did not appear to recognise the shift in policy to a more clinical role. CONCLUSIONS The learning programme resulted in increased confidence and a recognition of a shift in the policy vision for community pharmacist roles. Although some pharmacists appeared to embrace this, others have yet to fully appreciate the need to adapt to be ready for the opportunities that this service can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Seston
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ellen I Schafheutle
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah C Willis
- Innovation Management and Policy Division, Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Magdalena Karolczak-Bayatti
- Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanne Lane
- Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samantha White
- Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Shaw
- Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kunow C, Langer B. Using the Simulated Patient Methodology in the Form of Mystery Calls in Community Pharmacy Practice Research: A Scoping Review Protocol. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020047. [PMID: 36961025 PMCID: PMC10037651 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacies (CPs) play a major role in health care delivery. The simulated patient methodology (SPM), which is considered the "gold standard", is recommended for studying CP practice. SPM can be applied in different forms, which include visits and also calls ("mystery calls"). So far, only the role of visits in the investigation of CP practice is known. As the first study worldwide, a systematic map of such reports will be provided, which applies calls in the context of the SPM for the study of CP practice. Reports with the pharmacy staff as the population under study should be included. Reports should be included that conduct an investigation using the SPM in the form of calls to simulate patients and other customers. Reports should be included that examine CP practice as defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation and the World Health Organization (FIP/WHO). The scoping review methodology will be applied using the associated guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PRISMA extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). The search will be for both published and unpublished original research in English with transparent information on SPM until the end of 2022. The plan is to search Embase, MEDLINE via PubMed, and Web of Science. Directly afterward, the respective literature collection of the reviewers and the reference lists of suitable international reviews will be searched. This will be followed by a forward and backward snowballing in Google Scholar. For the inclusion of reports, a selection process and for the data extraction a data charting process with the help of variables derived from related reviews and from two SPM-form spanning international guidelines will be performed. The data extracted from the included reports should be synthesized and presented in MS Excel tabular form using the previously determined variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kunow
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Langer
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
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Cheetham A, Morgan K, Jackson J, Lord S, Nielsen S. Informing a collaborative-care model for delivering medication assisted treatment for opioid dependence (MATOD): An analysis of pharmacist, prescriber and patient perceptions. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:526-534. [PMID: 36216753 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for medication assisted treatment for opioid dependence (MATOD) in Australia exceeds capacity, particularly in rural and regional areas. There is increasing recognition that community pharmacists are well-positioned to take on expanded roles in MATOD delivery, however there has been limited Australian research exploring attitudes of pharmacists, prescribers, and patients to collaborative models of care. OBJECTIVE(S) This study aimed to better understand enablers and barriers to a collaborative model for MATOD, to inform implementation in regions where increases in treatment capacity are urgently needed. METHODS Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with pharmacists (n = 11), prescribers (n = 6), and patients (n = 8) recruited from the Frankston-Mornington Peninsula region in Victoria, Australia, where transport and access to services have impacts on health care utilisation. The COM-B model was used to explore perceptions of pharmacists' capability, opportunity, and motivations for delivering collaborative care. RESULTS There was strong motivation among healthcare professionals to participate in a collaborative model of care, with the main perceived benefits including improvements in accessibility, convenience, and continuity of care, and leverage of pharmacists' high level of patient engagement. Key barriers identified by both pharmacists and prescribers included a perceived lack of pharmacist skills in some areas (capability) and resources (opportunity) to deliver collaborative care in a community pharmacy setting. Established relationships between all stakeholders (social opportunity) and communication between pharmacists and prescribers were identified as facilitators. Barriers and facilitators aligned with seven key areas: skills, confidence, relationships, patient selection, protocols, communication and resources. CONCLUSIONS Findings informed the development of a collaborative model that was individualised, protocol based, and supported by training and clear processes. PROJECT IMPACT This study identifies specific barriers and facilitators to a pharmacist-prescriber collaborative model of care for MATOD. The resulting model will be tested in a hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial in the Frankston-Mornington Peninsula region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cheetham
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kirsty Morgan
- Frankston Mornington Peninsula Primary Care Partnership, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Jackson
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety (CMUS), Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Lord
- Pharmacotherapy Mediation, Advocacy, and Support (PAMS), Harm Reduction Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne Nielsen
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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Darlow B, Brown M, Hudson B, Frew G, Clark J, Vincent L, Grainger R, Marra C, McKinlay E, Abbott JH, Briggs AM. Knee osteoarthritis and the knowledgeable, trustworthy pharmacist: Patient and pharmacist perceptions of community pharmacy-based education and support. Musculoskeletal Care 2023; 21:3-15. [PMID: 35615979 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) clinical guidelines recommend self-management education, but education is often not included in primary care consultations. OBJECTIVE To explore pharmacists' and patients' perceptions of a pharmacist-led model of service delivery for knee OA that was integrated within pharmacies' day-to-day workflow. METHODS Cross-sectional qualitative design using Thematic Analysis. Community pharmacies were recruited in New Zealand and Australia. Pharmacy patients were screened for knee OA and offered tailored explanations, self-management information and referral for further support. Pharmacist focus groups and patient 1:1 interviews explored perceptions of the service delivery model. RESULTS Nineteen pharmacists and 12 patients with knee OA participated. Pharmacist and patient data were analysed separately, with themes compared and contrasted to derive three meta-themes. Meta-theme 1: 'Welcome Engagement' included two pharmacist themes ('putting my broad skill set to use' and 'we're here and happy to help') and two patient themes ('information delivered well' and 'a welcome offer of help'). Meta-theme 2: 'The Knowledgeable and Trustworthy Pharmacist' included two pharmacist themes ('professional knowledge to help all sorts of patients' and 'managing time to help my patients') and one patient theme ('the accessible professional who I know and trust'). Meta-theme 3: 'The Opportunity for More Support' included one pharmacist theme ('this is not the end of the story') and one patient theme ('more help is available'). CONCLUSION Community pharmacists are well-positioned to provide information and support to people with knee OA. Pharmacists appreciate the opportunity to better use their skills and accessibility for OA care, and patients welcome this engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Darlow
- Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Brown
- Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ben Hudson
- Department of General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gareth Frew
- Canterbury Community Pharmacy Group, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jane Clark
- Consumer Research Partner, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Rebecca Grainger
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Carlo Marra
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eileen McKinlay
- Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Haxby Abbott
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Briggs
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Alolayyan MN, Hijazi B, Jalaileh RA. The association of patient safety culture with patient satisfaction: The role of the pharmacist's performance. JOURNAL OF PATIENT SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/25160435231160445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective A cross-sectional research, the questionnaire-based study aimed to investigate the association between patient safety culture and patient satisfaction through pharmacist performance, between patient safety culture and pharmacist performance, between pharmacist performance and patient satisfaction, and between patient safety culture and patient satisfaction. Methods Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in the community pharmacies evaluated the patient safety culture using an online self-administrated questionnaire filled out by participants. The first research questionnaire was adopted from the agency of healthcare research and quality (AHRQ), which was reliable and valid. Pharmacist performance and patient satisfaction were measured by using an online self-completion questionnaire that patients filled out. To measure performance, a previously validated questionnaire was used. For measuring patient satisfaction, The Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Clinical Services Questionnaire the final version (PSPSQ 2.0) was used. A total of 204 pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and 204 patients constitute the research sample. Results The results showed that there is a significant association between the patient safety culture and the pharmacist's performance; an insignificant association between the patient safety culture and patient satisfaction; a significant association between the pharmacist’s performance and patient satisfaction; and a pharmacist’s performance mediates the relationship between patient safety culture and patient satisfaction. Conclusion The pharmacy sector may effectively reinforce patient safety culture in community pharmacies and enhance pharmacists’ performance to improve the quality of care and increase patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Main Naser Alolayyan
- Health Management and Policy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jordan
| | - Bushra Hijazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jordan
| | - Raneen Atef Jalaileh
- Health Management and Policy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jordan
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Sendekie AK, Dagnaw AD, Dagnew EM. Pharmacists' involvements and barriers in the provision of health promotion services towards noncommunicable diseases: Community-based cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:31. [PMID: 36841787 PMCID: PMC9968412 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community drug retail outlets (CDROs) are among the initial healthcare facilities where pharmacists play a crucial role in preventing and managing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Therefore, this study assessed pharmacists' level of involvement and barriers in the provision of health promotion for noncommunicable diseases at CDROs in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in Northwest Ethiopia from April to June 2022. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. The level of involvement mean score difference among pharmacists was investigated using an independent samples t-test and a one-way ANOVA. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between pharmacists' level of involvement and other variables. A p-value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 285 (94.4%) participants participated in the study out of 302 approached samples. Overall, more than half (58.9%) of the participants showed a high level of involvement in health promotion. Pharmacists who had a degree and/or above (AOR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01-0.63; p < 0.001) and served a lower number of clients per day (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-94; p = 0.042) were less likely to have low involvement in health promotion services. Pharmacists who worked fewer hours per day (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.79-7.48; p = 0.005) were more likely to have low involvement. Lack of an appropriate area in the CDROs (52.1%) and lack of coordination with other healthcare providers (43.6%) were the most reported barriers to the provision of health promotion. CONCLUSION Most pharmacists were found to have a high level of involvement in health promotion activities. A lack of an appropriate area in the CDROs and a lack of coordination with other healthcare providers were among the most reported barriers. Pharmacists might benefit from training to increase their educational backgrounds, and barriers could be addressed to enhance the pharmacist involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Abera Dessie Dagnaw
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew
- grid.449044.90000 0004 0480 6730Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Awareness of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors by Community Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020151. [PMID: 36673520 PMCID: PMC9859281 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists in community settings are recognized as highly accessible healthcare practitioners and demonstrate a crucial role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Evidence indicates that community pharmacists can make a significant impact on controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors, particularly on hypertension. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the knowledge of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia regarding cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving community pharmacists was conducted. The knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors was assessed with the Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire (HDFQ). A web link for an anonymous questionnaire was shared with the licensed community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia using the "Seha" platform of the Ministry of Health. Data analysis was performed with R version 4.0.5. RESULTS Three hundred seventy-four community pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Many community pharmacists (94.4%) had satisfactory awareness of cardiovascular disease risk factors. The odds of having satisfactory HDFQ knowledge for community pharmacists seeing more than 20 individuals with diabetes per month were 20 times (AOR = 19.9, 95% CI: 1.73-260, and p = 0.019) more compared to those seeing fewer than 10 individuals with diabetes per month. The age of the community pharmacists and the average number of individuals with diabetes seen per month were found to be factors associated with satisfactory HDFQ knowledge. CONCLUSION The practicing pharmacists had a substantial understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors. In line with counseling and education, the implementation of community pharmacy models for improving the knowledge of pharmacists, particularly the young pharmacists, is needed to effectively assist patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Owen EC, Abrams R, Cai Z, Duddy C, Fudge N, Hamer-Hunt J, Husson F, Mahtani KR, Ogden M, Swinglehurst D, Turner M, Whittlesea C, Wong G, Park S. Community pharmacy and general practice collaborative and integrated working: a realist review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e067034. [PMID: 36581431 PMCID: PMC9806063 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing collaborative and integrated working between General practice (GP) and Community pharmacy (CP) is a key priority of the UK National Health Service and has been proposed as a solution to reducing health system fragmentation, improving synergies and coordination of care. However, there is limited understanding regarding how and under which circumstances collaborative and integrated working between GP and CP can be achieved in practice and how regulatory, organisational and systemic barriers can be overcome. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The aim of our review is to understand how, when and why working arrangements between GP and CP can provide the conditions necessary for optimal communication, decision-making, and collaborative and integrated working. A realist review approach will be used to synthesise the evidence to make sense of the complexities inherent in the working relationships between GP and CP. Our review will follow Pawson's five iterative stages: (1) finding existing theories; (2) searching for evidence (our main searches were conducted in April 2022); (3) article selection; (4) data extraction and (5) synthesising evidence and drawing conclusions. We will synthesise evidence from grey literature, qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods research. The research team will work closely with key stakeholders and include patient and public involvement and engagement throughout the review process to refine the focus of the review and the programme theory. Collectively, our refined programme theory will explain how collaborative and integrated working between GP and CP works (or not), for whom, how and under which circumstances. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethical approval is not required for this review as it draws on secondary data from published articles and grey literature. Findings will be widely disseminated through: publication in peer-reviewed journals, seminars, international conference presentations, patients' association channels, social media, symposia and user-friendly summaries. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022314280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Claire Owen
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Abrams
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Ziyue Cai
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Duddy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Fudge
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, London, UK
| | - Julia Hamer-Hunt
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fran Husson
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kamal Ram Mahtani
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret Ogden
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Swinglehurst
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, London, UK
| | - Malcolm Turner
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cate Whittlesea
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geoff Wong
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Park
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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Chiu K, Thow AM, Bero L. Understanding the Dynamics of More Restrictive Medicines Policy: A Case Study of Codeine Up-Scheduling in Australia. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 12:6872. [PMID: 37579455 PMCID: PMC10125097 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been increasing concern over opioid-related harms across the world. In Australia in 2018, codeine-containing products were up-scheduled from over-the-counter access at pharmacies, to requiring a prescription. The drug regulator's decision to up-schedule was contentious and widely debated, due to the potentially large impact on consumers and healthcare professionals. This study aimed to analyse influences on the codeine up-scheduling policy. METHODS This retrospective policy analysis used the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to understand how policy actors with shared beliefs formed adversarial coalitions to shape policy. Data were drawn from documents (regulator policy documents, public submissions, news reports, organisational media releases and position statements) and semi-structured interviews with 15 key policy actors. Codes were generated relating to policy processes and actor beliefs; broad themes included the role of health professionals, perceptions of opioids, impact on consumers, and the role of government in healthcare. RESULTS Two coalitions in this policy subsystem were identified: (1) supportive [with respect to the up-scheduling], and (2) opposing. The key evident beliefs of the supportive coalition were that the harms of codeine outweighed the benefits, and that government regulation was the best pathway for protecting consumers. The opposing coalition believed that the benefits of codeine accessible through pharmacists outweighed any harms, and consumers should manage their health without any more intervention than necessary. The policy decision reflected the influence of the supportive coalition, and this analysis highlighted the importance of their public health framing of the issue, the acceptability of their experts and supporting evidence, and the perceived legitimacy of the up-scheduling process. CONCLUSION Understanding these coalitions, their beliefs, and how they are translated through existing policy processes and institutions provides insight for those interested in influencing future health policy. Specific lessons include the importance of strategic frames and advocacy, and engagement with formal policy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellia Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health & Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Marie Thow
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health & Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Bero
- Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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