1
|
Zumbach-Basu J, Rademacher A, Koglin U, Bender D, Lösel F. Longitudinal relations of prematurity and fetal growth restrictions with hyperactivity/inattention and aggression/delinquency. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y. [PMID: 38898109 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is the aim of this study to analyze the longitudinal relationship between premature birth and low birth weight and the reciprocal influence between hyperactive/inattentive behavior and aggressive/delinquent behavior problems in children from early to late childhood. METHODS This study contains data from the German Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study. It applies prospective longitudinal path analyses on data obtained from postnatal pediatric assessments as well as later psychosocial behavior assessments by teachers and parents on N = 667 children, out of which n = 83 children (12.44%) were born preterm/small for gestational age. RESULTS The results show direct effects of birth complications at the beginning of preschool on hyperactivity/inattentiveness (teacher rating: ß = 0.28; p = 0.017; parent rating: ß = 0.32; p = 0.005), but not on aggression/delinquency (teacher rating: ß = 0.002; p = 0.427; parent rating: ß = 0.12; p = 0.324). Reciprocal effects between aggression/delinquency and hyperactivity/inattentiveness were stable at the end of elementary school, but not at the end of preschool across informants. CONCLUSION Our results support a differentiated view on the potential development of behavior problems after birth complications and the demand for early prevention measures. IMPACT STATEMENT Our results extend to the existing body of research by providing insight into the longitudinal effects of prematurity and fetal growth restrictions on hyperactive and aggressive/delinquent behavioral problems throughout a rather long period of development in childhood. The results show direct effects of birth complications on the development of hyperactivity for boys, but not for girls across informants. No direct effects of birth complications on aggression/delinquency are found. Our findings speak against too simple views on behavioral consequences of birth complications and thus can relieve too anxious parents, however close monitoring of the behavioral development of respective children is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zumbach-Basu
- Department of Forensic Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Germany, Am Koellnischen Park 2, 10179, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rademacher
- I. School of Education and Social Science, Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Psychology in Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Ute Koglin
- I. School of Education and Social Science, Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Psychology in Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Doris Bender
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bismarckstr. 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lösel
- Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University & Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sidgwick Avenue Cambridge CB3 9DA & Bismarckstr, 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spychala KM, Friedman NP, Gizer IR. Executive Function as an Underlying Mechanism of Alcohol Use, Aggression, and ADHD. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.10.24308620. [PMID: 38946945 PMCID: PMC11213049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.24308620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Executive functioning (EF) has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for externalizing disorders and behavior more broadly, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, and alcohol use. Previous research has demonstrated both phenotypic and genetic overlap among these behaviors, but has yet to examine EF as a common causal mechanism. The current study examined reciprocal causal associations between EF and several externalizing behaviors using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods Two-sample MR was conducted to test causal associations between EF and externalizing behaviors. Summary statistics from several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were used in these analyses, including GWASs of EF, ADHD diagnostic status, drinks per week, aggressive behavior, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnostic status. Multiple estimation methods were employed to account for horizontal pleiotropy (e.g., inverse variance weighted, MR-PRESSO, MR-MIX). Results EF demonstrated significant causal relationships with ADHD (P < 0.01), AUD (P < 0.03), and alcohol consumption (P < 0.01) across several estimation methods. Reciprocally, ADHD showed a significant causal influence on EF (P < 0.03). Nonetheless, caution should be used when interpreting these findings as there was some evidence for horizontal pleiotropy in the effect of EF on ADHD and significant heterogeneity in variant effects in the other relations tested. There were no significant findings for aggression. Conclusions Findings suggest that EF may be a causal mechanism underlying some externalizing behaviors, including ADHD and alcohol use, and that ADHD may also lead to lower performance on EF tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellyn M Spychala
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
French B, Nalbant G, Wright H, Sayal K, Daley D, Groom MJ, Cassidy S, Hall CL. The impacts associated with having ADHD: an umbrella review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1343314. [PMID: 38840946 PMCID: PMC11151783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1343314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects up to 5% of the population and is characterised by symptoms of impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention. These symptoms are significantly impairing and carry additional risks for children and adults with ADHD, including negative mental health (e.g. depression), physical health (e.g. obesity) and societal outcomes (e.g. imprisonment, divorce). Very few studies have attempted to synthesise these risks in one publication due to the breadth of evidence published on the adverse outcomes of ADHD. Methods An umbrella review was performed to identify reviews (systematic, meta-analysis and narrative) that investigate the risks arising from having ADHD. We conducted a narrative synthesis of the findings and conducted a quality review of the included publications. Results Upon searching five databases, 16,675 records were identified. Of these, 125 reviews met the criteria for inclusion. A narrative synthesis of these findings highlighted three key domains of risks associated with ADHD: mental health, physical health, social and lifestyle. Most reviews were of good and moderate quality. Discussion This review highlights the many risks associated with having ADHD, beyond its three key symptom domains and the impact of the condition on daily functioning. Registration International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42023404073).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blandine French
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gamze Nalbant
- Lifespan and Population Health Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wright
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kapil Sayal
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Daley
- Nottingham Trent University (NTU) Psychology, School of Social Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine J. Groom
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cassidy
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L. Hall
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mustika D, Nishimura Y, Ueno S, Tominaga S, Shimizu T, Tajiri N, Jung CG, Hida H. Central amygdala is related to the reduction of aggressive behavior by monosodium glutamate ingestion during the period of development in an ADHD model rat. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1356189. [PMID: 38765817 PMCID: PMC11099272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1356189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monosodium glutamate (MSG), an umami substance, stimulates the gut-brain axis communication via gut umami receptors and the subsequent vagus nerves. However, the brain mechanism underlying the effect of MSG ingestion during the developmental period on aggression has not yet been clarified. We first tried to establish new experimental conditions to be more appropriate for detailed analysis of the brain, and then investigated the effects of MSG ingestion on aggressive behavior during the developmental stage of an ADHD rat model. Methods Long-Evans, WKY/Izm, SHR/Izm, and SHR-SP/Ezo were individually housed from postnatal day 25 for 5 weeks. Post-weaning social isolation (PWSI) was given to escalate aggressive behavior. The resident-intruder test, that is conducted during the subjective night, was used for a detailed analysis of aggression, including the frequency, duration, and latency of anogenital sniffing, aggressive grooming, and attack behavior. Immunohistochemistry of c-Fos expression was conducted in all strains to predict potential aggression-related brain areas. Finally, the most aggressive strain, SHR/Izm, a known model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), was used to investigate the effect of MSG ingestion (60 mM solution) on aggression, followed by c-Fos immunostaining in aggression-related areas. Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was performed to verify the importance of gut-brain interactions in the effect of MSG. Results The resident intruder test revealed that SHR/Izm rats were the most aggressive among the four strains for all aggression parameters tested. SHR/Izm rats also showed the highest number of c-Fos + cells in aggression-related brain areas, including the central amygdala (CeA). MSG ingestion significantly decreased the frequency and duration of aggressive grooming and attack behavior and increased the latency of attack behavior. Furthermore, MSG administration successfully increased c-Fos positive cell number in the intermediate nucleus of the solitary tract (iNTS), a terminal of the gastrointestinal sensory afferent fiber of the vagus nerve, and modulated c-Fos positive cells in the CeA. Interestingly, vagotomy diminished the MSG effects on aggression and c-Fos expression in the iNTS and CeA. Conclusion MSG ingestion decreased PWSI-induced aggression in SHR/Izm, which was mediated by the vagus nerve related to the stimulation of iNTS and modulation of CeA activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Mustika
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Yu Nishimura
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiori Tominaga
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Shokei University Junior College, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Hida
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Csibra B, Bunford N, Gácsi M. Development of a human-analogue, 3-symptom domain Dog ADHD and Functionality Rating Scale (DAFRS). Sci Rep 2024; 14:1808. [PMID: 38245569 PMCID: PMC10799898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The family dog, in its natural environment, exhibits neuropsychological deficits redolent of human psychiatric disorders, including behaviours that are similar to human attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Based on standard questionnaire methods in humans, we aimed to develop and validate a detailed, psychometrically improved tool to assess owner views on relevant dog behaviours. We modified available questionnaires by adding items that allow for separate analysis of impulsivity, and items on functional impairment. We collected data from 1168 owners for different validation steps of the new questionnaire and, similarly to assessment of humans where teachers also evaluate as an expert control, we collected data from dog trainers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed 3 factors: inattention (IA), hyperactivity (H) and impulsivity (I), corresponding to all three human symptom dimensions in dogs. Test-retest analyses showed excellent agreement between measurements for all factors. Similarly to findings with humans, trainer-owner rating comparisons showed fair (IA) to moderate (H, I) agreement. As in humans, greater ADHD scores were associated with greater functional impairment scores. We suggest that in dogs, similarly to humans, parallel examination of (extreme) ADHD and functional impairment scores could help distinguish diagnosable individuals, after further validation of the questionnaire using a relevant behaviour test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Csibra
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Bunford
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Magyar tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anns F, D’Souza S, MacCormick C, Mirfin-Veitch B, Clasby B, Hughes N, Forster W, Tuisaula E, Bowden N. Risk of Criminal Justice System Interactions in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a National Birth Cohort. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1332-1342. [PMID: 37254493 PMCID: PMC10498656 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231177469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD. METHOD Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations. RESULTS Young adults with ADHD were significantly more likely to interact with the CJS including police proceedings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1 95% CI [2.0, 2.2]) court charges (HR, 2.2 95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), court convictions (HR, 2.3 95% CI [2.2, 2.4]), and incarceration (HR, 4.8 95% CI [4.3, 5.4]). CONCLUSIONS Young adults with ADHD are overrepresented at all stages of the CJS. Results highlight the importance of early identification and responsivity to ADHD within the CJS and suggest that the NZ justice system may require changes to both areas to ensure that young individuals with ADHD receive equitable access to, and treatment within, the CJS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie D’Souza
- University of Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Betony Clasby
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- University of Sheffield, UK
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Eden Tuisaula
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Bowden
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Müller M, Turner D, Barra S, Rösler M, Retz W. ADHD and associated psychopathology in older adults in a German community sample. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:313-323. [PMID: 36617378 PMCID: PMC10033550 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still a neglected disorder in older adults. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence and symptomatology of ADHD and associated psychopathology in adults aged 40-80 years in a German community sample. We examined 539 participants in two age groups: (1) 40-59 years old (n = 256) and (2) 60-80 years old (n = 283). To assess ADHD in both childhood and adulthood as well as current psychopathological impairments, we used self-report instruments and corresponding observer reports. We examined group differences between age groups and between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. The prevalence of ADHD in the total sample was 2.6% with no significant differences between the two age groups (40-59 years: 3.1% vs. 60-80 years: 2.1%). Although differences emerged in impulsivity/emotional lability and self-concept problems, overall ADHD symptom ratings did not differ between the age groups. The ADHD group showed more psychopathological peculiarities compared to individuals without ADHD with medium-to-large effect sizes. Self-reports and observer reports showed good concordance in the assessment of ADHD and comorbid psychopathological symptoms. Regarding current ADHD symptomatology, in 92.1%, self-report was corroborated by observer's information. Our findings underline that ADHD symptoms are relevant across the lifespan. Augmenting self-reports with observer reports could increase the assessment quality of ADHD. For successful treatment, clinicians should also focus on additional psychopathological impairments and comorbidities in older adults with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rösler
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tcherni-Buzzeo M. Increased Prescribing of Psychotropic Drugs or School-Based Services for Children with Disabilities? Associations of These Self-control-Boosting Strategies with Juvenile Violence at the State Level. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 9:1-35. [PMID: 36789240 PMCID: PMC9910267 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-023-00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing rates at which psychotropic drugs have been prescribed to children and adolescents in the USA in the last three decades (since the early 1990s) have prompted questions about whether this trend is associated with the "great American crime decline." Medicalization can be considered one of the strategies to remedy children's neuropsychological deficits and improve their self-control. Another possible remedy is school-based services for children with learning disabilities, mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004. Using state-level panel data analyses for years 1990-2014 (with the main focus on 2000-2014 outcomes), the current study estimates associations between these two developmental self-control remedies-medicalization and school-based services-and minor, moderate, and severe types of juvenile violence, while controlling for relevant covariates (both time-varying and time-invariant). The results of mixed-effects linear regression analyses accounting for powerful time trends show a strong association between increases in school-based services for children with learning disabilities and declines in all types of juvenile violence. Another strong and consistent finding that emerges in the analyses is the link between reductions in child poverty at the state level and decreases in juvenile violence, both contemporaneously and over time. Psychotropic drug prescribing to children (measured using Supplemental Security Income rolls of children with mental health conditions) exhibits inconsistent or insignificant effects. The findings of this study have substantial theoretical and policy implications and indicate the importance of strengthening school-based services for children with disabilities and reducing child poverty as essential violence prevention tools.
Collapse
|
9
|
Baird A, Candy B, Flouri E, Tyler N, Hassiotis A. The Association between Physical Environment and Externalising Problems in Typically Developing and Neurodiverse Children and Young People: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2549. [PMID: 36767909 PMCID: PMC9916018 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The physical environment is of critical importance to child development. Understanding how exposure to physical environmental domains such as greenspace, urbanicity, air pollution or noise affects aggressive behaviours in typical and neurodiverse children is of particular importance given the significant long-term impact of those problems. In this narrative review, we investigated the evidence for domains of the physical environment that may ameliorate or contribute to the display of aggressive behaviours. We have considered a broad range of study designs that include typically developing and neurodiverse children and young people aged 0-18 years. We used the GRADE system to appraise the evidence. Searches were performed in eight databases in July 2020 and updated in June 2022. Additional articles were further identified by hand-searching reference lists of included papers. The protocol for the review was preregistered with PROSPERO. Results: We retrieved 7174 studies of which 67 are included in this review. The studies reported on green space, environmental noise and music, air pollution, meteorological effects, spatial density, urban or rural setting, and interior home elements (e.g., damp/sensory aspects/colour). They all used well validated parent and child reported measures of aggressive behaviour. Most of the studies were rated as having low or unclear risk of bias. As expected, noise, air pollution, urbanicity, spatial density, colour and humidity appeared to increase the display of aggressive behaviours. There was a dearth of studies on the role of the physical environment in neurodiverse children. The studies were heterogeneous and measured a range of aggressive behaviours from symptoms to full syndromes. Greenspace exposure was the most common domain studied but certainty of evidence for the association between environmental exposures and aggression problems in the child or young person was low across all domains. We found a large knowledge gap in the literature concerning neurodiverse children, which suggests that future studies should focus on these children, who are also more likely to experience adverse early life experiences including living in more deprived environments as well as being highly vulnerable to the onset of mental ill health. Such research should also aim to dis-aggregate the underlying aetiological mechanisms for environmental influences on aggression, the results of which may point to pathways for public health interventions and policy development to address inequities that can be relevant to ill health in neurodiverse young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alister Baird
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7BN, UK
| | - Bridget Candy
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7BN, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- Institute of Education, Psychology and Human Development, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Nick Tyler
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Angela Hassiotis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tate AE, Akingbuwa WA, Karlsson R, Hottenga JJ, Pool R, Boman M, Larsson H, Lundström S, Lichtenstein P, Middeldorp CM, Bartels M, Kuja-Halkola R. A genetically informed prediction model for suicidal and aggressive behaviour in teens. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:488. [PMID: 36411277 PMCID: PMC9678913 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal and aggressive behaviours cause significant personal and societal burden. As risk factors associated with these behaviours frequently overlap, combined approaches in predicting the behaviours may be useful in identifying those at risk for either. The current study aimed to create a model that predicted if individuals will exhibit suicidal behaviour, aggressive behaviour, both, or neither in late adolescence. A sample of 5,974 twins from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) was broken down into a training (80%), tune (10%) and test (10%) set. The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR; N = 2702) was used for external validation. Our longitudinal data featured genetic, environmental, and psychosocial predictors derived from parental and self-report data. A stacked ensemble model was created which contained a gradient boosted machine, random forest, elastic net, and neural network. Model performance was transferable between CATSS and NTR (macro area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) [95% CI] AUCCATSS(test set) = 0.709 (0.671-0.747); AUCNTR = 0.685 (0.656-0.715), suggesting model generalisability across Northern Europe. The notable exception is suicidal behaviours in the NTR, which was no better than chance. The 25 highest scoring variable importance scores for the gradient boosted machines and random forest models included self-reported psychiatric symptoms in mid-adolescence, sex, and polygenic scores for psychiatric traits. The model's performance is comparable to current prediction models that use clinical interviews and is not yet suitable for clinical use. Moreover, genetic variables may have a role to play in predictive models of adolescent psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Tate
- grid.465198.7Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Wonuola A. Akingbuwa
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Karlsson
- grid.465198.7Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Pool
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Boman
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Division of Software and Computer Systems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- grid.465198.7Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden ,grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- grid.465198.7Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Christel M. Middeldorp
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia ,grid.512914.a0000 0004 0642 3960Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Meike Bartels
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- grid.465198.7Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tully J. Management of ADHD in Prisoners-Evidence Gaps and Reasons for Caution. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:771525. [PMID: 35370827 PMCID: PMC8973692 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.771525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Tully
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barra S, Turner D, Müller M, Hertz PG, Retz-Junginger P, Tüscher O, Huss M, Retz W. ADHD symptom profiles, intermittent explosive disorder, adverse childhood experiences, and internalizing/externalizing problems in young offenders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:257-269. [PMID: 32780159 PMCID: PMC8866272 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and co-existing psychiatric/psychological impairments as well as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common among young offenders. Research on their associations is of major importance for early intervention and crime prevention. Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) warrants specific consideration in this regard. To gain sophisticated insights into the occurrence and associations of ADHD, IED, ACEs, and further psychiatric/psychological impairments in young (male and female) offenders, we used latent profile analysis (LPA) to empirically derive subtypes among 156 young offenders who were at an early stage of crime development based on their self-reported ADHD symptoms, and combined those with the presence of IED. We found four distinct ADHD subtypes that differed rather quantitatively than qualitatively (very low, low, moderate, and severe symptomatology). Additional IED, ACEs, and further internalizing and externalizing problems were found most frequently in the severe ADHD subtype. Furthermore, females were over-represented in the severe ADHD subtype. Finally, ACEs predicted high ADHD symptomatology with co-existing IED, but not without IED. Because ACEs were positively associated with the occurrence of ADHD/IED and ADHD is one important risk factor for on-going criminal behaviors, our findings highlight the need for early identification of ACEs and ADHD/IED in young offenders to identify those adolescents who are at increased risk for long-lasting criminal careers. Furthermore, they contribute to the debate about how to best conceptualize ADHD regarding further emotional and behavioral disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Priscilla Gregorio Hertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Risk factors of violent offending in mentally ill prisoners with autism spectrum disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:183-188. [PMID: 34500347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results of research regarding a possible causal relation between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and violence are mixed. Several explanations have been proposed. AIMS To assess prevalence rates of comorbid disorders in a large sample of mentally ill offenders diagnosed with ASD. Offenders with and without comorbid mental disorders were compared on several characteristics. To better understand the relationship between ASD and violent criminal behavior, the predictive value of several proposed risk factors (comorbidity, negative social network/influenceability, and childhood trauma/victimization) on violent offending was investigated. METHOD Data of 394 male offenders with a diagnosis of ASD were included. Prevalence rates of comorbid mental disorders next to ASD were calculated, and characteristics were compared using chi-square or t-tests. The predictive value of the risk factors was assessed using a binary logistic regression (n = 357). RESULTS High rates of comorbidity were found (78.9%), specifically for substance use disorders (39.8%), schizophrenia spectrum disorders (31.7%), and neurodevelopmental disorder other than ASD (24.1%). Offenders with and without comorbidity differed significantly in their criminal and mental health care history. Both comorbidity (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.27-2.18) and a negative social network/influenceability (OR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.11-1.99) showed to be significant predictors of violent offending within this sample. CONCLUSIONS The highest rates of comorbid disorders found were disorders that have been previously linked to violent offending, and the risk of violent offending could be unrelated to ASD. However, the role of social functioning indicates a risk specific to the symptoms of ASD.
Collapse
|
14
|
Buitelaar NJL, Posthumus JA, Bijlenga D, Buitelaar JK. The Impact of ADHD Treatment on Intimate Partner Violence in a Forensic Psychiatry Setting. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1021-1031. [PMID: 31619111 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719879502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The current longitudinal impact of treatment of ADHD on intimate partner violence (ITAP) study aims to investigate whether decrease of ADHD symptoms is associated with reduction of intimate partner violence (IPV) frequency in IPV offenders with ADHD in a forensic psychiatry setting. Method: Of n = 209 offenders of IPV with ADHD, frequency of IPV and ADHD symptoms were assessed at the 8th, 16th, 24th, and 52nd weeks of their combined treatment for ADHD and IPV. Results: We observed a significant decrease of self-reported ADHD symptoms (large effect size, d ≥ 0.80) and all IPV outcomes (small, d > 0.20, to large, d > 0.80, effect sizes). The decrease in IPV was mainly associated with the decrease in ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: As IPV treatment alone is not effective in the reduction of IPV in forensic psychiatry, we now have strong indications that the combined treatment of adult ADHD and IPV is more effective in offenders with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannet J L Buitelaar
- De Waag, De Forensische Zorgspecialisten, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denise Bijlenga
- PsyQ Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Epigenetic regulation of DAT gene promoter modulates the risk of externalizing and internalizing behaviors on a normative population: An explorative study. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113246. [PMID: 33745985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating research addressed epigenetic modifications and their role on behavioral phenotypes. We recently proposed to study methylation dynamics of two CpG motifs within the 5'-UTR of dopamine transporter (DAT) gene. Starting from a normative population sample of young adults, we selected three sub-groups based on their prevalent symptoms: subjects were assigned to Internalizing, Externalizing and Low-risk sub-groups according to elevated scores in specific phenotypic scales. Using a new approach, we calculated three independent matrixes of cross-correlation between CpG methylation levels, one within each phenotypic sub-group, to determine in which dynamics did the sub-groups differ. We found specific cross-correlation patterns in Externalizing (CpG1, 2 and 3, opposite to the methylation at CpG6) and Internalizing individuals (CpG1 methylation opposite to CpG2, 3 and 6), while Low-risk individuals could follow both trends. The aim of our study was to look for a specific DAT methylation pattern, providing a biomarker that allows early identification of the risk for psycho-pathological deviance.
Collapse
|
16
|
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), antisociality and delinquent behavior over the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:236-248. [PMID: 33271164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to the development of conduct problems during socialization in early life and to an increased risk for antisocial activities and delinquency over the lifespan. The interaction between ADHD and common comorbid disorders like substance use disorders as well as changing environmental conditions could mediate the course of antisocial and delinquent behavior with increasing age. However, this complex interaction is only partially understood so far. This review presents current knowledge about the association of ADHD with antisociality and the development of delinquent behavior. Thereby, the relationships between ADHD, conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder in offenders are discussed, as well as the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychosocial conditions on offending behavior. Also, treatment studies in offender populations with ADHD are presented. Although our understanding of the role of ADHD in the development of criminal behavior has substantially improved during the last two decades, more research is needed to further elucidate the mechanisms generating unfavorable outcomes and to engender adequate treatment strategies for this population at risk. Moreover, more attention is needed on children with conduct problems in order to avoid antisocial or delinquent behaviors over the lifespan.
Collapse
|
17
|
Murray AL, Obsuth I, Zirk-Sadowski J, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Developmental Relations Between ADHD Symptoms and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression Across Childhood and Adolescence. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1701-1710. [PMID: 27585832 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716666323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Past research has provided some preliminary evidence that ADHD and reactive aggression have overlapping neurocognitive bases. Based on this, we tested the hypothesis that ADHD symptoms are closely coupled in developmental terms with reactive aggression, more so than with proactive aggression with which it has been postulated to be only indirectly linked. Method: We used latent growth curve analysis to estimate the developmental relations between ADHD symptoms and subtypes of aggressive behavior in a normative sample of 1,571 youth (761 female, 810 male) measured from ages 7 to 15. Results: Individual ADHD trajectories were significantly and substantially correlated with individual trajectories in both aggressive subtypes; however, consistent with our hypothesis, the relation with reactive aggression was significantly stronger. Conclusion: Our study provides some of the first evidence for a differential relation between ADHD symptoms and aggression subtypes not only cross-sectionally but also in terms of their longitudinal developmental trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis Ribeaud
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH), Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Peeters DGA, Lange WG, von Borries AKL, Franke B, Volman I, Homberg JR, Verkes RJ, Roelofs K. Threat-Avoidance Tendencies Moderate the Link Between Serotonin Transporter Genetic Variation and Reactive Aggression. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:562098. [PMID: 33132858 PMCID: PMC7549659 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.562098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism has been linked to reactive aggression in men, but this association is less consistent in females. Reactive aggression has been particularly described as a result of fear-driven defense to threat, but how this interaction between defensive behavior and aggression is expressed in S-allele carriers remains unknown. In order to explore this interplay between 5-HTTLPR genotype, defensive behavior and reactive aggression, we combined genotyping with objective measures of action tendencies toward angry faces in an approach-avoidance task (AAT) and reactive aggression in the Taylor aggression paradigm (TAP) in healthy females, N = 95. This study shows that female S-allele carriers in general display increased implicit reactive aggression (administering aversive white noise) toward opponents. Furthermore, we found that threat-avoidance tendencies moderate the association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and aggression displayed on the TAP. Together, these findings indicate a positive correlation between avoidance of angry faces in the AAT and reactive aggression in the TAP exclusively present in S-allele carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah G. A. Peeters
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wolf-Gero Lange
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A. Katinka L. von Borries
- Department of Psychocardiology, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Bergmannsheil und Kinderklinik Buer GmbH, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
- Institute for Stressmedicine, ISM Rhein Ruhr, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Volman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Redfern J, Sidorov K, Rosin PL, Corcoran P, Moore SC, Marshall D. Association of violence with urban points of interest. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239840. [PMID: 32970775 PMCID: PMC7514026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between alcohol outlets and violence has long been recognised, and is commonly used to inform policing and licensing policies (such as staggered closing times and zoning). Less investigated, however, is the association between violent crime and other urban points of interest, which while associated with the city centre alcohol consumption economy, are not explicitly alcohol outlets. Here, machine learning (specifically, LASSO regression) is used to model the distribution of violent crime for the central 9 km2 of ten large UK cities. Densities of 620 different Point of Interest types (sourced from Ordnance Survey) are used as predictors, with the 10 most explanatory variables being automatically selected for each city. Cross validation is used to test generalisability of each model. Results show that the inclusion of additional point of interest types produces a more accurate model, with significant increases in performance over a baseline univariate alcohol-outlet only model. Analysis of chosen variables for city-specific models shows potential candidates for new strategies on a per-city basis, with combined-model variables showing the general trend in POI/violence association across the UK. Although alcohol outlets remain the best individual predictor of violence, other points of interest should also be considered when modelling the distribution of violence in city centres. The presented method could be used to develop targeted, city-specific initiatives that go beyond alcohol outlets and also consider other locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Redfern
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirill Sidorov
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Padraig Corcoran
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Moore
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Marshall
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schoentgen B, Gagliardi G, Défontaines B. Environmental and Cognitive Enrichment in Childhood as Protective Factors in the Adult and Aging Brain. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1814. [PMID: 32793081 PMCID: PMC7385286 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some recent studies have highlighted a link between a favorable childhood environment and the strengthening of neuronal resilience against the changes that occur in natural aging neurodegenerative disease. Many works have assessed the factors – both internal and external – that can contribute to delay the phenotype of an ongoing neurodegenerative brain pathology. At the crossroads of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, these relationships are unified by the concept of cognitive reserve (CR). This review focuses on the protective effects of maintaining this CR through the cognitive aging process, and emphasizes the most essential time in life for the development and strengthening of this CR. The in-depth study of this research shows that early stimulation with regard to social and sensory interactions, contributes to the proper development of cognitive, affective and psychosocial capacities. Childhood thus appears to be the most active phase in the development of CR, and as such we hypothesize that this constitutes the first essential period of primary prevention of pathological aging and loss of cognitive capacities. If this hypothesis is correct, early stimulation of the environment would therefore be considered as a true primary prevention and a public health issue. The earlier identification of neurodevelopmental disorders, which can affect personal and professional development across the lifespan, could therefore have longer-term impacts and provide better protection against aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Schoentgen
- Réseau Aloïs Pôle Enfant (Pediatric Aloïs Network), Paris, France.,Réseau Aloïs (Aloïs Network), Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Gagliardi
- Réseau Aloïs (Aloïs Network), Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Défontaines
- Réseau Aloïs Pôle Enfant (Pediatric Aloïs Network), Paris, France.,Réseau Aloïs (Aloïs Network), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Houtepen JABM, Sijtsema JJ, Van der Lem R, Scheres A, Bogaerts S. Cognitive-motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning in relationship to treatment and research engagement in forensic patients with ADHD. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:2345-2371. [PMID: 32659042 PMCID: PMC7689781 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To provide more insight into treatment and research responsivity in offenders with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method Via self‐reports and patients' scores on cognitive computer tasks, it was examined whether poorer cognitive‐motivational, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning were related to treatment no‐shows, longer treatment time duration intervals, and no‐show at the research appointment in 52 forensic outpatients with ADHD (Mage = 35.3, SD = 9.38). Treatment adherence was tracked for 10 appointments after research participation. Results Regression analyses showed that higher self‐reported impulsivity was associated with research no‐show, and more alcohol use with longer treatment time intervals. Yet, self‐reported delay aversion was associated with fewer treatment no‐shows, and, uncontrolled for alcohol use, impulsivity was associated with shorter treatment time intervals in a subsample of patients. Conclusions These preliminary results indicate that externalizing behaviors increase the risk for nonadherence in forensic ADHD patients, but that cognitive‐motivational problems also motivate patients to be more engaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A B M Houtepen
- Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Developmental Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J Sijtsema
- Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Developmental Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalind Van der Lem
- Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Radboud, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Developmental Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Buitelaar NJL, Posthumus JA, Buitelaar JK. ADHD in Childhood and/or Adulthood as a Risk Factor for Domestic Violence or Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1203-1214. [PMID: 25995243 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715587099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To date, treatment programs for adult domestic violence (DV) or intimate partner violence (IPV) have had minimal impact. To make treatment more effective, programs should be adjusted to psychopathology of the offender. As emotional lability and poor emotional self-regulation and self-control are common features of ADHD, it may play a pivotal role as a predictor for adult DV/IPV. Method: This systematic review synthesizes the available evidence for childhood and/or adult ADHD being a risk factor for DV/IPV. Results: Four case control studies and three cohort studies were included in the review. Although three case control studies showed positive associations between childhood and/or adult ADHD and adult DV/IPV, two did insufficiently control for the presence of comorbid Conduct Disorder (CD) or Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Conclusion: Cohort studies identified hyperactive, impulsive, and inattention symptoms as risk factors for adult IPV. CD and ASPD were regarded as mediators in three studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannet J L Buitelaar
- De Forensische Zorgspecialisten, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Caisley H, Müller U. Adherence to medication in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and pro re nata dosing of psychostimulants: A systematic review. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 27:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdherence to a regular medication regimen may be challenging for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Some report taking psychostimulants on a pro re nata (PRN) basis. This review aims to establish the rate of adherence, and reasons for and consequences of non-adherence to medication for ADHD in adults, and to review literature on PRN dosing of psychostimulants in these patients. A systematic literature search was conducted. Four primary research studies have investigated the rate of adherence to medication in adults with ADHD. Mean adherence rate in two studies ranged from 52% to 87%. A number of possible reasons for poor adherence have been suggested. Prospective studies are needed to further define the rate of adherence and causes of poor adherence. Evidence examining whether differences in adherence affect clinical outcomes is equivocal. Therefore, caution should be applied to the assumption that maximising adherence to regular medication regimens will improve clinical outcomes. Two articles acknowledge that patients take medication on a PRN basis. Studies comparing the effectiveness of a regular and PRN regimen of psychostimulants are needed. If PRN dosing is as effective as a regular regimen, advantages might include enhanced doctor-patient communication, reduced side effects and cost savings.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Grimm O, Weber H, Kittel-Schneider S, Kranz TM, Jacob CP, Lesch KP, Reif A. Impulsivity and Venturesomeness in an Adult ADHD Sample: Relation to Personality, Comorbidity, and Polygenic Risk. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:557160. [PMID: 33381055 PMCID: PMC7768074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While impulsivity is a basic feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), no study explored the effect of different components of the Impulsiveness (Imp) and Venturesomeness (Vent) scale (IV7) on psychiatric comorbidities and an ADHD polygenic risk score (PRS). We used the IV7 self-report scale in an adult ADHD sample of 903 patients, 70% suffering from additional comorbid disorders, and in a subsample of 435 genotyped patients. Venturesomeness, unlike immediate Impulsivity, is not specific to ADHD. We consequently analyzed the influence of Imp and Vent also in the context of a PRS on psychiatric comorbidities of ADHD. Vent shows a distinctly different distribution of comorbidities, e.g., less anxiety and depression. PRS showed no effect on different ADHD comorbidities, but correlated with childhood hyperactivity. In a complementary analysis using principal component analysis with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ADHD criteria, revised NEO Personality Inventory, Imp, Vent, and PRS, we identified three ADHD subtypes. These are an impulsive-neurotic type, an adventurous-hyperactive type with a stronger genetic component, and an anxious-inattentive type. Our study thus suggests the importance of adventurousness and the differential consideration of impulsivity in ADHD. The genetic risk is distributed differently between these subtypes, which underlines the importance of clinically motivated subtyping. Impulsivity subtyping might give insights into the organization of comorbid disorders in ADHD and different genetic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Medius Klinik, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian P Jacob
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Medius Klinik, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ornoy A, Spivak A. Cost effectiveness of optimal treatment of ADHD in Israel: a suggestion for national policy. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2019; 9:24. [PMID: 31289954 PMCID: PMC6734254 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-019-0240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are well known behavioral complications of ADHD at adulthood such as learning difficulties resulting in lower education attainments; increased rate of car and other accidents; substance abuse; misconduct and imprisonment. These complications can be prevented or alleviated by effective treatment. In this study we calculated the economic burden of ADHD among adults in Israel and the cost of diagnosing and treating ADHD from childhood to adulthood. We then obtained the cost-benefit ratio of the treatment. METHODS The data were calculated using accepted estimations of prevalence and cost for the Israeli population assuming a prevalence of 4% among adults which is based on the ADHD prevalence among school age children. RESULTS The estimated cost per person with ADHD due to lower education attainment, higher involvement in crime and car accidents and more drug abuse is 289,969 USD and the estimated cost for optimal treatment is 41,667 USD. Hence, the benefit cost ratio is 7.02 and, assuming only 50% success of treatment, it is 3.51, still a very high cost benefit ratio. CONCLUSIONS Since early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of ADHD is very effective in reducing the various symptoms and complications at adulthood thus enabling a better education and higher income, it seems important to diagnose and offer comprehensive treatment to children with ADHD. Moreover, it seems equally important to continue treatment at adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avia Spivak
- Department of Economics, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang-James Y, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Hess JL, Malki K, Glatt SJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1655-1667. [PMID: 29858598 PMCID: PMC6274606 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptome analyses of animal models, and candidate gene studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of aggressive behaviors. However, each of these methods presents unique limitations. To generate a more confident and comprehensive view of the complex genetics underlying aggression, we undertook an integrated, cross-species approach. We focused on human and rodent models to derive eight gene lists from three main categories of genetic evidence: two sets of genes identified in GWAS studies, four sets implicated by transcriptome-wide studies of rodent models, and two sets of genes with causal evidence from online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) and knockout (KO) mice reports. These gene sets were evaluated for overlap and pathway enrichment to extract their similarities and differences. We identified enriched common pathways such as the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, axon guidance, reelin signaling in neurons, and ERK/MAPK signaling. Also, individual genes were ranked based on their cumulative weights to quantify their importance as risk factors for aggressive behavior, which resulted in 40 top-ranked and highly interconnected genes. The results of our cross-species and integrated approach provide insights into the genetic etiology of aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang-James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jonathan L Hess
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Karim Malki
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cKing’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), London, UK
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Bru Cormand
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ivanov I, Flory J, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Childhood serotonergic function and early adult outcomes in youth with ADHD: A 15-year follow-up study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1429-1438. [PMID: 30454909 PMCID: PMC6296770 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies have shown that clinical precursors of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and more notably comorbid ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Despite existing evidence for the purported role of abnormal serotonergic function in aggressive youth and adults, little evidence exists on the role of serotonin in the progression from childhood disruptive behavior disorders to adult psychopathology, including ASPD. This study examined the relation between serotonergic function in children diagnosed with ADHD and the development of ASPD in early adulthood. We hypothesized that low serotonin response to a pharmacological probe in childhood would predict the development of adult ASPD. Towards this goal we divided 40 adults (M = 37, F = 3), ages 23-26 (m-24.57, sd-2.33) diagnosed with childhood ADHD into 2 groups: participants with (n = 21) and without (n = 19) ASPD. We used logistic regression to assess whether serotonergic measures in childhood assessed via prolactin and cortisol responses to a fenfluramine challenge, would selectively predict the development of ASPD in early adulthood. Logistic regression models showed that low central serotonergic response in childhood indexed by cortisol response significantly predicted adult ASPD (Wald = 4.427, p = .035) but not ADHD diagnosis in adulthood. Adults without ASPD had the highest serotonergic response whereas adults with adolescent ASPD (i.e. early onset ASPD) had the lowest response. Thus we provide new evidence of the link between low serotonergic function in childhood and the development of ASPD in adulthood, particularly for boys with adolescent onset of ASPD. These findings are relevant for understanding the contribution of childhood neurobiology to risk for later ASPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Ivanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Janine Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Newcorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Halperin
- Queens College 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367. Graduate Center 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Murray AL, Booth T, Obsuth I, Zirk-Sadowski J, Eisner M, Ribeaud D. Testing the exacerbation and attenuation hypotheses of the role of anxiety in the relation between ADHD and reactive/proactive aggression: A 10-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:585-592. [PMID: 30205351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Both anxiety and aggression commonly co-occur with ADHD symptoms. Two competing hypotheses describing the role of anxiety in aggression associated with ADHD symptoms have previously been advanced. The exacerbation hypothesis proposes that the presence of anxiety increases the risk of aggression in the context of ADHD symptoms. The attenuation hypothesis proposes that the presence of anxiety protects against aggression in the context of ADHD symptoms. We tested these hypotheses using moderated cross-lagged panel models in the Zurich project on social development from childhood to adulthood (z-proso) sample using both self-report (3 waves) and informant-report (8 waves) data spanning ages 7-17. We found evidence that anxiety protects against both reactive and proactive aggression; however, the effect was direct: there was no evidence for anxiety moderating the strength of ADHD symptom-aggression links. Results suggest that anxiety likely plays an important role in inhibiting aggression but does not interact with ADHD symptoms in the manner predicted by either the exacerbation or attenuation hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aja Louise Murray
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK.
| | - Tom Booth
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK
| | - Jan Zirk-Sadowski
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Criminological Research Unit, Chair of Sociology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Franke B, Michelini G, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bilbow A, Buitelaar JK, Cormand B, Faraone SV, Ginsberg Y, Haavik J, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Lesch KP, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Réthelyi JM, Ribases M, Reif A. Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1059-1088. [PMID: 30195575 PMCID: PMC6379245 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable and the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. In recent decades, it has been appreciated that in a substantial number of cases the disorder does not remit in puberty, but persists into adulthood. Both in childhood and adulthood, ADHD is characterised by substantial comorbidity including substance use, depression, anxiety, and accidents. However, course and symptoms of the disorder and the comorbidities may fluctuate and change over time, and even age of onset in childhood has recently been questioned. Available evidence to date is poor and largely inconsistent with regard to the predictors of persistence versus remittance. Likewise, the development of comorbid disorders cannot be foreseen early on, hampering preventive measures. These facts call for a lifespan perspective on ADHD from childhood to old age. In this selective review, we summarise current knowledge of the long-term course of ADHD, with an emphasis on clinical symptom and cognitive trajectories, treatment effects over the lifespan, and the development of comorbidities. Also, we summarise current knowledge and important unresolved issues on biological factors underlying different ADHD trajectories. We conclude that a severe lack of knowledge on lifespan aspects in ADHD still exists for nearly every aspect reviewed. We encourage large-scale research efforts to overcome those knowledge gaps through appropriately granular longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Bilbow
- Attention Deficit Disorder Information and Support Service (ADDISS), Edgware, UK; ADHD-Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ylva Ginsberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP-B Molecular Psychiatry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marta Ribases
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Román-Ithier JC, González RA, Vélez-Pastrana MC, González-Tejera GM, Albizu-García C. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, type of offending and recidivism in a prison population: The role of substance dependence. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2017; 27:443-456. [PMID: 27455899 PMCID: PMC5269538 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether adult offenders with a history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to re-offend, and if so, in any specific offences. AIM This study aimed to examine correlates of childhood ADHD symptoms among prisoners. METHODS A randomly selected sample of 1179 participants from the adult sentenced population of Puerto Rico (USA) reported their history of violent and non-violent offences, age of first arrest and re-offending. Participants completed retrospective measures of ADHD and a diagnostic interview for substance use disorders. RESULTS Self-reported ADHD was associated with age of first arrest, a number of violent and non-violent offences and re-offending. The association with any non-violent offending was explained statistically by substance use disorders and other psychosocial covariates. ADHD was independently associated with being under 15 years of age at first arrest and with re-offending. CONCLUSIONS Although some associations between ADHD and offending may be accounted for by co-morbidity with substance use disorders, early onset of offending and repeated violent offending appear to be directly related to ADHD. Criminal justice policies should, therefore, incorporate ADHD screening accompanied by appropriate rehabilitation programmes when such neurodevelopmental disorder is identified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael A. González
- Centre for Mental Health, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico
| | - María C. Vélez-Pastrana
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, PR
| | | | - Carmen Albizu-García
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Galland D, Tisserant I, Notardonato L. ["Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in forensic psychiatry: A review"]. Encephale 2016; 43:268-272. [PMID: 27637873 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and challenging childhood neurobehavioral disorders. ADHD may have behavioral consequences and involvements in minor and serious crimes. Our work aims to establish links between ADHD and forensic psychiatry. METHODS A review of international scientific literature concerning the relationship between ADHD and forensic psychiatry was conducted using the PudMed electronic database. We used the Mesh terms: "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" and "forensic psychiatry". We also used the "related articles" function of PubMed, the bibliography of selected articles and the Google Scholar database to identify possible additional papers. RESULTS The prevalence of ADHD in prison populations may vary but remain higher than those found in the general population. Violence committed by a person with ADHD seems to be against other persons rather than property offences. Reactive-impulsive violence seems to be more prevalent than pro-active instrumental violence. The existence of ADHD does not appear as a risk factor of recidivism. The violence risk may be increased by the occurrence of comorbidities as conduct disorders and mental deficiency. There may exist a preferential association between ADHD and antisocial personality disorder or substance abuse which both increase the risk of violence. DISCUSSION To put in perspective forensic psychiatry and ADHD allowed us to identify typology of violence, epidemiological aspect of ADHD in a prison environment and comorbidities involved in the risk of violence. This research permits to precise elements of prevention, diagnosis and assistance in the management of violent behaviour in ADHD and in expert practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Galland
- EPSM des Flandres, 790, route de Locre, 59270 Bailleul, France.
| | - I Tisserant
- EPSM des Flandres, 790, route de Locre, 59270 Bailleul, France
| | - L Notardonato
- EPSM des Flandres, 790, route de Locre, 59270 Bailleul, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Safety of Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Over a Decade of Research. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:603-28. [PMID: 27290715 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atomoxetine is a noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that first gained approval in the USA in 2002 and has been authorized in 97 countries worldwide. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively review publications that addressed one or more of seven major safety topics relevant to atomoxetine treatment of children and adolescents (aged ≥6 years) diagnosed with ADHD. While the review focuses on children and adolescents, publications in which data from patients aged >18 years and from 6 to 18 years were analyzed in the same dataset were included. Using a predefined search strategy, including agreement of two reviewers when selecting papers, reduced the potential for bias. Using this process, we identified 70 eligible papers (clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and case reports) across the seven topics. We also referred to the European Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) and US label. We found 15 papers about suicidality, three about aggression/hostility, seven about psychosis/mania, six about seizures, seven about hepatic effects, 29 about cardiovascular effects, and 28 about growth and development. The main findings (i.e., those from the largest and most well-conducted studies/analyses) are as follows. A large register-based study of pediatric and adult patients (6818 received atomoxetine) calculated a hazard ratio of 0.96 for suicide-related events during treatment with atomoxetine, and a meta-analysis of 23 placebo-controlled studies (N = 3883), published in 2014, found no completed suicides and no statistically significant association between atomoxetine and suicidality. The frequency of aggression/hostility was not statistically significantly higher with atomoxetine, e.g., experienced by 1.6 % (N = 21/1308) of atomoxetine-treated patients versus 1.1 % (N = 9/806) of placebo-treated patients in one meta-analysis. Symptoms of psychosis and mania were mainly observed in patients with comorbid bipolar disorder/depression. Based on spontaneous reports, during a 2-year period when 2.233 million adult and pediatric patients were exposed to atomoxetine, the reporting rate for seizures was 8 per 100,000 patients. In the manufacturer's database, atomoxetine was a "probable cause" of three hepatic adverse events (AEs) (all reversible hepatitis), and 133 hepatic AEs had possible confounding factors and were "possibly related" to atomoxetine, during 4 years when atomoxetine exposure had reached about 4.3 million patients. Rare cases of severe liver injury are described in the US label and European SPC; a case requiring liver transplantation is described in the US label. In a comprehensive review of a clinical trials database (N = 8417 received atomoxetine), most pediatric patients experienced modest increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and 8-12 % experienced more pronounced changes (≥20 bpm, ≥15 to 20 mmHg). However, in three long-term analyses (≥2 years), blood pressure was within age norms, and few patients discontinued due to cardiovascular AEs. As described in the European SPC, QT interval prolongation is uncommon, e.g., in an open-label study, 1.4 % of 711 children and adolescents had prolonged QTc intervals (≥450 ms in males, ≥470 ms in females) that were not clinically significant at ≥3 years of treatment with atomoxetine. The European SPC warns about potential QT interval prolongation in patients with a personal or family history, or if atomoxetine is administered with other drugs that potentially affect the QT interval. Decreases in growth (weight and height gain) occurred and were greatest in patients of above average weight and height, but appeared to recover over 2-5 years of atomoxetine treatment. In conclusion, suicidality, aggression/hostility, psychosis, seizures, liver injuries, and prolonged QT interval are uncommon or rare in children and adolescents treated with atomoxetine, based on data from the predefined search and from the European SPC. Overall, the data that we assessed from our search do not suggest that associations exist between atomoxetine and suicidality or seizures. The data also suggest that an association may not exist between atomoxetine and aggression/hostility. While atomoxetine may affect the cardiovascular system, the data suggest these effects are not clinically significant in most patients. Reductions in growth appear to be reversible in the long term.
Collapse
|
34
|
Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gambling disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
35
|
Factors predicting treatment adherence in patients with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:139-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-016-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W. Genetic and Neuroimaging Features of Personality Disorders: State of the Art. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:286-306. [PMID: 27037690 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders often act as a common denominator for many psychiatric problems, and studies on personality disorders contribute to the etiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment of many mental disorders. In recent years, increasing evidence from various studies has shown distinctive features of personality disorders, and that from genetic and neuroimaging studies has been especially valuable. Genetic studies primarily target the genes encoding neurotransmitters and enzymes in the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems, and neuroimaging studies mainly focus on the frontal and temporal lobes as well as the limbic-paralimbic system in patients with personality disorders. Although some studies have suffered due to unclear diagnoses of personality disorders and some have included few patients for a given personality disorder, great opportunities remain for investigators to launch new ideas and technologies in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Science, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Hongying Fan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chanchan Shen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Science, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Science, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
González RA, Gudjonsson GH, Wells J, Young S. The Role of Emotional Distress and ADHD on Institutional Behavioral Disturbance and Recidivism Among Offenders. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:368-78. [PMID: 23893535 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713493322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the role of emotional distress as well as ADHD symptomatology in explaining (a) recidivism, (b) behavioral disturbances in prison, and (c) violent and nonviolent offending. METHOD In all, 196 male prisoners from Aberdeen prison completed the Symptom Checklist-90, which examines various clinical symptoms and emotional distress. Current adult symptoms were assessed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD. RESULTS Emotional distress and ADHD explained the variance in prison records of behavioral disturbance above and beyond antisocial personality (ASP) traits; however, much of the effect of emotional distress was mediated by ADHD symptoms. Only ADHD symptoms were significantly associated to history of violent offending, whereas ASP and age mostly explained nonviolent offenses and overall recidivism. CONCLUSION Our results provide support for the conceptual association between ADHD and its related emotional dimension with behavioral disturbance in prison, suggesting a link to reactive violence.
Collapse
|
38
|
Danforth JS, Connor DF, Doerfler LA. The Development of Comorbid Conduct Problems in Children With ADHD: An Example of an Integrative Developmental Psychopathology Perspective. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:214-29. [PMID: 24412971 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713517546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe interactions among factors that contribute to the development of conduct problems among children with ADHD. METHOD An integrative developmental psychopathology analysis combines various approaches and posits one model of how diverse risk factors operate together to contribute to the development of conduct problems among children with ADHD. RESULTS Substantial genetic risk increases covariation between ADHD and conduct problems. Candidate genes are associated with CNS monoaminergic neurotransmission. Subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment interferes with executive function, with impaired verbal working memory playing an important role. Parent/child bi-directional influences exacerbate the risk for conduct problems when ADHD symptoms increase the likelihood of a coercive parenting style. Parent stress in reaction to child comorbid ADHD and conduct problems, and parent attribution for the child's conduct problem behavior, add to the potential for coercion and reduce constructive parent-child interaction that might otherwise enhance the development of verbal working memory. CONCLUSION In an integrated manner, these variables increase the risk that a child with ADHD will subsequently develop conduct problems.
Collapse
|
39
|
Young S, Taylor E, Gudjonsson G. Childhood Predictors of Criminal Offending: Results From a 19-Year Longitudinal Epidemiological Study of Boys. J Atten Disord 2016. [PMID: 23204061 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712461934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relative contribution of hyperactivity, conduct, and emotional problems in predicting criminal offending. METHOD In all, 173 boys aged 6 to 8 years (assessed for hyperactivity, conduct, and emotional problems) were followed up 19 years later by examining criminal offense histories. RESULTS Significant main effects for total and violent convictions were found, the strongest being for violent criminal offenses. Conduct problems predicted general offending (irrespective of the type of conviction), whereas emotional problems were the single best predictor of violent convictions. Hyperactivity was not a significant predictor in the models. CONCLUSION The findings provide insight into the developmental mechanisms that mediate criminal behavior by showing that childhood emotional problems independently contribute to the risk of violent offending in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Eric Taylor
- King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Eun TK, Jeong SH, Lee KY, Kim SH, Ahn YM, Bang YW, Joo EJ. Association between the 5-HTTLPR Genotype and Childhood Characteristics in Mood Disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:88-95. [PMID: 26792045 PMCID: PMC4730929 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective The features of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are significantly associated with adult mood disorders. Some genetic factors may be common to both ADHD and mood disorders underlie the association between these two phenotypes. The present study aimed to determine whether a genetic role may be played by the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in the childhood ADHD features of adult patients with mood disorders. Methods The present study included 232 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 154 patients with bipolar disorder (BPD), and 1,288 normal controls. Childhood ADHD features were assessed with the Korean version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-K). The total score and the scores of three factors (impulsivity, inattention, and mood instability) from the WURS-K were analyzed to determine whether they were associated with the 5-HTTLPR genotype. Results In the BPD type II group, the 5-HTTLPR genotype was significantly associated with the total score (p=0.029) and the impulsivity factor (p=0.004) on the WURS-K. However, the inattention and mood instability factors were not associated with the 5-HTTLPR genotype. BPD type I, MDD and normal control groups did not exhibit any significant associations between the WURS-K scores and the 5-HTTLPR genotype. Conclusion The findings suggest that the 5-HTTLPR genotype may play a role in the impulsivity component of childhood ADHD in patients with BPD type II. Because of a small sample size and a single candidate gene, further studies investigating other candidate genes using a larger sample are warranted to determine any common genetic links.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Eun
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyu Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Purpose
– A wealth of research on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has led to increased understanding and identification of each of these developmental disorders. Existing literature has sparked controversial discussions regarding whether aspects of ASD and ADHD predispose individuals to criminality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between these conditions and offending.
Design/methodology/approach
– A review of the literature on ASD, ADHD and offending was undertaken. This paper looks at the particular focus of the literature on the involvement of individuals with ADHD and ASD within the criminal justice system.
Findings
– There is some evidence of a link between ADHD and criminality. However, the relationship between ASD and offending is a little more difficult to ascertain. Complicating this further is the relatively unexplored subject of comorbid ASD/ADHD and criminal behaviour. This paper found that additional cognitive deficits and conduct problems are associated with comorbid ASD/ADHD, highlighting the need for further research and development of interventions.
Originality/value
– This paper seeks to examine whether predictions can be made with regards to what offending behaviour may look like in an individual with comorbid ASD/ADHD. This paper reviews the literature on offending in relation to both disorders to examine whether predictions can be made with regards to what the offending behaviour of an individual with ASD and ADHD may look like.
Collapse
|
42
|
de Almeida RMM, Cabral JCC, Narvaes R. Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates. Physiol Behav 2015; 143:121-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
43
|
Dória GMS, Antoniuk SA, Assumpção Junior FB, Fajardo DN, Ehlke MN. Delinquency and association with behavioral disorders and substance abuse. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2015; 61:51-7. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.61.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to determine the incidence and associations of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and substance abuse disorder (SAD) in adolescents in conflict with the law in a Brazilian cohort. Methods: the Brazilian version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged-Children (K-SADS-PL) was administered to 69 adolescent boys who were incarcerated for 45 days in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Results: mean age was 15.5 years (range, 12-16.9 years) and most adolescents originated from disadvantaged social classes (87%). They resided in neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city or towns in the greater metropolitan area. Truancy and low educational achievement were common, with 73.9% not currently attending school and 43.4% not having finished the 5th grade. The great majority lived in single-parent families and many had relatives who themselves had problems with the law. Psychiatric disorders were apparent in 81.1% of the subjects, with the most common disorders being CD (59.4%), SAD (53.6%), and ADHD (43.5%). Both ADHD (p <0.001) and CD (p <0.01) had significant associations with substance abuse. Conclusion: in male adolescents in conflict with the law, ADHD, CD, and SAD were all found to be associated with delinquency.
Collapse
|
44
|
Young S, Moss D, Sedgwick O, Fridman M, Hodgkins P. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in incarcerated populations. Psychol Med 2015; 45:247-58. [PMID: 25066071 PMCID: PMC4301200 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies report the variable prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in incarcerated populations. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of ADHD in these populations. METHOD Primary research studies reporting the prevalence (lifetime/current) of ADHD in incarcerated populations were identified. The meta-analysis used a mixed log-binomial model, including fixed effects for each covariate and a random study effect, to estimate the significance of various risk factors. RESULTS Forty-two studies were included in the analysis. ADHD prevalence was higher with screening diagnoses versus diagnostic interview (and with retrospective youth diagnoses versus current diagnoses). Using diagnostic interview data, the estimated prevalence was 25.5% and there were no significant differences for gender and age. Significant country differences were noted. CONCLUSIONS Compared with published general population prevalence, there is a fivefold increase in prevalence of ADHD in youth prison populations (30.1%) and a 10-fold increase in adult prison populations (26.2%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Young
- Centre for Mental Health, Division of Brain
Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College
London, UK
- Broadmoor Hospital, West
London Mental Health Trust, London,
UK
| | | | - O. Sedgwick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of
Psychiatry, King's College London,
UK
| | - M. Fridman
- AMF Consulting, Inc., Los
Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P. Hodgkins
- Global HEOR, Vertex
Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Buitelaar NJL, Posthumus JA, Scholing A, Buitelaar JK. Impact of treatment of ADHD on intimate partner violence (ITAP), a study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:336. [PMID: 25428140 PMCID: PMC4251680 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults is one of the predictive and treatable risk factors for delinquency, including intimate partner violence (IPV). Effective treatment of IPV needs to address personal dynamic risk factors, offender typology, and dynamics of the domestic violence. It is unknown whether treatment of ADHD symptoms contributes to a decrease in IPV. The ITAP study aims to investigate the relationship between treatment of ADHD symptoms and IPV in patients in forensic mental health care. Moreover, this study examines the role of comorbid psychopathology, subtype of the offender, and dynamics of the domestic violence. METHODS/DESIGN The ITAP study is a longitudinal observational study. Participants are followed one year through various assessments: one before starting treatment (t0), and four during treatment (8, 16, 24 and 52 weeks after start of the treatment). All participants receive treatment for IPV, ADHD, and comorbid psychopathology, if present. The primary outcome measure is the change in severity of IPV; the primary predictive variable is the change in severity of ADHD symptoms. The secondary outcome measure is the observation of the therapist about change in the offender's general violent behaviour, within and outside the partner relationship. Data are analysed in a multiple regression model with change in severity of IPV as the dependent variable and change in severity of ADHD symptoms as the primary predictor. Other predictive variables taken into account in the analyses are presence of comorbid psychopathology and personality disorder, subtype of the offender, and dynamics of the domestic violence. In addition, compliance with treatment and content of the treatment are documented. DISCUSSION Research on the treatment process of IPV offenders and victims is complicated by many factors. This observational design will not allow inferences about causality but may reveal clinically important factors that contribute to more effective treatment of IPV. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR), trial ID NTR3887 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannet J L Buitelaar
- Psychiatrist at De Forensische Zorgspecialisten, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Agnes Scholing
- Associate Professor at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Clinical psychologist at Pro Persona Mental Health Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Professor of Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Child and adolescent psychiatrist at Karakter, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ficks CA, Waldman ID. Candidate genes for aggression and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of association studies of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR. Behav Genet 2014; 44:427-44. [PMID: 24902785 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variation in central serotonin levels due to genetic mutations or experimental modifications has been associated with the manifestation of aggression in humans and animals. Many studies have examined whether common variants in serotonergic genes are implicated in aggressive or antisocial behaviors (ASB) in human samples. The two most commonly studied polymorphisms have been the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR) and the 30 base pair variable number of tandem repeats of the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA-uVNTR). Despite the aforementioned theoretical justification for these polymorphisms, findings across studies have been mixed and are thus difficult to interpret. A meta-analysis of associations of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR with ASB was conducted to determine: (1) the overall magnitude of effects for each polymorphism, (2) the extent of heterogeneity in effect sizes across studies and the likelihood of publication bias, and (3) whether sample-level or study-level characteristics could explain observed heterogeneity across studies. Both the 5HTTLPR and the MAOA-uVNTR were significantly associated with ASB across studies. There was also significant and substantial heterogeneity in the effect sizes for both markers, but this heterogeneity was not explained by any sample-level or study-level characteristics examined. We did not find any evidence for publication bias across studies for the MAOA-uVNTR, but there was evidence for an oversampling of statistically significant effect sizes for the 5HTTLPR. These findings provide support for the modest role of common serotonergic variants in ASB. Implications regarding the role of serotonin in antisocial behavior and the conceptualization of antisocial and aggressive phenotypes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Ficks
- Psychology Department, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study uses structural equation modeling of latent traits to examine the extent to which family factors, cognitive factors and perceptions of rejection in mother-child relations differentially correlate with aggression at home and at school. METHODS Data were collected from 476 school-age (7-15 years old) children with a diagnosis of ADHD who had previously shown different types of aggressive behavior, as well as from their parents and teachers. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the differential relationships between maternal rejection, family, cognitive factors and aggression in home and school settings. RESULTS Family factors influenced aggression reported at home (.68) and at school (.44); maternal rejection seems to be related to aggression at home (.21). Cognitive factors influenced aggression reported at school (.-05) and at home (-.12). CONCLUSIONS Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of aggressive behavior in ADHD. Identifying key risk factors will advance the development of appropriate clinical interventions and prevention strategies and will provide information to guide the targeting of resources to those children at highest risk.
Collapse
|
48
|
King S, Waschbusch DA. Aggression in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:1581-94. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Gudjonsson GH, Sigurdsson JF, Sigfusdottir ID, Young S. A national epidemiological study of offending and its relationship with ADHD symptoms and associated risk factors. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:3-13. [PMID: 22522573 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712437584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to disentangle the relationship between offending, ADHD, and comorbid risk factors. METHOD A total of 11,388 students in further education completed a questionnaire, which measured nonviolent and violent delinquency, current ADHD symptoms, conduct disorder, substance use, association with delinquent peers, emotional lability, anger problems, violent attitudes, and low self-esteem. RESULTS The nonviolent and violent delinquency measures correlated significantly with all the predictor measures, with small to large effect sizes. Multiple regressions showed that after controlling for age and gender, ADHD contributed 8.2% and 8.8% to the variance in nonviolent and violent delinquency, respectively, but these effects were largely mediated by the comorbid measures, particularly substance use, association with delinquent peers, and conduct disorder. CONCLUSION The relationship between ADHD symptoms and offending among young people is largely explained indirectly by comorbid factors. A key prevention is to address substance use problems and association with delinquent peers.
Collapse
|
50
|
Co-occurring aggressive and depressive symptoms as related to overestimations of competence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2013; 17:157-72. [PMID: 24197937 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-013-0158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that on average, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) overestimate their competence in various domains. ADHD also frequently co-occurs with disorders involving aggressive and depressive symptoms, which themselves seem to influence estimations of self-competence in social, academic, and behavioral domains. In particular, high levels of aggressive behavior are generally associated with overestimations of competence, and high levels of depressive symptoms are related to underestimations of competence. This paper reviews studies of overestimations of competence among children with ADHD and examines the extent to which comorbid aggressive or depressive symptoms may be influencing these estimates. Although significant challenges arise due to limited information regarding comorbidities and problematic methods used to assess overestimations of competence, existing evidence suggests that ADHD may be associated with overestimations of competence over and above co-occurring aggression. As well, studies suggest that comorbid depression may reduce the appearance of overestimations of competence in children with ADHD. Underlying mechanisms (e.g., neuropsychological deficits or self-protection) of overestimations in children with ADHD are discussed, each with particular clinical implications for the assessment and treatment of ADHD. Future research would do well to carefully consider and explicitly describe the comorbid aggressive and depressive characteristics among individuals with ADHD when overestimations of competence are examined.
Collapse
|