1
|
Vardardottir B, Olafsdottir AS, Gudmundsdottir SL. A real-life snapshot: Evaluating exposures to low energy availability in male athletes from various sports. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16112. [PMID: 38923409 PMCID: PMC11194298 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Problematic low energy availability (LEA) is the underlying cause of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Male specific etiology, as well as the duration and degree of LEA exposures resulting in REDs remain to be adequately described. The present study aimed to assess occurrences of LEA (energy availability [EA] <25 kcal/kg fat-free mass/day) in male athletes from various sports over 7 days. Associations between number of LEA days, physiological measures, and body image concerns were subsequently evaluated. The athletes recorded their weighed food intakes and training via photo-assisted mobile application. Body composition and resting metabolic rates were measured, and venous blood samples collected for assessments of hormonal and nutrition status. Participants also answered the Low Energy Availability in Males Questionnaire (LEAM-Q), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Of 19 participants, 13 had 0-2, 6 had 3-5, and none had 6-7 LEA days. No associations were found between the number of LEA days with the physiological and body image outcomes, although those with greatest number of LEA days had highest EEE but relatively low dietary intakes. In conclusion, this group displayed considerable day-to-day EA fluctuations but no indication of problematic LEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birna Vardardottir
- Faculty of Health Promotion, Sport & Leisure StudiesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Anna S. Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Health Promotion, Sport & Leisure StudiesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vardardottir B, Gudmundsdottir SL, Tryggvadottir EA, Olafsdottir AS. Patterns of energy availability and carbohydrate intake differentiate between adaptable and problematic low energy availability in female athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1390558. [PMID: 38783864 PMCID: PMC11111999 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1390558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Problematic low energy availability (EA) is the underlying culprit of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs), and its consequences have been suggested to be exacerbated when accompanied by low carbohydrate (CHO) intakes. Objectives This study compared dietary intake, nutrition status and occurrence of REDs symptoms in groups of female athletes, displaying different patterns of EA and CHO intake. Methods Female athletes (n = 41, median age 20.4 years) from various sports weighed and recorded their food intake and training for 7 consecutive days via a photo-assisted mobile application. Participants were divided into four groups based on patterns of EA and CHO intakes: sufficient to optimal EA and sufficient to optimal CHO intake (SEA + SCHO), SEA and low CHO intake (SEA + LCHO), low energy availability and SCHO (LEA + SCHO), and LEA and LCHO (LEA + LCHO). SEA patterns were characterised by EA ≥30 and LEA by EA <30 kcal/kg fat free mass, and SCHO patterns characterised by CHO intake ≥3.0 and LCHO <3.0 g/kg body weight for most of the registered days. Body composition was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate with indirect calorimetry and serum blood samples were collected for evaluation of nutrition status. Behavioural risk factors and self-reported symptoms of REDs were assessed with the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory. Results In total, 36.6% were categorised as SEA + SCHO, of which 5/16 were ball sport, 7/10 endurance, 1/7 aesthetic, 2/5 weight-class, and 0/3 weight-class athletes. Of LEA + LCHO athletes (19.5% of all), 50% came from ball sports. Aesthetic and endurance athletes reported the greatest training demands, with weekly training hours higher for aesthetic compared to ball sports (13.1 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 3.4 h, p = 0.012). Two LEA + LCHO and one SEA + LCHO athlete exceeded the EDE-QS cutoff. LEA + LCHO evaluated their sleep and energy levels as worse, and both LEA groups rated their recovery as worse compared to SEA + SCHO. Conclusion Repeated exposures to LEA and LCHO are associated with a cluster of negative implications in female athletes. In terms of nutrition strategies, sufficient EA and CHO intakes appear to be pivotal in preventing REDs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Solberg A, Reikvam H. Iron Status and Physical Performance in Athletes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2007. [PMID: 37895389 PMCID: PMC10608302 DOI: 10.3390/life13102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an important mineral in the body, essential for muscle function and oxygen transport. Adequate levels of iron in the blood are necessary for athletes, as iron-deficiency anemia can reduce physical performance. Several studies have investigated iron status and supplementation in iron-deficient athletes, and determined how physical strain can change iron balance and markers related to iron status. The question of how to influence and optimize iron status, as well as other markers that can affect iron metabolism, has been less thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to take a closer look at the importance of iron values, iron markers, and factors that can change iron metabolism for physical performance and the extent to which physical performance can be influenced in a positive or negative way. A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed, with the use of « iron» or «iron deficiency» or «hemoglobin» AND «athletes» AND «athletic performance» as a strategy of the search. After the search, 11 articles were included in the review after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Major findings include that iron supplementation had the best effect in athletes with the lowest iron status, and effects on physical performance were mostly achieved in those who were originally in a deficit. Iron supplementation could be beneficial for optimal erythropoietic response during altitude training, even in athletes with normal iron stores at baseline, but should be performed with caution. Alteration of the hepcidin response can affect the use of existing iron stores for erythropoiesis. Energy intake, and the amount of carbohydrates available, may have an impact on the post-exercise hepcidin response. Optimal vitamin D and B12 levels can possibly contribute to improved iron status and, hence, the avoidance of anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Solberg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Institute of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Clinic for Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toro-Román V, Robles-Gil MC, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Changes in Hematological Parameters of Iron Status and Total Iron Concentrations in Different Biological Matrices during a Sports Season in Women's Soccer Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081833. [PMID: 37111051 PMCID: PMC10142531 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) metabolism and concentrations change during a sports season. Fe deficiency affects a significant number of women athletes. The aims of the present study were: (i) to analyze changes in hematological parameters of Fe status and (ii) to analyze changes in Fe concentrations in different biological matrices (serum, plasma, urine, erythrocytes, and platelets) during a sports season. Twenty-four Spanish semi-professional women's soccer players (23.37 ± 3.95 years) participated in the present study. Three assessments were performed throughout the sports season (beginning, middle and end of the season). Nutritional intake was evaluated and female hormones, hematological parameters of Fe status and Fe concentrations in plasma, serum, urine, erythrocytes and platelets were determined. There were no differences in Fe intake. Hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations increased at the end of the season compared to initial values (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in extracellular Fe concentrations (plasma, serum, and urine). However, erythrocyte Fe concentrations were lower at the end of the season (p < 0.05). Hematological parameters of Fe status and intracellular Fe concentrations change throughout the sports season in women's soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kapoor MP, Sugita M, Kawaguchi M, Timm D, Kawamura A, Abe A, Okubo T. Influence of iron supplementation on fatigue, mood states and sweating profiles of healthy non-anemic athletes during a training exercise: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 32:101084. [PMID: 36817736 PMCID: PMC9932653 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is specifically important to athletes, and attention has grown to the association between sports performance and iron regulation in the daily diets of athletes. The study presents new insights into stress, mood states, fatigue, and sweating behavior among the non-anemic athletes with sweating exercise habits who consumed a routine low dose (3.6 mg/day) of iron supplementation. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, both non-anemic male (N = 51) and female (N = 42) athletes were supplemented either with a known highly bioavailable iron formulation (SunActive® Fe) or placebo during the follow-up training exercise period over four weeks at their respective designated clinical sites. The effect of oral iron consumption was examined on fatigue, stress profiles, as well as the quality of life using the profile of mood state (POMS) test or a visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire, followed by an exercise and well-being related fatigue-sweat. Also, their monotonic association with stress biomarkers (salivary α-amylase, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A) were determined using spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. Repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance (group by time) revealed that the total mood disturbance (TMD) score was significantly lower (P = 0.016; F = 6.26) between placebo and iron supplementation groups over the four weeks study period among female athletes. Also, a significant reduction in tired feeling/exhaustion after the exercise (P = 0.05; F = 4.07) between the placebo and iron intake groups was noticed. A significant within-group reduction (P ≤ 0.05) was noticed in the degree of sweat among both male and female athletes after 2 and 4 weeks of iron supplementation, while athletes of the placebo intake group experienced a non-significant within-group reduction in the degree of sweat. Overall, the result indicates routine use of low dose (3.6 mg/day) iron supplementation is beneficial for non-anemic endurance athletes to improve stress, mood states, subjective fatigue, and sweating conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P. Kapoor
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Research & Development, Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan,Corresponding author.
| | - Masaaki Sugita
- Nippon Sport Science University, Faculty of Sport Science, 7-1-1 Fukusawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158 8508, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kawaguchi
- Otsuma Women's University, Faculty of Home Economics, Department of Food Science, 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
| | - Derek Timm
- Taiyo International Inc, 5960 Golden Hills Dr., Minneapolis, MN, 55416, USA
| | - Aki Kawamura
- Nippon Sport Science University, Faculty of Sport Science, 7-1-1 Fukusawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158 8508, Japan
| | - Aya Abe
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Research & Development, Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Research & Development, Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cieślicka M, Ostapiuk-Karolczuk J, Buttar HS, Dziewiecka H, Kasperska A, Skarpańska-Stejnborn A. Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Bovine Colostrum on Iron Homeostasis, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Female Athletes: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010186. [PMID: 36615842 PMCID: PMC9824210 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum supplementation has been suggested as a potential factor in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of six months of bovine colostrum supplement intake (3.2 g; four capsules/day) in highly trained female athletes on changes in oxidative stress level, inflammation, and iron metabolism biomarkers after intense exercise. In this study, 20 trained female athletes were recruited. Participants were divided into two groups: 11 in the bovine colostrum (6-month supplementation) and 9 in the placebo group (6-month placebo supplementation). All participants completed an intense exercise test at the beginning of the experiment and after six months post-treatment. Blood samples were taken before, following exercise, and after 3 h recovery. Compared to the placebo group, the colostrum group showed a significant decrease in TBARS level (p< 0.01) at all time points, whereas a marked increase was observed in IL-6 (p < 0.01; pre-exercise) and SOD activity (p < 0.01), and transferrin (p < 0.01; rest period) and lactoferrin (p < 0.05; post-exercise) levels. The results suggested that 6-months of bovine colostrum supplementation is beneficial in the reduction of the harmful effects produced by free radicals (ROS), oxidative stress, and inflammation. In consequence, alleviation of the inflammatory response by bovine colostrum supplementation may also cause positive action on iron homeostasis in female athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Cieślicka
- Department of Physiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Harpal S. Buttar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hanna Dziewiecka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Anna Kasperska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sims ST, Mackay K, Leabeater A, Clarke A, Schofield K, Driller M. High Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Exhibited in Internationally Competitive, Non-Professional Female Endurance Athletes-A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16606. [PMID: 36554486 PMCID: PMC9778947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While iron deficiency is commonly discussed in populations of professional female athletes, less is known about highly trained, sub-elite female athletes (e.g., those winning international age-group competitions) who generally have less access to medical and allied health support. METHODS Thirteen non-professional highly trained female endurance athletes provided training diaries and completed a blood test, where iron markers of haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), C-reactive protein (Crp), serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin were assessed. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were also obtained. Participants were classified as iron deficient (ID) if serum ferritin was <30 ug/L serum ferritin. RESULTS Six of the 13 females were classified as ID. Serum iron, ferritin, Hb, Hct, and ferrin were greater in the ID group (p < 0.05). Crp resulted in large to very large correlations with serum iron (r = -0.72), serum ferritin (r = -0.66), and transferrin (r = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS In this population of highly trained female athletes, 46% were diagnosed with sub-optimal iron levels, which could have lasting health effects and impair athletic performance. The need for more education and support in non-professional athletes regarding iron deficiency is strongly advised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy T. Sims
- WHISPA High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Kelsi Mackay
- Te Huataki Waiora, Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Alana Leabeater
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Anthea Clarke
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Driller
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grijota FJ, Toro-Román V, Siquier-Coll J, Robles-Gil MC, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Total Iron Concentrations in Different Biological Matrices-Influence of Physical Training. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173549. [PMID: 36079807 PMCID: PMC9460040 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the most widely studied trace mineral elements. Fe metabolism and homeostasis could be altered by physical training. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of long-term physical training on serum, plasma, urine (extracellular), erythrocyte and platelet (intracellular) Fe concentrations. Forty men from the same geographical area divided into a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years) and a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years) participated in this study. The TG was composed of soccer players of the highest youth category. The CG consisted of young people who did not follow any training routine and had not practiced any sport for at least the previous six months. The TG showed higher plasma and serum Fe concentrations (p < 0.05), but lower concentrations in erythrocytes and platelets compared to the CG (p < 0.01). Due to the differences observed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments, it seems necessary to perform a global Fe analysis to assess Fe status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Grijota
- Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, 28248 Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(927)-257-460 (ext. 57833)
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- SER Research Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, Comillas Pontifical University, Costa de Saragossa 16, 07013 Palma Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreno B, Veiga S, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Domínguez R, Morencos E. Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption by Competitive Swimmers According to Sex and Competitive Level. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153218. [PMID: 35956394 PMCID: PMC9370690 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports supplements (SS) are commonly used by athletes to improve their performance. SS use by competitive swimmers is reported to be prevalent but there is no evidence of such use by elite swimmers, either male or female. The objective of this research was to study the patterns of SS use by competitive swimmers based on sex and competitive levels (national and international); Methods: Using the categories of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), a total of 102 competitive swimmers (59 men and 43 women) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire on the use of SS; (3) Results: Overall, 86.9% of swimmers had consumed SSs with no differences observed between males and females (p = 0.247) or between competitive levels (p = 0.597). The SS that were most consumed by swimmers were caffeine (53.5%), sport drinks (52.5%), sport bars (51.5%), and vitamin C (43.4%). SSs categorized as medical supplements were consumed significantly more frequently by international swimmers (p = 0.012), with significant differences also found in the level—sex interaction (p = 0.049); (4) Conclusions: Compared to other sports disciplines, the prevalence of SS consumption is high in competitive swimmers regardless of performance level or gender. However, the consumption of medical supplements was greater in swimmers at a higher performance level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Group, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esther Morencos
- Exercise Physiology Group, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-709-1400
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Danielik K, Książek A, Zagrodna A, Słowińska-Lisowska M. How Do Male Football Players Meet Dietary Recommendations? A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159561. [PMID: 35954912 PMCID: PMC9368204 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to determine whether male football players meet dietary recommendations according to a UEFA expert group statement and to identify priority areas for dietetic intervention, including training periodization and field position. A database search of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and Scopus was performed. To be included within the final review, articles were required to provide a dietary intake assessment of professional and semi-professional football players. A total of 17 studies met the full eligibility criteria. Several studies showed insufficient energy and carbohydrate intake compared to the recommendations. A majority of athletes consume adequate protein and fat intakes compared to the recommendations. In addition, several studies showed the insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. This systematic review showed that football players do not meet the nutritional recommendations according to the UEFA expert group statement. Future research should be focused on how to apply nutritional recommendations specific for athletes in accordance with training periodization and positions on the field.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali A, Manzoor MF, Ahmad N, Aadil RM, Qin H, Siddique R, Riaz S, Ahmad A, Korma SA, Khalid W, Aizhong L. The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:940514. [PMID: 35938114 PMCID: PMC9355152 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a severe condition characterized by uncontrolled cell division and increasing reported mortality and diagnostic cases. In 2040, an estimated 28.4 million cancer cases are expected to happen globally. In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) had been diagnosed worldwide, with around 10.0 million cancer deaths. Breast cancer cases have increased by 2.26 million, lung cancer by 2.21 million, stomach by 1.089 million, liver by 0.96 million, and colon cancer by 1.93 million. Cancer is becoming more prevalent in Pakistan, with 19 million new cancer cases recorded in 2020. Food adulteration, gutkha, paan, and nutritional deficiencies are major cancer risk factors that interplay with cancer pathogenesis in this country. Government policies and legislation, cancer treatment challenges, and prevention must be revised seriously. This review presents the current cancer epidemiology in Pakistan to better understand cancer basis. It summarizes current cancer risk factors, causes, and the strategies and policies of the country against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ali
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Food and Nutrition Society, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | | | - Nazir Ahmad
- Department of Nutritional Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hong Qin
- School of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sakhawat Riaz
- Department of Home Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- Department of Home Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sameh A. Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Liu Aizhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Liu Aizhong
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nowak R, Rój K, Ciechanowicz A, Lewandowska K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148580. [PMID: 35886433 PMCID: PMC9318784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sport diagnostics is still in pursuit of the optimal combination of biochemical and hematological markers to assess training loads and the effectiveness of recovery. The biochemical and hematological markers selected for a panel should be specific to the sport and training program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected biochemical and hematological variables in professional long-distance and sprint swimming. Twenty-seven participants aged 15–18 years took part in the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine (Cr), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and iron concentrations were measured for 10 weeks and compared with the traditional sport diagnostic markers of creatine kinase (CK) activity and urea (U) concentration. Additionally, capillary blood morphology was analyzed. An effective panel should consist of measurements of CK and AST activities and urea, TB, DB and ferritin concentrations. These markers provide a good overview of athletes’ post-training effort changes, can help assess the effectiveness of their recovery regardless of sex or competitive distance and are affordable. Moreover, changes in ferritin concentration can indicate inflammation status and, when combined with iron concentration and blood morphology, can help to avoid iron deficiencies, anemia and adverse inflammatory states in swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Konrad Rój
- Student of ”Sports Diagnostics”, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 40b Piastów Al., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bathla S, Arora S. Prevalence and approaches to manage iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8815-8828. [PMID: 34096415 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1935442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a vital micronutrient required for growth and development at all stages of human life. Its deficiency is the primary cause of anemia that poses a significant global health problem and challenge for developing countries. Various risks are involved during iron deficiency anemia (IDA), such as premature delivery, low birth weight, etc. Further, it affects children's cognitive functioning, delays motor development, hampers physical performance and quality of life. It also speeds up the morbidity and mortality rate among women. The major reasons accountable are elevated iron demand in diet, socio-economic status, and disease condition. Various strategies have been adopted to reduce the IDA occurrence, such as iron supplementation, iron fortificants salts, agronomic practices, dietary diversification, biofortification, disease control measures, and nutritional education. Usually, the staple food groups for fortification are considered, but the selection of food fortificants and their combination must be safe for the consumers and not alter the finished product's stability and acceptability. Genetically modified breeding practices also increase the micronutrient levels of cereal crops. Therefore, multiple strategies could be relied on to combat IDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Bathla
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 144516, India
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Larsuphrom P, Latunde-Dada GO. Association of Serum Hepcidin Levels with Aerobic and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:393. [PMID: 33513924 PMCID: PMC7911648 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of iron deficiency is commonly reported among athletic population groups. It impairs physical performance due to insufficient oxygen delivery to target organs and low energy production. This is due to the high demand of exercise on oxygen delivery for systemic metabolism by the erythrocytes in the blood. Hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis, decreases to facilitate iron efflux into the circulation during enhanced erythropoiesis. However, acute anaemia of exercise is caused by increased hepcidin expression that is induced by stress and inflammatory signal. The study aimed to systematically review changes in serum hepcidin levels during resistance and aerobic exercise programmes. METHODS A systemic literature search from 2010 to April 2020 across seven databases comprised of Cochrane library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE, and OpenGrey. The primary outcome was increased or decreased serum hepcidin from baseline after the exercise activity. Risks of bias were evaluated by using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for quality assessment of before and after different exercise programmes. RESULTS Overall, twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 23 studies, 16 studies reported significantly exercise-induced serum hepcidin elevation. Of the 17 studies that evaluated serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, 14 studies showed significant exercise-induced serum IL-6 elevation. Changes in exercise-induced serum hepcidin and IL-6 levels were similar in both resistance and endurance exercise. Significant correlations were observed between post-exercise hepcidin and baseline ferritin levels (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) and between post-exercise hepcidin and post-exercise IL-6 (r = 0.625, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Resistance and endurance training showed significant increase in serum hepcidin and IL-6 levels in response to exercise. Baseline ferritin and post-exercise IL-6 elevation are key determining factors in the augmentation of hepcidin response to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gladys Oluyemisi Latunde-Dada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins-Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Domínguez R, López-Domínguez R, López-Samanes Á, Gené P, González-Jurado JA, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption and Body Composition in Spanish Elite Rowers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123871. [PMID: 33352860 PMCID: PMC7765834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the anthropometric characteristics and sport supplement (SS) consumption patterns of heavyweight and lightweight international rowers. Methods: The 13 heavyweights (11 males) and seven lightweights (five males) of the Spanish National Rowing Team were recruited for the study. Body composition was measured by bio-impedance analysis, and the questionnaire used in this investigation was previously validated to assess SS consumption. According to anthropometrics parameters, it was reported that male heavyweight rowers were heavier (p < 0.001) and taller (p < 0.001), but no statistical differences were reported for % body fat (p = 0.104) or % lean body mass (p = 0.161). All rowers reported consumption of at least one SS. Based on the Australian Institute of Sport's classification, higher medical supplement consumption was observed when comparing heavyweight rowers to lightweight rowers (2.5 ± 1.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5, p = 0.040). There were no differences in the totals of group A (strong scientific evidence for sports scenarios, p = 0.069), group B (emerging scientific support, deserving of further research, p = 0.776), or group C (scientific evidence not supportive of benefit and/or security amongst athletes, p = 0.484). The six most consumed SSs were iron (85%), caffeine (85%), β-alanine (85%), energy bars (85%), vitamin supplements (80%), and isotonic drinks (80%), with no statistical differences between heavyweight and lightweight rowers (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the absence of differences in body composition (expressed as a percentage) do not represent anthropometric disadvantages for heavyweight rowers. In addition, SS consumption was similar between rowers, reporting only higher medical supplement consumption in heavyweight rowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Domínguez
- Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro Adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), 41640 Osuna, Spain;
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Rubén López-Domínguez
- Facultad del Deporte, Universidad Pablo Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.L.-D.); (P.G.); (J.A.G.-J.)
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiotherapy, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pol Gené
- Facultad del Deporte, Universidad Pablo Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (R.L.-D.); (P.G.); (J.A.G.-J.)
- Federación Española de Remo, 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-656305480
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Ghio C, Gordon CJ, Richards JE, Schladweiler MC, Snow SJ, Kodavanti UP. Iron and zinc homeostases in female rats with physically active and sedentary lifestyles. Biometals 2020; 34:97-105. [PMID: 33237470 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of repeated physical activity on iron and zinc homeostases in a living system, we quantified blood and tissue levels of these two metals in sedentary and physically active Long-Evans rats. At post-natal day (PND) 22, female rats were assigned to either a sedentary or an active treatment group (n = 10/group). The physically active rats increased their use of a commercially-constructed stainless steel wire wheel so that, by the end of the study (PND 101), they were running an average of 512.8 ± 31.9 (mean ± standard error) min/night. After euthanization, plasma and aliquots of liver, lung, heart, and gastrocnemius muscle were obtained. Following digestion, non-heme iron and zinc concentrations in plasma and tissues were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Concentrations of both non-heme iron and zinc in plasma and liver were significantly decreased among the physically active rats relative to the sedentary animals. In the lung, both metals were increased in concentration among the physically active animals but the change in zinc did not reach significance. Similarly, tissue non-heme iron and zinc levels were both increased in heart and muscle from the physically active group. It is concluded that repeated physical activity in an animal model can be associated with a translocation of both iron and zinc from sites of storage (e.g. liver) to tissues with increased metabolism (e.g. the lung, heart, and skeletal muscle).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Caroline Ghio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christopher J Gordon
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judy E Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kobayashi Y, Imai N, Uenishi K. Attempt to Determine the Cut-Off Value of Serum Ferritin for Iron Deficiency in Male College Student Runners. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:432-440. [PMID: 33132346 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For the evaluation of iron nutrition status, the measurement of serum ferritin levels is the most convenient and widely used technique for estimating stored iron. However, the cut-off value of serum ferritin for iron deficiency in athletes has not yet established. This study aimed to determine the cut-off value of serum ferritin to define iron deficiency in male college student runners. This study included 37-43 Japanese male college student runners for each month. Anthropometric measurements and blood collection were conducted from March to December 2018. In all months except May, significant negative correlations were observed between serum ferritin and transferrin levels, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and unsaturated iron binding capacity. Furthermore, a significant association between serum ferritin levels and TIBC was observed by nonlinear regression analysis. The curvature radius and curvature were calculated using the data from 9 mo, and serum ferritin levels with the smallest curvature radius and the highest curvature in each month were identified. The serum ferritin levels were as follows: 35.0 ng/mL in March, 45.0 ng/mL in April, 40.0 ng/mL in June, 35.0 ng/mL in July, 35.0 ng/mL in August, 35.0 ng/mL in September, 35.0 ng/mL in October, 35.0 ng/mL in November, and 40.0 ng/mL in December. The average value was 37.2 ng/mL. In conclusion, the cut-off value of serum ferritin for defining iron deficiency in runners was determined to be 40.0 ng/mL in this study. This value (40.0 ng/mL) may be useful for iron deficiency screening in runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University
| | - Nami Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University
| | - Kazuhiro Uenishi
- Laboratory of Physiological Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bowler AL, Polman R. Role of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Physical Health, Psychosocial Well-Being and Sports Performance in Athletes: A Scoping Review. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8100131. [PMID: 32977479 PMCID: PMC7598179 DOI: 10.3390/sports8100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a focus has been placed on investigating the potential benefits of adherence to a ketogenic diet in enhancing body composition, physical health, psychological well-being, and performance of athletes from various sporting disciplines. As the available research is yet to be collated and analyzed in a single review, this scoping review aims to analyze and draw conclusions from the available literature that exists on the efficacy of a ketogenic diet among athletic populations. METHODS Several primary research databases and any relevant citation lists were searched to locate appropriate studies for inclusion in this scoping review. Studies that investigated the effects of adherence to a ketogenic diet (KD), defined by a carbohydrate intake of less than 5% of total energy intake, on body composition, physical health, psychological well-being, and performance among an athletic population were included in the review. From 814 articles screened, 12 were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and were included in the final scoping review. RESULTS Adherence to a KD has beneficial effects on body weight and fat mass. Varying effects were identified on physical health with the diet, eliciting positive effects on fat oxidation but potentially deleterious effects on stool microbiota and iron metabolism. Conflicting results were reported regarding the effects of a KD on sporting performance. Benefits were reported regarding athlete well-being following commencement of a KD, but only after week two. CONCLUSIONS The results of this scoping review demonstrate that there are both beneficial and detrimental effects associated with adherence to a KD among athletic populations. It is understood that further research is required to make any concrete recommendations regarding a KD to athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy-Lee Bowler
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition & Dietetics, Bond University, Gold Coast QLD 4226, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Remco Polman
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iron and Physical Activity: Bioavailability Enhancers, Properties of Black Pepper (Bioperine ®) and Potential Applications. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061886. [PMID: 32599787 PMCID: PMC7353321 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has been employed in medicine (epilepsy, headaches, and diabetes), where its effects are mainly attributed to a nitrogen alkaloid called piperidine (1-(1-[1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl]-1-oxo-2,4 pentenyl) piperidine). Piperine co-administered with vitamins and minerals has improved its absorption. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the impact of the joint administration of iron (Fe) plus black pepper in physically active healthy individuals. Fe is a micronutrient that aids athletic performance by influencing the physiological functions involved in endurance sports by improving the transport, storage, and utilization of oxygen. Consequently, athletes have risk factors for Fe depletion, Fe deficiency, and eventually, anemia, mainly from mechanical hemolysis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and loss of Fe through excessive sweating. Declines in Fe stores have been reported to negatively alter physical capacities such as aerobic capacity, strength, and skeletal muscle recovery in elite athletes. Thus, there is a need to maintain Fe storage, even if Fe intake meets the recommended daily allowance (RDA), and Fe supplementation may be justified in physically active individuals, in states of Fe deficiency, with or without anemia. Females, in particular, should monitor their Fe hematological profile. The recommended oral Fe supplements are ferrous or ferric salts, sulfate, fumarate, and gluconate. These preparations constitute the first line of treatment; however, the high doses administered have gastrointestinal side effects that reduce tolerance and adherence to treatment. Thus, a strategy to counteract these adverse effects is to improve the bioavailability of Fe. Therefore, piperine may benefit the absorption of Fe through its bioavailability enhancement properties. Three research studies of Fe associated with black pepper have reported improvements in parameters related to the metabolism of Fe, without adverse effects. Although more research is needed, this could represent an advance in oral Fe supplementation for physically active individuals.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zügel M, Treff G, Steinacker JM, Mayer B, Winkert K, Schumann U. Increased Hepcidin Levels During a Period of High Training Load Do Not Alter Iron Status in Male Elite Junior Rowers. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1577. [PMID: 32038278 PMCID: PMC6985289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-derived hormone hepcidin plays a key role in iron metabolism by mediating the degradation of the iron export protein ferroportin 1 (FPN1). Circulating levels of hepcidin and the iron storage protein ferritin are elevated during the recovery period after acute endurance exercise, which can be interpreted as an acute phase reaction to intense exercise with far-reaching consequences for iron metabolism and homeostasis. Since absolute and functional iron deficiency (ID) potentially lead to a loss of performance and well-being, it is surprising that the cumulative effects of training stress on hepcidin levels and its interplay with cellular iron availability are not well described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine serum levels of hepcidin at six time points during a 4-week training camp of junior world elite rowers preparing for the world championships and to relate the alterations in training load to overall iron status determined by serum ferritin, transferrin, iron, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR). Serum hepcidin levels increased significantly (p = 0.02) during the initial increase in training load (23.24 ± 2.43 ng/ml) at day 7 compared to the start of training camp (11.47 ± 3.92 ng/ml) and turned back on day 13 (09.51 ± 3.59 ng/ml) already, meeting well the entrance level of hepcidin at day 0. Serum ferritin was significantly higher at day 7 compared to all other timepoints with exception of the subsequent time point at day 13 reflecting well the time course pattern of hepcidin. Non-significant changes between training phases were found for serum iron, transferrin, and sTfR levels as well as for transferrin saturation, and ferritin-index (sTfR/log ferritin). Our findings indicate that hepcidin as well as ferritin, both representing acute phase proteins, are sensitive to initial increases in training load. Erythropoiesis was unaffected by iron compartmentalization through hepcidin. We conclude that hepcidin is sensitive to rigorous changes in training load in junior world elite rowers without causing short-term alterations in functional iron homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zügel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay Winkert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Schumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suivi des troubles métaboliques induits par un ultra trail pendant 28 jours. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Surała O, Orysiak J, Turowski D, Szczepańska B, Tomaszewski P. Utility of Novel Hypochromia and Microcythemia Markers in Classifying Hematological and Iron Status in Male Athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112767. [PMID: 31739525 PMCID: PMC6893463 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In athletes, no reliable indices exist for an unambiguous evaluation of hematological and iron status. Therefore, the utility of some new red blood cell (RBC) parameters was explored in 931 elite male athletes aged 13–35 years. To diagnose iron status, the values of ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and basic blood morphology were determined in blood. The new hematological markers included among others: mean cellular hemoglobin content in reticulocytes (CHr), percentage of erythrocytes (HYPOm) and reticulocytes (HYPOr) with decreased cellular hemoglobin concentration, percentage of erythrocytes (LowCHm) and reticulocytes (LowCHr) with decreased cellular hemoglobin content, mean volume of reticulocytes (MCVr), and percentage of erythrocytes with decreased volume (MICROm). Despite adverse changes in reticulocyte hypochromia indices (CHr, LowCHr, HYPOr; p < 0.001) in the iron depletion state, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) values calculated for them were relatively low (0.539–0.722). In iron-deficient erythropoiesis (IDE), unfavorable changes additionally concern microcythemia indices in both reticulocytes and erythrocytes (MCVr, MCV, MICROm, and red cell volume distribution width—RDW), with especially high values of AUC-ROC (0.947–0.970) for LowCHm, LowCHr, and CHr. Dilutional sports anemia was observed in 6.1% of athletes. In this subgroup, only hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and RBC (all dependent on blood volume) were significantly lower than in the normal group. In conclusion, the diagnostic utility of the new hematology indices was not satisfactory for the detection of an iron depletion state in athletes. However, these new indices present high accuracy in the detection of IDE and sports anemia conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (O.S.); (J.O.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-569-99-00
| | - Olga Surała
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (O.S.); (J.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Joanna Orysiak
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (O.S.); (J.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Dariusz Turowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Beata Szczepańska
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (O.S.); (J.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Paweł Tomaszewski
- Department of Biometry, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183279. [PMID: 31500120 PMCID: PMC6765883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise strongly affects human metabolism and causes biochemical changes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between routine plasma biomarker levels and recovery efficiency in soccer players during an entire competitive match season. The players participating in the study were divided into a midfielder/defender group (seven midfielders and seven defenders) and a goalie/substitute group (six persons—goalkeepers and players with a short cumulative match-time). The fasting capillary blood samples were taken 17–24 h after each competitive match. The blood plasma was used to determine the creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, iron and magnesium levels of the athletes. The levels of (AST) (aspartate aminotransferase), (ALT) (alanine aminotransferase) and (Cr) creatinine were higher in the midfielder/defender group than in the control group, but only AST and Cr significantly varied over time (AST decreased, and Cr increased with time). The (LDH) (lactate dehydrogenase) activity and urea level were significantly lower in the midfielder/defender group than in the goalie/substitute group, and it significantly varied over time (LDH decreased, and urea increased with time). No differences in the (CK) creatine kinase and (ALP) alkaline phosphatase activities between the groups was found, although CK increased significantly with time in the midfielder/defender group (particularly midfielders in the spring round). In midfielders, the AST activity and the iron level were significantly lower in the spring than in the autumn round. On the contrary, ALT, CK, urea and magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spring than in autumn round. A long-term measurement of biochemical parameters in elite soccer players indicated that AST, CK, LDH and creatinine levels, when analyzed together, could constitute a useful set of markers for monitoring recovery periods.
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of intense physical exercise on hepcidin levels and selected parameters of iron metabolism in two different trial of training. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
The Effects of Consuming 6 Weeks of Beetroot Juice (Beta vulgaris L.) on Hematological Parameters in Female Soccer Players. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jkums.82300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
26
|
Eleven Weeks of Iron Supplementation Does Not Maintain Iron Status for an Entire Competitive Season in Elite Female Volleyball Players: A Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101526. [PMID: 30336598 PMCID: PMC6213587 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Even though iron supplementation can be effective, it is necessary to be cautious of toxicity and aim to do no harm, therefore, it is important to examine the length of time the benefits of iron supplementation can be maintained following its cessation. The main purpose of this study was to analyze if iron stores and strength performance were maintained in elite female volleyball players for the final 18 weeks of a competitive season following the cessation of 11 weeks of iron supplementation. Methods: Twenty-two volleyballers (age: 27.0 ± 5.6 years.) were assigned to two groups (iron treatment group-ITG, n = 11 or control gropu-CG, n = 11) at the beginning of a previous trial (T0) and ITG consumed 325mg/d of ferrous sulphate for 11 weeks (T11). Then, in the present study iron status and strength were measured again 10 (T21) and 18 weeks later (T29) after the cessation of supplementation. Results: At the end of the previous trial (T11), ITG maintained iron status as measured by hematological parameters (serum iron-sFE, serum ferritin-FER, transferrin saturation index-TSI, and hemogloblin-Hb), however, CG showed a decrease in these markers at T11. Further, from T0 to T11 ITG experienced greater (p < 0.05) changes in clean and jerk, power clean, and total mean strength (TMS-sum of all strength tests) than CG. In the present, follow-up investigation, there was a group-by-time interaction in favor of CG vs. ITG from T11 to T21 for FER (p = 0.028) and Hb (p = 0.042). Further, there was an increase for CG (p < 0.001) in power clean for CG from T11 (38.4 ± 1.7 kg) to T21 (41.3 ± 1.9 kg) and T29 (41.8 ± 1.7 kg), but no change for power clean in ITG (p > 0.05). A group-by-time interaction from T11 to T29 occurred in favor of CG for half-squat (p = 0.049) and TMS (p = 0.049). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the benefits of iron supplementation are not sustained in elite female volleyballers if supplementation is ceased for 18 weeks.
Collapse
|
27
|
Repressed Exercise-Induced Hepcidin Levels after Danggui Buxue Tang Supplementation in Male Recreational Runners. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091318. [PMID: 30231484 PMCID: PMC6165347 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the protective and recovery effects of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) supplementation on exercise performance, hepcidin, iron status, and other related biochemical parameters after being challenged by a single bout of intense aerobic exercise. A total of 36 recreationally active males were pair-matched and randomly assigned to receive DBT or a placebo for 11 days, while using clusters based on their aerobic capacities. On the eighth day of the supplementation, the participants performed a 13-km run with maximal effort. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed before treatment (Pre-Tre) and immediately after (Post-Ex), 24 h after (24-h Rec), and 72 h after (72-h Rec) the run. DBT supplementation dramatically shortened the finish times by 14.0% (12.3 min) when compared with that in the placebo group. Significant group × time effects were observed in serum hepcidin and iron levels. DBT supplementation repressed hepcidin levels at Post-Ex and 24-h Rec, thereby causing a significant increase in iron levels by 63.3% and 31.4% at Post-Ex and 72-h Rec, respectively. However, DBT supplementation had no significant anti-inflammatory or haemolysis-preventative effects. Short-term DBT supplementation shortened the running time and repressed exercise-induced hepcidin levels, thereby boosting iron levels and accelerating iron homeostasis during recovery.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bauer P, Zeissler S, Walscheid R, Frech T, Hillebrecht A. Acute effects of high-intensity exercise on hematological and iron metabolic parameters in elite male and female dragon boating athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2018; 46:335-341. [PMID: 29847191 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1482187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute effects of high-intensity exercise on blood hepcidin levels and other iron metabolic and hematological parameters in highly trained athletes of dragon boating as a sport performed in a sitting position. METHODS We conducted an exercise intervention study with a pre- and posttest blood measurement to determine the effects of high-intensity training on hematological and iron metabolic parameters in both male (n = 19) and female (n = 12) elite athletes of the German national dragon boating team. The study took place during the final training camp before the European championships. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 3 h after 3 consecutive high-intensity training bouts at the same day, each one lasting 1 h in duration. RESULTS After exercise, leukocytes, CPK, CKMB, and hepcidin levels increased significantly both in men and women. In contrast, iron concentrations decreased significantly. No gender-related differences were found. Compared with baseline, the postexercise concentrations of serum iron decreased significantly both in men [99.3 ± 46.3 to 61.2 ± 20.9 µg/dL (p < 0.001)] and in women [116.3 ± 34 to 67.1 ± 21.8 µg/dL (p < 0.001)] without a gender difference (p = 0.28). Hepcidin levels increased significantly both in men [9.1 ± 6.5 to 12.2 ± 5.8 ng/mL (p < 0.001)] and in women [8.0 ± 4.6 to 11.7 ± 5.7 ng/mL (p < 0.001)] without a significant gender difference in hepcidin changes (p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, three consecutive high-intensity training bouts lead to elevated hepcidin levels and decreased iron levels in elite athletes of dragon boating. The increase in hepcidin levels may contribute to the risk of anemia in these athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bauer
- a Cardiology and Angiology , University Hospital Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Walscheid
- c MVZ for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology Koblenz- Mittelrhein , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Torsten Frech
- d Sports Medicine, Justus- Liebig University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Terink R, Ten Haaf D, Bongers CWG, Balvers MGJ, Witkamp RF, Mensink M, Eijsvogels TMH, Gunnewiek JMTK, Hopman MTE. Changes in iron metabolism during prolonged repeated walking exercise in middle-aged men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2349-2357. [PMID: 30167958 PMCID: PMC6182319 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of prolonged and repeated exercise on iron metabolism in middle-aged adults and to compare differences between sexes. Methods 50 male (58.9 ± 9.9 year) and 48 female (50.9 ± 11.2 year) individuals were monitored on 4 consecutive days at which they walked on average 8 h and 44 min per day at a self-determined pace. Blood samples were collected 1 or 2 days prior to the start of the exercise (baseline) and every day immediately post-exercise. Samples were analysed for iron, ferritin, haemoglobin, and haptoglobin concentrations. Results Plasma iron decreased across days, while ferritin increased across days (both p < 0.001). Haptoglobin showed a decrease (p < 0.001) after the first day and increased over subsequent days (p < 0.001). Haemoglobin did not change after the first day, but increased during subsequent days (p < 0.05). At baseline, 8% of the participants had iron concentrations below minimum reference value (10 µmol/L), this increased to 43% at day 4. There was an interaction between sex and exercise days on iron (p = 0.028), ferritin (p < 0.001) and haemoglobin levels (p = 0.004), but not on haptoglobin levels. Conclusion This study showed decreases in iron, increases in ferritin, a decrease followed by increases in haptoglobin and no change followed by increases in haemoglobin. This is most likely explained by (foot strike) haemolysis, inflammation, and sweat and urine losses. These processes resulted in iron levels below minimum reference value in a large number of our participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rieneke Terink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University (WU), Stippeneng 4, building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - D Ten Haaf
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C W G Bongers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University (WU), Stippeneng 4, building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Laboratory, Gelderse Vallei Hospital (ZGV), Ede, The Netherlands
| | - R F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University (WU), Stippeneng 4, building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University (WU), Stippeneng 4, building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J M T Klein Gunnewiek
- Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Laboratory, Gelderse Vallei Hospital (ZGV), Ede, The Netherlands
| | - M T E Hopman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University (WU), Stippeneng 4, building 124, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Urbaniak A, Basta P, Ast K, Wołoszyn A, Kuriańska-Wołoszyn J, Latour E, Skarpańska-Stejnborn A. The impact of supplementation with pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) juice on selected antioxidant parameters and markers of iron metabolism in rowers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:35. [PMID: 30041701 PMCID: PMC6057087 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of pomegranate juice (POM) supplementation on the levels of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism in well-trained rowers. Method The double-blind placebo-controlled study included 19 members of the Polish Rowing Team. The athletes were randomised into the supplemented group (n = 10), receiving 50 ml of standardised POM daily for two months, or the placebo group (n = 9). The subjects performed a 2000 m test on the rowing ergometer at the start of the project (baseline) and end of follow-up period. Blood samples from the antecubital vein were obtained three times during each trial: prior to the exercise, one minute after the test, and following a 24 h recovery. Results The study documented the beneficial effect of supplementation with pomegranate fruit juice on TAC (P < 0.002). During the resting period, TAC level in the supplemented group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (x ± SD, 2.49 ± 0.39 vs. 1.88 ± 0.45, P < 0.05). The ergometric test conducted at baseline demonstrated a significant post-exercise increase in the concentrations of soluble transferrin receptors (P < 0.04), iron (P < 0.002) and IL-6 (P < 0.02), and to a significant post-exercise decrease in TAC. A significant increase in IL-6 concentration was also observed 24 h post-exercise. The exercise test conducted at the end of the follow-up period resulted in a significant decrease in TBIC and a significant increase in UIBC (P < 0.001), observed in both groups, both immediately post-exercise and after the resting period. Conclusion Supplementation with POM contributed to a significant strengthening of plasma antioxidant potential in the group of well-trained rowers, but had no effect on iron metabolism markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Urbaniak
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp. Poland, 13 Estkowskiego Str., 66 - 400, Gorzów Wlkp, Poland
| | - P Basta
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp. Poland, 13 Estkowskiego Str., 66 - 400, Gorzów Wlkp, Poland
| | - K Ast
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp. Poland, 13 Estkowskiego Str., 66 - 400, Gorzów Wlkp, Poland
| | - A Wołoszyn
- Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Teatralna Str. 25, Gorzów Wielkopolski, 66-400, Poland
| | - J Kuriańska-Wołoszyn
- Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Teatralna Str. 25, Gorzów Wielkopolski, 66-400, Poland
| | - Ewa Latour
- Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp, 13 Estkowskiego Str., 66 - 400, Gorzów Wlkp, Poland
| | - A Skarpańska-Stejnborn
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp. Poland, 13 Estkowskiego Str., 66 - 400, Gorzów Wlkp, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Djaoui L, Haddad M, Chamari K, Dellal A. Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:86-94. [PMID: 28886966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and monitoring of training load (TL) has been the topic of many scientific works in the last fifteen years. TL monitoring helps coaches to individually prescribe, follow-up, analyse, adjust and programme training sessions. In particular, the aim of the present review was to provide a critical literature report regarding different physiological markers of TL monitoring, particularly in soccer, as the load is specific to individual sports. Therefore, the interests and limitations of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and biochemical variables (blood, urinary and hormonal variations) were analysed, with a special focus on daily measures (before, during and after training) and monitoring throughout a whole season. It appears that the most relevant markers were the resting HR before training, HR reserve during training, HRV during rest days, blood lactate, and blood and salivary immunological status in follow-ups throughout the season. Urinary markers indicative of the players' hydration status also deserve attention. However, these objective markers should be considered with a subjective marker of TL such as the rating of perceived exertion to give a more precise quantification of TL and its perception. Future research could be directed towards urinary marker analysis and the analysis of specific markers of TL, which could be related to injury occurrence and to performance during competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Djaoui
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athletic Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre Orthopédique Santy, Sport Science and Research Department, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence of iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficient anemia (IDA) within a cohort of highly trained runners and triathletes, and to examine the association of oral iron supplementation history with serum ferritin (sFe) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. METHODS A retrospective analysis of routine blood test data taken from 2009 to 2015 from (n = 38) elite level runners and triathletes between the ages of 21 to 36 years. Oral iron supplement intake was assessed through a questionnaire. RESULTS Triathletes (female, FT; male, MT) and runners (female, FR; male, MR) had higher incidence of at least 1 episode of ID (FT 60.0%, MT 37.5%, FR 55.6%, MR 31.3%) compared with values reported in the literature for endurance athletes (20%-50% females, 0%-17% males). Male triathletes and runners had a higher incidence of IDA than their female teammates (25% MT, 20% FT, 6.3% for MR, 0% FR), a finding which has previously not been reported. Hemoglobin concentrations were low, with incidence of Hb <140 g/L in men occurring at least once in 87.5% of triathletes, and 31.3% of runners, and Hb <120 g/L in women occurring at least once in 20% of triathletes, but 0% of runners. Although the athletes were appropriately treated with oral iron (mean 94 ± 115 mg/d), there was no observed correlation between iron intake and sFe or Hb. CONCLUSIONS Even with monitoring and treatment in place, ID and IDA are significant concerns for the health and performance of elite runners and triathletes, and this issue affects males and females.
Collapse
|
33
|
Oliveira CC, Ferreira D, Caetano C, Granja D, Pinto R, Mendes B, Sousa M. Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020028. [PMID: 29910389 PMCID: PMC5968974 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary elite soccer features increased physical demands during match-play, as well as a larger number of matches per season. Now more than ever, aspects related to performance optimization are highly regarded by both players and soccer coaches. Here, nutrition takes a special role as most elite teams try to provide an adequate diet to guarantee maximum performance while ensuring a faster recovery from matches and training exertions. It is currently known that manipulation and periodization of macronutrients, as well as sound hydration practices, have the potential to interfere with training adaptation and recovery. A careful monitoring of micronutrient status is also relevant to prevent undue fatigue and immune impairment secondary to a deficiency status. Furthermore, the sensible use of evidence-based dietary supplements may also play a role in soccer performance optimization. In this sense, several nutritional recommendations have been issued. This detailed and comprehensive review addresses the most relevant and up-to-date nutritional recommendations for elite soccer players, covering from macro and micronutrients to hydration and selected supplements in different contexts (daily requirements, pre, peri and post training/match and competition).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Chaves Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Viana do Castelo 4960-320, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Ferreira
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Caetano
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Diana Granja
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Instituto Politécnico de Leiria - Escola Superior de Saúde, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Buyukyazi G, Ulman C, Çelik A, Çetinkaya C, Şişman AR, Çimrin D, Doğru Y, Kaya D. The effect of 8-week different-intensity walking exercises on serum hepcidin, IL-6, and iron metabolism in pre-menopausal women. Physiol Int 2017; 104:52-63. [DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective
Hepcidin may be an important mediator in exercise-induced iron deficiency. Despite the studies investigating acute exercise effects on hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism, we found no studies examining the chronic effects of walking exercises (WE) on hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism in premenopausal women. The chronic effects of two 8-week different-intensity WE on hepcidin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and markers of iron metabolism in pre-menopausal women were examined.
Methods
Exercise groups (EG) [moderate tempo walking group (MTWG), n = 11; brisk walking group (BWG), n = 11] walked 3 days/week, starting from 30 to 51 min. Control group (CG; n = 8) did not perform any exercises. BWG walked at ∼70%–75%; MTWG at ∼50%–55% of HRRmax. VO2max, hepcidin, IL-6, and iron metabolism markers were determined before and after the intervention.
Results
VO2max increased in both EGs, favoring the BWG. Hepcidin increased in the BWG (p < 0.01) and CG (p < 0.05). IL-6 decreased in the BWG and the MTWG (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). While iron, ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin saturation levels did not change in any group, total iron binding capacity (p < 0.05), red blood cells (p < 0.05), and hematocrit (p < 0.01) increased only in the BWG.
Conclusion
Both WE types may be useful to prevent inflammation. However, brisk walking is advisable due to the positive changes in VO2max and some iron metabolism parameters, which may contribute to prevent iron deficiency. The increase in hepcidin levels remains unclear and necessitates further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Buyukyazi
- 1 School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - C Ulman
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - A Çelik
- 1 School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - C Çetinkaya
- 1 School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - AR Şişman
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Çimrin
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Y Doğru
- 4 Department of Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Kaya
- 5 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Elevated Serum Hepcidin Levels during an Intensified Training Period in Well-Trained Female Long-Distance Runners. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030277. [PMID: 28335426 PMCID: PMC5372940 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for providing oxygen to working muscles during exercise, and iron deficiency leads to decreased exercise capacity during endurance events. However, the mechanism of iron deficiency among endurance athletes remains unclear. In this study, we compared iron status between two periods involving different training regimens. Sixteen female long-distance runners participated. Over a seven-month period, fasting blood samples were collected during their regular training period (LOW; middle of February) and during an intensified training period (INT; late of August) to determine blood hematological, iron, and inflammatory parameters. Three-day food diaries were also assessed. Body weight and lean body mass did not differ significantly between LOW and INT, while body fat and body fat percentage were significantly lower in INT (p < 0.05). Blood hemoglobin, serum ferritin, total protein, and iron levels, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation did not differ significantly between the two periods. Serum hepcidin levels were significantly higher during INT than LOW (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate and iron intakes from the daily diet were significantly higher during INT than LOW (p < 0.05). In conclusion, an elevated hepcidin level was observed during an intensified training period in long-distance runners, despite an apparently adequate daily intake of iron.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Competitive rowing events are raced over 2,000 m requiring athletes to have highly developed aerobic and anaerobic systems. Elite rowers therefore undertake training sessions focused on lactate tolerance, strength and power as well as aerobic and anaerobic capacity development, that can amount to a 24-h training week. The training stimuli and consequent metabolic demands of each session in a rowing training program differ depending on type, length, and intensity. Nutrition guidelines for endurance- and power-based sports should be drawn upon; however, individualized and flexible nutrition plans are critical to successfully meet the daily, weekly, and cyclic nutrient requirements of a rower. This review will provide an overview of key nutritional strategies to optimize training and enhance adaptation, and briefly discuss supplement strategies that may support health and enhance performance in elite rowing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Boegman
- 1Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, CANADA; and 2Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, CANADA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Asthma as a disruption in iron homeostasis. Biometals 2016; 29:751-79. [PMID: 27595579 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over several decades, asthma has evolved from being recognized as a single disease to include a diverse group of phenotypes with dissimilar natural histories, pathophysiologies, responses to treatment, and distinctive molecular pathways. With the application of Occam's razor to asthma, it is proposed that there is one cause underlying the numerous phenotypes of this disease and that the responsible molecular pathway is a deficiency of iron in the lung tissues. This deficiency can be either absolute (e.g. asthma in the neonate and during both pregnancy and menstruation) or functional (e.g. asthma associated with infections, smoking, and obesity). Comparable associations between asthma co-morbidity (e.g. eczema, urticaria, restless leg syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension) with iron deficiency support such a shared mechanistic pathway. Therapies directed at asthma demonstrate a capacity to impact iron homeostasis, further strengthening the relationship. Finally, pathophysiologic events producing asthma, including inflammation, increases in Th2 cells, and muscle contraction, can correlate with iron availability. Recognition of a potential association between asthma and an absolute and/or functional iron deficiency suggests specific therapeutic interventions including inhaled iron.
Collapse
|
39
|
Buratti P, Gammella E, Rybinska I, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Recent Advances in Iron Metabolism: Relevance for Health, Exercise, and Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1596-604. [PMID: 25494391 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is necessary for physiological processes essential for athletic performance, such as oxygen transport, energy production, and cell division. However, an excess of "free" iron is toxic because it produces reactive hydroxyl radicals that damage biological molecules, thus leading to cell and tissue injury. Therefore, iron homeostasis is strictly regulated; and in recent years, there have been important advancements in our knowledge of the underlying processes. Hepcidin is the central regulator of systemic iron homeostasis and exerts its function by controlling the presence of the iron exporter ferroportin on the cell membrane. Hepcidin binding induces ferroportin degradation, thus leading to cellular iron retention and decreased levels of circulating iron. As iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis, the tight link between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism is particularly relevant to sports physiology. The iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis is ensured by inhibiting hepcidin to increase ferroportin activity and iron availability and hence to make certain that efficient blood oxygen transport occurs for aerobic exercise. However, hepcidin expression is also affected by exercise-associated conditions, such as iron deficiency, anemia or hypoxia, and, particularly, inflammation, which can play a role in the pathogenesis of sports anemia. Here, we review recent advances showing the relevance of iron for physical exercise and athletic performance. Low body iron levels can cause anemia and thus limit the delivery of oxygen to exercising muscle, but tissue iron deficiency may also affect performance by, for example, hampering muscle oxidative metabolism. Accordingly, a hemoglobin-independent effect of iron on exercise capacity has been demonstrated in animal models and humans. Here, we review recent advances showing the relevance of iron for physical exercise and athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Buratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, ITALY
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Omidi M, Abbasi M, Eftekharian MM, Shishean B, Zamani A. Hematological Indices in Elite Wrestlers. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-31726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
41
|
Exercise-induced anaemia: a forgotten cause of iron deficiency anaemia in young adults. Br J Gen Pract 2015; 65:268-9. [PMID: 25918331 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp15x685069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
42
|
Jamurtas AZ, Douroudos II, Deli CK, Draganidis D, Chatzinikolaou A, Mohr M, Avloniti A, Barbero-Álvarez JC, Margonis K, Mavropalias G, Stampoulis T, Giannakidou D, Flouris AD, Koutedakis Y, Fatouros IG. Iron status markers are only transiently affected by a football game. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2088-99. [PMID: 26168312 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1064154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the temporal variation of iron's status markers during a 60 h period following a football game. Thirty-four male football players were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, N = 14, participated only in measurements and training) or an experimental group (EG, N = 20, took part in a football game one week after the completion of the competitive season). All participants trained regularly for two consecutive days after the game. Training and game load was monitored with high time-resolution global positioning system (GPS) devices. Blood samples were collected and muscle damage markers and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were assessed pre-game and at 2 h, 12 h 36 h and 60 h post-game. No changes were noted in CG. Iron concentration decreased (P < 0.05) 2 h post-game and normalised thereafter whereas total iron binding capacity increased (P < 0.05) 12-60 h of recovery (P < 0.05). Erythrocytes, haemoglobin (HGB) concentration, plasma volume, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell HGB, mean cell HGB concentration, red cell width-SD, red cell width-CV, ferritin concentration and transferrin saturation remained unaltered during the intervention period. Creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness increased (P < 0.05) throughout recovery in EG. RSA declined (P < 0.05) until 36 h of recovery and normalised thereafter. Our data demonstrate that iron status markers are only transiently affected by a football game.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece.,b Institute Research and Technology - Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Ioannis I Douroudos
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Chariklia K Deli
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Magni Mohr
- d Faculty of Natural and Health Science , University of the Faroe Islands , Tórshavn , Faroe Islands.,e Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Alexandra Avloniti
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Margonis
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Georgios Mavropalias
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Theodoros Stampoulis
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Dimitra Giannakidou
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | | | - Yannis Koutedakis
- a School of Physical Education and Sports Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece.,b Institute Research and Technology - Thessaly , Trikala , Greece.,g Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing , University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton , UK
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- c School of Physical Education and Sports Science , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece.,g Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing , University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton , UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Beals KA, Mitchell A. Recent Recommendations and Current Controversies in Sport Nutrition. Am J Lifestyle Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827613513410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is absolutely essential for optimal training and performance of the athlete. Unfortunately many athletes lack sufficient nutrition knowledge to guide proper food choices. Similarly, the health professionals that athletes most frequently turn to for nutrition advice are often ill-equipped to address specific nutritional needs and issues. This article will summarize the most recent macronutrient (i.e., carbohydrate, protein and fat) and fluid recommendations for athletes. Micronutrients that have been shown to be inadequate in the diets of athletes will also be addressed. Finally, current controversies in sport nutrition will be examined in light of the most recent research and guidelines for applications to the athlete will be provided.
Collapse
|
44
|
Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Schwartz D. Is Correction of Iron Deficiency a New Addition to the Treatment of the Heart Failure? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14056-74. [PMID: 26096008 PMCID: PMC4490538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is present in about 40% of heart failure (HF) patients. Iron deficiency (ID) is present in about 60% of the patients with anemia (about 24% of all HF patients) and in about 40% of patients without anemia (about 24% of all HF patients). Thus ID is present in about half the patients with HF. The ID in HF is associated with reduced iron stores in the bone marrow and the heart. ID is an independent risk factor for severity and worsening of the HF. Correction of ID with intravenous (IV) iron usually corrects both the anemia and the ID. Currently used IV iron preparations are very safe and effective in treating the ID in HF whereas little information is available on the effectiveness of oral iron. In HF IV iron correction of ID is associated with improvement in functional status, exercise capacity, quality of life and, in some studies, improvement in rate of hospitalization for HF, cardiac structure and function, and renal function. Large long-term adequately-controlled intervention studies are needed to clarify the effect of IV iron in HF. Several heart associations suggest that ID should be routinely sought for in all HF patients and corrected if present. In this paper we present our approach to diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dov Wexler
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel.
| | - Doron Schwartz
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mielgo-Ayuso J, Zourdos MC, Calleja-González J, Urdampilleta A, Ostojic S. Iron supplementation prevents a decline in iron stores and enhances strength performance in elite female volleyball players during the competitive season. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:615-22. [PMID: 25965846 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of 11 weeks of iron supplementation on hematological and strength markers in elite female volleyball players. Twenty-two volleyball players (aged 27.0 ± 5.6 years) from 2 Spanish First National League teams participated and were counterbalanced into 1 of 2 groups based upon iron status: (i) control group (CG, n = 11); or (ii) iron treatment group (ITG, n = 11), which received 325 mg/day of ferrous sulphate daily. Subjects performed their team's regimen of training or match play every day. Both groups were tested for hematological and strength levels at 2 points: (i) baseline (T0, before preseason) and (ii) 11 weeks later (T11, post-testing). Hematological parameters were serum iron (sFe), serum ferritin (FER), transferrin saturation index (TSI), and hemoglobin (Hb); strength assessments were bench press, military press, half-squat, power clean, clean and jerk, and pull-over. CG experienced a significant decrease (p < 0.05) for sFe (T0, 112.7 ± 31.5; T11, 69.0 ± 20.5 μg·dL(-1); -33.9%), FER (T0, 60.2 ± 28.6; T11, 38.2 ± 16.4 ng·mL(-1); -34.6%), TSI (T0, 29.4% ± 9.5%; T11, 17.4% ± 5.1%; -35.3%), and Hb (T0, 14.1 ± 1.0; T11, 13.0 ± 0.8 g·L(-1); -7.44%); however, ITG experienced no changes (p > 0.05). Consequently, in ITG all hematological parameters were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than CG at T11. There was greater (p < 0.05) percent increase in the clean and jerk (CG: +5.1% ± 20.9 vs. ITG: +29.0% ± 21.3%), power clean (CG: -5.8% ± 30.3% vs. ITG: +44.6% ± 56.6%), and total mean strength (CG: +10.9% ± 3.2% vs. ITG: +26.2% ± 3.6%) in ITG. Our findings suggest that oral iron supplementation prevents iron loss and enhances strength in female volleyball players during the competitive season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain., Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Haro Volleyball Club, Nutrition Centre of La Rioja, 26200 Haro, La Rioja, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Skarpańska-Stejnborn A, Basta P, Trzeciak J, Szcześniak-Pilaczyńska Ł. Effect of intense physical exercise on hepcidin levels and selected parameters of iron metabolism in rowing athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:345-51. [PMID: 25311752 PMCID: PMC4289533 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Physical exercise, especially intense physical exercise, causes a number of unfavorable changes, including an increase in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines with the resultant sequestration of iron in macrophages and decreased iron absorption. This can lead to a reduced supply of iron for erythroid progenitor cells and promote the development of anemia. Method This study included a group of 20 rowing athletes, members of the National Polish Rowing Team. The participants performed a 2,000-m maximum test on a rowing ergometer. Blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein prior to the exercise test, 1 min after completing the test, and after a 24-h recovery period. We determined the levels of hepcidin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α, soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, unbound iron-binding capacity, iron, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, creatine kinase, and myoglobin. Result The high-intensity exercise test caused significant changes in hepcidin levels, IL-6, and iron metabolism parameters, with their subsequent return to baseline values during the recovery period. The serum iron levels decreased significantly during the recovery compared with pre- and post-exercise levels. Conclusion These results suggest that the high-intensity ergometric test was reflected by a marked decrease in serum level of iron during the recovery period, but did not induce concomitant changes in the remaining erythrocyte parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn
- Department of Morphological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp., Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Iron is an important mineral element used by the body in a variety of metabolic and physiologic processes. These processes are highly active when the body is undergoing physical exercises. Prevalence of exercise-induced iron deficiency anemia (also known as sports anemia) is notably high in athletic populations, particularly those with heavy training loads. The pathogenesis of sports anemia is closely related to disorders of iron metabolism, and a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of iron metabolism in the course of physical exercises could expand ways of treatment and prevention of sports anemia. In recent years, there have been remarkable research advances regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying changes of iron metabolism in response to physical exercises. This review has covered these advances, including effects of exercise on duodenum iron absorption, serum iron status, iron distribution in organs, erythropoiesis, and hepcidin’s function and its regulation. New methods for the treatment of exercise-induced iron deficiency are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China ; Bioreactor and Protein Drug Research and Development Center of Hebei Universities, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tvermoes BE, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL, Otani JM, Galbraith DA. Effects and blood concentrations of cobalt after ingestion of 1 mg/d by human volunteers for 90 d. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:632-46. [PMID: 24500148 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-the-counter cobalt supplements are available for sale in the United States, but little is known regarding their clinical effects and biokinetic distribution with long-term use. OBJECTIVE We assessed blood kinetics, biochemical responses, and clinical effects in 5 adult men and 5 adult women who voluntarily ingested ∼ 1.0 mg Co/d (0.080-0.19 mg Co · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) of a commercially available cobalt supplement over a 3-mo period. DESIGN Volunteers were instructed to take the cobalt dietary supplement in the morning according to the manufacturer's label. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for a number of biochemical variables before, during, and after dosing. Hearing, vision, cardiac, and neurologic functions were also assessed in volunteers before, during, and after dosing. RESULTS After ∼ 90 d of dosing, mean cobalt blood concentrations were lower in men than in women. Mean cobalt whole blood and serum concentrations in men were 20 μg/L (range: 12-33 μg/L) and 25 μg/L (range: 15-46 μg/L), respectively. In women, mean cobalt whole blood and serum concentrations were 53 μg/L (range: 6-117 μg/L) and 71 μg/L (range: 9-149 μg/L), respectively. Estimated red blood cell (RBC) cobalt concentrations suggested that cobalt was sequestered in RBCs during their 120-d life span, which resulted in a slower whole blood clearance compared with serum. The renal clearance of cobalt increased with the serum concentration and was, on average, lower in women (3.5 ± 1.3 mL/min) than in men (5.5 ± 1.9 mL/min). Sex-specific differences were observed in cobalt absorption and excretion. There were no clinically significant changes in biochemical, hematologic, and clinical variables assessed in this study. CONCLUSION Peak cobalt whole blood concentrations ranging between 9.4 and 117 μg/L were not associated with clinically significant changes in basic hematologic and clinical variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Tvermoes
- From Cardno ChemRisk LLC, San Francisco, CA (DJP, JMO, DAG, and BLF); Cardno ChemRisk LLC, Boulder, CO (BET); and Cardno ChemRisk LLC, Pittsburgh, PA (KMU)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
König C, Kleber M, Ihorst G, Gropp A, Reinhardt H, Koch B, Wäsch R, Engelhardt M. Prevalence of iron overload vs iron deficiency in multiple myeloma: resembling or different from MDS--and stem cell transplant (SCT)--patients? CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 13:671-680.e3. [PMID: 23932905 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most MM patients develop anemia with progression to symptomatic disease. Usually, this is normocytic/normochromic, with normal or low iron and elevated ferritin levels. Because ferritin levels alone do not correctly reflect iron stores, we performed a comprehensive analysis of iron parameters (iron, ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation [TRFS]) to more precisely assess patients' iron metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed: (1) the frequency of IO vs. ID in 136 consecutive MM patients; (2) the prognostic effect on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS); and (3) specific risk groups according to patients' iron metabolism. RESULTS Most patients had normal iron metabolism or ID: median iron, ferritin, transferrin, and TRFS values were 75 μg/dL, 446 μg/L, 195 mg/dL, and 26%, respectively. Ferritin levels of < 400 μg/L, 400 to 1000 μg/L, and > 1000 μg/L were observed in 46%, 30%, and 24%, and TRFS levels < 20%, 20% to 45%, and > 45% in 32%, 46%, and 22% of patients, respectively. When patients with modified (ID or IO) vs. normal iron metabolism were compared, laboratory parameters (prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, estimated glomerular filtration rate, c-reactive protein, reflecting cardiac, renal, or infectious impairment), and PFS and OS appeared impaired with modified metabolism, albeit age- and disease-specific differences were insignificant. CONCLUSION Normal iron metabolism and ID is more frequent in MM patients than IO. ID and IO correlate with organ impairment and impaired survival in MM. This knowledge should be incorporated into the design of future studies that will determine the benefit of iron supplementation with ID, and iron chelators with IO in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine König
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia arises when the balance of iron intake, iron stores, and the body's loss of iron are insufficient to fully support production of erythrocytes. Iron deficiency anemia rarely causes death, but the impact on human health is significant. In the developed world, this disease is easily identified and treated, but frequently overlooked by physicians. In contrast, it is a health problem that affects major portions of the population in underdeveloped countries. Overall, the prevention and successful treatment for iron deficiency anemia remains woefully insufficient worldwide, especially among underprivileged women and children. Here, clinical and laboratory features of the disease are discussed, and then focus is placed on relevant economic, environmental, infectious, and genetic factors that converge among global populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Miller
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|