1
|
Deza Leon M, Otto WR, Danziger-Isakov L, Kumar A, Scaggs Huang F. Infectious Diseases Evaluation of the Child With Suspected Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:220-227. [PMID: 38263470 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of excessive and maladaptive inflammation. In this review, we discuss how the clinical and laboratory features of HLH overlap with infection and propose a diagnostic and treatment strategy to identify patients with infections mimicking HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Deza Leon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - William R Otto
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Felicia Scaggs Huang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brisse E, Verweyen EL, De Visscher A, Kessel C, Wouters CH, Matthys P. Murine Models of Secondary Cytokine Storm Syndromes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:497-522. [PMID: 39117836 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a broad spectrum of life-threatening cytokine storm syndromes, classified into primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired) HLH. The latter occurs in a variety of medical conditions, including infections, malignancies, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, acquired immunodeficiency, and metabolic disorders. Despite recent advances in the field, the pathogenesis of secondary HLH remains incompletely understood. Considering the heterogeneity of triggering factors and underlying diseases in secondary HLH, a large diversity of animal models has been developed to explore pivotal disease mechanisms. To date, over 20 animal models have been described that each recapitulates certain aspects of secondary HLH. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing models, highlighting relevant findings, discussing the involvement of different cell types and cytokines in disease development and progression, and considering points of interest toward future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brisse
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emely L Verweyen
- Translational Inflammation Research, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, WWU Medical Center (UKM), Muenster, Germany
| | - Amber De Visscher
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christoph Kessel
- Translational Inflammation Research, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, WWU Medical Center (UKM), Muenster, Germany
| | - Carine H Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vastert SJ, Canny SP, Canna SW, Schneider R, Mellins ED. Cytokine Storm Syndrome Associated with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:323-353. [PMID: 39117825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) has widely been referred to as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). In this chapter, we use the term sJIA-associated CSS (sJIA-CSS) when referring to this syndrome and use the term MAS when referencing publications that specifically report on sJIA-associated MAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan J Vastert
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology & Immunology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan P Canny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott W Canna
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rayfel Schneider
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Behrens EM. Cytokines in Cytokine Storm Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:173-183. [PMID: 39117815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
As the eponymous mediators of the cytokine storm syndrome, cytokines are a pleomorphic and diverse set of soluble molecules that activate or suppress immune functions in a wide variety of ways. The relevant cytokines for each CSS are likely a result of differing combinations of environmental triggers and host susceptibilities. Because cytokines or their receptors may be specifically targeted by biologic therapeutics, understanding which cytokines are relevant for disease initiation and propagation for each unique CSS is of major clinical importance. This chapter will review what is known about the role of cytokines across the spectrum of CSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Behrens
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee PY. Monocytic Phagocytes in the Immunopathogenesis of Cytokine Storm Syndromes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:161-171. [PMID: 39117814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytokine storm syndromes (CSSs) are caused by a dysregulated host immune response to an inciting systemic inflammatory trigger. This maladaptive and harmful immune response culminates in collateral damage to host tissues resulting in life-threatening multisystem organ failure. Knowledge of the various immune cells that contribute to CSS pathogenesis has improved dramatically in the past decade. Monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, collective known as monocytic phagocytes, are well-positioned within the immune system hierarchy to make key contributions to the initiation, propagation, and amplification of the hyperinflammatory response in CSS. The plasticity of monocytic phagocytes also makes them prime candidates for mediating immunoregulatory and tissue-healing functions in patients who recover from cytokine storm-mediated immunopathology. Therefore, approaches to manipulate the myriad functions of monocytic phagocytes may improve the clinical outcome of CSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gavin AL, Blane TR, Thinnes TC, Gerlt E, Marshak-Rothstein A, Huang D, Nemazee D. Disease in the Pld4thss/thss Model of Murine Lupus Requires TLR9. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:577-586. [PMID: 37555846 PMCID: PMC10441812 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) is an endolysosomal exonuclease of ssRNA and ssDNA, rather than a phospholipase as its name suggests. Human polymorphisms in the PLD4 gene have been linked by genome-wide association studies to systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, B6.129 Pld4-/- mice develop features of a distinct disease, macrophage activation syndrome, which is reversed in mice mutated in TLR9. In this article, we compare a Pld4 null mutant identified on the BALB/c background, Pld4thss/thss, which has distinct phenotypes: short stature, thin hair, and features of systemic lupus erythematosus. All phenotypes analyzed were largely normalized in Pld4thss/thssTlr9-/- mice. Thus, Pld4thss/thss represents a rare model in which mouse lupus etiology is TLR9 dependent. Compared with PLD4-deficient B6 mice, Pld4thss/thss mice had elevated levels of serum IgG, IgG anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, BAFF, and IFN-γ and elevated B cell numbers. Overall, the data suggest that PLD4 deficiency can lead to a diverse array of rheumatological abnormalities depending upon background-modifying genes, and that these diseases of PLD4 deficiency are largely driven by TLR9 recognition of ssDNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Gavin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tanya R. Blane
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theresa C. Thinnes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Parajuli N, Wang Q, Khalasawi N, Peng H, Zhang J, Yin C, Mi QS, Zhou L. MiR-23a Regulates Skin Langerhans Cell Phagocytosis and Inflammation-Induced Langerhans Cell Repopulation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:925. [PMID: 37508356 PMCID: PMC10376168 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident macrophage that act similarly to dendritic cells for controlling adaptive immunity and immune tolerance in the skin, and they are key players in the development of numerous skin diseases. While TGF-β and related downstream signaling pathways are known to control numerous aspects of LC biology, little is known about the epigenetic signals that coordinate cell signaling during LC ontogeny, maintenance, and function. Our previous studies in a total miRNA deletion mouse model showed that miRNAs are critically involved in embryonic LC development and postnatal LC homeostasis; however, the specific miRNA(s) that regulate LCs remain unknown. miR-23a is the first member of the miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster, a direct downstream target of PU.1 and TGF-b, which regulate the determination of myeloid versus lymphoid fates. Therefore, we used a myeloid-specific miR-23a deletion mouse model to explore whether and how miR-23a affects LC ontogeny and function in the skin. We observed the indispensable role of miR-23a in LC antigen uptake and inflammation-induced LC epidermal repopulation; however, embryonic LC development and postnatal homeostasis were not affected by cells lacking miR23a. Our results suggest that miR-23a controls LC phagocytosis by targeting molecules that regulate efferocytosis and endocytosis, whereas miR-23a promotes homeostasis in bone marrow-derived LCs that repopulate the skin after inflammatory insult by targeting Fas and Bcl-2 family proapoptotic molecules. Collectively, the context-dependent regulatory role of miR-23a in LCs represents an extra-epigenetic layer that incorporates TGF-b- and PU.1-mediated regulation during steady-state and inflammation-induced repopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nirmal Parajuli
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qiyan Wang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Namir Khalasawi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hongmei Peng
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Congcong Yin
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sang Y, Zhang Z, Liu F, Lu H, Yu C, Sun H, Long J, Cao Y, Mai J, Miao Y, Wang X, Fang J, Wang Y, Huang W, Yang J, Wang S. Monkeypox virus quadrivalent mRNA vaccine induces immune response and protects against vaccinia virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:172. [PMID: 37117161 PMCID: PMC10144886 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox has been declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization. There is an urgent need for efficient and safe vaccines against the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in response to the rapidly spreading monkeypox epidemic. In the age of COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have been highly successful and emerged as platforms enabling rapid development and large-scale preparation. Here, we develop two MPXV quadrivalent mRNA vaccines, named mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP, based on two intracellular mature virus specific proteins (A29L and M1R) and two extracellular enveloped virus specific proteins (A35R and B6R). By administering mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP intramuscularly twice, mice induce MPXV specific IgG antibodies and potent vaccinia virus (VACV) specific neutralizing antibodies. Further, it elicits efficient MPXV specific Th-1 biased cellular immunity, as well as durable effector memory T and germinal center B cell responses in mice. In addition, two doses of mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP are protective against the VACV challenge in mice. And, the passive transfer of sera from mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP-immunized mice protects nude mice against the VACV challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that mRNA-A-LNP and mRNA-B-LNP appear to be safe and effective vaccine candidates against monkeypox epidemics, as well as against outbreaks caused by other orthopoxviruses, including the smallpox virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Fan Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Lu
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Changxiao Yu
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Huisheng Sun
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Long
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Cao
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jierui Mai
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yiqi Miao
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Fang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650031, P. R. China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Bioinformatics center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Maintaining the correct number of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) is critical for proper oxygenation of tissues throughout the body. Therefore, RBC homeostasis is a tightly controlled balance between RBC production and RBC clearance, through the processes of erythropoiesis and macrophage hemophagocytosis, respectively. However, during the inflammation associated with infectious, autoimmune, or inflammatory diseases this homeostatic process is often dysregulated, leading to acute or chronic anemia. In each disease setting, multiple mechanisms typically contribute to the development of inflammatory anemia, impinging on both sides of the RBC production and RBC clearance equation. These mechanisms include both direct and indirect effects of inflammatory cytokines and innate sensing. Here, we focus on common innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory anemias using examples from several diseases, including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome, severe malarial anemia during Plasmodium infection, and systemic lupus erythematosus, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Canny
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , ,
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susana L Orozco
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , ,
| | - Natalie K Thulin
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , ,
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , ,
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee PY, Cron RQ. The Multifaceted Immunology of Cytokine Storm Syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1015-1024. [PMID: 37011407 PMCID: PMC10071410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storm syndromes (CSSs) are potentially fatal hyperinflammatory states that share the underpinnings of persistent immune cell activation and uninhibited cytokine production. CSSs can be genetically determined by inborn errors of immunity (i.e., familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) or develop as a complication of infections, chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., Still disease), or malignancies (e.g., T cell lymphoma). Therapeutic interventions that activate the immune system such as chimeric Ag receptor T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibition can also trigger CSSs in the setting of cancer treatment. In this review, the biology of different types of CSSs is explored, and the current knowledge on the involvement of immune pathways and the contribution of host genetics is discussed. The use of animal models to study CSSs is reviewed, and their relevance for human diseases is discussed. Lastly, treatment approaches for CSSs are discussed with a focus on interventions that target immune cells and cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Y. Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Randy Q. Cron
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children’s of Alabama, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kanayama M, Izumi Y, Akiyama M, Hayashi T, Atarashi K, Roers A, Sato T, Ohteki T. Myeloid-like B cells boost emergency myelopoiesis through IL-10 production during infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213845. [PMID: 36719648 PMCID: PMC9930167 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency myelopoiesis (EM) is a hematopoietic response against systemic infections that quickly supplies innate immune cells. As lymphopoiesis is strongly suppressed during EM, the role of lymphocytes in that process has not received much attention. Here, we found that myeloid-like B cells (M-B cells), which express myeloid markers, emerge in the bone marrow (BM) after the induction of EM. M-B cells were mainly derived from pre-B cells and preferentially expressed IL-10, which directly stimulates hematopoietic progenitors to enhance their survival and myeloid-biased differentiation. Indeed, lacking IL-10 in B cells, blocking IL-10 in the BM with a neutralizing antibody, and deleting the IL-10 receptor in hematopoietic progenitors significantly suppressed EM, which failed to clear microbes in a cecal ligation and puncture model. Thus, a distinct B cell subset generated during infection plays a pivotal role in boosting EM, which suggests the on-demand reinforcement of EM by adaptive immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Izumi
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Akiyama
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyoki Hayashi
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio UniversitySchool of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taku Sato
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence to Toshiaki Ohteki:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091380. [PMID: 36146458 PMCID: PMC9503294 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady state and during specific inflammatory conditions, highlighting the impact of cutaneous environment in shaping LC functionality. In this mini review, we discuss the recent literature on the immune tolerance function of LC in homeostasis and disease conditions, including malignant transformation and progression; as well as LC functional plasticity for adaption to microenvironmental cues and the potential connection between LC population heterogeneity and functional diversity. Future investigation into the molecular mechanisms that LC use to integrate different microenvironment cues and adapt immunological responses for controlling LC functional plasticity is needed for future breakthroughs in tumor immunology, vaccine development, and treatments for inflammatory skin diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mohammad Mirzaei N, Changizi N, Asadpoure A, Su S, Sofia D, Tatarova Z, Zervantonakis IK, Chang YH, Shahriyari L. Investigating key cell types and molecules dynamics in PyMT mice model of breast cancer through a mathematical model. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009953. [PMID: 35294447 PMCID: PMC8959189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common kind of cancer among women is breast cancer. Understanding the tumor microenvironment and the interactions between individual cells and cytokines assists us in arriving at more effective treatments. Here, we develop a data-driven mathematical model to investigate the dynamics of key cell types and cytokines involved in breast cancer development. We use time-course gene expression profiles of a mouse model to estimate the relative abundance of cells and cytokines. We then employ a least-squares optimization method to evaluate the model's parameters based on the mice data. The resulting dynamics of the cells and cytokines obtained from the optimal set of parameters exhibit a decent agreement between the data and predictions. We perform a sensitivity analysis to identify the crucial parameters of the model and then perform a local bifurcation on them. The results reveal a strong connection between adipocytes, IL6, and the cancer population, suggesting them as potential targets for therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mohammad Mirzaei
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Changizi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alireza Asadpoure
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sumeyye Su
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dilruba Sofia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zuzana Tatarova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ioannis K. Zervantonakis
- Department of Bioengineering, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Leili Shahriyari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5874. [PMID: 34620855 PMCID: PMC8497607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and PLD4 polymorphisms have been associated with several important inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that PLD3 and PLD4 digest ssRNA in addition to ssDNA as reported previously. Moreover, Pld3−/−Pld4−/− mice accumulate small ssRNAs and develop spontaneous fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) characterized by inflammatory liver damage and overproduction of Interferon (IFN)-γ. Pathology is rescued in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice, which lack all endosomal TLR signaling; genetic codeficiency or antibody blockade of TLR9 or TLR7 ameliorates disease less effectively, suggesting that both RNA and DNA sensing by TLRs contributes to inflammation. IFN-γ made a minor contribution to pathology. Elevated type I IFN and some other remaining perturbations in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice requires STING (Tmem173). Our results show that PLD3 and PLD4 regulate both endosomal TLR and cytoplasmic/STING nucleic acid sensing pathways and have implications for the treatment of nucleic acid-driven inflammatory disease. Loss of function polymorphisms of phospholipase D3 and D4 are associated with inflammatory diseases and their function is unclear. Here the authors show that PLD3/4 function as RNAses and deletion of these proteins in mice leads to accumulation of ssRNA which exacerbates inflammation through TLR signalling.
Collapse
|
15
|
Grzywa TM, Nowis D, Golab J. The role of CD71 + erythroid cells in the regulation of the immune response. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107927. [PMID: 34171326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex regulation of the immune response is necessary to support effective defense of an organism against hostile invaders and to maintain tolerance to harmless microorganisms and autoantigens. Recent studies revealed previously unappreciated roles of CD71+ erythroid cells (CECs) in regulation of the immune response. CECs physiologically reside in the bone marrow where erythropoiesis takes place. Under stress conditions, CECs are enriched in some organs outside of the bone marrow as a result of extramedullary erythropoiesis. However, the role of CECs goes well beyond the production of erythrocytes. In neonates, increased numbers of CECs contribute to their vulnerability to infectious diseases. On the other side, neonatal CECs suppress activation of immune cells in response to abrupt colonization with commensal microorganisms after delivery. CECs are also enriched in the peripheral blood of pregnant women as well as in the placenta and are responsible for the regulation of feto-maternal tolerance. In patients with cancer, anemia leads to increased frequency of CECs in the peripheral blood contributing to diminished antiviral and antibacterial immunity, as well as to accelerated cancer progression. Moreover, recent studies revealed the role of CECs in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. CECs use a full arsenal of mechanisms to regulate immune response. These cells suppress proinflammatory responses of myeloid cells and T-cell proliferation by the depletion of ʟ-arginine by arginase. Moreover, CECs produce reactive oxygen species to decrease T-cell proliferation. CECs also secrete cytokines, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which promotes T-cell differentiation into regulatory T-cells. Here, we comprehensively describe the role of CECs in orchestrating immune response and indicate some therapeutic approaches that might be used to regulate their effector functions in the treatment of human conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki and Wigury 61 Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Centre of Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maier JI, Rogg M, Helmstädter M, Sammarco A, Walz G, Werner M, Schell C. A Novel Model for Nephrotic Syndrome Reveals Associated Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome and Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061509. [PMID: 34203913 PMCID: PMC8232754 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome is a complex systemic disorder and is associated with significant morbidity in affected patient populations. Despite its clinical relevance, well-established models are largely missing to further elucidate the implications of uncontrolled urinary protein loss. To overcome this limitation, we generated a novel, inducible, podocyte-specific transgenic mouse model (Epb41l5fl/fl*Nphs1-rtTA-3G*tetOCre), developing nephrotic syndrome in adult mice. Animals were comprehensively characterized, including microbiome analysis and multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging. Induced knockout mice developed a phenotype consistent with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). Although these mice showed hallmark features of severe nephrotic syndrome (including proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and dyslipidemia), they did not exhibit overt chronic kidney disease (CKD) phenotypes. Analysis of the gut microbiome demonstrated distinct dysbiosis and highly significant enrichment of the Alistipes genus. Moreover, Epb41l5-deficient mice developed marked organ pathologies, including extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen. Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging demonstrated red pulp macrophage proliferation and mTOR activation as driving factors of hematopoietic niche expansion. Thus, this novel mouse model for adult-onset nephrotic syndrome reveals the significant impact of proteinuria on extra-renal manifestations, demonstrating the versatility of this model for nephrotic syndrome-related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qiu P, Zhou J, Zhang J, Dong Y, Liu Y. Exosome: The Regulator of the Immune System in Sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671164. [PMID: 33995102 PMCID: PMC8113812 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a syndrome comprised of a series of life-threatening organ dysfunctions caused by a maladjusted body response to infection with no effective treatment. There is growing evidence that the immune system plays a core role in sepsis. Pathogens cause abnormal host immune response and eventually lead to immunosuppression, which is an important cause of death in patients with sepsis. Exosomes are vesicles derived from double invagination of plasma membrane, associating with immune responses closely. The cargos delivered by exosomes into recipient cells, especially immune cells, effectively alter their response and functions in sepsis. In this review, we focus on the effects and mechanisms of exosomes on multiple immune cells, as well as the role of immune cell-derived exosomes in sepsis. This is helpful for us to have an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of immune disorders in sepsis. Exosomes is also expected to become a novel target and therapeutic approach for sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Youjing Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Panoskaltsis N, McCarthy NE, Knight SC. Myelopoiesis of acute inflammation: lessons from TGN1412-induced cytokine storm. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1155-1160. [PMID: 32862238 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TGN1412, a superagonist monoclonal antibody targeting CD28, caused cytokine storm in six healthy volunteers in a first-in-man study in 2006. Despite clinical improvement and termination of the cytokine release syndrome within days, anemia persisted in all patients with hemoglobin reaching baseline levels as much as 6 months later. Granulocytic dysplasia continued for 20 days in association with increased expression of CD69 and IL-4, but reduced IL-10; with resolution, this profile reversed to higher IL-10 expression and counter-balanced circannual cycling of IL-4 and IL-10 thereafter over 7 months. Along with immune cell subset and cytokine correlates monitored over 2 years, these observations offer unique insights into the expected changes in myelopoiesis and natural resolution in otherwise healthy young individuals in response to acute inflammation and cytokine storm in the absence of concomitant infection or comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Biswas C, Chu N, Burn TN, Kreiger PA, Behrens EM. Amelioration of Murine Macrophage Activation Syndrome by Monomethyl Fumarate in Both a Heme Oxygenase 1-Dependent and Heme Oxygenase 1-Independent Manner. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:885-895. [PMID: 33191652 DOI: 10.1002/art.41591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is characterized by increased serum levels of ferritin and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and yet no known function is ascribed to these molecules in MAS. Because HO-1 is antiinflammatory, we hypothesized that pharmacologic activation of HO-1 could ameliorate MAS disease activity. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a treatment approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for multiple sclerosis, activates HO-1. Monomethyl fumarate (MMF) is the active metabolite of DMF. We therefore evaluated whether MMF could elicit HO-1-dependent therapeutic improvements in a murine model of MAS. METHODS We induced MAS by repeated activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) in wild-type and myeloid-specific HO-1-deficient mice. MMF was administered twice daily to test its efficacy. We assessed organ weights, serum cytokine levels, histologic features of the spleen and liver tissue, and complete blood cell counts to evaluate disease activity. Statistical testing was performed using Student's t-test or by 2-way analysis of variance as appropriate. RESULTS The presence of HO-1 was required for the majority of TLR-9-induced interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10 production in TLR-9-induced MAS was found to correlate with the myeloid-HO-1 gene dose in myeloid cells (P < 0.001). MMF treatment increased the levels of HO-1 in splenic macrophages by ~2-fold (P < 0.01), increased serum levels of IL-10 in an HO-1-dependent manner in mice with TLR-9-induced MAS (P < 0.005), and improved multiple disease parameters in both an HO-1-dependent and HO-1-independent manner. CONCLUSION TLR-9-induced production of IL-10 is regulated by HO-1 activity both in vitro and in vivo. Therapeutic enhancement of the HO-1/IL-10 axis in a murine model was able to significantly ameliorate MAS disease activity. These results suggest that HO-1 may be viable as a MAS therapeutic target, and treatment with DMF and MMF should be considered in future investigations of MAS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Biswas
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Niansheng Chu
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas N Burn
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
CD86-based analysis enables observation of bona fide hematopoietic responses. Blood 2021; 136:1144-1154. [PMID: 32438398 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020004923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a system that provides red blood cells (RBCs), leukocytes, and platelets, which are essential for oxygen transport, biodefense, and hemostasis; its balance thus affects the outcome of various disorders. Here, we report that stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1), a cell surface marker commonly used for the identification of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ cells; LSKs), is not suitable for the analysis of hematopoietic responses under biological stresses with interferon production. Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit+ cells (LKs), downstream progenitors of LSKs, acquire Sca-1 expression upon inflammation, which makes it impossible to distinguish between LSKs and LKs. As an alternative and stable marker even under such stresses, we identified CD86 by screening 180 surface markers. The analysis of infection/inflammation-triggered hematopoiesis on the basis of CD86 expression newly revealed urgent erythropoiesis producing stress-resistant RBCs and intact reconstitution capacity of LSKs, which could not be detected by conventional Sca-1-based analysis.
Collapse
|
21
|
McGonagle D, Ramanan AV, Bridgewood C. Immune cartography of macrophage activation syndrome in the COVID-19 era. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:145-157. [PMID: 33547426 PMCID: PMC7863615 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-00571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A hyperinflammatory 'cytokine storm' state termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), culminating from a complex interplay of genetics, immunodeficiency, infectious triggers and dominant innate immune effector responses, can develop across disparate entities including systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and its counterpart adult-onset Still disease (AOSD), connective tissue diseases, sepsis, infection, cancers and cancer immunotherapy. Classifying MAS using the immunological disease continuum model, with strict boundaries that define the limits of innate and adaptive immunity, at one boundary is MAS with loss of immune function, as occurs in the 'perforinopathies' and some cases of sJIA-AOSD. Conversely, at the other boundary, immune hypersensitivity with gain of immune function in MHC class II-associated sJIA-AOSD and with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy also triggers MAS. This provides a benchmark for evaluating severe inflammation in some patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, which cripples primary type I interferon immunity and usually culminates in a lung-centric 'second wave' cytokine-driven alveolitis with associated immunothrombosis; this phenomenon is generally distinct from MAS but can share features with the proposed 'loss of immune function' MAS variant. This loss and gain of function MAS model offers immune cartography for a novel mechanistic classification of MAS with therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK.
| | - Athimalaipet V Ramanan
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust & Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Are all cytokine storms the same? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:887-892. [PMID: 33416946 PMCID: PMC7791954 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is the result of massive pro-inflammatory cytokine release and imbalance in the absence of adequate immunomodulation from signals such as interleukin (IL)-10, resulting in ongoing inflammation, tissue damage and death if left uncontrolled. Although CRS can result from different pro-inflammatory insults, the treatments proposed are similar, regardless of the phase of response. SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, and CRS has been a defining feature of severe disease. Common approaches to treating CRS in other conditions are now applied to COVID-19 and, although some patients respond, it begs the following questions: (1) are all cytokine storms the same regardless of initiating insult, (2) can treatments be considered equally for all CRS events at any phase of the response, (3) can CRS be predicted based on dynamic acute biomarkers and, (4) should patients with CRS undergo long-term monitoring for secondary effects? The aim of this commentary is not to provide a review of COVID-19 pathophysiology or of cytokine storm, but rather to establish a foundation which could act as a platform to inform treatment approaches to CRS, regardless of cause, and the short- and long-term follow-up which may be necessary for affected patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kidder K, Bian Z, Shi L, Liu Y. Inflammation Unrestrained by SIRPα Induces Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Independent of IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2821-2833. [PMID: 33028619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), a severe form of cytokine storm syndrome, is the emergence of overactivated macrophages that engulf healthy host blood cells (i.e., hemophagocytosis) and contribute to the dysregulated inflammation-driven pathology. In this study, we show that depleting SIRPα (SIRPα-/-) in mice during TLR9-driven inflammation exacerbates and accelerates the onset of fulminant sHLH, in which systemic hemophagocytosis, hypercytokinemia, consumptive cytopenias, hyperferritinemia, and other hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis hallmarks were apparent. In contrast, mice expressing SIRPα, including those deficient of the SIRPα ligand CD47 (CD47-/-), do not phenocopy SIRPα deficiency and fail to fully develop sHLH, albeit TLR9-inflamed wild-type and CD47-/- mice exhibited hemophagocytosis, anemia, and splenomegaly. Although IFN-γ is largely considered a driver of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis pathology, IFN-γ neutralization did not preclude the precipitation of sHLH in TLR9-inflamed SIRPα-/- mice, whereas macrophage depletion attenuated sHLH in SIRPα-/- mice. Mechanistic studies confirmed that SIRPα not only restrains macrophages from acquiring a hemophagocytic phenotype but also tempers their proinflammatory cytokine and ferritin secretion by negatively regulating Erk1/2 and p38 activation downstream of TLR9 signaling. In addition to TLR9 agonists, TLR2, TLR3, or TLR4 agonists, as well as TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-17A, but not IFN-γ, similarly induced sHLH in SIRPα-/- mice but not SIRPα+ mice. Collectively, our study suggests that SIRPα plays a previously unappreciated role in sHLH/cytokine storm syndrome pathogenesis by preventing macrophages from becoming both hemophagocytic and hyperactivated under proinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koby Kidder
- Program of Immunology and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302; and
| | - Zhen Bian
- Program of Immunology and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302; and.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Lei Shi
- Program of Immunology and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302; and.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Yuan Liu
- Program of Immunology and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302; and .,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Einwächter H, Heiseke A, Schlitzer A, Gasteiger G, Adler H, Voehringer D, Manz MG, Ruzsics Z, Dölken L, Koszinowski UH, Sparwasser T, Reindl W, Jordan S. The Innate Immune Response to Infection Induces Erythropoietin-Dependent Replenishment of the Dendritic Cell Compartment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1627. [PMID: 32849551 PMCID: PMC7411349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the adaptive immune response due to their ability to present antigens and stimulate naïve T cells. Many bacteria and viruses can efficiently target DC, resulting in impairment of their immunostimulatory function or elimination. Hence, the DC compartment requires replenishment following infection to ensure continued operational readiness of the adaptive immune system. Here, we investigated the molecular and cellular mechanisms of inflammation-induced DC generation. We found that infection with viral and bacterial pathogens as well as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligation with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) expanded an erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent TER119+CD11a+ cell population in the spleen that had the capacity to differentiate into TER119+CD11chigh and TER119-CD11chigh cells both in vitro and in vivo. TER119+CD11chigh cells contributed to the conventional DC pool in the spleen and specifically increased in lymph nodes draining the site of local inflammation. Our results reveal a so far undescribed inflammatory EPO-dependent pathway of DC differentiation and establish a mechanistic link between innate immune recognition of potential immunosuppressive pathogens and the maintenance of the DC pool during and after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Einwächter
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Heiseke
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany.,German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus G Manz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Escamilla-Rivera V, Liu J, Gibb DR, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu D, Forsmo JE, Eisenbarth SC, Foxman EF, Stowell SR, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE, Hendrickson JE. Poly(I:C) causes failure of immunoprophylaxis to red blood cells expressing the KEL glycoprotein in mice. Blood 2020; 135:1983-1993. [PMID: 32266378 PMCID: PMC7256361 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal anti-D (Rh immune globulin [RhIg]) therapy has mitigated hemolytic disease of the newborn over the past half century, although breakthrough anti-D alloimmunization still occurs in some treated females. We hypothesized that antiviral responses may impact the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis therapy in a type 1 interferon (IFN)-dependent manner and tested this hypothesis in a murine model of KEL alloimmunization. Polyclonal anti-KEL immunoprophylaxis (KELIg) was administered to wild-type or knockout mice in the presence or absence of polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly[I:C]), followed by the transfusion of murine red blood cells (RBCs) expressing the human KEL glycoprotein. Anti-KEL alloimmunization, serum cytokines, and consumption of the transfused RBCs were evaluated longitudinally. In some experiments, recipients were treated with type 1 IFN (IFN-α/β). Recipient treatment with poly(I:C) led to breakthrough anti-KEL alloimmunization despite KELIg administration. Recipient CD4+ T cells were not required for immunoprophylaxis efficacy at baseline, and modulation of the KEL glycoprotein antigen occurred to the same extent in the presence or absence of recipient inflammation. Under conditions where breakthrough anti-KEL alloimmunization occurred, KEL RBC consumption by inflammatory monocytes and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were significantly increased. Poly(I:C) or type I IFN administration was sufficient to cause breakthrough alloimmunization, with poly(I:C) inducing alloimmunization even in the absence of recipient type I IFN receptors. A better understanding of how recipient antiviral responses lead to breakthrough alloimmunization despite immunoprophylaxis may have translational relevance to instances of RhIg failure that occur in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - James E Forsmo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rivera-Correa J, Rodriguez A. Autoimmune Anemia in Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:91-97. [PMID: 31864893 PMCID: PMC7101069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe anemia is a major cause of death by malaria. The loss of uninfected erythrocytes is an important contributor to malarial anemia; however, the mechanisms underlying this pathology are not well understood. Malaria-induced anemia is related to autoimmune antibodies against the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS). In mice, these antibodies induce the clearance of uninfected erythrocytes after binding to PS exposed in their membrane. In human malaria patients there is a strong correlation between anemia and anti-PS antibodies. During malaria, anti-PS antibodies are produced by atypical B cells, whose levels correlate with the development of anemia in patients. Autoimmune responses, which are documented frequently in different infections, contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria by inducing the clearance of uninfected erythrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera-Correa
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Current affiliations: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gomes AC, Moreira AC, Mesquita G, Gomes MS. Modulation of Iron Metabolism in Response to Infection: Twists for All Tastes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030084. [PMID: 30200471 PMCID: PMC6161156 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all living organisms, but is not easily made available. Hosts and pathogens engage in a fight for the metal during an infection, leading to major alterations in the host’s iron metabolism. Important pathological consequences can emerge from the mentioned interaction, including anemia. Several recent reports have highlighted the alterations in iron metabolism caused by different types of infection, and several possible therapeutic strategies emerge, based on the targeting of the host’s iron metabolism. Here, we review the most recent literature on iron metabolism alterations that are induced by infection, the consequent development of anemia, and the potential therapeutic approaches to modulate iron metabolism in order to correct iron-related pathologies and control the ongoing infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cordeiro Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana C Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gonçalo Mesquita
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Salomé Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brisse E, Imbrechts M, Mitera T, Vandenhaute J, Berghmans N, Boon L, Wouters C, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Matthys P. Lymphocyte-independent pathways underlie the pathogenesis of murine cytomegalovirus-associated secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:104-119. [PMID: 29178470 PMCID: PMC6398522 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) constitutes a spectrum of immunological disorders characterized by uncontrolled immune activation and key symptoms such as fever, splenomegaly, pancytopenia, haemophagocytosis, hyperferritinaemia and hepatitis. In genetic or primary HLH, hyperactivated CD8+ T cells are the main drivers of pathology. However, in acquired secondary HLH, the role of lymphocytes remains vague. In the present study the involvement of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of a cytomegalovirus-induced model of secondary HLH was explored. We have previously reported CD8+ T cells to be redundant in this model, and therefore focused on CD4+ helper and regulatory T cells. CD4+ T cells were activated markedly and skewed towards a proinflammatory T helper type 1 transcription profile in mice displaying a severe and complete HLH phenotype. Counter to expectations, regulatory T cells were not reduced in numbers and were, in fact, more activated. Therapeutic strategies targeting CD25high hyperactivated T cells were ineffective to alleviate disease, indicating that T cell hyperactivation is not a pathogenic factor in cytomegalovirus-induced murine HLH. Moreover, even though T cells were essential in controlling viral proliferation, CD4+ T cells, in addition to CD8+ T cells, were dispensable in the development of the HLH-like syndrome. In fact, no T or B cells were required for induction and propagation of HLH disease, as evidenced by the occurrence of cytomegalovirus-associated HLH in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. These data suggest that lymphocyte-independent mechanisms can underlie virus-associated secondary HLH, accentuating a clear distinction with primary HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Brisse
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - M. Imbrechts
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - T. Mitera
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - J. Vandenhaute
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - N. Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - L. Boon
- Epirus Biopharmaceuticals NetherlandsUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - C. Wouters
- Laboratory of Pediatric ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - R. Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - G. Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - P. Matthys
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRega Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brisse E, Imbrechts M, Mitera T, Vandenhaute J, Wouters CH, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Matthys P. Lytic viral replication and immunopathology in a cytomegalovirus-induced mouse model of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Virol J 2017; 14:240. [PMID: 29258535 PMCID: PMC5738214 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare immunological disorder caused by unbridled activation of T cells and macrophages, culminating in a life-threatening cytokine storm. A genetic and acquired subtype are distinguished, termed primary and secondary HLH, respectively. Clinical manifestations of both forms are frequently preceded by a viral infection, predominantly with herpesviruses. The exact role of the viral infection in the development of the hemophagocytic syndrome remains to be further elucidated. Methods We utilized a recently developed murine model of cytomegalovirus-associated secondary HLH and dissected the respective contributions of lytic viral replication and immunopathology in its pathogenesis. Results HLH-like disease only developed in cytomegalovirus-susceptible mouse strains unable to clear the virus, but the severity of symptoms was not correlated to the infectious viral titer. Lytic viral replication and sustained viremia played an essential part in the pathogenesis since abortive viral infection was insufficient to induce a full-blown HLH-like syndrome. Nonetheless, a limited set of symptoms, in particular anemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated levels of soluble CD25, appeared less dependent of the viral replication but rather mediated by the host’s immune response, as corroborated by immunosuppressive treatment of infected mice with dexamethasone. Conclusion Both virus-mediated pathology and immunopathology cooperate in the pathogenesis of full-blown virus-associated secondary HLH and are closely entangled. A certain level of viremia appears necessary to elicit the characteristic HLH-like symptoms in the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brisse
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Mitera
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Vandenhaute
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine H Wouters
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Meyer B, Groseth A. Apoptosis during arenavirus infection: mechanisms and evasion strategies. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:65-80. [PMID: 29081359 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a greatly increased interest in the interactions of arenaviruses with the apoptotic machinery, and particularly the extent to which these interactions may be an important contributor to pathogenesis. Here we summarize the current state of our knowledge on this subject and address the potential for interplay with other immunological mechanisms known to be regulated by these viruses. We also compare and contrast what is known for arenavirus-induced apoptosis with observations from other segmented hemorrhagic fever viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Allison Groseth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hatakeyama M, Fukunaga A, Washio K, Taguchi K, Oda Y, Ogura K, Nishigori C. Anti-Inflammatory Role of Langerhans Cells and Apoptotic Keratinocytes in Ultraviolet-B-Induced Cutaneous Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2937-2947. [PMID: 28893957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation, particularly UVB, is the major risk factor for the induction of skin cancer, and it induces skin inflammation and immunosuppression. Although reports documented that Langerhans cells (LCs) play various roles in photobiology, little is known about whether they contribute to UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Recently, the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic cells was noted. This study focuses on the roles of LCs and apoptotic cells in UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. We show that LCs are essential for resolution of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Administration of quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluophenoxy]-methyl ketone, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor with potent antiapoptotic properties, inhibited the formation of UVB-induced apoptotic cells and aggravated UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation in wild-type mice. In contrast, exacerbation of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation following quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluophenoxy]-methyl ketone administration was not observed in LC-depleted mice. These results suggest that the interaction between LCs and apoptotic cells is critical for resolution of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Interestingly, UVB-induced apoptotic keratinocytes were increased in LC-depleted mice. In addition, we revealed that UVB-induced apoptotic keratinocytes were phagocytosed by LCs ex vivo and that prolongation of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation following treatment with Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of phagocytosis, was partially attenuated in LC-depleted mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the interaction between LCs and apoptotic cells, possibly via LC-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic keratinocytes, has an essential anti-inflammatory role in the resolution of UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hatakeyama
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ken Washio
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Oda
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kanako Ogura
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brisse E, Wouters CH, Andrei G, Matthys P. How Viruses Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1102. [PMID: 28936212 PMCID: PMC5594061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening, hyperinflammatory syndrome, characterized by the uncontrolled activation of macrophages and T cells, eliciting key symptoms such as persistent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hemophagocytosis, hyperferritinemia, and coagulopathy. Viral infections are frequently implicated in the onset of active HLH episodes, both in primary, genetic HLH as in the secondary, acquired form. Infections with herpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus are the most common. In autoimmune diseases, a link between viral infections and autoreactive immune responses has been recognized for a considerable time. However, the mechanisms by which viruses contribute to HLH pathogenesis remain to be clarified. In this viewpoint, different factors that may come into play are discussed. Viruses, particularly larger DNA viruses such as herpesviruses, are potent modulators of the immune response. By evading immune recognition, interfering with cytokine balances and inhibiting apoptotic pathways, viruses may increase the host's susceptibility to HLH development. In particular cases, a direct connection between the viral infection and inhibition of natural killer cell or T cell cytotoxicity was reported, indicating that viruses may create immunological deficiencies reminiscent of primary HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brisse
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine H. Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huang R, Hayashi Y, Yan X, Bu J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wu L, Xu Z, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhou J, Xiao Z, Bridges JP, Marsh RA, Zhang K, Jordan MB, Li Y, Huang G. HIF1A is a critical downstream mediator for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Haematologica 2017; 102:1956-1968. [PMID: 28860338 PMCID: PMC5664400 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.174979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by overwhelming immune activation. A steroid and chemotherapy-based regimen remains as the first-line of therapy but it has substantial morbidity. Thus, novel, less toxic therapy for HLH is urgently needed. Although differences exist between familial HLH (FHL) and secondary HLH (sHLH), they have many common features. Using bioinformatic analysis with FHL and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, which is associated with sHLH, we identified a common hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1A) signature. Furthermore, HIF1A protein levels were found to be elevated in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected Prf1−/− mouse FHL model and the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-treated mouse sHLH model. To determine the role of HIF1A in HLH, a transgenic mouse with an inducible expression of HIF1A/ARNT proteins in hematopoietic cells was generated, which caused lethal HLH-like phenotypes: severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and multi-organ failure upon HIF1A induction. Mechanistically, these mice show type 1 polarized macrophages and dysregulated natural killler cells. The HLH-like phenotypes in this mouse model are independent of both adaptive immunity and interferon-γ, suggesting that HIF1A is downstream of immune activation in HLH. In conclusion, our data reveal that HIF1A signaling is a critical mediator for HLH and could be a novel therapeutic target for this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Japan
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Jiachen Bu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yile Zhou
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Yuting Tang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Zefeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - James P Bridges
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH, USA
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH, USA
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hendrickson JE. Red blood cell alloimmunisation: induction of immunity and potential mitigation strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Induction of Live Cell Phagocytosis by a Specific Combination of Inflammatory Stimuli. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:89-99. [PMID: 28733045 PMCID: PMC5552246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions of severe hyper-inflammation can lead to uncontrolled activation of macrophages, and the ensuing phagocytosis of live cells. However, relationships between inflammatory stimuli and uncontrolled phagocytosis of live cells by macrophages are poorly understood. To identify mediators of this process, we established phagocytosis assays of live cells by stimulating macrophages with CpG DNA, interferon-γ, and anti-interleukin-10 receptor antibody. In this model, various cell surface receptors were upregulated on macrophages, and phagocytosis of live cells was induced in a Rac1-dependent manner. Subsequent inhibition of the ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and both of these receptors abolished in vitro and in vivo phagocytosis of live T cells, myeloid cells, and B cells, respectively. Specifically, the reduction in lymphocyte numbers due to in vivo activation of macrophages was ameliorated in Icam-1-deficient mice. In addition, overexpression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 in non-phagocytic NIH3T3 cells led to active phagocytosis of live cells. These data indicate molecular mechanisms underlying live cell phagocytosis induced by hyper-inflammation, and this experimental model will be useful to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of hemophagocytosis and to indicate therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gibb DR, Liu J, Natarajan P, Santhanakrishnan M, Madrid DJ, Eisenbarth SC, Zimring JC, Iwasaki A, Hendrickson JE. Type I IFN Is Necessary and Sufficient for Inflammation-Induced Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28630094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During RBC transfusion, production of alloantibodies against RBC non-ABO Ags can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions and limit availability of compatible blood products, resulting in anemia-associated morbidity and mortality. Multiple studies have established that certain inflammatory disorders and inflammatory stimuli promote alloimmune responses to RBC Ags. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings are poorly understood. Type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) are induced in inflammatory conditions associated with increased alloimmunization. By developing a new transgenic murine model, we demonstrate that signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor is required for inflammation-induced alloimmunization. Additionally, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein-mediated signaling through cytosolic pattern recognition receptors was required for polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced IFN-α/β production and alloimmunization. We further report that IFN-α, in the absence of an adjuvant, is sufficient to induce RBC alloimmunization. These findings raise the possibility that patients with IFN-α/β-mediated conditions, including autoimmunity and viral infections, may have an increased risk of RBC alloimmunization and may benefit from personalized transfusion protocols and/or targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Gibb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Prabitha Natarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - David J Madrid
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; .,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Snell LM, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. Type I Interferon in Chronic Virus Infection and Cancer. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:542-557. [PMID: 28579323 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are emerging as key drivers of inflammation and immunosuppression in chronic infection. Control of these infections requires IFN-I signaling; however, prolonged IFN-I signaling can lead to immune dysfunction. IFN-Is are also emerging as double-edged swords in cancer, providing necessary inflammatory signals, while initiating feedback suppression in both immune and cancer cells. Here, we review the proinflammatory and suppressive mechanisms potentiated by IFN-Is during chronic virus infections and discuss the similar, newly emerging dichotomy in cancer. We then discuss how this understanding is leading to new therapeutic concepts and immunotherapy combinations. We propose that, by modulating the immune response at its foundation, it may be possible to widely reshape immunity to control these chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ONT, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pharmacological targeting of plasmin prevents lethality in a murine model of macrophage activation syndrome. Blood 2017; 130:59-72. [PMID: 28325863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-738096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by a cytokine storm and multiorgan dysfunction due to excessive immune activation. Although abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis are major components of MAS, the role of the fibrinolytic system and its key player, plasmin, in the development of MAS remains to be solved. We established a murine model of fulminant MAS by repeated injections of Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) agonist and d-galactosamine (DG) in immunocompetent mice. We found plasmin was excessively activated during the progression of fulminant MAS in mice. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of plasmin counteracted MAS-associated lethality and other related symptoms. We show that plasmin regulates the influx of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Collectively, our findings identify plasmin as a decisive checkpoint in the inflammatory response during MAS and a potential novel therapeutic target for MAS.
Collapse
|
39
|
Izumi G, Koga K, Takamura M, Makabe T, Nagai M, Urata Y, Harada M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Mannose receptor is highly expressed by peritoneal dendritic cells in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:167-173.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
40
|
Salmonella Infection Enhances Erythropoietin Production by the Kidney and Liver, Which Correlates with Elevated Bacterial Burdens. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2833-41. [PMID: 27456828 PMCID: PMC5038055 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00337-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection profoundly affects host erythroid development, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain poorly understood. We monitored the impact of Salmonella infection on erythroid development and found that systemic infection induced anemia, splenomegaly, elevated erythropoietin (EPO) levels, and extramedullary erythropoiesis in a process independent of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) or flagellin. The circulating EPO level was also constitutively higher in mice lacking the expression of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα). The expression level of EPO mRNA was elevated in the kidney and liver but not increased in the spleens of infected mice despite the presence of extramedullary erythropoiesis in this tissue. In contrast to data from a previous report, mice lacking EPO receptor (EPOR) expression on nonerythroid cells (EPOR rescued) had bacterial loads similar to those of wild-type mice following Salmonella infection. Indeed, treatment to reduce splenic erythroblasts and mature red blood cells correlated with elevated bacterial burdens, implying that extramedullary erythropoiesis benefits the host. Together, these findings emphasize the profound effect of Salmonella infection on erythroid development and suggest that the modulation of erythroid development has both positive and negative consequences for host immunity.
Collapse
|
41
|
Aytaç S, Batu ED, Ünal Ş, Bilginer Y, Çetin M, Tuncer M, Gümrük F, Özen S. Macrophage activation syndrome in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2016; 36:1421-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
42
|
Kunz S, Dolch A, Surianarayanan S, Dorn B, Bewersdorff M, Alessandrini F, Behrendt R, Karp CL, Muller W, Martin SF, Roers A, Jakob T. T cell derived IL-10 is dispensable for tolerance induction in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2018-27. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kunz
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Anja Dolch
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Sangeetha Surianarayanan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Britta Dorn
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Mayte Bewersdorff
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Francesca Alessandrini
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | | | - Werner Muller
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Gießen-Marburg; Justus Liebig University Gießen; Gießen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Monocyte Heterogeneity: Consequences for Monocyte-Derived Immune Cells. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1475435. [PMID: 27478854 PMCID: PMC4958468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1475435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood monocytes are precursors of dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts. They are a heterogeneous cell population with differences in size, phenotype, and function. Although monocytes maintain several tissue-specific populations of immune cells in homeostasis, their contribution to populations of dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts is significantly increased in inflammation. Identification of a growing number of functionally different subsets of cells within populations of monocyte-derived immune cells has recently put monocyte heterogeneity into sharp focus. Here, we summarize recent findings in monocyte heterogeneity and their differentiation into dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts. We also discuss these advances in the context of the formation of functionally different monocyte-derived subsets of dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts.
Collapse
|
44
|
Brisse E, Wouters CH, Matthys P. Advances in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: differences and similarities. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:203-17. [PMID: 27264204 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of hyperinflammatory conditions that are inherited (primary HLH) or acquired in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders (secondary HLH). Genetic defects in the cytotoxic machinery of natural killer and CD8(+) T cells underlie primary HLH, with residual cytotoxicity determining disease severity. Improved sequencing techniques have expanded the range of causal mutations and have redefined many cases of secondary HLH as primary HLH and vice versa, blurring the distinction between both subtypes. These insights allow HLH to be conceptualized as a threshold disease, in which interplay between various genetic and environmental factors causes progressive inflammation into a critical point, beyond which uncontrolled activation of immune cells and excessive cytokine production give rise to the cardinal symptoms of HLH. Various pathogenic pathways may thus converge to a common end stage of fulminant HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brisse
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine H Wouters
- Laboratory of Paediatric Immunology, KU Leuven, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Filippone EJ, Farber JL. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an update for nephrologists. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1291-1304. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
46
|
Richards AL, Hendrickson JE, Zimring JC, Hudson KE. Erythrophagocytosis by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes is enhanced during inflammation. Transfusion 2016; 56:905-16. [PMID: 26843479 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of antibodies against red blood cell (RBC) antigens can be a clinically significant problem. The underlying mechanisms that regulate the production of RBC antibodies are only partially understood; however, factors such as inflammation significantly increase the rates of RBC antibody generation. Humoral alloimmunization begins with consumption of transfused RBCs by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Recently, it has become appreciated that there are multiple different types of APCs. The relative contribution of APC subsets to RBC antibodies has not been described in either the quiescent or the inflamed states. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To evaluate the types of APCs that consume RBCs, and how inflammation affects this process, C56Bl/6 mice were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to induce an inflammatory response and/or were transfused with 3,3'-dihexadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled syngeneic RBCs. Erythrophagocytosis (both at baseline and during inflammation) was analyzed for different subsets of macrophages (MΦ), dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and monocytes, by a combined approach using flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy technology. RESULTS In four independent experiments, erythrophagocytosis at baseline was predominately performed by red pulp MΦ; however, during inflammation both plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and monocytes increased RBC consumption. Furthermore, pDCs up regulated MHC-II and activation markers CD80 and CD86. In addition to changing patterns of erythrophagocytosis, inflammation also led to a significant decrease in CD11c+ conventional DC populations and an increase in granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS The nature of APCs that consume transfused RBCs is changed by inflammation. Given that APCs initiate humoral immune responses, these findings provide potential mechanistic insight into how inflammation regulates RBC alloimmunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Hematology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cunningham CR, Champhekar A, Tullius MV, Dillon BJ, Zhen A, de la Fuente JR, Herskovitz J, Elsaesser H, Snell LM, Wilson EB, de la Torre JC, Kitchen SG, Horwitz MA, Bensinger SJ, Smale ST, Brooks DG. Type I and Type II Interferon Coordinately Regulate Suppressive Dendritic Cell Fate and Function during Viral Persistence. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005356. [PMID: 26808628 PMCID: PMC4726812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are simultaneously associated with chronic inflammation and highly potent immunosuppressive programs mediated by IL-10 and PDL1 that attenuate antiviral T cell responses. Inhibiting these suppressive signals enhances T cell function to control persistent infection; yet, the underlying signals and mechanisms that program immunosuppressive cell fates and functions are not well understood. Herein, we use lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV) to demonstrate that the induction and functional programming of immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DCs) during viral persistence are separable mechanisms programmed by factors primarily considered pro-inflammatory. IFNγ first induces the de novo development of naive monocytes into DCs with immunosuppressive potential. Type I interferon (IFN-I) then directly targets these newly generated DCs to program their potent T cell immunosuppressive functions while simultaneously inhibiting conventional DCs with T cell stimulating capacity. These mechanisms of monocyte conversion are constant throughout persistent infection, establishing a system to continuously interpret and shape the immunologic environment. MyD88 signaling was required for the differentiation of suppressive DCs, whereas inhibition of stimulatory DCs was dependent on MAVS signaling, demonstrating a bifurcation in the pathogen recognition pathways that promote distinct elements of IFN-I mediated immunosuppression. Further, a similar suppressive DC origin and differentiation was also observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, HIV infection and cancer. Ultimately, targeting the underlying mechanisms that induce immunosuppression could simultaneously prevent multiple suppressive signals to further restore T cell function and control persistent infections. Persistent virus infections induce host derived immunosuppressive factors that attenuate the immune response and prevent control of infection. Although the mechanisms of T cell exhaustion are being defined, we know surprisingly little about the underlying mechanisms that induce the immunosuppressive state and the origin and functional programming of the cells that deliver these signals to the T cells. We recently demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling was responsible for many of the immune dysfunctions associated with persistent virus infection and in particular the induced expression of the suppressive factors IL-10 and PDL1 by dendritic cells (DCs). Yet, mechanistically how IFN-I signaling specifically generates and programs cells to become immunosuppressive is still unknown. Herein, we define the underlying mechanisms of IFN-I mediated immunosuppression and establish that the induction of factors and the generation of the DCs that express them are separable events integrally reliant on additional inflammatory factors. Further, we demonstrate a similar derivation of the suppressive DCs that emerge in other diseases associated with prolonged inflammation and immunosuppression, specifically in HIV infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cancer, indicating a conserved origin of immunosuppression and suggesting that targeting the pathways that underlie expression of immunosuppressive cells and factors could be beneficial to treat multiple chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ameya Champhekar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Tullius
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Jane Dillon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Justin Rafael de la Fuente
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heidi Elsaesser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Laura M. Snell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Elizabeth B. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus A. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu J, Guo YM, Onai N, Ohyagi H, Hirokawa M, Takahashi N, Tagawa H, Ubukawa K, Kobayashi I, Tezuka H, Minamiya Y, Ohteki T, Sawada K. Cytosine-Phosphorothionate-Guanine Oligodeoxynucleotides Exacerbates Hemophagocytosis by Inducing Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production in Mice after Bone Marrow Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 22:627-636. [PMID: 26740374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is frequently associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is treated with some benefit derived from TNF-α inhibitors. However, the mechanisms of how HPS occurs and how a TNF-α inhibitor exerts some benefit to HPS management have remained unclear. We evaluated the effect of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, especially focusing on cytosine-phosphorothionate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), a TLR9 ligand, on HPS in mice that underwent transplantation with syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow (BM) cells (Syn-BMT, Allo-BMT), or with allogeneic BM cells plus splenocytes to promote graft-versus-host disease (GVHD mice). Hemophagocytosis was a common feature early after all BMT, but it subsided in Syn-BMT and Allo-BMT mice. In GVHD mice, however, hemophagocytosis persisted and was accompanied by upregulated production of IFN-γ but not TNF-α, and it was suppressed by blockade of IFN-γ but not TNF-α. A single injection of the TLR9 ligand CpG promoted HPS in all BMT mice and was lethal in GVHD mice, accompanied by greatly upregulated production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Blocking of TNF-α, but not IL-6 or IFN-γ, suppressed CpG-induced HPS in all BMT mice and rescued GVHD mice from CpG-induced mortality. Thus, TLR9 signaling mediates TNF-α-driven HPS in BMT mice and is effectively treated through TNF-α inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; Department of Chest Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yong-Mei Guo
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onai
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ohyagi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kumi Ubukawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Isuzu Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Department of Chest Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bacterial Stimulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Drives Macrophages To Hemophagocytose. Infect Immun 2015; 84:47-55. [PMID: 26459510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01149-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During acute infection with bacteria, viruses or parasites, a fraction of macrophages engulf large numbers of red and white blood cells, a process called hemophagocytosis. Hemophagocytes persist into the chronic stage of infection and have an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of immunocompetent mice results in acute followed by chronic infection, with the accumulation of hemophagocytes. The mechanism(s) that triggers a macrophage to become hemophagocytic is unknown, but it has been reported that the proinflammatory cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is responsible. We show that primary macrophages become hemophagocytic in the absence or presence of IFN-γ upon infection with Gram-negative bacterial pathogens or prolonged exposure to heat-killed Salmonella enterica, the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, or Mycobacterium marinum. Moreover, conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns are sufficient to stimulate macrophages to hemophagocytose. Purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced hemophagocytosis in resting and IFN-γ-pretreated macrophages, whereas lipoteichoic acid and synthetic unmethylated deoxycytidine-deoxyguanosine dinucleotides, which mimic bacterial DNA, induced hemophagocytosis only in IFN-γ-pretreated macrophages. Chemical inhibition or genetic deletion of Toll-like receptor 4, a pattern recognition receptor responsive to LPS, prevented both Salmonella- and LPS-stimulated hemophagocytosis. Inhibition of NF-κB also prevented hemophagocytosis. These results indicate that recognition of microbial products by Toll-like receptors stimulates hemophagocytosis, a novel outcome of prolonged Toll-like receptor signaling, suggesting hemophagocytosis is a highly conserved innate immune response.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kouser L, Madhukaran SP, Shastri A, Saraon A, Ferluga J, Al-Mozaini M, Kishore U. Emerging and Novel Functions of Complement Protein C1q. Front Immunol 2015; 6:317. [PMID: 26175731 PMCID: PMC4484229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement protein C1q, the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, performs a diverse range of complement and non-complement functions. It can bind various ligands derived from self, non-self, and altered self and modulate the functions of immune and non-immune cells including dendritic cells and microglia. C1q involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells and subsequent B cell tolerance is more established now. Recent evidence appears to suggest that C1q plays an important role in pregnancy where its deficiency and dysregulation can have adverse effects, leading to preeclampsia, missed abortion, miscarriage or spontaneous loss, and various infections. C1q is also produced locally in the central nervous system, and has a protective role against pathogens and possible inflammatory functions while interacting with aggregated proteins leading to neurodegenerative diseases. C1q role in synaptic pruning, and thus CNS development, its anti-cancer effects as an immune surveillance molecule, and possibly in aging are currently areas of extensive research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Shanmuga Priyaa Madhukaran
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK ; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences , Secunderabad , India
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- St. Ann's Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole , UK
| | - Anuvinder Saraon
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Janez Ferluga
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| |
Collapse
|