The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation

The Th1/Th2 paradigm: A misrepresentation of helper T cell plasticity

For decades, the Th1/2 paradigm has been used to classify immune responses as either Th1 or Th2-biased. However, in recent years, a staggering amount of evidence has emerged to support rejection of the classical Th1/Th2 paradigm, such as the discoveries of new helper T cell subsets, helper T cell plasticity and protective mixed-Th1/Th2 responses. This opinion piece investigates the shortcomings of classical Th1/Th2 paradigm in the context of recent works, with the goal of facilitating the development of newer models to represent the diversity of Th cells.

The evolving landscape of IL-10, IL-22 and IL-26 in pleurisy especially in tuberculous pleurisy

Pleurisy can be categorized as primary or secondary, arising from immunological, tumorous, or microbial conditions. It often results in lung structure damage and the development of various respiratory issues. Among the different types, tuberculous pleurisy has emerged as a prominent focus for both clinical and scientific investigations. The IL-10 family, known for its anti-inflammatory properties in the human immune system, is increasingly being studied for its involvement in the pathogenesis of pleurisy. This review aims to present a detailed overview of the intricate role of IL-10 family members (specifically IL-10, IL-22, and IL-26) in human and animal pleuritic diseases or relevant animal models. These insights could serve as valuable guidance and references for further studies on pleurisy and potential therapeutic strategies.

Karanjin-loaded soya lecithin-based ethosomal nanogel for the therapeutic intervention of psoriasis: formulation development, factorial design based-optimization,in vitroandin vivoassessment

This study aimed to develop and optimize karanjin-loaded ethosomal nanogel formulation and evaluate its efficacy in alleviating symptoms of psoriasis in an animal model induced by imiquimod. These karanjin-loaded ethosomal nanogel, were formulated to enhance drug penetration into the skin and its epidermal retention. Karanjin was taken to formulate ethosomes due to its potential ani-psoriatic activity. Ethosomes were formulated using the cold method using 32full factorial designs to optimize the formulation components. 9 batches were prepared using two independent variablesX1: concentration of ethanol andX2: concentration of phospholipid whereas vesicle size (Y1) and percentage entrapment efficiency (Y2) were selected as dependent variables. All the dependent variables were found to be statistically significant. The optimized ethosomal suspension (B3) exhibited a vesicle size of 334 ± 2.89 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 94.88 ± 1.24% and showed good stability. The morphology of vesicles appeared spherical with smooth surfaces through transmission electron microscopy analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the drug existed in an amorphous state within the ethosomal formulation. The optimized ethosome was incorporated into carbopol 934 to develop nanogel for easy application on the skin. The nanogel underwent characterization for various parameters including spreadability, viscosity, pH, extrudability, and percentage drug content. The ethosomal formulation remarkably enhanced the skin permeation of karanjin and increased epidermal retention of the drug in psoriatic skin compared to marketed preparation and pure drug. A skin retention study showed that ethosomal nanogel formulation has 48.33% epidermal retention in 6 h.In vivo,the anti-psoriatic activity of karanjin ethosomal nanogel demonstrated significant improvement in psoriasis, indicated by a gradual decrease in skin thickness and scaling as reflected in the Psoriasis Severity Index grading. Therefore, the prepared ethosomal nanogel is a potential vehicle for improved topical delivery of karanjin for better treatment of psoriasis.

C-type lectin 12B/4E of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) macrophages as pattern recognition receptors in the antibacterial mechanism of exploration

As lower vertebrates, fish have both innate and adaptive immune systems, but the role of the adaptive immune system is limited, and the innate immune system plays an important role in the resistance to pathogen infection. C-type lectins (CLRs) are one of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system. CLRs can combine with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger NF-κB signaling pathway and exert immune efficacy. In this study, Ssclec12b and Ssclec4e of the C-type lectins, were found to be significantly up-regulated in the transcripts of Sebastes schlegelii macrophages stimulated by bacteria. The identification, expression and function of these lectins were studied. In addition, the recombinant proteins of the above two CLRs were obtained by prokaryotic expression. We found that rSsCLEC12B and rSsCLEC4E could bind to a variety of bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and promoted the agglutination of bacteria and blood cells. rSsCLEC12B and rSsCLEC4E assisted macrophages to recognize PAMPs and activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby promoting the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and regulating the early immune inflammation of macrophages. These results suggested that SsCLEC12B and SsCLEC4E could serve as PRRs in S. schlegelii macrophages to recognize pathogens and participate in the host antimicrobial immune process, and provided a valuable reference for the study of CLRs involved in fish innate immunity.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein reactive Th17 cells drive Janus Kinase 1 dependent transcriptional reprogramming in astrocytes and alter cell surface cytokine receptor profiles during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). T helper (Th) 17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by infiltrating the CNS and producing effector molecules that engage resident glial cells. Among these glial cells, astrocytes have a central role in coordinating inflammatory processes by responding to cytokines and chemokines released by Th17 cells. In this study, we examined the impact of pathogenic Th17 cells on astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. We identified that Th17 cells reprogram astrocytes by driving transcriptomic changes partly through a Janus Kinase (JAK)1-dependent mechanism, which included increased chemokines, interferon-inducible genes, and cytokine receptors. In vivo, we observed a region-specific heterogeneity in the expression of cell surface cytokine receptors on astrocytes, including those for IFN-γ, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-17, TGFβ, and IL-10. Additionally, these receptors were dynamically regulated during EAE induced by adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive Th17 cells. This study overall provides evidence of Th17 cell reprogramming of astrocytes, which may drive changes in the astrocytic responsiveness to cytokines during autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Optimization of In Vitro Th17 Polarization for Adoptive Cell Therapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Although preclinical investigations have shown notable efficacy in solid tumor models utilizing in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells for adoptive cell therapy (ACT), the potential benefits of this strategy in enhancing ACT efficacy in hematological malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), remain unexplored. CLL is a B-cell malignancy with a clinical challenge of increased resistance to targeted therapies. T-cell therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have demonstrated limited success in CLL, which is attributed to CLL-mediated T-cell dysfunction and skewing toward immunosuppressive phenotypes. Herein, we illustrate the feasibility of polarizing CD4+ T cells from the Eμ-TCL1 murine model, the most representative model for human CLL, into Th17 phenotype, employing a protocol of T-cell activation through the inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) alongside a polarizing cytokine mixture. We demonstrate augmented memory properties of in vitro-polarized IL-17-producing T cells, and preliminary in vivo persistence in leukemia-bearing mice. Our findings gain translational relevance through successful viral transduction of Eμ-TCL1 CD4+ T cells with a CD19-targeted CAR construct during in vitro Th17 polarization. Th17 CAR T cells exhibited remarkable persistence upon encountering antigen-expressing target cells. This study represents the first demonstration of the potential of in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells to enhance ACT efficacy in CLL.

Rocaglamide promotes infiltration and differentiation of T cells and coordinates with PD-1 inhibitor to overcome checkpoint resistance in multiple tumor models

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) deficiency is the most conspicuous obstacle to limit the cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-1 antibody, have achieved great success in clinical practice. However, due to the limitation of response rates of ICIs, some patients fail to benefit from monotherapy. Thus, novel combination therapy that could improve the response rates emerges as new strategies for cancer treatment. Here, we reported that the natural product rocaglamide (RocA) increased tumor-infiltrating T cells and promoted Th17 differentiation of CD4+ TILs. Despite RocA monotherapy upregulated PD-1 expression of TILs, which was considered as the consequence of T cell activation, combining RocA with anti-PD-1 antibody significantly downregulated the expression of PD-1 and promoted proliferation of TILs. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that RocA could fuel the T cell anti-tumor immunity and revealed the remarkable potential of RocA as a therapeutic candidate when combining with the ICIs.

Histone demethylase JMJD2D protects against enteric bacterial infection via up-regulating colonic IL-17F to induce β-defensin expression

Histone demethylase JMJD2D (also known as KDM4D) can specifically demethylate H3K9me2/3 to activate its target gene expression. Our previous study has demonstrated that JMJD2D can protect intestine from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by activating Hedgehog signaling; however, its involvement in host defense against enteric attaching and effacing bacterial infection remains unclear. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of JMJD2D in host defense against enteric bacteria and its underlying mechanisms. The enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) model was used to mimic clinical colonic infection. The responses of wild-type and JMJD2D-/- mice to oral infection of C. rodentium were investigated. Bone marrow chimeric mice were infected with C. rodentium. JMJD2D expression was knocked down in CMT93 cells by using small hairpin RNAs, and Western blot and real-time PCR assays were performed in these cells. The relationship between JMJD2D and STAT3 was studied by co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. JMJD2D was significantly up-regulated in colonic epithelial cells of mice in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. JMJD2D-/- mice displayed an impaired clearance of C. rodentium, more body weight loss, and more severe colonic tissue pathology compared with wild-type mice. JMJD2D-/- mice exhibited an impaired expression of IL-17F in the colonic epithelial cells, which restricts C. rodentium infection by inducing the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Accordingly, JMJD2D-/- mice showed a decreased expression of β-defensin-1, β-defensin-3, and β-defensin-4 in the colonic epithelial cells. Mechanistically, JMJD2D activated STAT3 signaling by inducing STAT3 phosphorylation and cooperated with STAT3 to induce IL-17F expression by interacting with STAT3 and been recruited to the IL-17F promoter to demethylate H3K9me3. Our study demonstrates that JMJD2D contributes to host defense against enteric bacteria through up-regulating IL-17F to induce β-defensin expression.

Correlation between the dynamic changes of γδT cells, Th17 cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and pharmacological interventions against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis progression in mice

The involvement of γδT cells, Th17 cells, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), particularly in maintaining immune tolerance and homeostasis. However, the dynamics of these cells in relation to PF progression, especially under pharmacological interventions, remains poorly understood. This study aims to unravel the interplay between the dynamic changes of these cells and the effect of pharmacological agents in a mouse model of PF induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. We analyzed changes in lung histology, lung index, hydroxyproline levels, and the proportions of γδT cells, Th17 cells, and Tregs on the 3rd, 14th, and 28th days following treatment with Neferine, Isoliensinine, Pirfenidone, and Prednisolone. Our results demonstrate that these drugs can partially or dynamically reverse weight loss, decrease lung index and hydroxyproline levels, and ameliorate lung histopathological damage. Additionally, they significantly modulated the abnormal changes in γδT, Th17, and Treg cell proportions. Notably, on day 3, the proportion of γδT cells increased in the Neferine and Prednisolone groups but decreased in the Isoliensinine and Pirfenidone groups, while the proportion of Th17 cells decreased across all treated groups. On day 14, the Neferine group showed an increase in all three cell types, whereas the Pirfenidone group exhibited a decrease. In the Isoliensinine group, γδT and Th17 cells increased, and in the Prednisolone group, only Tregs increased. By day 28, an increase in Th17 cell proportion was observed in all treatment groups, with a decrease in γδT cells noted in the Neferine group. These shifts in cell proportions are consistent with the pathogenesis changes induced by these anti-PF drugs, suggesting a correlation between cellular dynamics and pharmacological interventions in PF progression. Our findings imply potential strategies for assessing the efficacy and timing of anti-PF treatments based on these cellular changes.

IL-1 Receptor Dynamics in Immune Cells: Orchestrating Immune Precision and Balance

IL-1, a pleiotropic cytokine with profound effects on various cell types, particularly immune cells, plays a pivotal role in immune responses. The proinflammatory nature of IL-1 necessitates stringent control mechanisms of IL-1-mediated signaling at multiple levels, encompassing transcriptional and translational regulation, precursor processing, as well as the involvement of a receptor accessory protein, a decoy receptor, and a receptor antagonist. In T-cell immunity, IL-1 signaling is crucial during both the priming and effector phases of immune reactions. The fine-tuning of IL-1 signaling hinges upon two distinct receptor types; the functional IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) 1 and the decoy IL-1R2, accompanied by ancillary molecules such as the IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1R3) and IL-1R antagonist. IL-1R1 signaling by IL-1β is critical for the differentiation, expansion, and survival of Th17 cells, essential for defense against extracellular bacteria or fungi, yet implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Recent investigations emphasize the physiological importance of IL-1R2 expression, particularly in its capacity to modulate IL-1-dependent responses within Tregs. The precise regulation of IL-1R signaling is indispensable for orchestrating appropriate immune responses, as unchecked IL-1 signaling has been implicated in inflammatory disorders, including Th17-mediated autoimmunity. This review provides a thorough exploration of the IL-1R signaling complex and its pivotal roles in immune regulation. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements elucidating the mechanisms governing the expression of IL-1R1 and IL-1R2, underscoring their contributions to fine-tuning IL-1 signaling. Finally, the review briefly touches upon therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1R signaling, with potential clinical applications.

Role of the intestinal microbiota in host defense against respiratory viral infections

Viral infections, including those affecting the respiratory tract, can alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, which, in turn, can significantly influence both innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in either enhanced pathogen clearance or exacerbation of the infection, possibly leading to inflammatory complications. A deeper understanding of the interplay between the intestinal microbiota and host immune responses in the context of respiratory viral infections (i.e. the gut-lung axis) is necessary to develop new treatments. This review highlights key mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota, including its metabolites, can act locally or at distant organs to combat respiratory viruses. Therapeutics aimed at harnessing the microbiota to prevent and/or help treat respiratory viral infections represent a promising avenue for future investigation.

Immunopathological mechanisms and clinical manifestations of ocular graft-versus-host disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Graft-versus-host disease is among the most common clinical complications following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It causes inflammation-mediated destruction and dysfunction of various organ systems including ocular tissues in 60-90% of the patients and is termed ocular GVHD (oGVHD). In oGVHD, donor-derived T-cells recognize host antigens as foreign, resulting in immune dysregulation, inflammation and fibrosis of lacrimal glands, meibomian glands, cornea, and conjunctiva. The clinical presentation in oGVHD patients range from mild dry eye symptoms to catastrophic inflammation mediated pathological changes which can cause corneal perforation and blindness. In this review article, we provide detailed insights into the impact of mucosal barrier disruption, the afferent and efferent phases of immunological response involving activation of antigen presenting cells and T cells, respectively. We evaluate the evidence outlining the effector phase of the disease leading to cellular destruction and eventually fibrosis in patients with oGVHD. Finally, we discuss the well-established criteria for the diagnosis of oGVHD.

The role of CD4+ T cells in visceral leishmaniasis; new and emerging roles for NKG7 and TGFβ

Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially devastating neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum (chagasi). These parasites reside in tissue macrophages and survive by deploying a number of mechanisms aimed at subverting the host immune response. CD4+ T cells play an important role in controlling Leishmania parasites by providing help in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate microbiocidal pathways in infected macrophages. However, because these cytokines can also cause tissue damage if over-produced, regulatory immune responses develop, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells responses determines the outcomes of infection. Past studies have identified important roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF, as well as regulatory co-inhibitory receptors and the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. More recently, other immunoregulatory molecules have been identified that play important roles in CD4+ T cell responses during VL. In this review, we will discuss recent findings about two of these molecules; the NK cell granule protein Nkg7 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ, and describe how they impact CD4+ T cell functions and immune responses during visceral leishmaniasis.

Critical role of the gut microbiota in immune responses and cancer immunotherapy

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the progression of human diseases, especially cancer. In recent decades, there has been accumulating evidence of the connections between the gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, understanding the functional role of the gut microbiota in regulating immune responses to cancer immunotherapy is crucial for developing precision medicine. In this review, we extract insights from state-of-the-art research to decipher the complicated crosstalk among the gut microbiota, the systemic immune system, and immunotherapy in the context of cancer. Additionally, as the gut microbiota can account for immune-related adverse events, we discuss potential interventions to minimize these adverse effects and discuss the clinical application of five microbiota-targeted strategies that precisely increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Finally, as the gut microbiota holds promising potential as a target for precision cancer immunotherapeutics, we summarize current challenges and provide a general outlook on future directions in this field.

Advanced Antimicrobial and Anti-Infective Strategies to Manage Peri-Implant Infection: A Narrative Review

Despite reductions in bacterial infection and enhanced success rate, the widespread use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in implant dentistry is controversial. This use has contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, along with creating significant health and economic burdens. The basic mechanisms that cause implant infection can be targeted by new prevention and treatment methods which can also lead to the reduction of systemic antibiotic exposure and its associated adverse effects. This review aims to summarize advanced biomaterial strategies applied to implant components based on anti-pathogenic mechanisms and immune balance mechanisms. It emphasizes that modifying the dental implant surface and regulating the early immune response are promising strategies, which may further prevent or slow the development of peri-implant infection, and subsequent failure.

Gingerenone A Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis via Targeting IL-17RA to Inhibit Inflammation and Restore Intestinal Barrier Function

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complicated and recurrent intestinal disease. Currently available drugs for UC treatment are scarce, therefore, novel therapeutic drugs for the UC are urgently to be developed. Gingerenone A (GA) is a phenolic compound known for its anti-inflammatory effect, but its effect on UC remains unknown. Here, it is shown that GA protects mice against UC, which is closely associated with inhibiting intestinal mucosal inflammation and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity in vivo and in vitro. Of note, RNA sequencing analysis demonstrates an evident correlation with IL-17 signaling pathway after GA treatment, and this effect is further corroborated by Western blot. Mechanistically, GA directly interacts with IL-17RA protein through pull-down, surface plasmon resonance analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. Importantly, lentivirus-mediated IL-17RA/Act1 knock-down or GA co-treatment with brodalumab/ixekizumab significantly impairs the protective effects of GA against DSS-induced inflammation and barrier dysfunction, suggesting a critical role of IL-17RA signaling for GA-mediated protection against UC. Overall, these results indicate that GA is an effective agent against UC mainly through the direct binding of IL-17RA to inhibit inflammatory signaling activation.

Inflammasome Molecular Insights in Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) emerge due to an irregular immune response towards self- and non-self-antigens. Inflammation commonly accompanies these conditions, with inflammatory factors and inflammasomes playing pivotal roles in their progression. Key concepts in molecular biology, inflammation, and molecular mimicry are crucial to understanding AID development. Exposure to foreign antigens can cause inflammation, potentially leading to AIDs through molecular mimicry triggered by cross-reactive epitopes. Molecular mimicry emerges as a key mechanism by which infectious or chemical agents trigger autoimmunity. In certain susceptible individuals, autoreactive T or B cells may be activated by a foreign antigen due to resemblances between foreign and self-peptides. Chronic inflammation, typically driven by abnormal immune responses, is strongly associated with AID pathogenesis. Inflammasomes, which are vital cytosolic multiprotein complexes assembled in response to infections and stress, are crucial to activating inflammatory processes in macrophages. Chronic inflammation, characterized by prolonged tissue injury and repair cycles, can significantly damage tissues, thereby increasing the risk of AIDs. Inhibiting inflammasomes, particularly in autoinflammatory disorders, has garnered significant interest, with pharmaceutical advancements targeting cytokines and inflammasomes showing promise in AID management.

IL-17RA-Mediated Epithelial Cell Activity Prevents Severe Inflammatory Response to Helicobacter pylori Infection

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative pathogen that colonizes the stomach, induces inflammation, and drives pathological changes in the stomach tissue, including gastric cancer. As the principal cytokine produced by Th17 cells, IL-17 mediates protective immunity against pathogens by inducing the activation and mobilization of neutrophils. Whereas IL-17A is largely produced by lymphocytes, the IL-17 receptor is expressed in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and hematopoietic cells. Loss of the IL-17RA in mice results in impaired antimicrobial responses to extracellular bacteria. In the context of H. pylori infection, this is compounded by extensive inflammation in Il17ra-/- mice. In this study, Foxa3creIl17rafl/fl (Il17raΔGI-Epi) and Il17rafl/fl (control) mice were used to test the hypothesis that IL-17RA signaling, specifically in epithelial cells, protects against severe inflammation after H. pylori infection. The data indicate that Il17raΔGI-Epi mice develop increased inflammation compared with controls. Despite reduced Pigr expression, levels of IgA increased in the gastric wash, suggesting significant increase in Ag-specific activation of the T follicular helper/B cell axis. Gene expression analysis of stomach tissues indicate that both acute and chronic responses are significantly increased in Il17raΔGI-Epi mice compared with controls. These data suggest that a deficiency of IL-17RA in epithelial cells is sufficient to drive chronic inflammation and hyperactivation of the Th17/T follicular helper/B cell axis but is not required for recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Furthermore, the data suggest that fibroblasts can produce chemokines in response to IL-17 and may contribute to H. pylori-induced inflammation through this pathway.

The double roles of T cell-mediated immune response in the progression of MASLD

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has become a major cause of chronic liver disease and a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, which poses a huge burden on global public health and economy. MASLD includes steatotic liver disease, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis, and the latter two cause great harm to human health and life, even complicated with liver cancer. Immunologic mechanism plays a major role in promoting its development into hepatitis and cirrhosis. Now more and more evidences show that T cells play an important role in the progression of MASLD. In this review, we discuss the double roles of T cells in MASLD from the perspective of T cell response pathways, as well as new evidences regarding the possible application of immunomodulatory therapy in MASH.

Pre-administration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells has better therapeutic efficacy in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure

BACKGROUND

Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by an intense systemic inflammatory response, single or multiple organ system failure and high mortality. However, specific and effective treatments for ALF patients are still lacking. According to the current investigation, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) have shown remarkable potential to enhance the functional recovery of injured livers. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of time-differentiated hUCMSCs administration regimens on ALF.

METHODS

The rat model of ALF was induced by D-galactosamine (D-gal), and hUCMSCs were administered via the tail vein 12 h before or 2 h after induction. The potential mechanisms of hUCMSCs in treatment of ALF, regulation cell subset and secretion of inflammatory factors, were verified by co-culturing with PBMCs in vitro. Liver function indicators were detected by an automatic biochemistry analyzer and inflammatory factors were obtained by ELISA detection. The distribution of hUCMSCs in rats after administration was followed by quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR.

RESULTS

The findings of the study discovered that administration of hUCMSCs 12 h prior to surgery could significantly improve the survival rate of rats, stabilize various liver function indicators in serum levels of ALT, AST, T-BIL, or ALB diminish inflammatory infiltration in liver tissue, and inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors.

CONCLUSION

Our data showed that pre-transplantation of hUCMSCs had a better therapeutic effect on ALF rats, providing empirical evidence for preclinical studies. Thus, the timing of hUCMSCs transplantation is necessary for the optimal clinical treatment effect.

Anti-angiogenesis in colorectal cancer therapy

The morbidity of colorectal cancer (CRC) has risen to third place among malignant tumors worldwide. In addition, CRC is a common cancer in China whose incidence increases annually. Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development of tumors because it can bring the nutrients that cancer cells need and take away metabolic waste. Various mechanisms are involved in the formation of neovascularization, and vascular endothelial growth factor is a key mediator. Meanwhile, angiogenesis inhibitors and drug resistance (DR) are challenges to consider when formulating treatment strategies for patients with different conditions. Thus, this review will discuss the molecules, signaling pathways, microenvironment, treatment, and DR of angiogenesis in CRC.

Generation of IgG antibodies against Strongyloides stercoralis in mice via immunization with recombinant antigens A133 and Ss-IR

Strongyloidiasis, caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, remains a threat to global public health, and a vaccine would be useful to control the disease, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins, A133 and Ss-IR, as potential vaccine candidates against strongyloidiasis by investigating the humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized mice. Respective antigens were adjuvanted with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (prime) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (boost) and administered intraperitoneally (prime) and subcutaneously (boost) to female BALB/c mice. For antigen-only doses, only antigens were injected without adjuvants. Altogether, 1 prime dose, 4 booster doses, and 2 antigen-only doses were administered successively. ELISAs were conducted to assess the antibody responses, along with flow cytometry and cytokine ELISA to elucidate the cellular immune responses. Results showed that A133 and Ss-IR induced the production of IgG1 and IgG2a, with A133 generating more robust IgG2a responses than Ss-IR. Flow cytometry findings indicated that effector CD8+T-cells and memory B-cells activity were upregulated significantly for A133 only, whereas cytokine ELISA demonstrated that a Th1/Th2/Th17 mixed cell responses were triggered upon vaccination with either antigen. This preliminary study illustrated the good potential of recombinant A133 and Ss-IR as vaccine candidates against S. stercoralis. It provided information on the probable immune mechanism involved in host defence and the elicitation of protection against S. stercoralis.

Involvement of the Gut Microbiome in the Local and Systemic Immune Response to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

The systemic and local immunosuppression exhibited by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contributes significantly to its aggressive nature. There is a need for a greater understanding of the mechanisms behind this profound immune evasion, which makes it one of the most challenging malignancies to treat and thus one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. The gut microbiome is now thought to be the largest immune organ in the body and has been shown to play an important role in multiple immune-mediated diseases. By summarizing the current literature, this review examines the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome may modulate the immune response to PDAC. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome can alter immune cell populations both in the peripheral blood and within the tumour itself in PDAC patients. In addition, evidence suggests that the gut microbiome influences the composition of the PDAC tumour microbiome, which exerts a local effect on PDAC tumour immune infiltration. Put together, this promotes the gut microbiome as a promising route for future therapies to improve immune responses in PDAC patients.

IL-21, not IL-17A, exacerbates murine primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease caused by intrahepatic bile duct injuries, resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure. T helper (Th) 17 cells are proposed to involve in the pathogenesis of PBC. However, how and which Th17 cell-derived cytokines affect PBC remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Th17 effector cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, and IL-21 in PBC using a xenobiotic-induced mouse model of autoimmune cholangitis (inducible chemical xenobiotic models of PBC) treated with cytokine-expressing adeno-associated virus. Our results showed that administration of IL-17A, the well-known main cytokine produced by Th17 cells, did not augment liver inflammation or fibrosis. In contrast, we noted IL-17A-treated mice had lower hepatic Th1 cell numbers and higher hepatic CD11b+Ly6G+ polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell numbers. IL-17F did not alter liver inflammation or fibrosis. However, the administration of IL-21 exacerbated liver inflammatory responses and portal cell infiltration. IL-21 markedly increased the numbers of activated CD8+ T cells and liver tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Moreover, IL-21 aggravates liver fibrosis in mice with autoimmune cholangitis. These results emphasized that not IL-17A but IL-21 in Th17 cell-derived cytokines affected the pathogenesis of PBC. IL-21 enhanced liver inflammation and progression to fibrosis by enhancing the numbers and effector activities of CD8+ T cells. Delineation of the effects of different Th17 effector cytokines in PBC offers clues for developing new therapeutic approaches.

Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation (NSOI): Unraveling the Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Modalities, and Therapeutic Interventions

Nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI), colloquially known as orbital pseudotumor, sometimes presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in ophthalmology. This review aims to dissect NSOI through a molecular lens, offering a comprehensive overview of its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies. The article delves into the underpinnings of NSOI, examining immunological and environmental factors alongside intricate molecular mechanisms involving signaling pathways, cytokines, and mediators. Special emphasis is placed on emerging molecular discoveries and approaches, highlighting the significance of understanding molecular mechanisms in NSOI for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Various diagnostic modalities are scrutinized for their utility and limitations. Therapeutic interventions encompass medical treatments with corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents, all discussed in light of current molecular understanding. More importantly, this review offers a novel molecular perspective on NSOI, dissecting its pathogenesis and management with an emphasis on the latest molecular discoveries. It introduces an integrated approach combining advanced molecular diagnostics with current clinical assessments and explores emerging targeted therapies. By synthesizing these facets, the review aims to inform clinicians and researchers alike, paving the way for molecularly informed, precision-based strategies for managing NSOI.

Neutrophils: tissue and circulating signatures of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

The recent rise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adolescents led to a thorough investigation of the peculiarities of the cellular infiltrate which characterize the disease at young ages. This review aims to highlight the key involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD and the potential biomarker role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the same pediatric disorder. Neutrophils, which are first responders to inflammation, constitute an abundant component of an infiltrate which is particularly disposed within the portal area of children with NAFLD. The involvement of neutrophils in triggering liver fibrosis has been related amongst others to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, to the stimulation of hepatic stellate cells, and to their synthesis of neutrophil elastase. As immune imbalance characterizes NAFLD, potentially emerging non-invasive biomarkers such as NLR have been proposed for the detection and prognosis of NAFLD. In adults, several studies asserted the role of NLR in the prediction of advancing liver fibrosis and mortality in subjects with NAFLD. In children, data is scarce with contradicting findings, as some studies failed to identify significant shifting in NLR values in children with NAFLD when compared with obese controls without liver impairment. However, NLR seems to significantly increase in children with obesity and different degrees of NAFLD when compared to healthy counterparts and their changes seem to be reversible with weight loss. Still, paucity of pediatric studies calls for future research addressing the role of NLR in predicting NAFLD development and progression in children with obesity.

Targeting IL-17A enhances imatinib efficacy in Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Dysregulated hematopoietic niches remodeled by leukemia cells lead to imbalances in immunological mediators that support leukemogenesis and drug resistance. Targeting immune niches may ameliorate disease progression and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-ALL (Ph+ B-ALL). Here, we show that T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and IL-17A expression are distinctively elevated in Ph+ B-ALL patients. IL-17A promotes the progression of Ph+ B-ALL. Mechanistically, IL-17A activates BCR-ABL, IL6/JAK/STAT3, and NF-kB signalling pathways in Ph+ B-ALL cells, resulting in robust cell proliferation and survival. In addition, IL-17A-activated Ph+ B-ALL cells secrete the chemokine CXCL16, which in turn promotes Th17 differentiation, attracts Th17 cells and forms a positive feedback loop supporting leukemia progression. These data demonstrate an involvement of Th17 cells in Ph+ B-ALL progression and suggest potential therapeutic options for Ph+ B-ALL with Th17-enriched niches.

Impact of albumin-lymphocyte-platelet-C-reactive protein index as a prognostic indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: Associated with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

AIM

To investigate the prognostic value of the preoperative albumin-lymphocyte-platelet-C-reactive protein (ALPC) index in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing curative hepatectomy. We also evaluated the relationship between the ALPC index and the phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (p-Nrf2) levels.

METHODS

Data were analyzed retrospectively from 256 patients who underwent resection for HCC. For cross-validation, patients were divided into the training and testing cohort. We assessed eight combinations of inflammatory markers for predictive value for recurrence. We examined the associations of the ALPC index with recurrence-free survival and overall survival in univariate and multivariate analyses (Cox proportional hazards model). Immunohistochemical staining of p-Nrf2 was performed on tumor samples of 317 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC.

RESULTS

A high preoperative ALPC index correlated with a high serum albumin concentration, small tumor size, low rate of poor differentiation, solitary tumor, early Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and low rate of microscopic intrahepatic metastasis in the training dataset. A high preoperative ALPC index correlated with a high serum albumin concentration, high serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration, small tumor size, a low rate of poor differentiation and a low rate of microscopic intrahepatic metastasis in the testing dataset. A higher preoperative ALPC index was an independent predictor of longer recurrence-free survival and overall survival in the training and testing datasets. A high ALPC index was associated with negative p-Nrf2 expression in HCC tumor cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that a high ALPC index was an independent prognostic factor for patients with HCC undergoing curative hepatic resection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune response, biomarkers, and therapeutic intervention

Although tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, the progression of the disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is closely associated with the host's immune response. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment was conducted from an immunological perspective. First, we delved into the host's immune response mechanisms against MTB infection as well as the immune evasion mechanisms of the bacteria. Addressing the challenges currently faced in TB diagnosis and treatment, we also emphasized the importance of protein, genetic, and immunological biomarkers, aiming to provide new insights for early and personalized diagnosis and treatment of TB. Building upon this foundation, we further discussed intervention strategies involving chemical and immunological treatments for the increasingly critical issue of drug-resistant TB and other forms of TB. Finally, we summarized TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment challenges and put forward future perspectives. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the immunological aspects of TB and offer new directions toward achieving the WHO's goal of eradicating TB by 2035.

Viral Persistence in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Barriers to HIV Cure

More than 40 years after the first reported cases of what then became known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tremendous progress has been achieved in transforming the disease from almost universally fatal to a chronic manageable condition. Nonetheless, the efforts to find a preventative vaccine or a cure for the underlying infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain largely unsuccessful. Many challenges intrinsic to the virus characteristics and host response need to be overcome for either goal to be achieved. This article will review the obstacles to an effective HIV cure, specifically the steps involved in the generation of HIV latency, focusing on the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which has received less attention compared with the peripheral blood, despite being the largest repository of lymphoid tissue in the human body, and a large site for HIV persistence.

The effects of Phycocyanobilin on experimental arthritis involve the reduction in nociception and synovial neutrophil infiltration, inhibition of cytokine production, and modulation of the neuronal proteome

Introduction

The antinociceptive and pharmacological activities of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) and Phycocyanobilin (PCB) in the context of inflammatory arthritis remain unexplored so far. In the present study, we aimed to assess the protective actions of these compounds in an experimental mice model that replicates key aspects of human rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was established by intradermal injection of methylated bovine serum albumin in C57BL/6 mice, and one hour before the antigen challenge, either C-PC (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) or PCB (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally. Proteome profiling was also conducted on glutamate-exposed SH-SY5Y neuronal cells to evaluate the PCB impact on this key signaling pathway associated with nociceptive neuronal sensitization.

Results and discussion

C-PC and PCB notably ameliorated hypernociception, synovial neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, and the periarticular cytokine concentration of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-4 dose-dependently in AIA mice. In addition, 1 mg/kg PCB downregulated the gene expression for T-bet, RORγ, and IFN-γ in the popliteal lymph nodes, accompanied by a significant reduction in the pathological arthritic index of AIA mice. Noteworthy, neuronal proteome analysis revealed that PCB modulated biological processes such as pain, inflammation, and glutamatergic transmission, all of which are involved in arthritic pathology.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of PCB in alleviating the nociception and inflammation in the AIA mice model and shed new light on mechanisms underlying the PCB modulation of the neuronal proteome. This research work opens a new avenue to explore the translational potential of PCB in developing a therapeutic strategy for inflammation and pain in rheumatoid arthritis.

Immunotherapy and biomarkers in patients with lung cancer with tuberculosis: Recent advances and future Directions

Lung cancer (LC) and tuberculosis (TB) are two major global public health problems, and the incidence of LC-TB is currently on the rise. Therefore effective clinical interventions are crucial for LC-TB. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the immunological profile and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with LC-TB. We discuss the immune mechanisms involved, including the immune checkpoints that play an important role in the treatment of patients with LC-TB. In addition, we explore the susceptibility of patients with LC to TB and summarise the latest research on LC-TB. Finally, we discuss future prospects in this field, including the identification of potential targets for immune intervention. In conclusion, this review provides important insights into the complex relationship between LC and TB and highlights new advances in the detection and treatment of both diseases.

IL-17 Inhibition: A Valid Therapeutic Strategy in the Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a significant negative impact on the quality of life of patients. To date, the therapeutic landscape for the management of the disease has been extremely limited, resulting in a profound unmet need. Indeed, adalimumab, an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α monoclonal antibody, is the only approved biologic agent for HS, obtaining a therapeutic response in only 50% of HS patients. Numerous clinical trials are currently ongoing to test novel therapeutic targets in HS. The IL-17-mediated cascade is the target of several biologic agents that have shown efficacy and safety in treating moderate-to-severe HS. Both bimekizumab and secukinumab, targeting IL-17 in different manners, have successfully completed phase III trials with promising results; the latter has recently been approved by EMA for the treatment of HS. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the relevant role of IL-17 in HS pathogenesis, highlighting the key clinical evidence of anti-IL-17 agents in the treatment of this disease.

The β2-adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline upregulates T helper-17 cells in a protein kinase A-dependent manner

BACKGROUND

T helper 17 (Th17) cells produce IL-17A cytokine and can exacerbate autoimmune diseases and asthma. The β2 adrenergic receptor is a g protein-coupled receptor that induces cAMP second messenger pathways. We tested the hypothesis that terbutaline, a β2-adrenergic receptor-specific agonist, promotes IL-17 secretion by memory Th17 cells in a cAMP and PKA-dependent manner.

METHODS

Venous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy human participants were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Secreted IL-17A was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, intracellular IL-17A, and RORγ were measured using flow cytometry, and RORC by qPCR. Memory CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CD45RO+ T cells were obtained by immunomagnetic negative selection and activated with tri-antibody complex CD3/CD28/CD2. Secreted IL-17A, intracellular IL-17A, RORC were measured, and phosphorylated-serine133-CREB was measured by western blotting memory Th cells.

RESULTS

Terbutaline increased IL-17A (p < 0.001), IL-17A+ cells (p < 0.05), and RORC in activated PBMC and memory Th cells. The PKA inhibitors H89 (p < 0.001) and Rp-cAMP (p < 0.01) abrogated the effects of terbutaline on IL-17A secretion in PBMC and memory T cells. Rolipram increased IL-17A (p < 0.01) to a similar extent as terbutaline. P-Ser133-CREB was increased by terbutaline (p < 0.05) in memory T cells.

CONCLUSION

Terbutaline augments memory Th17 cells in lymphocytes from healthy participants. This could exacerbate autoimmune diseases or asthma, in cases where Th17 cells are considered to be pro-inflammatory.

The association of IL-17A rs2275913 single nucleotide polymorphism with anti-tuberculous drug resistance in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND

Drug-resistant  Tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a global health burden with high morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Egypt. The susceptibility to infection with DR-TB strains may be genetically determined. Several interleukin gene polymorphisms were investigated as risk factors for tuberculosis infection but focusing on their association with DR-TB was limited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the association of IL 17 - 197 G > A (rs2275913) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with susceptibility to DR-TB strains in comparison to drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB) strains in Egyptian patients with pulmonary TB. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 patients with DR-TB strains and 80 with DS-TB strains as a control group. Both age and sex were comparable among the study's groups. IL-17 - 197 G > A (rs2275913) SNP was genotyped by real-time PCR, and IL-17 serum concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

The GA and AA genotype frequencies of IL 17 - 197 G > A (rs2275913) SNP were significantly higher in patients with DR-TB strains than those with DS-TB strains (p < 0.001). The frequency of the A allele was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in patients with DR-TB group (32.5%) compared to the control group (13.8%). Substantial higher serum levels of IL-17 were detected in the DR-TB group with significant association with AA and AG genotypes.

CONCLUSION

Polymorphism in IL-17 -197 G > A (rs2275913) resulted in higher serum levels of IL-17 and Egyptian patients with such polymorphism are three times at risk of infection with DR-TB strains than patients with wild type.

Intricacies of TGF-β signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt distinct functions to maintain tolerance and clear pathogens. Dysregulation of Th cell function often leads to maladies, including autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, cancer, and infection. Regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells are critical Th cell types involved in immune tolerance, homeostasis, pathogenicity, and pathogen clearance. It is therefore critical to understand how Treg and Th17 cells are regulated in health and disease. Cytokines are instrumental in directing Treg and Th17 cell function. The evolutionarily conserved TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cytokine superfamily is of particular interest because it is central to the biology of both Treg cells that are predominantly immunosuppressive and Th17 cells that can be proinflammatory, pathogenic, and immune regulatory. How TGF-β superfamily members and their intricate signaling pathways regulate Treg and Th17 cell function is a question that has been intensely investigated for two decades. Here, we introduce the fundamental biology of TGF-β superfamily signaling, Treg cells, and Th17 cells and discuss in detail how the TGF-β superfamily contributes to Treg and Th17 cell biology through complex yet ordered and cooperative signaling networks.

Neutrophil biology in injuries and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems

The role of inflammation in nervous system injury and disease is attracting increased attention. Much of that research has focused on microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and macrophages in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Much less attention has been paid to the roles played by neutrophils. Neutrophils are part of the granulocyte subtype of myeloid cells. These cells, like macrophages, originate and differentiate in the bone marrow from which they enter the circulation. After tissue damage or infection, neutrophils are the first immune cells to infiltrate into tissues and are directed there by specific chemokines, which act on chemokine receptors on neutrophils. We have reviewed here the basic biology of these cells, including their differentiation, the types of granules they contain, the chemokines that act on them, the subpopulations of neutrophils that exist, and their functions. We also discuss tools available for identification and further study of neutrophils. We then turn to a review of what is known about the role of neutrophils in CNS and PNS diseases and injury, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries, CNS and PNS axon regeneration, and neuropathic pain. While in the past studies have focused on neutrophils deleterious effects, we will highlight new findings about their benefits. Studies on their actions should lead to identification of ways to modify neutrophil effects to improve health.

Roles of four targets in the pathogenesis of graves' orbitopathy

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease that involves complex immune systems. The mainstays of clinical management for this disease are surgery, targeted drugs therapy, and no-targeted drugs drug therapy. targeted drugs can improve therapeutic efficacy and enhance the quality of life for GO patients. However, as a second-line treatment for GO, targeted drugs such as tocilizumab and rituximab have very limited therapeutic effects and may be accompanied by side effects. The introduction of Teprotumumab, which targets IGF-IR, has made significant progress in the clinical management of GO. The pathophysiology of GO still remains uncertain as it involves a variety of immune cells and fibroblast interactions as well as immune responses to relevant disease targets of action. Therfore, learning more about immune response feedback pathways and potential targets of action will assist in the treatment of GO. In this discussion, we explore the pathogenesis of GO and relevant work, and highlight four potential targets for GO: Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23 R), Leptin receptor (LepR), Orbital fibroblast activating factors, and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of GO and the role of potential target signaling pathways is crucial for effective treatment of this disease.

Pathogenesis and management of multiple sclerosis revisited

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease characterized by selective destruction of myelin in the CNS neurons (including optic nerve). It was first described in the 19th century and remained elusive owing to the disease's unique relapsing and remitting course. The widespread and debilitating prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has prompted the development of various treatment modalities for its effective management.

METHODS AND OBJECTIVES

A literature review was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The main objective of the review was to compile the advances in pathogenesis, classifications, and evolving treatment modalities for MS.

RESULTS

The understanding of the pathogenesis of MS and the potential drug targets for its precise treatment has evolved significantly over the past decade. The experimental developments are also motivating and present a big change coming up in the next 5 years. Numerous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have revolutionized the management of MS: interferon (IFN) preparations, monoclonal antibodies-natalizumab and ocrelizumab, immunomodulatory agents-glatiramer acetate, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) modulators (Siponimod) and teriflunomide. The traditional parenteral drugs are now available as oral formulations improving patient acceptability. Repurposing various agents used for related diseases may reinforce the drug reserve to manage MS and are under trials. Although at a nascent phase, strategies to enhance re-myelination by stimulating oligodendrocytes are fascinating and hold promise for better outcomes in patients with MS.

CONCLUSIONS

The recent past has seen staggering inclusions to the management of multiple sclerosis catalyzing a significant turnabout in our approach to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Since the advent of DMTs various other oral and injectable agents have been approved. The advances in MS therapeutics and diagnostics have laid the ground for further research and development to enhance the quality of life of afflicted patients.

IL-17: Balancing Protective Immunity and Pathogenesis

The biological role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) has been explored during recent decades and identified as a pivotal player in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. Notably, IL-17 functions as a double-edged sword with both destructive and protective immunological roles. While substantial progress has implicated unrestrained IL-17 in a variety of infectious diseases or autoimmune conditions, IL-17 plays an important role in protecting the host against pathogens and maintaining physiological homeostasis. In this review, we describe canonical IL-17 signaling mechanisms promoting neutrophils recruitment, antimicrobial peptide production, and maintaining the epithelium barrier integrity, as well as some noncanonical mechanisms involving IL-17 that elicit protective immunity.

IL-17 A correlates with disease progression in papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Cancer progression can be promoted by chronic inflammation. Local immune response may be associated with favourable or unfavourable prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC). Regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper 17 (Th17) cells exert opposing function and their balance may have a vital role in promotion of tumor growth. Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) may promote tumor progression and reduced survival of patients. Whereas, Th17 cells can promote or inhibit tumor progression depending on phenotypic characteristics of tumor. In this study, we aimed to analyse the kind of immune response developed and its prognostic impact in future therapeutics.

METHODS

Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) analysis of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17 A, TNF-alpha and IL-4, IL-10) was done in 15 PTC irrespective of Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (LT) and 16 Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) cases. Immunohistochemical expression of FoxP3 and IL-17 A was studied in 27 cases of PTC with LT. Whereas, quantitative gene expression of both was analysed in 10 cases.

RESULTS

All the pro-inflammatory cytokines showed mild elevation in PTC with LT. On IHC, IL-17 A expression was observed in 74% PTC with LT. Whereas, FoxP3 was present in only 40% cases. Also, IL-17 A expression was significantly associated with age group (> 45 years), tumor size ≤ 1 cm and disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased expression of cytokines suggested correlation between inflammatory factors and progression of thyroid tumors. Along with this, the balance between IL-17 A and FoxP3 may play an important role in PTC development, prognosis and future management.

Gut microbiota and their metabolite profiles following peripheral nerve xenotransplantation

BACKGROUND

Intestinal pathogens are associated with xenotransplantation tolerance and rejection. However, changes in the gut microbiota in patients who have undergone peripheral nerve xenotransplantation and their association with immune rejection have not yet been reported.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore intestinal microbes and their metabolites at different time points after peripheral nerve transplantation to provide new insight into improving transplant tolerance.

METHODS

A peripheral nerve xenotransplantation model was constructed by suturing the segmented nerves of Sprague Dawley rats to those of C57 male mice using xenotransplantation nerve bridging. Fecal samples and intestinal contents were collected at three time points: before surgery (Pre group; n = 10), 1 month after transplantation (Pos1 m group; n = 10), and 3 months after transplantation (Pos3 m group; n = 10) for 16S DNA sequencing and nontargeted metabolome detection.

RESULTS

Alpha diversity results suggested that species diversity was significantly downregulated after peripheral nerve xenotransplantation. There were six gut flora genera with significantly different expression levels after xenotransplantation: four were downregulated and two were upregulated. A comparison of the Pre vs. Pos1 m groups and the Pos1 m vs. Pos3 m groups revealed that the most significant differentially expressed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolite pathways were involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, as well as histidine metabolism. Metabolites with a strong relationship to the differentially expressed microbial flora were identified.

CONCLUSION

Our study found lower gut microbiome diversity, with increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing and sulfate-reducing bacteria at 1 month post peripheral nerve xenotransplantation, and these were decreased at 3 months post-transplantation. The identification of specific bacterial metabolites is essential for recognizing potential diagnostic markers of xenotransplantation rejection or characterizing therapeutic targets to prevent post-transplant infection.

In vitro differentiated human CD4+ T cells produce hepatocyte growth factor

Differentiation of naive CD4⁺ T cells into effector T cells is a dynamic process in which the cells are polarized into T helper (Th) subsets. The subsets largely consist of four fundamental categories: Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells. We show that human memory CD4⁺ T cells can produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine which can affect several tissue types through signaling by its receptor, c-Met. In vitro differentiation of T cells into Th-like subsets revealed that HGF producing T cells increase under Th1 conditions. Enrichment of HGF producing cells was possible by targeting cells with surface CD30 expression, a marker discovered through single-cell RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K or mTOR was found to inhibit HGF mRNA and protein, while an Akt inhibitor was found to increase these levels. The findings suggest that HGF producing T cells could play a role in disease where Th1 are present.

Glycation of Whey Proteins Increases the Ex Vivo Immune Response of Lymphocytes Sensitized to β-Lactoglobulin

Glycation is a spontaneous reaction accompanying the thermal processing and storage of food. It can lead to changes in the allergenic and immunogenic potential of protein. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the glycation of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) on the ex vivo response of β-lg sensitized lymphocytes. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intragastrically (i-g) or intraperitoneally (i-p) with β-lg. The humoral response of the groups differed only with respect to the IgE level of the i-p group. Cellular response was studied after stimulation with antigen variants. The lymphocytes from the i-g/group mesenteric lymph nodes, stimulated with β-lg before and after glycation, presented a higher percentage of CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to the i-p/group. The cytokine profile of the i-p/group splenocytes stimulated with antigens showed elevated levels of pro-inflammatory IL-17A regardless of protein modification. In conclusion, the ex vivo model proved that the glycation process does not reduce protein immunogenicity.

Mild Cognitive Impairment Is Associated with Enhanced Activation of Th17 Lymphocytes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may show mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The mechanisms involved remain unclear. The plasma concentrations of several cytokines and chemokines were measured in 71 NAFLD patients (20 with and 51 without MCI) and 61 controls. Characterization and activation of leukocyte populations and CD4⁺ sub-populations were carried out and analyzed by flow cytometry. We analyzed the cytokines released from CD4⁺ cell cultures and the mRNA expression of transcription factors and receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The appearance of MCI in NAFLD patients was associated with increased activation of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, mainly of the Th17 subtype, increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-23, IL-21, IL-22, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-13, and higher expression of the CCR2 receptor. Constitutive expression of IL-17 was found in cultures of CD4⁺ cells from MCI patients, reflecting Th17 activation. High IL-13 plasma levels were predictive of MCI and could reflect a compensatory anti-inflammatory response to the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study identified some specific alterations of the immune system associated with the appearance of neurological alterations in MCI patients with NAFLD that could be the basis to improve and restore cognitive functions and quality of life in these patients.

Comprehensive analysis to identify a novel diagnostic marker of lung adenocarcinoma and its immune infiltration landscape

Background

Lung cancer continues to be a problem faced by all of humanity. It is the cancer with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world, and the most common histological type of lung cancer is lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), accounting for about 40% of lung malignant tumors. This study was conducted to discuss and explore the immune-related biomarkers and pathways during the development and progression of LUAD and their relationship with immunocyte infiltration.

Methods

The cohorts of data used in this study were downloaded from the Gene Expression Complex (GEO) database and the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database. Through the analysis of differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO), selecting the module with the highest correlation with LUAD progression, and then the HUB gene was further determined. The Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were then used to study the function of these genes. Single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) analysis was used to investigate the penetration of 28 immunocytes and their relationship with HUB genes. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate these HUB genes accurately to diagnose LUAD. In addition, additional cohorts were used for external validation. Based on the TCGA database, the effect of the HUB genes on the prognosis of LUAD patients was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier curve. The mRNA levels of some HUB genes in cancer cells and normal cells were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results

The turquoise module with the highest correlation with LUAD was identified among the seven modules obtained with WGCNA. Three hundred fifty-four differential genes were chosen. After LASSO analysis, 12 HUB genes were chosen as candidate biomarkers for LUAD expression. According to the immune infiltration results, CD4 + T cells, B cells, and NK cells were high in LUAD sample tissue. The ROC curve showed that all 12 HUB genes had a high diagnostic value. Finally, the functional enrichment analysis suggested that the HUB gene is mainly related to inflammatory and immune responses. According to the RT-qPCR study, we found that the expression of DPYSL2, OCIAD2, and FABP4 in A549 was higher than BEAS-2B. The expression content of DPYSL2 was lower in H1299 than in BEAS-2B. However, the expression difference of FABP4 and OCIAD2 genes in H1299 lung cancer cells was insignificant, but both showed a trend of increase.

Conclusions

The mechanism of LUAD pathogenesis and progression is closely linked to T cells, B cells, and monocytes. 12 HUB genes(ADAMTS8, CD36, DPYSL2, FABP4, FGFR4, HBA2, OCIAD2, PARP1, PLEKHH2, STX11, TCF21, TNNC1) may participate in the progression of LUAD via immune-related signaling pathways.

Role of Fibroblasts in Chronic Inflammatory Signalling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps-A Systematic Review

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses characterized by the presence of nasal polyps. The symptoms produced by the presence of nasal polyps such as nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, facial pain, headache, and loss of smell cause a worsening in the quality of life of patients. The source of the nasal polyps remains unclear, although it seems to be due to a chronic inflammation process in the sinonasal mucosa. Fibroblasts, the main cells in connective tissue, are intimately involved in the inflammation processes of various diseases; to this end, we carried out a systematic review to evaluate their inflammatory role in nasal polyps. Thus, we evaluated the main cytokines produced by nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDF) to assess their involvement in the production of nasal polyps and their involvement in different inflammatory pathways. The results of the review highlight the inflammatory role of NPDF through the secretion of various cytokines involved in the T1, T2, and T3 inflammatory pathways, as well as the ability of NPDF to be stimulated by a multitude of substances. With these findings, the fibroblast is positioned as a new potential therapeutic target in the treatment of CRSwNP.

Immune cell response to orthopedic and craniofacial biomaterials depends on biomaterial composition

Materials for craniofacial and orthopedic implants are commonly selected based on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The biocompatibility of these materials is typically assessed in vitro using cell lines, but little is known about the response of immune cells to these materials. This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory and immune cell response to four common orthopedic materials [pure titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (TiAlV), 316L stainless steel (SS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK)]. Following implantation into mice, we found high recruitment of neutrophils, pro-inflammatory macrophages, and CD4+ T cells in response to PEEK and SS implants. Neutrophils produced higher levels of neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil extracellular traps in vitro in response to PEEK and SS than neutrophils on Ti or TiAlV. Macrophages co-cultured on PEEK, SS, or TiAlV increased polarization of T cells towards Th1/Th17 subsets and decreased Th2/Treg polarization compared to Ti substrates. Although SS and PEEK are considered biocompatible materials, both induce a more robust inflammatory response than Ti or Ti alloy characterized by high infiltration of neutrophils and T cells, which may cause fibrous encapsulation of these materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Materials for craniofacial and orthopedic implants are commonly selected based on their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the immune cell response to four common orthopedic and craniofacial biomaterials: pure titanium, titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy, 316L stainless steel, and PEEK. Our results demonstrate that while the biomaterials tested have been shown to be biocompatible and clinically successful, the inflammatory response is largely driven by chemical composition of the biomaterials.

Escherichia coli enhances Th17/Treg imbalance via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in oral lichen planus

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated immunoinflammatory disease. Several studies have proposed that Escherichia coli (E. coli) may participate in the progress of OLP. In this study, we examined the functional role of E. coli and its supernatant via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappab (NF-κB) signaling pathway in regulating T helper (Th) 17/ regulatory T (Treg) balance and related cytokines and chemokines profile in OLP immune microenvironment. We discovered that E. coli and supernatant could activate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) and OLP-derived T cells and increase the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 17 and CCL20, thereby increasing the expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (RoRγt) and the proportion of Th17 cells. Furthermore, the co-culture experiment revealed that HOKs treated with E. coli and supernatant increased T cell proliferation and migration, which promoted HOKs apoptosis. TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242) successfully reversed the effect of E. coli and its supernatant. Consequently, E. coli and supernatant activated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in HOKs and OLP-derived T cells, leading to increased cytokines and chemokines expression and Th17/Treg imbalance in OLP.

A Rare Case of New-Onset Crohn's Disease in a Patient With Chronic Palmoplantar Pustulosis

A 44-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) at 34 years old was diagnosed with moderate Crohn's disease (CD) based on endoscopic, radiological, and pathological findings. As treatment with corticosteroids, ultraviolet, and cyclosporin had achieved partial response, PPP had been refractory in a chronic continuous state. Oral prednisolone was initially started to treat CD, but clinical remission was not achieved. Intravenous ustekinumab was subsequently started at 260 mg for clinical remission of CD. Eight weeks after starting ustekinumab, clinical remission and mucosal healing were achieved and PPP manifestations on the palms and soles were markedly improved. Ustekinumab appears to offer an effective therapeutic option for patients with PPP but has yet to be approved for this induction in Japan. CD is a rare gastrointestinal involvement in PPP patients that requires attention.