1
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Jamaleddine H, Rogers D, Perreault G, Postat J, Patel D, Mandl JN, Khadra A. Chronic infection control relies on T cells with lower foreign antigen binding strength generated by N-nucleotide diversity. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002465. [PMID: 38300945 PMCID: PMC10833529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The breadth of pathogens to which T cells can respond is determined by the T cell receptors (TCRs) present in an individual's repertoire. Although more than 90% of the sequence diversity among TCRs is generated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated N-nucleotide addition during V(D)J recombination, the benefit of TdT-altered TCRs remains unclear. Here, we computationally and experimentally investigated whether TCRs with higher N-nucleotide diversity via TdT make distinct contributions to acute or chronic pathogen control specifically through the inclusion of TCRs with lower antigen binding strengths (i.e., lower reactivity to peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC)). When T cells with high pMHC reactivity have a greater propensity to become functionally exhausted than those of low pMHC reactivity, our computational model predicts a shift toward T cells with low pMHC reactivity over time during chronic, but not acute, infections. This TCR-affinity shift is critical, as the elimination of T cells with lower pMHC reactivity in silico substantially increased the time to clear a chronic infection, while acute infection control remained largely unchanged. Corroborating an affinity-centric benefit for TCR diversification via TdT, we found evidence that TdT-deficient TCR repertoires possess fewer T cells with weaker pMHC binding strengths in vivo and showed that TdT-deficient mice infected with a chronic, but not an acute, viral pathogen led to protracted viral clearance. In contrast, in the case of a chronic fungal pathogen where T cells fail to clear the infection, both our computational model and experimental data showed that TdT-diversified TCR repertoires conferred no additional protection to the hosts. Taken together, our in silico and in vivo data suggest that TdT-mediated TCR diversity is of particular benefit for the eventual resolution of prolonged pathogen replication through the inclusion of TCRs with lower foreign antigen binding strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dakota Rogers
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Perreault
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémy Postat
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dhanesh Patel
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judith N. Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Albarnaz JD, Kite J, Oliveira M, Li H, Di Y, Christensen MH, Paulo JA, Antrobus R, Gygi SP, Schmidt FI, Huttlin EL, Smith GL, Weekes MP. Quantitative proteomics defines mechanisms of antiviral defence and cell death during modified vaccinia Ankara infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8134. [PMID: 38065956 PMCID: PMC10709566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus does not replicate in human cells and is the vaccine deployed to curb the current outbreak of mpox. Here, we conduct a multiplexed proteomic analysis to quantify >9000 cellular and ~80% of viral proteins throughout MVA infection of human fibroblasts and macrophages. >690 human proteins are down-regulated >2-fold by MVA, revealing a substantial remodelling of the host proteome. >25% of these MVA targets are not shared with replication-competent vaccinia. Viral intermediate/late gene expression is necessary for MVA antagonism of innate immunity, and suppression of interferon effectors such as ISG20 potentiates virus gene expression. Proteomic changes specific to infection of macrophages indicate modulation of the inflammatory response, including inflammasome activation. Our approach thus provides a global view of the impact of MVA on the human proteome and identifies mechanisms that may underpin its abortive infection. These discoveries will prove vital to design future generations of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas D Albarnaz
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Joanne Kite
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Marisa Oliveira
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hanqi Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ying Di
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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3
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Uhl LFK, Cai H, Oram SL, Mahale JN, MacLean AJ, Mazet JM, Piccirilli T, He AJ, Lau D, Elliott T, Gerard A. Interferon-γ couples CD8 + T cell avidity and differentiation during infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6727. [PMID: 37872155 PMCID: PMC10593754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective responses to intracellular pathogens are characterized by T cell clones with a broad affinity range for their cognate peptide and diverse functional phenotypes. How T cell clones are selected throughout the response to retain a breadth of avidities remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that direct sensing of the cytokine IFN-γ by CD8+ T cells coordinates avidity and differentiation during infection. IFN-γ promotes the expansion of low-avidity T cells, allowing them to overcome the selective advantage of high-avidity T cells, whilst reinforcing high-avidity T cell entry into the memory pool, thus reducing the average avidity of the primary response and increasing that of the memory response. IFN-γ in this context is mainly provided by virtual memory T cells, an antigen-inexperienced subset with memory features. Overall, we propose that IFN-γ and virtual memory T cells fulfil a critical immunoregulatory role by enabling the coordination of T cell avidity and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion F K Uhl
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Han Cai
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia L Oram
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jagdish N Mahale
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J MacLean
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M Mazet
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Theo Piccirilli
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander J He
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Doreen Lau
- Centre for Immuno-oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Elliott
- Centre for Immuno-oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audrey Gerard
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Zheng MZ, Tan TK, Villalon-Letelier F, Lau H, Deng YM, Fritzlar S, Valkenburg SA, Gu H, Poon LL, Reading PC, Townsend AR, Wakim LM. Single-cycle influenza virus vaccine generates lung CD8 + Trm that cross-react against viral variants and subvert virus escape mutants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3469. [PMID: 37683004 PMCID: PMC10491285 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells located along the respiratory tract provide cross-strain protection against a breadth of influenza viruses. We show that immunization with a single-cycle influenza virus vaccine candidate (S-FLU) results in the deposition of influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ Trm along the respiratory tract that were more cross-reactive against viral variants and less likely to drive the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutants, as compared to the lung memory NP-specific CD8+ T cell pool established following influenza infection. This immune profile was linked to the limited inflammatory response evoked by S-FLU vaccination, which increased TCR repertoire diversity within the memory CD8+ T cell compartment. Cumulatively, this work shows that S-FLU vaccination evokes a clonally diverse, cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cell pool, which protects against severe disease without driving the virus to rapidly evolve and escape, and thus represents an attractive vaccine for use against rapidly mutating influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. M. Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Fernando Villalon-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hilda Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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5
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Centofanti E, Wang C, Iyer S, Krichevsky O, Oyler-Yaniv A, Oyler-Yaniv J. The spread of interferon-γ in melanomas is highly spatially confined, driving nongenetic variability in tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304190120. [PMID: 37603742 PMCID: PMC10468618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a critical antitumor cytokine that has varied effects on different cell types. The global effect of IFNγ in the tumor depends on which cells it acts upon and the spatial extent of its spread. Reported measurements of IFNγ spread vary dramatically in different contexts, ranging from nearest-neighbor signaling to perfusion throughout the entire tumor. Here, we apply theoretical considerations to experiments both in vitro and in vivo to study the spread of IFNγ in melanomas. We observe spatially confined niches of IFNγ signaling in 3-D mouse melanoma cultures and human tumors that generate cellular heterogeneity in gene expression and alter the susceptibility of affected cells to T cell killing. Widespread IFNγ signaling only occurs when niches overlap due to high local densities of IFNγ-producing T cells. We measured length scales of ~30 to 40 μm for IFNγ spread in B16 mouse melanoma cultures and human primary cutaneous melanoma. Our results are consistent with IFNγ spread being governed by a simple diffusion-consumption model and offer insight into how the spatial organization of T cells contributes to intratumor heterogeneity in inflammatory signaling, gene expression, and immune-mediated clearance. Solid tumors are often viewed as collections of diverse cellular "neighborhoods": Our work provides a general explanation for such nongenetic cellular variability due to confinement in the spread of immune mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Centofanti
- The Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Chad Wang
- The Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology Graduate Program at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sandhya Iyer
- The Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- The Department of Physics at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva8410501, Israel
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- The Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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6
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Heidarian M, Jensen IJ, Kannan SK, Pewe LL, Hassert M, Park S, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Sublethal whole-body irradiation induces permanent loss and dysfunction in pathogen-specific circulating memory CD8 T cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302785120. [PMID: 37364124 PMCID: PMC10318958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302785120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of nuclear energy sources inevitably raises the risk of accidental or deliberate radiation exposure and associated immune dysfunction. However, the extent to which radiation exposure impacts memory CD8 T cells, potent mediators of immunity to recurring intracellular infections and malignancies, remains understudied. Using P14 CD8 T cell chimeric mice (P14 chimeras) with an lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model, we observed that sublethal (5Gy) whole-body irradiation (WBI) induced a rapid decline in the number of naive (TN) and P14 circulating memory CD8 T cells (TCIRCM), with the former being more susceptible to radiation-induced numeric loss. While TN cell numbers rapidly recovered, as previously described, the number of P14 TCIRCM cells remained low at least 9 mo after radiation exposure. Additionally, the remaining P14 TCIRCM in irradiated hosts exhibited an inefficient transition to a central memory (CD62L+) phenotype compared to nonirradiated P14 chimeras. WBI also resulted in long-lasting T cell intrinsic deficits in memory CD8 T cells, including diminished cytokine and chemokine production along with impaired secondary expansion upon cognate Ag reencounter. Irradiated P14 chimeras displayed significantly higher bacterial burden after challenge with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the LCMV GP33-41 epitope relative to nonirradiated controls, likely due to radiation-induced numerical and functional impairments. Taken together, our findings suggest that sublethal radiation exposure caused a long-term numerical, impaired differentiation, and functional dysregulation in preexisting TCIRCM, rendering previously protected hosts susceptible to reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Shravan Kumar Kannan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Lecia L. Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - SungRye Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ07110
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ07110
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
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7
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Meitei HT, Lal G. T cell receptor signaling in the differentiation and plasticity of CD4 + T cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:14-27. [PMID: 36028461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical components of the adaptive immune system. The T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptor signaling cascades shape the phenotype and functions of CD4+ T cells. TCR signaling plays a crucial role in T cell development, antigen recognition, activation, and differentiation upon recognition of foreign- or auto-antigens. In specific autoimmune conditions, altered TCR repertoire is reported and can predispose autoimmunity with organ-specific inflammation and tissue damage. TCR signaling modulates various signaling cascades and regulates epigenetic and transcriptional regulation during homeostasis and disease conditions. Understanding the mechanism by which coreceptors and cytokine signals control the magnitude of TCR signal amplification will aid in developing therapeutic strategies to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the role of the TCR signaling cascade and its components in the activation, differentiation, and plasticity of various CD4+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, SPPU campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH 411007, India.
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8
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Inflammatory Cytokines That Enhance Antigen Responsiveness of Naïve CD8 + T Lymphocytes Modulate Chromatin Accessibility of Genes Impacted by Antigen Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214122. [PMID: 36430600 PMCID: PMC9698886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes exposed to certain inflammatory cytokines undergo proliferation and display increased sensitivity to antigens. Such 'cytokine priming' can promote the activation of potentially autoreactive and antitumor CD8+ T cells by weak tissue antigens and tumor antigens. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cytokine priming, naïve PMEL-1 TCR transgenic CD8+ T lymphocytes were stimulated with IL-15 and IL-21, and chromatin accessibility was assessed using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) sequencing. PMEL-1 cells stimulated by the cognate antigenic peptide mgp10025-33 served as controls. Cytokine-primed cells showed a limited number of opening and closing chromatin accessibility peaks compared to antigen-stimulated cells. However, the ATACseq peaks in cytokine-primed cells substantially overlapped with those of antigen-stimulated cells and mapped to several genes implicated in T cell signaling, activation, effector differentiation, negative regulation and exhaustion. Nonetheless, the expression of most of these genes was remarkably different between cytokine-primed and antigen-stimulated cells. In addition, cytokine priming impacted the expression of several genes following antigen stimulation in a synergistic or antagonistic manner. Our findings indicate that chromatin accessibility changes in cytokine-primed naïve CD8+ T cells not only underlie their increased antigen responsiveness but may also enhance their functional fitness by reducing exhaustion without compromising regulatory controls.
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9
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von Hoesslin M, Kuhlmann M, de Almeida GP, Kanev K, Wurmser C, Gerullis AK, Roelli P, Berner J, Zehn D. Secondary infections rejuvenate the intestinal CD103
+
tissue-resident memory T cell pool. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp9553. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Resident T lymphocytes (T
RM
) protect tissues during pathogen reexposure. Although T
RM
phenotype and restricted migratory pattern are established, we have a limited understanding of their response kinetics, stability, and turnover during reinfections. Such characterizations have been restricted by the absence of in vivo fate-mapping systems. We generated two mouse models, one to stably mark CD103
+
T cells (a marker of T
RM
cells) and the other to specifically deplete CD103
−
T cells. Using these models, we observed that intestinal CD103
+
T cells became activated during viral or bacterial reinfection, remained organ-confined, and retained their original phenotype but failed to reexpand. Instead, the population was largely rejuvenated by CD103
+
T cells formed de novo during reinfections. This pattern remained unchanged upon deletion of antigen-specific circulating T cells, indicating that the lack of expansion was not due to competition with circulating subsets. Thus, although intestinal CD103
+
resident T cells survived long term without antigen, they lacked the ability of classical memory T cells to reexpand. This indicated that CD103
+
T cell populations could not autonomously maintain themselves. Instead, their numbers were sustained during reinfection via de novo formation from CD103
−
precursors. Moreover, in contrast to CD103
-
cells, which require antigen plus inflammation for their activation, CD103
+
T
RM
became fully activated follwing exposure to inflammation alone. Together, our data indicate that primary CD103
+
resident memory T cells lack secondary expansion potential and require CD103
−
precursors for their long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlaina von Hoesslin
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Miriam Kuhlmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gustavo Pereira de Almeida
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristiyan Kanev
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Wurmser
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Gerullis
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Jacqueline Berner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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10
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Fung HY, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. CD103 fate mapping reveals that intestinal CD103 - tissue-resident memory T cells are the primary responders to secondary infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9925. [PMID: 36332012 PMCID: PMC9901738 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells remain poised in the tissue and mediate robust protection from secondary infection. TRM cells within the intestine and other tissues are heterogeneous in their phenotype and function; however, the contributions of these TRM subsets to secondary infection remain poorly defined. To address the plasticity of intestinal TRM subsets and their role in local and systemic immunity, we generated mice to fate map intestinal CD103+ TRM cells and track their location and function during secondary infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that CD103+ TRM cells remained lodged in the tissue and were poorly reactivated during secondary challenge. CD103- TRM cells were the primary responders to secondary infection and expanded within the tissue, with limited contribution from circulating memory T cells. The transcriptional profile of CD103- TRM cells demonstrated maintenance of a gene signature similar to circulating T cells along with increased cytokine production and migratory potential. CD103- TRM cells also expressed genes associated with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and displayed enhanced TCR-mediated reactivation both in vitro and in vivo compared with their CD103+ counterparts. These studies reveal the limited recall potential of CD103+ TRM subsets and the role of CD103- TRM cells as central memory-like T cells within peripheral tissues.
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11
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Chen W, Teo JMN, Yau SW, Wong MYM, Lok CN, Che CM, Javed A, Huang Y, Ma S, Ling GS. Chronic type I interferon signaling promotes lipid-peroxidation-driven terminal CD8+ T cell exhaustion and curtails anti-PD-1 efficacy. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Crooks SD, Varga SM, Harty JT. Influenza-Induced CD103 + T Resident Memory Cells Exhibit Enhanced Functional Avidity over CD103 - Memory T Cells in the Mediastinal Lymph Node. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:705-715. [PMID: 36220187 PMCID: PMC9605862 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus–specific tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Trms) targeting conserved viral proteins provide strain-transcending heterosubtypic immunity to infection. Trms in the lung combat reinfection through rapid cytolytic function and production of inflammatory cytokines to recruit other immune cells. Influenza-specific Trms are also generated in the lung draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) and can provide immunity to heterologous virus infection in this tissue, although their role in combating influenza infection is less well defined. Functional avidity, a measure of T cell sensitivity to Ag stimulation, correlates with control of viral infection and may be important for immune detection of recently infected cells, when low numbers of surface peptide–MHC complexes are displayed. However, the functional avidity of influenza-specific Trms has not been previously compared with that of other memory CD8 T cell subsets. In this article, a methodology is presented to compare the functional avidity of CD8 T cell subsets across murine tissues, with a focus on influenza-specific mLNs compared with splenic CD8 T cells, by stimulating both populations in the same well to account for CD8 T cell–extrinsic variables. The functional avidity of influenza-specific mLN effector CD8 T cells is slightly increased relative to splenic effector CD8 T cells. However, CD103+ mLN Trms display increased functional avidity compared with splenic memory CD8 T cells and CD103− memory CD8 T cells within the mLN. In contrast, lung-derived CD103+ Trms did not exhibit enhanced functional avidity. mLN CD103+ Trms also exhibit increased TCR expression, providing a potential mechanism for their enhanced functional avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sequoia D. Crooks
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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13
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Chin SS, Guillen E, Chorro L, Achar S, Ng K, Oberle S, Alfei F, Zehn D, Altan-Bonnet G, Delahaye F, Lauvau G. T cell receptor and IL-2 signaling strength control memory CD8 + T cell functional fitness via chromatin remodeling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2240. [PMID: 35474218 PMCID: PMC9042912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognate antigen signal controls CD8+ T cell priming, expansion size and effector versus memory cell fates, but it is not known if and how it modulates the functional features of memory CD8+ T cells. Here we show that the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling controls the requirement for interleukin-2 (IL-2) signals to form a pool of memory CD8+ T cells that competitively re-expand upon secondary antigen encounter. Combining strong TCR and intact IL-2 signaling during priming synergistically induces genome-wide chromatin accessibility in regions targeting a wide breadth of biological processes, consistent with greater T cell functional fitness. Chromatin accessibility in promoters of genes encoding for stem cell, cell cycle and calcium-related proteins correlates with faster intracellular calcium accumulation, initiation of cell cycle and more robust expansion. High-dimensional flow-cytometry analysis of these T cells also highlights higher diversity of T cell subsets and phenotypes with T cells primed with stronger TCR and IL-2 stimulation than those primed with weaker strengths of TCR and/or IL-2 signals. These results formally show that epitope selection in vaccine design impacts memory CD8+ T cell epigenetic programming and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shien Chin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Erik Guillen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sooraj Achar
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer & Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, ImmunoDynamics Group, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karina Ng
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Susanne Oberle
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer & Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, ImmunoDynamics Group, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1283/8199, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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14
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Knop L, Spanier J, Larsen PK, Witte A, Bank U, Dunay IR, Kalinke U, Schüler T. IFNAR signaling in fibroblastic reticular cells can modulate CD8 + memory fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:895-906. [PMID: 35365883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ memory T cells (TM ) are crucial for the long-term protection from infections and cancer. Multiple cell types and cytokines are involved in the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses and subsequent TM formation. Besides their direct antiviral effects, type I interferons (IFN-α/β) modulate CD8+ T cell immunity via their action on several immune cell subsets. However, it is largely unclear how non-immune cells are involved in this multicellular network modulating CD8+ TM formation. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), form the three-dimensional scaffold of secondary lymphoid organs, express the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) and modulate adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear whether and how early IFNAR signals in lymph node (LN) FRCs affect CD8+ TM differentiation. Using peptide vaccination and viral infection, we studied CD8+ TM differentiation in mice with a FRC-specific IFNAR deletion (FRCΔIFNAR ). We show here that the differentiation of CD8+ TCR-transgenic T cells into central memory cells (TCM ) is enhanced in peptide-vaccinated FRCΔIFNAR mice. Conversely, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection of FRCΔIFNAR mice is associated with impaired TCM formation and the accumulation of VSV-specific double-positive (dp) CD127lo KLRG-1hi effector memory T cells. In summary, we provide evidence for a context-dependent contribution of FRC-specific IFNAR signaling to CD8+ TM differentiation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Amelie Witte
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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15
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Dwivedi V, Gautam S, Headley CA, Piergallini T, Torrelles JB, Turner J. IL-10 Receptor Blockade Delivered Simultaneously with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Sustains Long-Term Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1406-1416. [PMID: 35181640 PMCID: PMC11075079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization still remains the best vaccination strategy available to control the development of active tuberculosis. Protection afforded by BCG vaccination gradually wanes over time and although booster strategies have promise, they remain under development. An alternative approach is to improve BCG efficacy through host-directed therapy. Building upon prior knowledge that blockade of IL-10R1 during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection improves and extends control of M. tuberculosis infection in mice, we employed a combined anti-IL-10R1/BCG vaccine strategy. An s.c. single vaccination of BCG/anti-IL10-R1 increased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells and reduced Th1 and Th17 cytokine levels in the lung for up to 7 wk postvaccination. Subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in mice showed both an early (4 wk) and sustained long-term (47 wk) control of infection, which was associated with increased survival. In contrast, protection of BCG/saline-vaccinated mice waned 8 wk after M. tuberculosis infection. Our findings demonstrate that a single and simultaneous vaccination with BCG/anti-IL10-R1 sustains long-term protection, identifying a promising approach to enhance and extend the current BCG-mediated protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; and
| | - Colwyn A Headley
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; and
| | - Tucker Piergallini
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; and
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; and
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16
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Thapa P, Guyer RS, Yang AY, Parks CA, Brusko TM, Brusko M, Connors TJ, Farber DL. Infant T cells are developmentally adapted for robust lung immune responses through enhanced T cell receptor signaling. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj0789. [PMID: 34890254 PMCID: PMC8765725 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infants require coordinated immune responses to prevent succumbing to multiple infectious challenges during early life, particularly in the respiratory tract. The mechanisms by which infant T cells are functionally adapted for these responses are not well understood. Here, we demonstrated using an in vivo mouse cotransfer model that infant T cells generated greater numbers of lung-homing effector cells in response to influenza infection compared with adult T cells in the same host, due to augmented T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling. Mouse infant T cells showed increased sensitivity to low antigen doses, originating at the interface between T cells and antigen-bearing accessory cells—through actin-mediated mobilization of signaling molecules to the immune synapse. This enhanced signaling was also observed in human infant versus adult T cells. Our findings provide a mechanism for how infants control pathogen load and dissemination, which is important for designing developmentally targeted strategies for promoting immune responses at this vulnerable life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Thapa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY 10032
| | - Rebecca S. Guyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY 10032
| | - Alexander Y. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY 10032
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Maigan Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Thomas J. Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY 10032
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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17
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Bala N, McGurk AI, Zilch T, Rup AN, Carter EM, Leddon SA, Fowell DJ. T cell activation niches-Optimizing T cell effector function in inflamed and infected tissues. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:164-180. [PMID: 34859453 PMCID: PMC9218983 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity to infection, malignancy, and tissue damage requires the coordinated recruitment of numerous immune cell subsets to target tissues. Once within the target tissue, effector T cells rely on local chemotactic cues and structural cues from the tissue matrix to navigate the tissue, interact with antigen-presenting cells, and release effector cytokines. This highly dynamic process has been "caught on camera" in situ by intravital multiphoton imaging. Initial studies revealed a surprising randomness to the pattern of T cell migration through inflamed tissues, behavior thought to facilitate chance encounters with rare antigen-bearing cells. Subsequent tissue-wide visualization has uncovered a high degree of spatial preference when it comes to T cell activation. Here, we discuss the basic tenants of a successful effector T cell activation niche, taking cues from the dynamics of Tfh positioning in the lymph node germinal center. In peripheral tissues, steady-state microanatomical organization may direct the location of "pop-up" de novo activation niches, often observed as perivascular clusters, that support early effector T cell activation. These perivascular activation niches appear to be regulated by site-specific chemokines that coordinate the recruitment of dendritic cells and other innate cells for local T cell activation, survival, and optimized effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Bala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alexander I McGurk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tiago Zilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anastasia N Rup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Evan M Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Leddon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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18
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Huyghe L, Van Lint S, Burg E, Plaisance S, Peelman F, Cauwels A, Uzé G, Kley N, Gerlo S, Tavernier J. Selective IL-1 activity on CD8 + T cells empowers antitumor immunity and synergizes with neovasculature-targeted TNF for full tumor eradication. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003293. [PMID: 34772757 PMCID: PMC8593706 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical success of therapeutic cancer vaccines depends on the ability to mount strong and durable antitumor T cell responses. To achieve this, potent cellular adjuvants are highly needed. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) acts on CD8+ T cells and promotes their expansion and effector differentiation, but toxicity and undesired tumor-promoting side effects hamper efficient clinical application of this cytokine. Methods This ‘cytokine problem’ can be solved by use of AcTakines (Activity-on-Target cytokines), which represent fusions between low-activity cytokine mutants and cell type-specific single-domain antibodies. AcTakines deliver cytokine activity to a priori selected cell types and as such evade toxicity and unwanted off-target side effects. Here, we employ subcutaneous melanoma and lung carcinoma models to evaluate the antitumor effects of AcTakines. Results In this work, we use an IL-1β-based AcTakine to drive proliferation and effector functionality of antitumor CD8+ T cells without inducing measurable toxicity. AcTakine treatment enhances diversity of the T cell receptor repertoire and empowers adoptive T cell transfer. Combination treatment with a neovasculature-targeted tumor necrosis factor (TNF) AcTakine mediates full tumor eradication and establishes immunological memory that protects against secondary tumor challenge. Interferon-γ was found to empower this AcTakine synergy by sensitizing the tumor microenvironment to TNF. Conclusions Our data illustrate that anticancer cellular immunity can be safely promoted with an IL-1β-based AcTakine, which synergizes with other immunotherapies for efficient tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leander Huyghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elianne Burg
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Peelman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anje Cauwels
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Uzé
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Niko Kley
- Orionis Biosciences Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium .,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium .,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Orionis Biosciences Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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de Freitas DDN, Marinho Franceschina C, Muller D, Hilario GT, Gassen RB, Fazolo T, de Lima Kaminski V, Bogo Chies JA, Maito F, Antunes KH, Zanin RF, Rodrigues LC, Duarte de Souza AP. RvD1 treatment during primary infection modulates memory response increasing viral load during respiratory viral reinfection. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152151. [PMID: 34742024 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1), which is biosynthesized from essential long-chain fatty acids, is involved in anti-inflammatory activity and modulation of T cell response. Memory CD8+ T cells are important for controlling tumor growth and viral infections. Exacerbated inflammation has been described as impairing memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. This study aimed to verify the effects of RvD1 on memory CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in a respiratory virus infection model. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated at different time points with RvD1 and stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies. Pre-treatment with RvD1 increases the expansion of memory CD8+ T cells. The IL-12 level, a cytokine described to control memory CD8+ T cells, was reduced with RvD1 pre-treatment. When the mTOR axis was inhibited, the IL-12 levels were restored. In a respiratory virus infection model, Balb/c mice were treated with RvD1 before infection or after 7 days after infection. RvD1 treatment after infection increased the frequency of memory CD8+ T cells in the lung expressing II4, II10, and Ifng. During reinfection, RvD1-treated and RSV-infected mice present a high viral load in the lung and lower antibody response in the serum. Our results show that RvD1 modulates the expansion and phenotype of memory CD8+ T cells but contributed to a non-protective response after RSV reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise do Nascimento de Freitas
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Marinho Franceschina
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas Muller
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T Hilario
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Gassen
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiago Fazolo
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology - ICT, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Immunobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Maito
- Laboratory of Histology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Infant Center, School of Medicine PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Zanin
- Department of Health and Human Development, La Salle University, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Infant Center, School of Medicine PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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20
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McDougal CE, Morrow ZT, Christopher T, Kim S, Carter D, Stevenson DM, Amador-Noguez D, Miller MJ, Sauer JD. Phagocytes produce prostaglandin E2 in response to cytosolic Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009493. [PMID: 34555127 PMCID: PMC8491950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterium that elicits robust CD8+ T-cell responses. Despite the ongoing development of L. monocytogenes-based platforms as cancer vaccines, our understanding of how L. monocytogenes drives robust CD8+ T-cell responses remains incomplete. One overarching hypothesis is that activation of cytosolic innate pathways is critical for immunity, as strains of L. monocytogenes that are unable to access the cytosol fail to elicit robust CD8+ T-cell responses and in fact inhibit optimal T-cell priming. Counterintuitively, however, activation of known cytosolic pathways, such as the inflammasome and type I IFN, lead to impaired immunity. Conversely, production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) downstream of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is essential for optimal L. monocytogenes T-cell priming. Here, we demonstrate that vacuole-constrained L. monocytogenes elicit reduced PGE2 production compared to wild-type strains in macrophages and dendritic cells ex vivo. In vivo, infection with wild-type L. monocytogenes leads to 10-fold increases in PGE2 production early during infection whereas vacuole-constrained strains fail to induce PGE2 over mock-immunized controls. Mice deficient in COX-2 specifically in Lyz2+ or CD11c+ cells produce less PGE2, suggesting these cell subsets contribute to PGE2 levels in vivo, while depletion of phagocytes with clodronate abolishes PGE2 production completely. Taken together, this work demonstrates that optimal PGE2 production by phagocytes depends on L. monocytogenes access to the cytosol, suggesting that one reason cytosolic access is required to prime CD8+ T-cell responses may be to facilitate production of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. McDougal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary T. Morrow
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tighe Christopher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Drake Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Musella M, Galassi C, Manduca N, Sistigu A. The Yin and Yang of Type I IFNs in Cancer Promotion and Immune Activation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090856. [PMID: 34571733 PMCID: PMC8467547 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The crucial immune stimulatory functions exerted by Type I Interferons (IFNs) in cancer settings have been not only widely demonstrated during the last fifty years but also recently harnessed for therapy. However, depending on the dose and timing, and the downstream induced signatures, Type I IFNs can and do foster cancer progression and immune evasion. Dysregulations of Type I IFN signaling cascade are more and more frequently found in the tumor microenvironment, representing critical determinants of therapeutic innate and adaptive resistance to several anticancer treatments. Understanding when and through which genetic signatures Type I IFNs control or promote cancer growth is extremely urgent in order to prevent and by-pass the deleterious clinical effects and develop optimized innovative (combinatorial) strategies for an effective cancer management. Abstract Type I Interferons (IFNs) are key regulators of natural and therapy-induced host defense against viral infection and cancer. Several years of remarkable progress in the field of oncoimmunology have revealed the dual nature of these cytokines. Hence, Type I IFNs may trigger anti-tumoral responses, while leading immune dysfunction and disease progression. This dichotomy relies on the duration and intensity of the transduced signaling, the nature of the unleashed IFN stimulated genes, and the subset of responding cells. Here, we discuss the role of Type I IFNs in the evolving relationship between the host immune system and cancer, as we offer a view of the therapeutic strategies that exploit and require an intact Type I IFN signaling, and the role of these cytokines in inducing adaptive resistance. A deep understanding of the complex, yet highly regulated, network of Type I IFN triggered molecular pathways will help find a timely and immune“logical” way to exploit these cytokines for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Musella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-0649904452 (M.M.); +39-0649904457 (A.S.)
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Manduca
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-0649904452 (M.M.); +39-0649904457 (A.S.)
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22
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Pardy RD, Valbon SF, Cordeiro B, Krawczyk CM, Richer MJ. An epidemic Zika virus isolate suppresses antiviral immunity by disrupting antigen presentation pathways. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4051. [PMID: 34193875 PMCID: PMC8245533 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as an important global health threat, with the recently acquired capacity to cause severe neurological symptoms and to persist within host tissues. We previously demonstrated that an early Asian lineage ZIKV isolate induces a highly activated CD8 T cell response specific for an immunodominant epitope in the ZIKV envelope protein in wild-type mice. Here we show that a contemporary ZIKV isolate from the Brazilian outbreak severely limits CD8 T cell immunity in mice and blocks generation of the immunodominant CD8 T cell response. This is associated with a more sustained infection that is cleared between 7- and 14-days post-infection. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that infection with the Brazilian ZIKV isolate reduces the cross-presentation capacity of dendritic cells and fails to fully activate the immunoproteasome. Thus, our study provides an isolate-specific mechanism of host immune evasion by one Brazilian ZIKV isolate, which differs from the early Asian lineage isolate and provides potential insight into viral persistence associated with recent ZIKV outbreaks. The CD8 T cell response to Zika virus is known to be a critical component of the host immune response to infection. Here the authors show a Zika virus isolate specific disruption of antigen processing that impacts the host response and impairs viral clearance providing evidence of isolate specific impacts on the immune response to infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brendan Cordeiro
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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23
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This S, Valbon SF, Lebel MÈ, Melichar HJ. Strength and Numbers: The Role of Affinity and Avidity in the 'Quality' of T Cell Tolerance. Cells 2021; 10:1530. [PMID: 34204485 PMCID: PMC8234061 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of T cells to identify foreign antigens and mount an efficient immune response while limiting activation upon recognition of self and self-associated peptides is critical. Multiple tolerance mechanisms work in concert to prevent the generation and activation of self-reactive T cells. T cell tolerance is tightly regulated, as defects in these processes can lead to devastating disease; a wide variety of autoimmune diseases and, more recently, adverse immune-related events associated with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy have been linked to a breakdown in T cell tolerance. The quantity and quality of antigen receptor signaling depend on a variety of parameters that include T cell receptor affinity and avidity for peptide. Autoreactive T cell fate choices (e.g., deletion, anergy, regulatory T cell development) are highly dependent on the strength of T cell receptor interactions with self-peptide. However, less is known about how differences in the strength of T cell receptor signaling during differentiation influences the 'function' and persistence of anergic and regulatory T cell populations. Here, we review the literature on this subject and discuss the clinical implications of how T cell receptor signal strength influences the 'quality' of anergic and regulatory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien This
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stefanie F. Valbon
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
| | - Heather J. Melichar
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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24
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Pan YG, Aiamkitsumrit B, Bartolo L, Wang Y, Lavery C, Marc A, Holec PV, Rappazzo CG, Eilola T, Gimotty PA, Hensley SE, Antia R, Zarnitsyna VI, Birnbaum ME, Su LF. Vaccination reshapes the virus-specific T cell repertoire in unexposed adults. Immunity 2021; 54:1245-1256.e5. [PMID: 34004140 PMCID: PMC8192456 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined how baseline CD4+ T cell repertoire and precursor states impact responses to pathogen infection in humans using primary immunization with yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine. YFV-specific T cells in unexposed individuals were identified by peptide-MHC tetramer staining and tracked pre- and post-vaccination by tetramers and TCR sequencing. A substantial number of YFV-reactive T cells expressed memory phenotype markers and contained expanded clones in the absence of exposure to YFV. After vaccination, pre-existing YFV-specific T cell populations with low clonal diversity underwent limited expansion, but rare populations with a reservoir of unexpanded TCRs generated robust responses. These altered dynamics reorganized the immunodominance hierarchy and resulted in an overall increase in higher avidity T cells. Thus, instead of further increasing the representation of dominant clones, YFV vaccination recruits rare and more responsive T cells. Our findings illustrate the impact of vaccines in prioritizing T cell responses and reveal repertoire reorganization as a key component of effective vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gen Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Criswell Lavery
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Marc
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick V Holec
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Garrett Rappazzo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Eilola
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The natural world has provided a host of materials and inspiration for the field of nanomedicine. By taking design cues from naturally occurring systems, the nanoengineering of advanced biomimetic platforms has significantly accelerated over the past decade. In particular, the biomimicry of bacteria, with their motility, taxis, immunomodulation, and overall dynamic host interactions, has elicited substantial interest and opened up exciting avenues of research. More recently, advancements in genetic engineering have given way to more complex and elegant systems with tunable control characteristics. Furthermore, bacterial derivatives such as membrane ghosts, extracellular vesicles, spores, and toxins have proven advantageous for use in nanotherapeutic applications, as they preserve many of the features from the original bacteria while also offering distinct advantages. Overall, bacteria-inspired nanomedicines can be employed in a range of therapeutic settings, from payload delivery to immunotherapy, and have proven successful in combatting both cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiyoung Heo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joon Ho Park
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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26
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Gilfillan CB, Hebeisen M, Rufer N, Speiser DE. Constant regulation for stable CD8 T-cell functional avidity and its possible implications for cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1348-1360. [PMID: 33704770 PMCID: PMC8252569 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The functional avidity (FA) of cytotoxic CD8 T cells impacts strongly on their functional capabilities and correlates with protection from infection and cancer. FA depends on TCR affinity, downstream signaling strength, and TCR affinity-independent parameters of the immune synapse, such as costimulatory and inhibitory receptors. The functional impact of coreceptors on FA remains to be fully elucidated. Despite its importance, FA is infrequently assessed and incompletely understood. There is currently no consensus as to whether FA can be enhanced by optimized vaccine dose or boosting schedule. Recent findings suggest that FA is remarkably stable in vivo, possibly due to continued signaling modulation of critical receptors in the immune synapse. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and hypothesize that in vivo, codominant T cells constantly "equalize" their FA for similar function. We present a new model of constant FA regulation, and discuss practical implications for T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Gilfillan
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Oladiran O, Shi XQ, Yang M, Fournier S, Zhang J. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling protects mice from sensory and motor dysfunction in an animal model of autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:77. [PMID: 33752705 PMCID: PMC7983271 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the etiology remains elusive, macrophages and T cells in peripheral nerves are considered as effector cells mediating autoimmune peripheral neuropathy (APN), such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. By recognizing both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals, TLRs play a central role in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we aimed to understand the involvement of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of APN and explore the potential of TLR4 as a drug target for therapeutic use. METHODS APN was induced by a partial ligation on one of the sciatic nerves in B7.2 (L31) transgenic mice which possess a predisposed inflammatory background. APN pathology and neurological function were evaluated on the other non-injured sciatic nerve. RESULTS TLR4 and its endogenous ligand HMGB1 were highly expressed in L31 mice, in circulating immune cells and in peripheral nerves. Enhanced TLR4 signaling was blocked with TAK 242, a selective TLR4 inhibitor, before and after disease onset. Intraperitoneal administration of TAK 242 not only inhibited monocyte, macrophage and CD8+ T cell activation, but also reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. TAK 242 protected mice from severe myelin and axonal loss, resulting in a remarkable improvement in mouse motor and sensory functions. TAK 242 was effective in alleviating the disease in both preventive and reversal paradigms. CONCLUSION The study identified the critical contribution of TLR4-mediated macrophage activation in disease course and provided strong evidence to support TLR4 as a useful drug target for treating inflammatory autoimmune neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Oladiran
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Xiang Qun Shi
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Mu Yang
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Ji Zhang
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada. .,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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28
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Boukhaled GM, Harding S, Brooks DG. Opposing Roles of Type I Interferons in Cancer Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:167-198. [PMID: 33264572 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-093932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tasked with identifying malignant cells to eliminate or prevent cancer spread. This involves a complex orchestration of many immune cell types that together recognize different aspects of tumor transformation and growth. In response, tumors have developed mechanisms to circumvent immune attack. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a class of proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to viruses and other environmental stressors. IFN-Is are also emerging as essential drivers of antitumor immunity, potently stimulating the ability of immune cells to eliminate tumor cells. However, a more complicated role for IFN-Is has arisen, as prolonged stimulation can promote feedback inhibitory mechanisms that contribute to immune exhaustion and other deleterious effects that directly or indirectly permit cancer cells to escape immune clearance. We review the fundamental and opposing functions of IFN-Is that modulate tumor growth and impact immune function and ultimately how these functions can be harnessed for the design of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shane Harding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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29
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Becattini S, Littmann ER, Seok R, Amoretti L, Fontana E, Wright R, Gjonbalaj M, Leiner IM, Plitas G, Hohl TM, Pamer EG. Enhancing mucosal immunity by transient microbiota depletion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4475. [PMID: 32901029 PMCID: PMC7479140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) are poised for immediate reactivation at sites of pathogen entry and provide optimal protection of mucosal surfaces. The intestinal tract represents a portal of entry for many infectious agents; however, to date specific strategies to enhance Trm responses at this site are lacking. Here, we present TMDI (Transient Microbiota Depletion-boosted Immunization), an approach that leverages antibiotic treatment to temporarily restrain microbiota-mediated colonization resistance, and favor intestinal expansion to high densities of an orally-delivered Listeria monocytogenes strain carrying an antigen of choice. By augmenting the local chemotactic gradient as well as the antigenic load, this procedure generates a highly expanded pool of functional, antigen-specific intestinal Trm, ultimately enhancing protection against infectious re-challenge in mice. We propose that TMDI is a useful model to dissect the requirements for optimal Trm responses in the intestine, and also a potential platform to devise novel mucosal vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Eric R Littmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60606, USA
| | - Ruth Seok
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Luigi Amoretti
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emily Fontana
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Roberta Wright
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mergim Gjonbalaj
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ingrid M Leiner
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60606, USA
| | - George Plitas
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60606, USA
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30
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Mondino A, Manzo T. To Remember or to Forget: The Role of Good and Bad Memories in Adoptive T Cell Therapy for Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1915. [PMID: 32973794 PMCID: PMC7481451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity by which the immune system “remembers” a previous encounter with an antigen expressed by pathogens, tumors, or normal tissues; and, upon secondary encounters, mounts faster and more effective recall responses. The establishment of T cell memory is influenced by both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors, including genetic, epigenetic and environmental triggers. Our current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in memory T cell differentiation has instructed new opportunities to engineer T cells with enhanced anti-tumor activity. The development of adoptive T cell therapy has emerged as a powerful approach to cure a subset of patients with advanced cancers. Efficacy of this approach often requires long-term persistence of transferred T cell products, which can vary according to their origin and manufacturing conditions. Host preconditioning and post-transfer supporting strategies have shown to promote their engraftment and survival by limiting the competition with a hostile tumor microenvironment and between pre-existing immune cell subsets. Although in the general view pre-existing memory can confer a selective advantage to adoptive T cell therapy, here we propose that also “bad memories”—in the form of antigen-experienced T cell subsets—co-evolve with consequences on newly transferred lymphocytes. In this review, we will first provide an overview of selected features of memory T cell subsets and, then, discuss their putative implications for adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Manzo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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31
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Nazerai L, Schøller AS, Bassi MR, Buus S, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Effector CD8 T Cell-Dependent Zika Virus Control in the CNS: A Matter of Time and Numbers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1977. [PMID: 32973802 PMCID: PMC7461798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, came into the spotlight in 2016 when it was found to be associated with an increased rate of microcephalic newborns in Brazil. The virus has further been recognized to cause neurologic complications in children and adults in the form of myelitis, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Guillain Barre Syndrome in a fraction of infected individuals. With the ultimate goal of identifying correlates of protection to guide the design of an effective vaccine, the study of the immune response to ZIKV infection has become the focus of research worldwide. Both innate and adaptive immune responses seem to be essential for controlling the infection. Induction of sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies has been strongly correlated with protection against reinfection in various models, while the role of CD8 T cells as antiviral effectors in the CNS has been controversial. In an attempt to improve our understanding regarding the role of ZIKV-induced CD8 T cells in protective immunity inside the CNS, we have expanded on previous studies in intracranially infected mice. In a recent study, we have demonstrated that, peripheral ZIKV infection in adult C57BL/6 mice induces a robust CD8 T cell response that peaks within a week. In the present study, we used B cell deficient as well as wild-type mice to show that there is a race between CXCR3-dependent recruitment of the effector CD8 T cells and local ZIKV replication, and that CD8 T cells are capable of local viral control if they arrive in the brain early after viral invasion, in appropriate numbers and differentiation state. Our data highlight the benefits of considering this subset when designing vaccines against Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loulieta Nazerai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Skak Schøller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rosaria Bassi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vormehr M, Lehar S, Kranz LM, Tahtinen S, Oei Y, Javinal V, Delamarre L, Walzer KC, Diken M, Kreiter S, Mellman I, Sahin U, Schartner JM, Türeci Ö. Dexamethasone premedication suppresses vaccine-induced immune responses against cancer. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1758004. [PMID: 32923115 PMCID: PMC7458619 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1758004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticosteroids (GCS) have an established role in oncology and are administered to cancer patients in routine clinical care and in drug development trials as co-medication. Given their strong immune-suppressive activity, GCS may interfere with immune-oncology drugs. We are developing a therapeutic cancer vaccine, which is based on a liposomal formulation of tumor-antigen encoding RNA (RNA-LPX) and induces a strong T-cell response both in mice as well as in humans. In this study, we investigated in vivo in mice and in human PBMCs the effect of the commonly used long-acting GCS Dexamethasone (Dexa) on the efficacy of this vaccine format, with a particular focus on antigen-specific T-cell immune responses. We show that Dexa, when used as premedication, substantially blunts RNA-LPX vaccine-mediated immune effects. Premedication with Dexa inhibits vaccine-dependent induction of serum cytokines and chemokines and reduces both the number and activation of splenic conventional dendritic cells (cDC) expressing vaccine-encoded antigens. Consequently, priming of functional effector T cells and therapeutic activity is significantly impaired. Interestingly, responses are less impacted when Dexa is administered post-vaccination. Consistent with this observation, although many inflammatory cytokines are reduced, IFNα, a key cytokine in T-cell priming, is less impacted and antigen expression by cDCs is intact. These findings warrant special caution when combining GCS with immune therapies relying on priming and activation of antigen-specific T cells and suggest that careful sequencing of these treatments may preserve T-cell induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Vormehr
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Yoko Oei
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Javinal
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Mustafa Diken
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreiter
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany.,BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany
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33
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Cordeiro B, Jeon P, Boukhaled GM, Corrado M, Lapohos O, Roy DG, Williams K, Jones RG, Gruenheid S, Sagan SM, Krawczyk CM. MicroRNA-9 Fine-Tunes Dendritic Cell Function by Suppressing Negative Regulators in a Cell-Type-Specific Manner. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107585. [PMID: 32375032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells, cells of the innate immune system, are found in a steady state poised to respond to activating stimuli. Once stimulated, they rapidly undergo dynamic changes in gene expression to adopt an activated phenotype capable of stimulating immune responses. We find that the microRNA miR-9 is upregulated in both bone marrow-derived DCs and conventional DC1s but not in conventional DC2s following stimulation. miR-9 expression in BMDCs and conventional DC1s promotes enhanced DC activation and function, including the ability to stimulate T cell activation and control tumor growth. We find that miR-9 regulated the expression of several negative regulators of transcription, including the transcriptional repressor Polycomb group factor 6 (Pcgf6). These findings demonstrate that miR-9 facilitates the transition of DCs from steady state to mature state by regulating the expression of several negative regulators of DC function in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Cordeiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Peter Jeon
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mario Corrado
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Orsolya Lapohos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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34
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Condotta SA, Downey J, Pardy RD, Valbon SF, Tarrab E, Lamarre A, Divangahi M, Richer MJ. Cyclophilin D Regulates Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Survival in a Cell-Extrinsic Manner. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:217-230. [PMID: 32332052 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity is critical for host defense against viruses and requires mitochondria-mediated type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling for optimal protection. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondrial matrix protein that modulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but its role in IFN-I signaling and CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection has not been previously explored. In this study, we demonstrate that CypD plays a critical extrinsic role in the survival of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell following acute viral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice. CypD deficiency resulted in reduced IFN-I and increased CD8+ T cell death, resulting in a reduced antiviral CD8+ T cell response. In addition, CypD deficiency was associated with an increase in pathogen burden at an early time-point following infection. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that transfer of wild-type macrophages (expressing CypD) to CypD-deficient mice can partially restore CD8+ T cell responses. These results establish that CypD plays an extrinsic role in regulating optimal effector CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection. Furthermore, this suggests that, under certain circumstances, inhibition of CypD function may have a detrimental impact on the host's ability to respond to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada; and
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada; and
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada;
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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35
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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36
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Dean JW, Peters LD, Fuhrman CA, Seay HR, Posgai AL, Stimpson SE, Brusko MA, Perry DJ, Yeh WI, Newby BN, Haller MJ, Muir AB, Atkinson MA, Mathews CE, Brusko TM. Innate inflammation drives NK cell activation to impair Treg activity. J Autoimmun 2020; 108:102417. [PMID: 32035746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-18 synergize to promote TH1 responses and have been implicated as accelerators of autoimmune pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the influence of these cytokines on immune cells involved in human T1D progression: natural killer (NK) cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). NK cells from T1D patients exhibited higher surface CD226 versus controls and lower CD25 compared to first-degree relatives and controls. Changes in NK cell phenotype towards terminal differentiation were associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity, while possession of IL18RAP, IFIH1, and IL2RA T1D-risk variants impacted NK cell activation as evaluated by immuno-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses. IL-12 and IL-18 stimulated NK cells from healthy donors exhibited enhanced specific killing of myelogenous K562 target cells. Moreover, activated NK cells increased expression of NKG2A, NKG2D, CD226, TIGIT and CD25, which enabled competition for IL-2 upon co-culture with Tregs, resulting in Treg downregulation of FOXP3, production of IFNγ, and loss of suppressive function. We generated islet-autoreactive CTL "avatars", which upon exposure to IL-12 and IL-18, upregulated IFNγ and Granzyme-B leading to increased lymphocytotoxicity of a human β-cell line in vitro. These results support a model for T1D pathogenesis wherein IL-12 and IL-18 synergistically enhance CTL and NK cell cytotoxic activity and disrupt immunoregulation by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Dean
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leeana D Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher A Fuhrman
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; BD Biosciences, Ashland, OR, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott E Stimpson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maigan A Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wen-I Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; BD Biosciences, Ashland, OR, USA
| | - Brittney N Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Fate Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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37
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Zargar A, Chang S, Kothari A, Snijders AM, Mao JH, Wang J, Hernández AC, Keasling JD, Bivona TG. Overcoming the challenges of cancer drug resistance through bacterial-mediated therapy. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2019; 5:258-266. [PMID: 32055785 PMCID: PMC7004931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts to fight cancer, it remains a major public health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. With increased knowledge of cancer pathways and improved technological platforms, precision therapeutics that specifically target aberrant cancer pathways have improved patient outcomes. Nevertheless, a primary cause of unsuccessful cancer therapy remains cancer drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the broad classes of resistance to cancer therapy, particularly pharmacokinetics, the tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe how bacterial-mediated cancer therapy, a bygone mode of treatment, has been revitalized by synthetic biology and is uniquely suited to address the primary resistance mechanisms that confound traditional therapies. Through genetic engineering, we discuss how bacteria can be potent anticancer agents given their tumor targeting potential, anti-tumor activity, safety, and coordinated delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zargar
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- QB3 Institute, University of California-Berkeley, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samantha Chang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ankita Kothari
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Antoine M. Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessica Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Amanda C. Hernández
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- QB3 Institute, University of California-Berkeley, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Trever G. Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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38
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Patel JM, Cui Z, Wen ZF, Dinh CT, Hu HM. Peritumoral administration of DRibbles-pulsed antigen-presenting cells enhances the antitumor efficacy of anti-GITR and anti-PD-1 antibodies via an antigen presenting independent mechanism. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31747946 PMCID: PMC6865022 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TNF receptor family agonists and checkpoint blockade combination therapies lead to minimal tumor clearance of poorly immunogenic tumors. Therefore, a need to enhance the efficacy of this combination therapy arises. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigen to T cells and steer the immune response through chemokine and cytokine secretion. DRibbles (DR) are tumor-derived autophagosomes containing tumor antigens and innate inflammatory adjuvants. Methods Using preclinical murine lung and pancreatic cancer models, we assessed the triple combination therapy of GITR agonist and PD-1 blocking antibodies with peritumoral injections of DRibbles-pulsed-bone marrow cells (BMCs), which consisted mainly of APCs, or CD103+ cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Immune responses were assessed by flow cytometry. FTY720 was used to prevent T-cell egress from lymph nodes to assess lymph node involvement, and MHC-mismatched-BMCs were used to assess the necessity of antigen presentation by the peritumorally-injected DR-APCs. Results Tritherapy increased survival and cures in tumor-bearing mice compared to combined antibody therapy or peritumoral DR-BMCs alone. Peritumorally-injected BMCs remained within the tumor for at least 14 days and tritherapy efficacy was dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Although the overall percent of tumor-infiltrating T cells remained similar, tritherapy increased the ratio of effector CD4+ T cells-to-regulatory T cells, CD4+ T-cell cytokine production and proliferation, and CD8+ T-cell cytolytic activity in the tumor. Despite tritherapy-induced T-cell activation and cytolytic activity in lymph nodes, this T-cell activation was not required for tumor regression and enhanced survival. Replacement of DR-BMCs with DR-pulsed-DCs in the tritherapy led to similar antitumor effects, whereas replacement with DRibbles was less effective but delayed tumor growth. Interestingly, peritumoral administration of DR-pulsed MHC-mismatched-APCs in the tritherapy led to similar antitumor effects as MHC-matched-APCs, indicating that the observed enhanced antitumor effect was mediated independently of antigen presentation by the administered APCs. Conclusions Overall, these results demonstrate that peritumoral DR-pulsed-BMC/DC administration synergizes with GITR agonist and PD-1 blockade to locally modulate and sustain tumor effector T-cell responses independently of T cell priming and perhaps through innate inflammatory modulations mediated by the DRibbles adjuvant. We offer a unique approach to modify the tumor microenvironment to benefit T-cell-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina M Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Zhihua Cui
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Zhi-Fa Wen
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Catherine T Dinh
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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39
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Iacob S, Iacob DG. Infectious Threats, the Intestinal Barrier, and Its Trojan Horse: Dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1676. [PMID: 31447793 PMCID: PMC6692454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem of the gut microbiota consists of diverse intestinal species with multiple metabolic and immunologic activities and it is closely connected with the intestinal epithelia and mucosal immune response, with which it builds a complex barrier against intestinal pathogenic bacteria. The microbiota ensures the integrity of the gut barrier through multiple mechanisms, either by releasing antibacterial molecules (bacteriocins) and anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids or by activating essential cell receptors for the immune response. Experimental studies have confirmed the role of the intestinal microbiota in the epigenetic modulation of the gut barrier through posttranslational histone modifications and regulatory mechanisms induced by epithelial miRNA in the epithelial lumen. Any quantitative or functional changes of the intestinal microbiota, referred to as dysbiosis, alter the immune response, decrease epithelial permeability and destabilize intestinal homeostasis. Consequently, the overgrowth of pathobionts (Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli) favors intestinal translocations with Gram negative bacteria or their endotoxins and could trigger sepsis, septic shock, secondary peritonitis, or various intestinal infections. Intestinal infections also induce epithelial lesions and perpetuate the risk of bacterial translocation and dysbiosis through epithelial ischemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the decline of protective anaerobic bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and inadequate release of immune modulators (such as butyrate) affects the release of antimicrobial peptides, de-represses microbial virulence factors and alters the innate immune response. As a result, intestinal germs modulate liver pathology and represent a common etiology of infections in HIV immunosuppressed patients. Antibiotic and antiretroviral treatments also promote intestinal dysbiosis, followed by the selection of resistant germs which could later become a source of infections. The current article addresses the strong correlations between the intestinal barrier and the microbiota and discusses the role of dysbiosis in destabilizing the intestinal barrier and promoting infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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40
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Pardy RD, Richer MJ. Protective to a T: The Role of T Cells during Zika Virus Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080820. [PMID: 31382545 PMCID: PMC6721718 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 and CD8 T cells are an important part of the host's capacity to defend itself against viral infections. During flavivirus infections, T cells have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic responses. Given the recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a prominent global health threat, the question remains as to how T cells contribute to anti-ZIKV immunity. Furthermore, high homology between ZIKV and other, co-circulating flaviviruses opens the possibility of positive or negative effects of cross-reactivity due to pre-existing immunity. In this review, we will discuss the CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to ZIKV, and the lessons we have learned from both mouse and human infections. In addition, we will consider the possibility of whether T cells, in the context of flavivirus-naïve and flavivirus-immune subjects, play a role in promoting ZIKV pathogenesis during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Shaw TN, Inkson CA, Villegas-Mendez A, Pattinson DJ, Strangward P, Else KJ, Draper SJ, Zeef LAH, Couper KN. Infection-Induced Resistance to Experimental Cerebral Malaria Is Dependent Upon Secreted Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of Pathogenic CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:248. [PMID: 30846985 PMCID: PMC6394254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection. There is evidence that repeated parasite exposure promotes resistance against CM. However, the immunological basis of this infection-induced resistance remains poorly understood. Here, utilizing the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we show that three rounds of infection and drug-cure protects against the development of ECM during a subsequent fourth (4X) infection. Exposure-induced resistance was associated with specific suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and CTL-related pathways, which corresponded with the development of heterogeneous atypical B cell populations as well as the gradual infection-induced generation and maintenance of high levels of anti-parasite IgG. Mechanistically, transfer of high-titer anti-parasite IgG did not protect 1X infected mice against ECM and depletion of atypical and regulatory B cells during 4X infection failed to abrogate infection-induced resistance to ECM. However, IgMi mice that were unable to produce secreted antibody, or undergo class switching, during the repeated rounds of infection failed to develop resistance against ECM. The failure of infection-induced protection in IgMi mice was associated with impaired development of atypical B cell populations and the inability to suppress pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses. Our results, therefore, suggest the importance of anti-parasite antibody responses, gradually acquired, and maintained through repeated Plasmodium infections, for modulating the B cell compartment and eventually suppressing memory CD8+ T cell reactivation to establish infection-induced resistance to ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah N. Shaw
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Colette A. Inkson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Strangward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A. H. Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N. Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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42
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Gupta PK, McIntosh CM, Chong AS, Alegre ML. The pursuit of transplantation tolerance: new mechanistic insights. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:324-333. [PMID: 30760917 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific transplantation tolerance that enables weaning from immunosuppressive drugs but retains immune competence to non-graft antigens has been a lasting pursuit since the discovery of neonatal tolerance. More recently, efforts have been devoted not only to understanding how transplantation tolerance can be induced but also the mechanisms necessary to maintain it as well as how inflammatory exposure challenges its durability. This review focuses on recent advances regarding key peripheral mechanisms of T cell tolerance, with the underlying hypothesis that a combination of several of these mechanisms may afford a more robust and durable tolerance and that a better understanding of these individual pathways may permit longitudinal tracking of tolerance following clinical transplantation to serve as biomarkers. This review may enable a personalized assessment of the degree of tolerance in individual patients and the opportunity to strengthen the robustness of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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43
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Unique Type I Interferon, Expansion/Survival Cytokines, and JAK/STAT Gene Signatures of Multifunctional Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific Effector Memory CD8 + T EM Cells Are Associated with Asymptomatic Herpes in Humans. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01882-18. [PMID: 30487281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01882-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of the world population harbors herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a major cause of infectious corneal blindness. HSV-specific CD8+ T cells protect from herpesvirus infection and disease. However, the genomic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of CD8+ T cells associated with the protection seen in asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals, who, despite being infected, never experienced any recurrent herpetic disease, remains to be fully elucidated. In this investigation, we compared the phenotype, function, and level of expression of a comprehensive panel of 579 immune genes of memory CD8+ T cells, sharing the same HSV-1 epitope specificities, and freshly isolated peripheral blood from well-characterized cohorts of protected ASYMP and nonprotected symptomatic (SYMP) individuals, with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent herpetic disease, using the high-throughput digital NanoString nCounter system and flow cytometry. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that memory CD8+ T cells from ASYMP individuals expressed a unique set of genes involved in expansion and survival, type I interferon (IFN-I), and JAK/STAT pathways. Frequent multifunctional HSV-specific effector memory CD62Llow CD44high CD8+ TEM cells were detected in ASYMP individuals compared to more of monofunctional central memory CD62Lhigh CD44high CD8+ TCM cells in SYMP individuals. Shedding light on the genotype, phenotype, and function of antiviral CD8+ T cells from "naturally protected" ASYMP individuals will help design future T-cell-based ocular herpes immunotherapeutic vaccines.IMPORTANCE A staggering number of the world population harbors herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) potentially leading to blinding recurrent herpetic disease. While the majority are asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals who never experienced any recurrent herpetic disease, symptomatic (SYMP) individuals have a history of numerous episodes of recurrent ocular herpetic disease. This study elucidates the phenotype, the effector function, and the gene signatures of memory CD8+ T-cell populations associated with protection seen in ASYMP individuals. Frequent multifunctional HSV-specific effector memory CD8+ TEM cells were detected in ASYMP individuals. In contrast, nonprotected SYMP individuals had more central memory CD8+ TCM cells. The memory CD8+ TEM cells from ASYMP individuals expressed unique gene signatures characterized by higher levels of type I interferon (IFN), expansion and expansion/survival cytokines, and JAK/STAT pathways. Future studies on the genotype, phenotype, and function of antiviral CD8+ T cells from "naturally protected" ASYMP individuals will help in the potential design of T-cell-based ocular herpes vaccines.
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44
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Shahbazi M, Soltanzadeh-Yamchi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M. T cell exhaustion implications during transplantation. Immunol Lett 2018; 202:52-58. [PMID: 30130559 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustion of lymphocyte function, particularly T cell exhaustion, due to prolonged exposure to a high load of foreign antigen is commonly seen during chronic viral infection as well as antitumor immune responses. This phenomenon has been associated with a determined molecular mechanism and phenotypic manifestations on the cell surface. In spite of investigation of exhaustion, mostly about CD8 responses toward viral infections, recent studies have reported that chronic exposure to antigen may develop exhaustion in CD4 + T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Little is known with respect to lymphocyte exhaustion during transplantation and its effect on aberrant anti-graft responses. Through a same mechanobiology observed during chronic exposure of foreign viral antigens, alloantigen persistence mediated by allograft could develop a favorable circumstance for exhaustion of T cells responding to allograft. However, to achieve better manipulation approaches of this event to reduce the complications during transplantation, we need to be armed with a bulk of knowledge with regard to quality and quantity of T cell exhaustion occurring in various allografts, the kinetics of exhaustion development, the impression of immunosuppressive agents on the exhaustion, and the influence of exhaustion on graft survival and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahbazi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soltanzadeh-Yamchi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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45
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Forbes NS, Coffin RS, Deng L, Evgin L, Fiering S, Giacalone M, Gravekamp C, Gulley JL, Gunn H, Hoffman RM, Kaur B, Liu K, Lyerly HK, Marciscano AE, Moradian E, Ruppel S, Saltzman DA, Tattersall PJ, Thorne S, Vile RG, Zhang HH, Zhou S, McFadden G. White paper on microbial anti-cancer therapy and prevention. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:78. [PMID: 30081947 PMCID: PMC6091193 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this White Paper, we discuss the current state of microbial cancer therapy. This paper resulted from a meeting ('Microbial Based Cancer Therapy') at the US National Cancer Institute in the summer of 2017. Here, we define 'Microbial Therapy' to include both oncolytic viral therapy and bacterial anticancer therapy. Both of these fields exploit tumor-specific infectious microbes to treat cancer, have similar mechanisms of action, and are facing similar challenges to commercialization. We designed this paper to nucleate this growing field of microbial therapeutics and increase interactions between researchers in it and related fields. The authors of this paper include many primary researchers in this field. In this paper, we discuss the potential, status and opportunities for microbial therapy as well as strategies attempted to date and important questions that need to be addressed. The main areas that we think will have the greatest impact are immune stimulation, control of efficacy, control of delivery, and safety. There is much excitement about the potential of this field to treat currently intractable cancer. Much of the potential exists because these therapies utilize unique mechanisms of action, difficult to achieve with other biological or small molecule drugs. By better understanding and controlling these mechanisms, we will create new therapies that will become integral components of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Forbes
- grid.266683.f0000 0001 2184 9220Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts 159 Goessmann Hall 01003 Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Liang Deng
- 0000 0001 2171 9952grid.51462.34Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 10065 New York NY USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aMayo Clinic Rochester USA
| | - Steve Fiering
- 0000 0001 2179 2404grid.254880.3Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover USA
| | | | - Claudia Gravekamp
- 0000000121791997grid.251993.5Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx USA
| | - James L Gulley
- 0000 0004 1936 8075grid.48336.3aNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA
| | | | - Robert M Hoffman
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3UC, San Diego San Diego USA
- 0000 0004 0461 1271grid.417448.aAntiCancer Inc. San Diego USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- 0000000121548364grid.55460.32University of Texas Austin USA
| | - Ke Liu
- 0000 0001 2243 3366grid.417587.8Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring USA
| | | | - Ariel E Marciscano
- 0000 0004 1936 8075grid.48336.3aNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA
| | | | - Sheryl Ruppel
- 0000 0004 4665 8158grid.419407.fLeidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick USA
| | - Daniel A Saltzman
- 0000000419368657grid.17635.36University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA
| | | | - Steve Thorne
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA
| | - Richard G Vile
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aMayo Clinic Rochester USA
| | | | - Shibin Zhou
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- 0000 0001 2151 2636grid.215654.1Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy , Biodesign InstituteArizona State University 727 E Tyler Street, Room A330E 85281 Tempe AZ USA
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Effector/memory CD8 + T cells synergize with co-stimulation competent macrophages to trigger autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:142-157. [PMID: 29627532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy (APN) such as Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a debilitating illness and sometimes life threatening. The molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive but exposure to environmental factors including viral/bacterial infection and injury is highly associated with disease incidence. We demonstrated previously that both male and female B7.2 (CD86) transgenic L31 and L31/CD4KO mice develop spontaneous APN. Here we further reveal that CD8+ T cells in these mice exhibit an effector/memory phenotype, which bears a resemblance to the CD8+ T cell response following persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in humans and mice, whilst CMV has been considered as one of the most relevant pathogens in APN development. These activated, peripheral myelin Ag specific CD8+ T cells are required for the disease initiation. While an injury to a peripheral nerve results in Wallerian degeneration in control littermates, the same injury accelerates the development of APN in other non-injured nerves of L31 mice which have a predisposed inflammatory background consisting of effector/memory CD8+ T (CD8+ TEM) cells. However, CD8+ TEM cells alone are not sufficient. A certain threshold of B7.2 expression on nerve macrophages is an additional requisite. Our findings reveal that indeed, the synergism between CD8+ TEM cells and co-stimulation competent macrophages is crucial in inducing autoimmune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. The identification of decisive molecular/cellular players connecting environmental triggers and the occurrence of APN provides opportunities to prevent disease onset, reduce relapses and develop new therapeutic strategies.
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47
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Theisen E, McDougal CE, Nakanishi M, Stevenson DM, Amador-Noguez D, Rosenberg DW, Knoll LJ, Sauer JD. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Play Contrasting Roles in Listeria-Stimulated Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3729-3738. [PMID: 29678951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and are commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. NSAIDs are used following childhood vaccinations and cancer immunotherapies; however, how NSAIDs influence the development of immunity following these therapies is unknown. We hypothesized that NSAIDs would modulate the development of an immune response to Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy. Treatment of mice with the nonspecific COX inhibitor indomethacin impaired the generation of cell-mediated immunity. This phenotype was due to inhibition of the inducible COX-2 enzyme, as treatment with the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib similarly inhibited the development of immunity. In contrast, loss of COX-1 activity improved immunity to L. monocytogenes Impairments in immunity were independent of bacterial burden, dendritic cell costimulation, or innate immune cell infiltrate. Instead, we observed that PGE2 production following L. monocytogenes is critical for the formation of an Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response. Use of the alternative analgesic acetaminophen did not impair immunity. Taken together, our results suggest that COX-2 is necessary for optimal CD8+ T cell responses to L. monocytogenes, whereas COX-1 is detrimental. Use of pharmacotherapies that spare COX-2 activity and the production of PGE2 like acetaminophen will be critical for the generation of optimal antitumor responses using L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Courtney E McDougal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - David M Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030; and
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
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48
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Santos e Sousa P, Ciré S, Conlan T, Jardine L, Tkacz C, Ferrer IR, Lomas C, Ward S, West H, Dertschnig S, Blobner S, Means TK, Henderson S, Kaplan DH, Collin M, Plagnol V, Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Peripheral tissues reprogram CD8+ T cells for pathogenicity during graft-versus-host disease. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97011. [PMID: 29515032 PMCID: PMC5922296 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation induced by the influx of donor-derived effector T cells (TE) into peripheral tissues. Current treatment strategies rely on targeting systemic T cells; however, the precise location and nature of instructions that program TE to become pathogenic and trigger injury are unknown. We therefore used weighted gene coexpression network analysis to construct an unbiased spatial map of TE differentiation during the evolution of GVHD and identified wide variation in effector programs in mice and humans according to location. Idiosyncrasy of effector programming in affected organs did not result from variation in T cell receptor repertoire or the selection of optimally activated TE. Instead, TE were reprogrammed by tissue-autonomous mechanisms in target organs for site-specific proinflammatory functions that were highly divergent from those primed in lymph nodes. In the skin, we combined the correlation-based network with a module-based differential expression analysis and showed that Langerhans cells provided in situ instructions for a Notch-dependent T cell gene cluster critical for triggering local injury. Thus, the principal determinant of TE pathogenicity in GVHD is the final destination, highlighting the need for target organ-specific approaches to block immunopathology while avoiding global immune suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Reprogramming/genetics
- Cellular Reprogramming/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transplantation Chimera
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Santos e Sousa
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Séverine Ciré
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Thomas Conlan
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ivana R. Ferrer
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Cara Lomas
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Sophie Ward
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Heather West
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Simone Dertschnig
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Sven Blobner
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Terry K. Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Clare L. Bennett
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
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49
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Moro-García MA, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Alonso-Arias R. Influence of Inflammation in the Process of T Lymphocyte Differentiation: Proliferative, Metabolic, and Oxidative Changes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 29545794 PMCID: PMC5839096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes, from their first encounter with their specific antigen as naïve cell until the last stages of their differentiation, in a replicative state of senescence, go through a series of phases. In several of these stages, T lymphocytes are subjected to exponential growth in successive encounters with the same antigen. This entire process occurs throughout the life of a human individual and, earlier, in patients with chronic infections/pathologies through inflammatory mediators, first acutely and later in a chronic form. This process plays a fundamental role in amplifying the activating signals on T lymphocytes and directing their clonal proliferation. The mechanisms that control cell growth are high levels of telomerase activity and maintenance of telomeric length that are far superior to other cell types, as well as metabolic adaptation and redox control. Large numbers of highly differentiated memory cells are accumulated in the immunological niches where they will contribute in a significant way to increase the levels of inflammatory mediators that will perpetuate the new state at the systemic level. These levels of inflammation greatly influence the process of T lymphocyte differentiation from naïve T lymphocyte, even before, until the arrival of exhaustion or cell death. The changes observed during lymphocyte differentiation are correlated with changes in cellular metabolism and these in turn are influenced by the inflammatory state of the environment where the cell is located. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a dual action in the population of T lymphocytes. Exposure to high levels of ROS decreases the capacity of activation and T lymphocyte proliferation; however, intermediate levels of oxidation are necessary for the lymphocyte activation, differentiation, and effector functions. In conclusion, we can affirm that the inflammatory levels in the environment greatly influence the differentiation and activity of T lymphocyte populations. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in these processes. The elucidation of these mechanisms would be of great help in the advance of improvements in pathologies with a large inflammatory base such as rheumatoid arthritis, intestinal inflammatory diseases, several infectious diseases and even, cancerous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Moro-García
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan C Mayo
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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50
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Albarnaz JD, Torres AA, Smith GL. Modulating Vaccinia Virus Immunomodulators to Improve Immunological Memory. Viruses 2018; 10:E101. [PMID: 29495547 PMCID: PMC5869494 DOI: 10.3390/v10030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of monkeypox virus infections, new outbreaks of other zoonotic orthopoxviruses and concern about the re-emergence of smallpox have prompted research into developing antiviral drugs and better vaccines against these viruses. This article considers the genetic engineering of vaccinia virus (VACV) to enhance vaccine immunogenicity and safety. The virulence, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of VACV strains engineered to lack specific immunomodulatory or host range proteins are described. The ultimate goal is to develop safer and more immunogenic VACV vaccines that induce long-lasting immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas D Albarnaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Alice A Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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