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Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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2
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Kizito F, Nguyen K, Mbonye U, Shukla M, Luttge B, Checkley MA, Agaponova A, Leskov K, Karn J. Structural rearrangements in the nucleus localize latent HIV proviruses to a perinucleolar compartment supportive of reactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2202003121. [PMID: 38669184 PMCID: PMC11067448 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Using an immunofluorescence assay based on CRISPR-dCas9-gRNA complexes that selectively bind to the HIV LTR (HIV Cas-FISH), we traced changes in HIV DNA localization in primary effector T cells from early infection until the cells become quiescent as they transition to memory cells. Unintegrated HIV DNA colocalized with CPSF6 and HIV capsid (CA, p24) was found in the cytoplasm and nuclear periphery at days 1 and 3 post infection. From days 3 to 7, most HIV DNA was distributed primarily in the nuclear intermediate euchromatic compartment and was transcribed. By day 21, the cells had entered quiescence, and HIV DNA accumulated in the perinucleolar compartment (PNC). The localization of proviruses to the PNC was blocked by integrase inhibitor Raltegravir, suggesting it was due to chromosomal rearrangements. During the reactivation of latently infected cells through the T cell receptor (TCR), nascent viral mRNA transcripts associated with HIV DNA in the PNC were detected. The viral trans-activator Tat and its regulatory partners, P-TEFb and 7SK snRNA, assembled in large interchromatin granule clusters near the provirus within 2 h of TCR activation. As T cell activation progressed, the HIV DNA shifted away from the PNC. HIV DNA in latently infected memory T cells from patients also accumulated in the PNC and showed identical patterns of nuclear rearrangements after cellular reactivation. Thus, in contrast to transformed cells where proviruses are found primarily at the nuclear periphery, in primary memory T cells, the nuclear architecture undergoes rearrangements that shape the transcriptional silencing and reactivation of proviral HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Kizito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Benjamin Luttge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Mary Ann Checkley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Anna Agaponova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
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3
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Thompson LJP, Genovese J, Hong Z, Singh MV, Singh VB. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Look into Cellular and Molecular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4697. [PMID: 38731913 PMCID: PMC11083163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) limiting HIV replication to undetectable levels in the blood, people living with HIV continue to experience HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND is associated with neurocognitive impairment, including motor impairment, and memory loss. HIV has been detected in the brain within 8 days of estimated exposure and the mechanisms for this early entry are being actively studied. Once having entered into the central nervous system (CNS), HIV degrades the blood-brain barrier through the production of its gp120 and Tat proteins. These proteins are directly toxic to endothelial cells and neurons, and propagate inflammatory cytokines by the activation of immune cells and dysregulation of tight junction proteins. The BBB breakdown is associated with the progression of neurocognitive disease. One of the main hurdles for treatment for HAND is the latent pool of cells, which are insensitive to cART and prolong inflammation by harboring the provirus in long-lived cells that can reactivate, causing damage. Multiple strategies are being studied to combat the latent pool and HAND; however, clinically, these approaches have been insufficient and require further revisions. The goal of this paper is to aggregate the known mechanisms and challenges associated with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Genovese
- Department of Life Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Zhenzi Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Meera Vir Singh
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Vir Bahadur Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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4
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Mbonye U, Karn J. The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Retrovirology 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38580979 PMCID: PMC10996279 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptionally latent forms of replication-competent proviruses, present primarily in a small subset of memory CD4+ T cells, pose the primary barrier to a cure for HIV-1 infection because they are the source of the viral rebound that almost inevitably follows the interruption of antiretroviral therapy. Over the last 30 years, many of the factors essential for initiating HIV-1 transcription have been identified in studies performed using transformed cell lines, such as the Jurkat T-cell model. However, as highlighted in this review, several poorly understood mechanisms still need to be elucidated, including the molecular basis for promoter-proximal pausing of the transcribing complex and the detailed mechanism of the delivery of P-TEFb from 7SK snRNP. Furthermore, the central paradox of HIV-1 transcription remains unsolved: how are the initial rounds of transcription achieved in the absence of Tat? A critical limitation of the transformed cell models is that they do not recapitulate the transitions between active effector cells and quiescent memory T cells. Therefore, investigation of the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency reversal and LRA efficacy in a proper physiological context requires the utilization of primary cell models. Recent mechanistic studies of HIV-1 transcription using latently infected cells recovered from donors and ex vivo cellular models of viral latency have demonstrated that the primary blocks to HIV-1 transcription in memory CD4+ T cells are restrictive epigenetic features at the proviral promoter, the cytoplasmic sequestration of key transcription initiation factors such as NFAT and NF-κB, and the vanishingly low expression of the cellular transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. One of the foremost schemes to eliminate the residual reservoir is to deliberately reactivate latent HIV-1 proviruses to enable clearance of persisting latently infected cells-the "Shock and Kill" strategy. For "Shock and Kill" to become efficient, effective, non-toxic latency-reversing agents (LRAs) must be discovered. Since multiple restrictions limit viral reactivation in primary cells, understanding the T-cell signaling mechanisms that are essential for stimulating P-TEFb biogenesis, initiation factor activation, and reversing the proviral epigenetic restrictions have become a prerequisite for the development of more effective LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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5
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Barbehenn A, Shi L, Shao J, Hoh R, Hartig HM, Pae V, Sarvadhavabhatla S, Donaire S, Sheikhzadeh C, Milush J, Laird GM, Mathias M, Ritter K, Peluso M, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Cohen SE, Buchbinder S, Havlir D, Gandhi M, Henrich TJ, Hatano H, Wang J, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Rapid Biphasic Decay of Intact and Defective HIV DNA Reservoir During Acute Treated HIV Disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.27.24304867. [PMID: 38585951 PMCID: PMC10996734 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.24304867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not a cure. Upon ART cessation, virus rapidly rebounds from latently-infected cells ("the HIV reservoir"). The reservoir is largely stabilized at the time of ART initiation and then decays slowly. Here, leveraging >500 longitudinal samples from 67 people with HIV (PWH) treated during acute infection, we developed a novel mathematical model to predict reservoir decay using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells. Nonlinear generalized additive models adjusted for initial CD4+ T count, pre-ART viral load, and timing of ART initiation demonstrated rapid biphasic decay of intact DNA (week 0-5: t1/2 ~0.71 months; week 5-24: t1/2 ~3.9 months) that extended out to 1 year of ART, with similar trends for defective DNA. Predicted reservoir decay were faster for participants individuals with earlier timing of ART initiation, higher initial CD4+ T cell count, and lower pre-ART viral load. These estimates are ~5-fold faster than prior reservoir decay estimates among chronic-treated PWH. Thus, these data add to our limited understanding of host viral control at the earliest stages of HIV reservoir stabilization, potentially informing future HIV cure efforts aimed at diverse, global population of PWH initiating ART at varying stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alton Barbehenn
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94110, USA
| | - Junzhe Shao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94110, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Heather M. Hartig
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Vivian Pae
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Sannidhi Sarvadhavabhatla
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Sophia Donaire
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Caroline Sheikhzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael Peluso
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Stephanie E. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Diane Havlir
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Hiroyu Hatano
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Jingshen Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94110, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Harper J, Betts MR, Lichterfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Margolis D, Bar KJ, Li JZ, McCune JM, Lewin SR, Kulpa D, Ávila-Ríos S, Diallo DD, Lederman MM, Paiardini M. Erratum to: Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner? Pathog Immun 2024; 8:179-222. [PMID: 38505662 PMCID: PMC10949969 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.665.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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7
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Vanegas-Torres CA, Schindler M. HIV-1 Vpr Functions in Primary CD4 + T Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:420. [PMID: 38543785 PMCID: PMC10975730 DOI: 10.3390/v16030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 encodes four accesory proteins in addition to its structural and regulatory genes. Uniquely amongst them, Vpr is abundantly present within virions, meaning it is poised to exert various biological effects on the host cell upon delivery. In this way, Vpr contributes towards the establishment of a successful infection, as evidenced by the extent to which HIV-1 depends on this factor to achieve full pathogenicity in vivo. Although HIV infects various cell types in the host organism, CD4+ T cells are preferentially targeted since they are highly permissive towards productive infection, concomitantly bringing about the hallmark immune dysfunction that accompanies HIV-1 spread. The last several decades have seen unprecedented progress in unraveling the activities Vpr possesses in the host cell at the molecular scale, increasingly underscoring the importance of this viral component. Nevertheless, it remains controversial whether some of these advances bear in vivo relevance, since commonly employed cellular models significantly differ from primary T lymphocytes. One prominent example is the "established" ability of Vpr to induce G2 cell cycle arrest, with enigmatic physiological relevance in infected primary T lymphocytes. The objective of this review is to present these discoveries in their biological context to illustrate the mechanisms whereby Vpr supports HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells, whilst identifying findings that require validation in physiologically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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Kufera JT, Armstrong C, Wu F, Singhal A, Zhang H, Lai J, Wilkins HN, Simonetti FR, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. CD4+ T cells with latent HIV-1 have reduced proliferative responses to T cell receptor stimulation. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231511. [PMID: 38270554 PMCID: PMC10818065 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells persists despite antiretroviral therapy as a barrier to cure. The antigen-driven proliferation of infected cells is a major mechanism of reservoir persistence. However, activation through the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) can induce latent proviruses, leading to viral cytopathic effects and immune clearance. In single-cell studies, we show that, relative to uninfected cells or cells with a defective provirus, CD4+ T cells with an intact provirus have a profound proliferative defect in response to TCR stimulation. Virion production was observed in only 16.5% of cultures with an intact provirus, but proliferation was reduced even when no virion production was detected. Proliferation was inversely correlated with in vivo clone size. These results may reflect the effects of previous in vivo proliferation and do not support attempts to reduce the reservoir with antiproliferative agents, which may have greater effects on normal T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Kufera
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ciara Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anushka Singhal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah N. Wilkins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Harper J, Betts MR, Lichterfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Margolis D, Bar KJ, Li JZ, McCune JM, Lewin SR, Kulpa D, Ávila-Ríos S, Diallo DD, Lederman MM, Paiardini M. Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner? Pathog Immun 2024; 8:115-157. [PMID: 38455668 PMCID: PMC10919397 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Once a death sentence, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic disease due to the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with minimal toxicity and a high barrier for genetic resistance. While highly effective in arresting AIDS progression and rendering the virus untransmissible in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viremia (U=U) [1, 2]), ART alone is incapable of eradicating the "reservoir" of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells from which virus recrudesces upon treatment cessation. As of 2022 estimates, there are 39 million PLWH, of whom 86% are aware of their status and 76% are receiving ART [3]. As of 2017, ART-treated PLWH exhibit near normalized life expectancies without adjustment for socioeconomic differences [4]. Furthermore, there is a global deceleration in the rate of new infections [3] driven by expanded access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV testing in vulnerable populations, and by ART treatment [5]. Therefore, despite outstanding issues pertaining to cost and access in developing countries, there is strong enthusiasm that aggressive testing, treatment, and effective viral suppression may be able to halt the ongoing HIV epidemic (ie, UNAIDS' 95-95-95 targets) [6-8]; especially as evidenced by recent encouraging observations in Sydney [9]. Despite these promising efforts to limit further viral transmission, for PLWH, a "cure" remains elusive; whether it be to completely eradicate the viral reservoir (ie, cure) or to induce long-term viral remission in the absence of ART (ie, control; Figure 1). In a previous salon hosted by Pathogens and Immunity in 2016 [10], some researchers were optimistic that a cure was a feasible, scalable goal, albeit with no clear consensus on the best route. So, how are these cure strategies panning out? In this commentary, 8 years later, we will provide a brief overview on recent advances and failures towards identifying determinants of viral persistence and developing a scalable cure for HIV. Based on these observations, and as in the earlier salon, we have asked several prominent HIV cure researchers for their perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Faua C, Ursenbach A, Fuchs A, Caspar S, Jegou F, Ruch Y, Hoellinger B, Laugel E, Velay A, Rey D, Fafi-Kremer S, Gantner P. HIV Productively Infects Highly Differentiated and Exhausted CD4+ T Cells During AIDS. Pathog Immun 2024; 8:92-114. [PMID: 38420260 PMCID: PMC10901154 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Throughout HIV infection, productively infected cells generate billions of viral particles and are thus responsible for body-wide HIV dissemination, but their phenotype during AIDS is unknown. As AIDS is associated with immunological changes, analyzing the phenotype of productively infected cells can help understand HIV production during this terminal stage. Methods Blood samples from 15 untreated viremic participants (recent infection, n=5; long-term infection, n=5; active opportunistic AIDS-defining disease, n=5) and 5 participants virologically controlled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) enrolled in the Analysis of the Persistence, Reservoir and HIV Latency (APRIL) study (NCT05752318) were analyzed. Cells expressing the capsid protein p24 (p24+ cells) after 18 hours of resting or 24 hours of stimulation (HIV-Flow) revealed productively infected cells from viremic participants or translation-competent reservoir cells from treated participants, respectively. Results The frequency of productively infected cells tended to be higher during AIDS in comparison with recent and long-term infections (median, 340, 72, and 32/million CD4+ T cells, respectively) and correlated with the plasma viral load at all stages of infection. Altogether, these cells were more frequently CD4low, HLA-ABClow, CD45RA-, Ki67+, PD-1+, with a non-negligible contribution from pTfh (CXCR5+PD-1+) cells, and were not significantly enriched in HIV coreceptors CCR5 nor CXCR4 expression. The comparison markers expression between stages showed that productively infected cells during AIDS were enriched in memory and exhausted cells. In contrast, the frequencies of infected pTfh were lower during AIDS compared to non-AIDS stages. A UMAP analysis revealed that total CD4+ T cells were grouped in 7 clusters and that productive p24+ cells were skewed to given clusters throughout the course of infection. Overall, the preferential targets of HIV during the latest stages seemed to be more frequently highly differentiated (memory, TTD-like) and exhausted cells and less frequently pTfh-like cells. In contrast, translation-competent reservoir cells were less frequent (5/million CD4+ T cells) and expressed more frequently HLA-ABC and less frequently PD-1. Conclusions In long-term infection and AIDS, productively infected cells were differentiated and exhausted. This could indicate that cells with these given features are responsible for HIV production and dissemination in an immune dysfunction environment occurring during the last stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Faua
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Axel Ursenbach
- Le Trait d'Union, HIV-Infection Care Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Caspar
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédérick Jegou
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Ruch
- Infectious Diseases Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Hoellinger
- Infectious Diseases Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Laugel
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Velay
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Rey
- Le Trait d'Union, HIV-Infection Care Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Gantner
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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11
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Abdalla AL, Guajardo-Contreras G, Mouland AJ. A Canadian Survey of Research on HIV-1 Latency-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Heading? Viruses 2024; 16:229. [PMID: 38400005 PMCID: PMC10891605 DOI: 10.3390/v16020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, almost 40 million people are currently living with HIV-1. The implementation of cART inhibits HIV-1 replication and reduces viremia but fails to eliminate HIV-1 from latently infected cells. These cells are considered viral reservoirs from which HIV-1 rebounds if cART is interrupted. Several efforts have been made to identify these cells and their niches. There has been little success in diminishing the pool of latently infected cells, underscoring the urgency to continue efforts to fully understand how HIV-1 establishes and maintains a latent state. Reactivating HIV-1 expression in these cells using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) has been successful, but only in vitro. This review aims to provide a broad view of HIV-1 latency, highlighting Canadian contributions toward these aims. We will summarize the research efforts conducted in Canadian labs to understand the establishment of latently infected cells and how this informs curative strategies, by reviewing how HIV latency is established, which cells are latently infected, what methodologies have been developed to characterize them, how new compounds are discovered and evaluated as potential LRAs, and what clinical trials aim to reverse latency in people living with HIV (PLWH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Abdalla
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Guajardo-Contreras
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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12
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Cafaro A, Schietroma I, Sernicola L, Belli R, Campagna M, Mancini F, Farcomeni S, Pavone-Cossut MR, Borsetti A, Monini P, Ensoli B. Role of HIV-1 Tat Protein Interactions with Host Receptors in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1704. [PMID: 38338977 PMCID: PMC10855115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression. Here, we review the role of extracellular Tat in both the virus life cycle and on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, and we provide epidemiological and experimental evidence of the importance of targeting Tat to block residual HIV expression and replication. Finally, we briefly review vaccine studies showing that a therapeutic Tat vaccine intensifies ART, while its inclusion in a preventative vaccine may blunt escape from neutralizing antibodies and block early events in HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
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13
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Peterson JJ, Lewis CA, Burgos SD, Manickam A, Xu Y, Rowley AA, Clutton G, Richardson B, Zou F, Simon JM, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N, Browne EP. A histone deacetylase network regulates epigenetic reprogramming and viral silencing in HIV-infected cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1617-1633.e9. [PMID: 38134881 PMCID: PMC10754471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A long-lived latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells persists with antiretroviral therapy and prevents cure. We report that the emergence of latently infected primary CD4 T cells requires the activity of histone deacetylase enzymes HDAC1/2 and HDAC3. Data from targeted HDAC molecules, an HDAC3-directed PROTAC, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout experiments converge on a model where either HDAC1/2 or HDAC3 targeting can prevent latency, whereas all three enzymes must be targeted to achieve latency reversal. Furthermore, HDACi treatment targets features of memory T cells that are linked to proviral latency and persistence. Latency prevention is associated with increased H3K9ac at the proviral LTR promoter region and decreased H3K9me3, suggesting that this epigenetic switch is a key proviral silencing mechanism that depends on HDAC activity. These findings support further mechanistic work on latency initiation and eventual clinical studies of HDAC inhibitors to interfere with latency initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Samuel D Burgos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ashokkumar Manickam
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Allison A Rowley
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Edward P Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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14
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Lê-Bury G, Chen Y, Rhen JM, Grenier JK, Singhal A, Russell DG, Boliar S. HIV-1 active and latent infections induce disparate chromatin reorganization and transcriptional regulation of mRNAs and lncRNAs in SupT1 cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0261923. [PMID: 38038477 PMCID: PMC10746154 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02619-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection of T-lymphocytes depends on co-opting cellular transcriptional and translational machineries for viral replication. This requires significant changes in the cellular microenvironment. We have characterized and compared the changes in cellular chromatin structures as well as gene expression landscapes in T cells that are either actively or latently infected with HIV-1. Our results reveal that chromatin accessibility and expression of both protein-coding mRNAs and non-coding lncRNAs are uniquely regulated in HIV-1-infected T cells, depending on whether the virus is actively transcribing or remains in a transcriptionally silent, latent state. HIV-1 latent infection elicits more robust changes in the cellular chromatin organization than active viral infection. Our analysis also identifies the effects of such epigenomic changes on the cellular gene expression and subsequent biological pathways. This study comprehensively characterizes the cellular epigenomic and transcriptomic states that support active and latent HIV-1 infection in an in vitro model of SupT1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Lê-Bury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jordan M. Rhen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Grenier
- Transcription Regulation and Expression Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David G. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Saikat Boliar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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15
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H. The Role of p53 in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:419-427. [PMID: 38010468 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted role of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the context of HIV infection. We explore how p53, a pivotal regulator of cellular processes, interacts with various facets of the HIV life cycle. Understanding these interactions could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions and the broader implications of p53 in viral infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has unveiled a complex interplay between p53 and HIV. Several reports have highlighted the involvement of p53 in restricting the replication of HIV within both immune and nonimmune cells. Various mechanisms have been suggested to unveil how p53 enforces this restriction on HIV replication. However, HIV has developed strategies to manipulate p53, benefiting its replication and evading host defenses. In summary, p53 plays a multifaceted role in HIV infection, impacting viral replication and disease progression. Recent findings underscore the importance of understanding the intricate interactions between p53 and HIV for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Manipulating p53 pathways may offer potential avenues to suppress viral replication and ameliorate immune dysfunction, ultimately contributing to the management of HIV/AIDS. Further research is warranted to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of p53 in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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16
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Liu YH, Zhu L, Zhang ZW, Liu TT, Cheng QY, Zhang M, Niu YX, Ding L, Yan WM, Luo XP, Ning Q, Chen T. C-C chemokine receptor 5 is essential for conventional NK cell trafficking and liver injury in a murine hepatitis virus-induced fulminant hepatic failure model. J Transl Med 2023; 21:865. [PMID: 38017505 PMCID: PMC10685630 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells migrated into the liver from peripheral organs and exerted cytotoxic effects on hepatocytes in virus-induced liver failure. AIM This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of chemokine receptors in the migration of NK cells in a murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (MHV-3-FHF) model and its mechanism. RESULTS By gene array analysis, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) was found to have remarkably elevated expression levels in hepatic NK cells after MHV-3 infection. The number of hepatic CCR5+ conventional NK (cNK) cells increased and peaked at 48 h after MHV-3 infection, while the number of hepatic resident NK (rNK) cells steadily declined. Moreover, the expression of CCR5-related chemokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was significantly upregulated in MHV-3-infected hepatocytes. In an in vitro Transwell migration assay, CCR5-blocked splenic cNK cells showed decreased migration towards MHV-3-infected hepatocytes, and inhibition of MIP-1β or RANTES but not MIP-1α decreased cNK cell migration. Moreover, CCR5 knockout (KO) mice displayed reduced infiltration of hepatic cNK cells after MHV-3 infection, accompanied by attenuated liver injury and improved mouse survival time. Adoptive transfer of cNK cells from wild-type mice into CCR5 KO mice resulted in the abundant accumulation of hepatic cNK cells and aggravated liver injury. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of CCR5 by maraviroc reduced cNK cell infiltration in the liver and liver injury in the MHV-3-FHF model. CONCLUSION The CCR5-MIP-1β/RANTES axis played a critical role in the recruitment of cNK cells to the liver during MHV-3-induced liver injury. Targeted inhibition of CCR5 provides a therapeutic approach to ameliorate liver damage during virus-induced acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hui Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Niu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei-Ming Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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17
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Wietgrefe SW, Anderson J, Duan L, Southern PJ, Zuck P, Wu G, Howell BJ, Reilly C, Kroon E, Chottanapund S, Buranapraditkun S, Sacdalan C, Tulmethakaan N, Colby DJ, Chomchey N, Prueksakaew P, Pinyakorn S, Trichavaroj R, Mitchell JL, Trautmann L, Hsu D, Vasan S, Manasnayakorn S, de Souza M, Tovanabutra S, Schuetz A, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Schacker TW, Haase AT. Initial productive and latent HIV infections originate in vivo by infection of resting T cells. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171501. [PMID: 37733443 PMCID: PMC10645380 DOI: 10.1172/jci171501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Productively infected cells are generally thought to arise from HIV infection of activated CD4+ T cells, and these infected activated cells are thought to be a recurring source of latently infected cells when a portion of the population transitions to a resting state. We discovered and report here that productively and latently infected cells can instead originate from direct infection of resting CD4+ T cell populations in lymphoid tissues in Fiebig I, the earliest stage of detectable HIV infection. We found that direct infection of resting CD4+ T cells was correlated with the availability of susceptible target cells in lymphoid tissues largely restricted to resting CD4+ T cells in which expression of pTEFb enabled productive infection, and we documented persistence of HIV-producing resting T cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, we provide evidence of a mechanism by which direct infection of resting T cells in lymphoid tissues to generate productively and latently infected cells creates a mechanism by which the productively infected cells can replenish both populations and maintain two sources of virus from which HIV infection can rebound, even if ART is instituted at the earliest stage of detectable infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Paul Zuck
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eugène Kroon
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Department of Medicine and
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center)
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Donn J. Colby
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Julie L. Mitchell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Denise Hsu
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sopark Manasnayakorn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark de Souza
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timothy W. Schacker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Damour A, Slaninova V, Radulescu O, Bertrand E, Basyuk E. Transcriptional Stochasticity as a Key Aspect of HIV-1 Latency. Viruses 2023; 15:1969. [PMID: 37766375 PMCID: PMC10535884 DOI: 10.3390/v15091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current advances in the role of transcriptional stochasticity in HIV-1 latency, which were possible in a large part due to the development of single-cell approaches. HIV-1 transcription proceeds in bursts of RNA production, which stem from the stochastic switching of the viral promoter between ON and OFF states. This switching is caused by random binding dynamics of transcription factors and nucleosomes to the viral promoter and occurs at several time scales from minutes to hours. Transcriptional bursts are mainly controlled by the core transcription factors TBP, SP1 and NF-κb, the chromatin status of the viral promoter and RNA polymerase II pausing. In particular, spontaneous variability in the promoter chromatin creates heterogeneity in the response to activators such as TNF-α, which is then amplified by the Tat feedback loop to generate high and low viral transcriptional states. This phenomenon is likely at the basis of the partial and stochastic response of latent T cells from HIV-1 patients to latency-reversing agents, which is a barrier for the development of shock-and-kill strategies of viral eradication. A detailed understanding of the transcriptional stochasticity of HIV-1 and the possibility to precisely model this phenomenon will be important assets to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Damour
- MFP UMR 5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Vera Slaninova
- IGH UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France;
| | - Ovidiu Radulescu
- LPHI, UMR 5294 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- IGH UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France;
| | - Eugenia Basyuk
- MFP UMR 5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
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19
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Bekker LG, Beyrer C, Mgodi N, Lewin SR, Delany-Moretlwe S, Taiwo B, Masters MC, Lazarus JV. HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 37591865 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has resulted in ~40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted via body fluids and secretions. After infection, the virus invades host cells by attaching to CD4 receptors and thereafter one of two major chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, destroying the host cell, most often a T lymphocyte, as it replicates. If unchecked this can lead to an immune-deficient state and demise over a period of ~2-10 years. The discovery and global roll-out of rapid diagnostics and effective antiretroviral therapy led to a large reduction in mortality and morbidity and to an expanding group of individuals requiring lifelong viral suppressive therapy. Viral suppression eliminates sexual transmission of the virus and greatly improves health outcomes. HIV infection, although still stigmatized, is now a chronic and manageable condition. Ultimate epidemic control will require prevention and treatment to be made available, affordable and accessible for all. Furthermore, the focus should be heavily oriented towards long-term well-being, care for multimorbidity and good quality of life. Intense research efforts continue for therapeutic and/or preventive vaccines, novel immunotherapies and a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, RSA, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Babafemi Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Clare Masters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Kankaka EN, Redd AD, Khan A, Reynolds SJ, Saraf S, Kirby C, Lynch B, Hackman J, Tomusange S, Kityamuweesi T, Jamiru S, Anok A, Buule P, Bruno D, Martens C, Chang LW, Quinn TC, Prodger JL, Poon A. Dating reservoir formation in virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 in Rakai, Uganda. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead046. [PMID: 37547379 PMCID: PMC10399970 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of the establishment of the HIV latent viral reservoir (LVR) is of particular interest, as there is evidence that proviruses are preferentially archived at the time of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) were performed using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) collected from Ugandans living with HIV who were virally suppressed on ART for >1 year, had known seroconversion windows, and at least two archived ART-naïve plasma samples. QVOA outgrowth populations and pre-ART plasma samples were deep sequenced for the pol and gp41 genes. The bayroot program was used to estimate the date that each outgrowth virus was incorporated into the reservoir. Bayroot was also applied to previously published data from a South African cohort. In the Ugandan cohort (n = 11), 87.9 per cent pre-ART and 56.3 per cent viral outgrowth sequences were unique. Integration dates were estimated to be relatively evenly distributed throughout viremia in 9/11 participants. In contrast, sequences from the South African cohort (n = 9) were more commonly estimated to have entered the LVR close to ART initiation, as previously reported. Timing of LVR establishment is variable between populations and potentially viral subtypes, which could limit the effectiveness of interventions that target the LVR only at ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Nelson Kankaka
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Sharada Saraf
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Charles Kirby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
| | - Briana Lynch
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Jada Hackman
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Stephen Tomusange
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Taddeo Kityamuweesi
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Samiri Jamiru
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Aggrey Anok
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Paul Buule
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Daniel Bruno
- Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 904 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 904 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Larry W Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Jessica L Prodger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Art Poon
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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21
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Yim LY, Lam KS, Luk TY, Mo Y, Lu X, Wang J, Cheung KW, Lui GCY, Chan DPC, Wong BCK, Lau TTK, Ngan CB, Zhou D, Wong YC, Tan Z, Liu L, Wu H, Zhang T, Lee SS, Chen Z. Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling Promotes HIV-1 Infection in Activated and Resting Memory CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0027023. [PMID: 37042759 PMCID: PMC10231204 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00270-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the facilitator of HIV-1 infection and subsequent latency establishment may aid the discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report the elevation of plasma transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) during acute HIV-1 infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Using a serum-free in vitro system, we further delineated the role of TGF-β signaling in mediating HIV-1 infection of activated and resting memory CD4+ T cells. TGF-β could upregulate both the frequency and expression of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5, thereby augmenting CCR5-tropic viral infection of resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells via Smad3 activation. The production of live HIV-1JR-FL upon infection and reactivation was increased in TGF-β-treated resting memory CD4+ T cells without increasing CD4 expression or inducing T cell activation. The expression of CCR7, a central memory T cell marker that serves as a chemokine receptor to facilitate T cell trafficking into lymphoid organs, was also elevated on TGF-β-treated resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the expression of CXCR3, a chemokine receptor recently reported to facilitate CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection, was increased on resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells upon TGF-β treatment. These findings were coherent with the observation that ex vivo CCR5 and CXCR3 expression on total resting and resting memory CD4+ T cells in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-naive and cART-treated patients were higher than in healthy individuals. Overall, the study demonstrated that TGF-β upregulation induced by acute HIV-1 infection might promote latency reservoir establishment by increasing infected resting memory CD4+ T cells and lymphoid organ homing of infected central memory CD4+ T cells. Therefore, TGF-β blockade may serve as a potential supplementary regimen for HIV-1 functional cure by reducing viral latency. IMPORTANCE Incomplete eradication of HIV-1 latency reservoirs remains the major hurdle in achieving a complete HIV/AIDS cure. Dissecting the facilitator of latency reservoir establishment may aid the discovery of druggable targets for HIV-1 cure. This study showed that the T cell immunomodulatory cytokine TGF-β was upregulated during the acute phase of infection. Using an in vitro serum-free system, we specifically delineated that TGF-β promoted HIV-1 infection of both resting and activated memory CD4+ T cells via the induction of host CCR5 coreceptor. Moreover, TGF-β-upregulated CCR7 or CXCR3 might promote HIV-1 latent infection by facilitating lymphoid homing or IP-10-mediated viral entry and DNA integration, respectively. Infected resting and central memory CD4+ T cells are important latency reservoirs. Increased infection of these cells mediated by TGF-β will promote latency reservoir establishment during early infection. This study, therefore, highlighted the potential use of TGF-β blockade as a supplementary regimen with cART in acute patients to reduce viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Yan Yim
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka Shing Lam
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tsz-Yat Luk
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Mo
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Grace Chung Yan Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Denise Pui Chung Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Postgraduate Education Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bonnie Chun Kwan Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thomas Tsz-Kan Lau
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chiu Bong Ngan
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Zhou
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yik Chun Wong
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui Shan Lee
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Postgraduate Education Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Eddy J, Pham F, Chee R, Park E, Dapprich N, DeRuiter SL, Shen A. Intestinal endothelial cells increase HIV infection and latency in resting and activated CD4 + T cells, particularly affecting CCR6 + CD4 + T cells. Retrovirology 2023; 20:7. [PMID: 37202790 PMCID: PMC10197447 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With suppressive antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection is well-managed in most patients. However, eradication and cure are still beyond reach due to latent viral reservoirs in CD4 + T cells, particularly in lymphoid tissue environments including the gut associated lymphatic tissues. In HIV patients, there is extensive depletion of T helper cells, particularly T helper 17 cells from the intestinal mucosal area, and the gut is one of the largest viral reservoir sites. Endothelial cells line lymphatic and blood vessels and were found to promote HIV infection and latency in previous studies. In this study, we examined endothelial cells specific to the gut mucosal area-intestinal endothelial cells-for their impact on HIV infection and latency in T helper cells. RESULTS We found that intestinal endothelial cells dramatically increased productive and latent HIV infection in resting CD4 + T helper cells. In activated CD4 + T cells, endothelial cells enabled the formation of latent infection in addition to the increase of productive infection. Endothelial-cell-mediated HIV infection was more prominent in memory T cells than naïve T cells, and it involved the cytokine IL-6 but did not involve the co-stimulatory molecule CD2. The CCR6 + T helper 17 subpopulation was particularly susceptible to such endothelial-cell-promoted infection. CONCLUSION Endothelial cells, which are widely present in lymphoid tissues including the intestinal mucosal area and interact regularly with T cells physiologically, significantly increase HIV infection and latent reservoir formation in CD4 + T cells, particularly in CCR6 + T helper 17 cells. Our study highlighted the importance of endothelial cells and the lymphoid tissue environment in HIV pathology and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Eddy
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
| | - Fisher Pham
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
| | - Rachel Chee
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
| | - Esther Park
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
| | - Nathan Dapprich
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
| | - Stacy L. DeRuiter
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
| | - Anding Shen
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA
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23
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Priyadarsani Mandhata C, Ranjan Sahoo C, Nath Padhy R. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023:S2095-4964(23)00040-7. [PMID: 37244763 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide epidemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Newer medicines for eliminating the viral reservoir and eradicating the virus are urgently needed. Attempts to locate relatively safe and non-toxic medications from natural resources are ongoing now. Natural-product-based antiviral candidates have been exploited to a limited extent. However, antiviral research is inadequate to counteract for the resistant patterns. Plant-derived bioactive compounds hold promise as powerful pharmacophore scaffolds, which have shown anti-HIV potential. This review focuses on a consideration of the virus, various possible HIV-controlling methods and the recent progress in alternative natural compounds with anti-HIV activity, with a particular emphasis on recent results from natural sources of anti-HIV agents. Please cite this article as: Mandhata CP, Sahoo CR, Padhy RN. A comprehensive overview on the role of phytocompounds in human immunodeficiency virus treatment. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Priyadarsani Mandhata
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India.
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24
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Dufour C, Richard C, Pardons M, Massanella M, Ackaoui A, Murrell B, Routy B, Thomas R, Routy JP, Fromentin R, Chomont N. Phenotypic characterization of single CD4+ T cells harboring genetically intact and inducible HIV genomes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1115. [PMID: 36849523 PMCID: PMC9971253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of the rare HIV-infected cells persisting during antiretroviral therapies (ART) remains elusive. We developed a single-cell approach that combines the phenotypic analysis of HIV-infected cells with near full-length sequencing of their associated proviruses to characterize the viral reservoir in 6 male individuals on suppressive ART. We show that individual cells carrying clonally expanded identical proviruses display very diverse phenotypes, indicating that cellular proliferation contributes to the phenotypic diversification of the HIV reservoir. Unlike most viral genomes persisting on ART, inducible and translation-competent proviruses rarely present large deletions but are enriched in defects in the Ψ locus. Interestingly, the few cells harboring genetically intact and inducible viral genomes express higher levels of the integrin VLA-4 compared to uninfected cells or cells with defective proviruses. Viral outgrowth assay confirmed that memory CD4+ T cells expressing high levels of VLA-4 are highly enriched in replication-competent HIV (27-fold enrichment). We conclude that although clonal expansions diversify the phenotype of HIV reservoir cells, CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent HIV retain VLA-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dufour
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corentin Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marion Pardons
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marta Massanella
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Ackaoui
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique médicale l'Actuel, Montreal, H2L 4P9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology & Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Wu VH, Nordin JML, Nguyen S, Joy J, Mampe F, Del Rio Estrada PM, Torres-Ruiz F, González-Navarro M, Luna-Villalobos YA, Ávila-Ríos S, Reyes-Terán G, Tebas P, Montaner LJ, Bar KJ, Vella LA, Betts MR. Profound phenotypic and epigenetic heterogeneity of the HIV-1-infected CD4 + T cell reservoir. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:359-370. [PMID: 36536105 PMCID: PMC9892009 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complexity of the long-lived HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a considerable impediment in research towards a cure for HIV. To address this, we developed a single-cell strategy to precisely define the unperturbed peripheral blood HIV-infected memory CD4+ T cell reservoir from ART-treated people living with HIV (ART-PLWH) via the presence of integrated accessible proviral DNA in concert with epigenetic and cell surface protein profiling. We identified profound reservoir heterogeneity within and between ART-PLWH, characterized by new and known surface markers within total and individual memory CD4+ T cell subsets. We further uncovered new epigenetic profiles and transcription factor motifs enriched in HIV-infected cells that suggest infected cells with accessible provirus, irrespective of reservoir distribution, are poised for reactivation during ART treatment. Together, our findings reveal the extensive inter- and intrapersonal cellular heterogeneity of the HIV reservoir, and establish an initial multiomic atlas to develop targeted reservoir elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayme M L Nordin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaimy Joy
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felicity Mampe
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio González-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yara Andrea Luna-Villalobos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Li M, Budai MM, Chen M, Wang J. Targeting HIV-1 reservoirs in T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087923. [PMID: 36742330 PMCID: PMC9895780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 reservoirs harbor the latent proviruses that are integrated into the host genome. It is a challenging task to eradicate the proviruses in order to achieve an HIV cure. We have described a strategy for the clearance of HIV-1 infection through selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent HIV (SECH), by inhibition of autophagy and promotion of apoptosis during viral re-activation. HIV-1 can infect various CD4+ T cell subsets, but it is not known whether the SECH approach is equally effective in targeting HIV-1 reservoirs in these different subsets in vivo. In a humanized mouse model, we found that treatments of HIV-1 infection by suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) led to the establishment of latent HIV reservoirs in naïve, central memory and effector memory T cells. Moreover, SECH treatments could clear latent HIV-1 reservoirs in these different T cell subsets of humanized mice. Co-culture studies showed that T cell subsets latently infected by HIV-1, but not uninfected bystander cells, were susceptible to cell death induced by SECH treatments. Our study suggests that the SECH strategy is effective for specific targeting of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in different T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marietta M. Budai
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Mbonye U, Kizito F, Karn J. New insights into transcription elongation control of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:60-71. [PMID: 36503686 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy reduces circulating HIV-1 to undetectable amounts but does not eliminate the virus due to the persistence of a stable reservoir of latently infected cells. The reservoir is maintained both by proliferation of latently infected cells and by reseeding from reactivated cells. A major challenge for the field is to find safe and effective methods to eliminate this source of rebounding HIV-1. Studies on the molecular mechanisms leading to HIV-1 latency and reactivation are being transformed using latency models in primary and patient CD4+ T cells. These studies have revealed the central role played by the biogenesis of the transcription elongation factor P-TEFb (Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b) and its recruitment to proviral HIV-1, for the maintenance of viral latency and the control of viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fredrick Kizito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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28
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Chu C, Armenia D, Walworth C, Santoro MM, Shafer RW. Genotypic Resistance Testing of HIV-1 DNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0005222. [PMID: 36102816 PMCID: PMC9769561 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 DNA exists in nonintegrated linear and circular episomal forms and as integrated proviruses. In patients with plasma viremia, most peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) HIV-1 DNA consists of recently produced nonintegrated virus DNA while in patients with prolonged virological suppression (VS) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), most PBMC HIV-1 DNA consists of proviral DNA produced months to years earlier. Drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) in PBMCs are more likely to coexist with ancestral wild-type virus populations than they are in plasma, explaining why next-generation sequencing is particularly useful for the detection of PBMC-associated DRMs. In patients with ongoing high levels of active virus replication, the DRMs detected in PBMCs and in plasma are usually highly concordant. However, in patients with lower levels of virus replication, it may take several months for plasma virus DRMs to reach detectable levels in PBMCs. This time lag explains why, in patients with VS, PBMC genotypic resistance testing (GRT) is less sensitive than historical plasma virus GRT, if previous episodes of virological failure and emergent DRMs were either not prolonged or not associated with high levels of plasma viremia. Despite the increasing use of PBMC GRT in patients with VS, few studies have examined the predictive value of DRMs on the response to a simplified ART regimen. In this review, we summarize what is known about PBMC HIV-1 DNA dynamics, particularly in patients with suppressed plasma viremia, the methods used for PBMC HIV-1 GRT, and the scenarios in which PBMC GRT has been used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Chu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniele Armenia
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles Walworth
- LabCorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria M. Santoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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29
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Chen M, Li M, Budai MM, Rice AP, Kimata JT, Mohan M, Wang J. Clearance of HIV-1 or SIV reservoirs by promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy: Targeting intracellular molecules in cure-directed strategies. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1245-1259. [PMID: 35362118 PMCID: PMC9522917 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0222-606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reservoirs of the HIV display cellular properties resembling long-lived immune memory cells that could be exploited for viral clearance. Our interest in developing a cure for HIV stems from the studies of immunologic memory against infections. We and others have found that long-lived immune memory cells employ prosurvival autophagy and antiapoptotic mechanisms to protect their longevity. Here, we describe the rationale for the development of an approach to clear HIV-1 by selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent HIV (SECH). While reactivation of HIV-1 in the host cells with latency reversing agents (LRAs) induces viral gene expression leading to cell death, LRAs also simultaneously up-regulate prosurvival antiapoptotic molecules and autophagy. Mechanistically, transcription factors that promote HIV-1 LTR-directed gene expression, such as NF-κB, AP-1, and Hif-1α, can also enhance the expression of cellular genes essential for cell survival and metabolic regulation, including Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and autophagy genes. In the SECH approach, we inhibit the prosurvival antiapoptotic molecules and autophagy induced by LRAs, thereby allowing maximum killing of host cells by the induced HIV-1 proteins. SECH treatments cleared HIV-1 infections in humanized mice in vivo and in HIV-1 patient PBMCs ex vivo. SECH also cleared infections by the SIV in rhesus macaque PBMCs ex vivo. Research efforts are underway to improve the efficacy and safety of SECH and to facilitate the development of SECH as a therapeutic approach for treating people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Min Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marietta M. Budai
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew P. Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The quest for HIV-1 cure could take advantage of the study of rare individuals that control viral replication spontaneously (elite controllers) or after an initial course of antiretroviral therapy (posttreatment controllers, PTCs). In this review, we will compare back-to-back the immunological and virological features underlying viral suppression in elite controllers and PTCs, and explore their possible contributions to the HIV-1 cure research. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1 control in elite controllers shows hallmarks of an effective antiviral response, favored by genetic background and possibly associated to residual immune activation. The immune pressure in elite controllers might select against actively transcribing intact proviruses, allowing the persistence of a small and poorly inducible reservoir. Evidence on PTCs is less abundant but preliminary data suggest that antiviral immune responses may be less pronounced. Therefore, these patients may rely on distinct mechanisms, not completely elucidated to date, suppressing HIV-1 transcription and replication. SUMMARY PTCs and elite controllers may control HIV replication using distinct pathways, the elucidation of which may contribute to design future interventional strategies aiming to achieve a functional cure.
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31
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Inderbitzin A, Loosli T, Opitz L, Rusert P, Metzner KJ. Transcriptome profiles of latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells: A pooled data-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915805. [PMID: 36090997 PMCID: PMC9459035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main obstacle to cure HIV-1 is the latent reservoir. Antiretroviral therapy effectively controls viral replication, however, it does not eradicate the latent reservoir. Latent CD4+ T cells are extremely rare in HIV-1 infected patients, making primary CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency key to understanding latency and thus finding a cure. In recent years several primary CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency were developed to study the underlying mechanism of establishing, maintaining and reversing HIV-1 latency. In the search of biomarkers, primary CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency were used for bulk and single-cell transcriptomics. A wealth of information was generated from transcriptome analyses of different primary CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency using latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells. Here, we performed a pooled data-analysis comparing the transcriptome profiles of latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected cells of 5 in vitro primary CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency and 2 ex vivo studies of reactivated HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-1 infected individuals. Identifying genes that are differentially expressed between latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells could be a more successful strategy to better understand and characterize HIV-1 latency and reactivation. We observed that natural ligands and coreceptors were predominantly downregulated in latently HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells, whereas genes associated with apoptosis, cell cycle and HLA class II were upregulated in reactivated HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells. In addition, we observed 5 differentially expressed genes that co-occurred in latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells, one of which, MSRB2, was found to be differentially expressed between latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected cells. Investigation of primary CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency that mimic the in vivo state remains essential for the study of HIV-1 latency and thus providing the opportunity to compare the transcriptome profile of latently- and reactivated HIV-1 infected cells to gain insights into differentially expressed genes, which might contribute to HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Inderbitzin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Loosli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin J. Metzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Karin J. Metzner,
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32
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Khan MA, Singh SK. Atom-based 3D-QSAR and DFT analysis of 5-substituted 2-acylaminothiazole derivatives as HIV-1 latency-reversing agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35971967 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 latency consists of viral DNA; integrated inside the host genome; it remains transcriptional silent. Combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) and the host immune system fail to recognize the latency cells or reservoirs, representing a major barrier to eradicating the HIV-1 infection. The Shock and Kill emerged as a promising strategy to target these cells using Latency reversal agents (LRAs); partially succeeded in producing viral mRNA but failed to reduce the size of reservoirs. In this Context, 2-acylaminothiazole class derivatives appeared as promising HIV-1 latency-reversing agents. In this study, we have developed an atom-based 3 D-QSAR model by utilizing the 49 active compounds of the 5-substituted 2-acylaminothiazoles derivatives. These compounds are further randomly divided into training (37) and test (12) datasets, yielding statistically significant R2 (0.90) and Q2 (0.85) results, respectively. The internal and external validation of the model shows highly robust and reliable results. Next, the model was visualized to check the favourable and unfavourable groups in terms of hydrogen bond donor, electron-withdrawing and hydrophobic group on the most active compound 96 and least active compound 30. The investigated model reveals the structural insights required for obtaining more leads that are potent. Finally, DFT calculations on the most and least active compounds were performed to support the atom-based 3 D-QSAR model. Overall, this study will aid in understanding the minimum structural requirement and functional group required for screening the novel potent leads as HIV-1 latency reversal agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aqueel Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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33
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Chen J, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Luo S, Chen H, Chen D, Li C, Li W. The reservoir of latent HIV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945956. [PMID: 35967854 PMCID: PMC9368196 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent reservoir of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently the major challenge in curing HIV infection. After HIV infects the human body, the latent HIV is unable to be recognized by the body’s immune system. Currently, the widely adopted antiretroviral therapy (ART) is also unble to eliminate it, thus hindering the progress of HIV treatment. This review discusses the existence of latent HIV vault for HIV treatment, its formation and factors affecting its formation, cell, and tissue localization, methods for detection and removing latent reservoir, to provide a comprehensive understanding of latent HIV vault, in order to assist in the future research and play a potential role in achieving HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Luo
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyun Li
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanyun Li, ; Weihua Li,
| | - Weihua Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanyun Li, ; Weihua Li,
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Soto PC, Terry VH, Lewinski MK, Deshmukh S, Beliakova-Bethell N, Spina CA. HIV-1 latency is established preferentially in minimally activated and non-dividing cells during productive infection of primary CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271674. [PMID: 35895672 PMCID: PMC9328514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Latently infected CD4 T cells form a stable reservoir of HIV that leads to life-long viral persistence; the mechanisms involved in establishment of this latency are not well understood. Three scenarios have been proposed: 1) an activated, proliferating cell becomes infected and reverts back to a resting state; 2) an activated cell becomes infected during its return to resting; or 3) infection is established directly in a resting cell. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the relationship between T cell activation and proliferation and the establishment of HIV latency. Isolated primary CD4 cells were infected at different time points before or after TCR-induced stimulation. Cell proliferation within acutely infected cultures was tracked using CFSE viable dye over 14 days; and cell subsets that underwent varying degrees of proliferation were isolated at end of culture by flow cytometric sorting. Recovered cell subpopulations were analyzed for the amount of integrated HIV DNA, and the ability to produce virus, upon a second round of cell stimulation. We show that cell cultures exposed to virus, prior to stimulus addition, contained the highest levels of integrated and replication-competent provirus after returning to quiescence; whereas, cells infected during the height of cell proliferation retained the least. Cells that did not divide or exhibited limited division, following virus exposure and stimulation contained greater amounts of integrated and inducible HIV than did cells that had divided many times. Based on these results, co-culture experiments were conducted to demonstrate that latent infection could be established directly in non-dividing cells via cell-to-cell transmission from autologous productively infected cells. Together, the findings from our studies implicate the likely importance of direct infection of sub-optimally activated T cells in establishment of latently infected reservoirs in vivo, especially in CD4 lymphocytes that surround productive viral foci within immune tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C. Soto
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valeri H. Terry
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Savitha Deshmukh
- Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Celsa A. Spina
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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35
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Martín-Cófreces N, Martínez-Fleta P, de la Fuente H, Tsukalov I, Delgado-Arévalo C, Calzada MJ, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Buzón MJ, Martín-Gayo E. Antiretroviral therapy duration and immunometabolic state determine efficacy of ex vivo dendritic cell-based treatment restoring functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104090. [PMID: 35665682 PMCID: PMC9301875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies against HIV-1. Heterogeneous immune exhaustion and metabolic states of CD8+ T cells might differentially associate with dysfunction. However, specific parameters associated to functional restoration of CD8+ T cells after DC treatment have not been investigated. Methods We studied association of restoration of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses after stimulation with Gag-adjuvant-primed DC with ART duration, exhaustion, metabolic and memory cell subsets profiles. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses from a larger proportion of PLWH on long-term ART (more than 10 years; LT-ARTp) improved polyfunctionality and capacity to eliminate autologous p24+ infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In contrast, functional improvement of CD8+ T cells from PLWH on short-term ART (less than a decade; ST-ARTp) after DC treatment was limited. This was associated with lower frequencies of central memory CD8+ T cells, increased co-expression of PD1 and TIGIT and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induction upon TCR activation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from LT-ARTp showed increased frequencies of TIM3+ PD1− cells and preserved induction of glycolysis. Treatment of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells from ST-ARTp with combined anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies plus a glycolysis promoting drug restored their ability to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells. Interpretation Together, our study identifies specific immunometabolic parameters for different PLWH subgroups potentially useful for future personalized DC-based HIV-1 vaccines. Funding NIH (R21AI140930), MINECO/FEDER RETOS (RTI2018-097485-A-I00) and CIBERINF grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Heterogeneity of Latency Establishment in the Different Human CD4
+
T Cell Subsets Stimulated with IL-15. J Virol 2022; 96:e0037922. [PMID: 35499323 PMCID: PMC9131862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00379-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV integrates into the host genome, creating a viral reservoir of latently infected cells that persists despite effective antiretroviral treatment. CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells are the main contributors to the HIV reservoir. CD4+ T cells are a heterogeneous population, and the mechanisms of latency establishment in the different subsets, as well as their contribution to the reservoir, are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed HIV latency establishment in different CD4+ T cell subsets stimulated with interleukin 15 (IL-15), a cytokine that increases both susceptibility to infection and reactivation from latency. Using a dual-reporter virus that allows discrimination between latent and productive infection at the single-cell level, we found that IL-15-treated primary human CD4+ T naive and CD4+ T stem cell memory (TSCM) cells are less susceptible to HIV infection than CD4+ central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM), and transitional memory (TTM) cells but are also more likely to harbor transcriptionally silent provirus. The propensity of these subsets to harbor latent provirus compared to the more differentiated memory subsets was independent of differential expression of pTEFb components. Microscopy analysis of NF-κB suggested that CD4+ T naive cells express smaller amounts of nuclear NF-κB than the other subsets, partially explaining the inefficient long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription. On the other hand, CD4+ TSCM cells display similar levels of nuclear NF-κB to CD4+ TCM, CD4+ TEM, and CD4+ TTM cells, indicating the availability of transcription initiation and elongation factors is not solely responsible for the inefficient HIV gene expression in the CD4+ TSCM subset. IMPORTANCE The formation of a latent reservoir is the main barrier to HIV cure. Here, we investigated how HIV latency is established in different CD4+ T cell subsets in the presence of IL-15, a cytokine that has been shown to efficiently induce latency reversal. We observed that, even in the presence of IL-15, the less differentiated subsets display lower levels of productive HIV infection than the more differentiated subsets. These differences were not related to different expression of pTEFb, and modest differences in NF-κB were observed for CD4+ T naive cells only, implying the involvement of other mechanisms. Understanding the molecular basis of latency establishment in different CD4+ T cell subsets might be important for tailoring specific strategies to reactivate HIV transcription in all the CD4+ T subsets that compose the latent reservoir.
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37
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Reuschl AK, Mesner D, Shivkumar M, Whelan MVX, Pallett LJ, Guerra-Assunção JA, Madansein R, Dullabh KJ, Sigal A, Thornhill JP, Herrera C, Fidler S, Noursadeghi M, Maini MK, Jolly C. HIV-1 Vpr drives a tissue residency-like phenotype during selective infection of resting memory T cells. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110650. [PMID: 35417711 PMCID: PMC9350556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replicates in CD4+ T cells, leading to AIDS. Determining how HIV-1 shapes its niche to create a permissive environment is central to informing efforts to limit pathogenesis, disturb reservoirs, and achieve a cure. A key roadblock in understanding HIV-T cell interactions is the requirement to activate T cells in vitro to make them permissive to infection. This dramatically alters T cell biology and virus-host interactions. Here we show that HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread permits efficient, productive infection of resting memory T cells without prior activation. Strikingly, we find that HIV-1 infection primes resting T cells to gain characteristics of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), including upregulating key surface markers and the transcription factor Blimp-1 and inducing a transcriptional program overlapping the core TRM transcriptional signature. This reprogramming is driven by Vpr and requires Vpr packaging into virions and manipulation of STAT5. Thus, HIV-1 reprograms resting T cells, with implications for viral replication and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Reuschl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Dejan Mesner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maitreyi Shivkumar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew V X Whelan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Kaylesh J Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - John P Thornhill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3XY, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK; Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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38
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Lentiviral Nef Proteins Differentially Govern the Establishment of Viral Latency. J Virol 2022; 96:e0220621. [PMID: 35266804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02206-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical importance of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, our understanding of the biomolecular processes involved in HIV-1 latency control is still limited. This study was designed to address whether interactions between viral proteins, specifically HIV Nef, and the host cell could affect latency establishment. The study was driven by three reported observations. First, early reports suggested that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection in patients produces a lower viral RNA/DNA ratio than HIV-1 infection, potentially indicating an increased propensity of HIV-2 to produce latent infection. Second, Nef, an early viral gene product, has been shown to alter the activation state of infected cells in a lentiviral lineage-dependent manner. Third, it has been demonstrated that the ability of HIV-1 to establish latent infection is a function of the activation state of the host cell at the time of infection. Based on these observations, we reasoned that HIV-2 Nef may have the ability to promote latency establishment. We demonstrate that HIV-1 latency establishment in T cell lines and primary T cells is indeed differentially modulated by Nef proteins. In the context of an HIV-1 backbone, HIV-1 Nef promoted active HIV-1 infection, while HIV-2 Nef strongly promoted latency establishment. Given that Nef represents the only difference in these HIV-1 vectors and is known to interact with numerous cellular factors, these data add support to the idea that latency establishment is a host cell-virus interaction phenomenon, but they also suggest that the HIV-1 lineage may have evolved mechanisms to counteract host cell suppression. IMPORTANCE Therapeutic attempts to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir have failed, at least in part due to our incomplete biomolecular understanding of how latent HIV-1 infection is established and maintained. We here address the fundamental question of whether all lentiviruses actually possess a similar capacity to establish latent infections or whether there are differences between the lentiviral lineages driving differential latency establishment that could be exploited to develop improved latency reversal agents. Research investigating the viral RNA/DNA ratio in HIV-1 and HIV-2 patients could suggest that HIV-2 indeed has a much higher propensity to establish latent infections, a trait that we found, at least in part, to be attributable to the HIV-2 Nef protein. Reported Nef-mediated effects on host cell activation thus also affect latency establishment, and HIV-1 vectors that carry different lentiviral nef genes should become key tools to develop a better understanding of the biomolecular basis of HIV-1 latency establishment.
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39
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Ramirez NGP, Lee J, Zheng Y, Li L, Dennis B, Chen D, Challa A, Planelles V, Westover KD, Alto NM, D'Orso I. ADAP1 promotes latent HIV-1 reactivation by selectively tuning KRAS-ERK-AP-1 T cell signaling-transcriptional axis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1109. [PMID: 35232997 PMCID: PMC8888757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune stimulation fuels cell signaling-transcriptional programs inducing biological responses to eliminate virus-infected cells. Yet, retroviruses that integrate into host cell chromatin, such as HIV-1, co-opt these programs to switch between latent and reactivated states; however, the regulatory mechanisms are still unfolding. Here, we implemented a functional screen leveraging HIV-1's dependence on CD4+ T cell signaling-transcriptional programs and discovered ADAP1 is an undescribed modulator of HIV-1 proviral fate. Specifically, we report ADAP1 (ArfGAP with dual PH domain-containing protein 1), a previously thought neuronal-restricted factor, is an amplifier of select T cell signaling programs. Using complementary biochemical and cellular assays, we demonstrate ADAP1 inducibly interacts with the immune signalosome to directly stimulate KRAS GTPase activity thereby augmenting T cell signaling through targeted activation of the ERK-AP-1 axis. Single cell transcriptomics analysis revealed loss of ADAP1 function blunts gene programs upon T cell stimulation consequently dampening latent HIV-1 reactivation. Our combined experimental approach defines ADAP1 as an unexpected tuner of T cell programs facilitating HIV-1 latency escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora-Guadalupe P Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yue Zheng
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Lianbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bryce Dennis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ashwini Challa
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Iván D'Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite improvements in the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), there are still unmet needs for people living with HIV which drive the search for a cure for HIV infection. The goal of this review is to discuss the challenges and recent immunotherapeutic advances towards developing a safe, effective and durable cure strategy for HIV. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, advances have been made in uncovering the mechanisms of persistence of latent HIV and in developing more accurate assays to measure the intact proviral reservoir. Broadly neutralising antibodies and modern techniques to enhance antibody responses have shown promising results. Other strategies including therapeutic vaccination, latency reversal agents, and immunomodulatory agents have shown limited success, but newer interventions including engineered T cells and other immunotherapies may be a potent and flexible strategy for achieving HIV cure. SUMMARY Although progress with newer cure strategies may be encouraging, challenges remain and it is essential to achieve a high threshold of safety and effectiveness in the era of safe and effective ART. It is likely that to achieve sustained HIV remission or cure, a multipronged approach involving a combination of enhancing both adaptive and innate immunity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming J Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
| | - S Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
- Imperial College NIHR BRC, London
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar School of Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
- Oxford NIHR BRC, Oxford, UK
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41
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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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42
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Abstract
The development of therapies to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir is hampered by our incomplete understanding of the biomolecular mechanism governing HIV-1 latency. To further complicate matters, recent single cell RNA-seq studies reported extensive heterogeneity between latently HIV-1-infected primary T cells, implying that latent HIV-1 infection can persist in greatly differing host cell environments. We here show that transcriptomic heterogeneity is also found between latently infected T cell lines, which allowed us to study the underlying mechanisms of intercell heterogeneity at high signal resolution. Latently infected T cells exhibited a de-differentiated phenotype, characterized by the loss of T cell-specific markers and gene regulation profiles reminiscent of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). These changes had functional consequences. As reported for stem cells, latently HIV-1 infected T cells efficiently forced lentiviral superinfections into a latent state and favored glycolysis. As a result, metabolic reprogramming or cell re-differentiation destabilized latent infection. Guided by these findings, data-mining of single cell RNA-seq data of latently HIV-1 infected primary T cells from patients revealed the presence of similar dedifferentiation motifs. >20% of the highly detectable genes that were differentially regulated in latently infected cells were associated with hematopoietic lineage development (e.g. HUWE1, IRF4, PRDM1, BATF3, TOX, ID2, IKZF3, CDK6) or were hematopoietic markers (SRGN; hematopoietic proteoglycan core protein). The data add to evidence that the biomolecular phenotype of latently HIV-1 infected cells differs from normal T cells and strategies to address their differential phenotype need to be considered in the design of therapeutic cure interventions. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 persists in a latent reservoir in memory CD4 T cells for the lifetime of a patient. Understanding the biomolecular mechanisms used by the host cells to suppress viral expression will provide essential insights required to develop curative therapeutic interventions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of these control mechanisms is still limited. By studying gene expression profiles, we demonstrated that latently HIV-1-infected T cells have a de-differentiated T cell phenotype. Software-based data integration allowed for the identification of drug targets that would re-differentiate viral host cells and, in extension, destabilize latent HIV-1 infection events. The importance of the presented data lies within the clear demonstration that HIV-1 latency is a host cell phenomenon. As such, therapeutic strategies must first restore proper host cell functionality to accomplish efficient HIV-1 reactivation.
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Abstract
The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 into a chronic, well-managed disease. However, these therapies do not eliminate all infected cells from the body despite suppressing viral load. Viral rebound is largely due to the presence of cellular reservoirs which support long-term persistence of HIV-1. A thorough understanding of the HIV-1 reservoir will facilitate the development of new strategies leading to its detection, reduction, and elimination, ultimately leading to curative therapies for HIV-1. Although immune cells derived from lymphoid and myeloid progenitors have been thoroughly studied as HIV-1 reservoirs, few studies have examined whether mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can assume this function. In this review, we evaluate published studies which have assessed whether MSCs contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. MSCs have been found to express the receptors and co-receptors required for HIV-1 entry, albeit at levels of expression and receptor localisation that vary considerably between studies. Exposure to HIV-1 and HIV-1 proteins alters MSC properties in vitro, including their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments investigating whether MSCs can become infected with and harbour latent integrated proviral DNA are lacking. In conclusion, MSCs appear to have the potential to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. However, further studies are needed using techniques such as those used to prove that cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells constitute an HIV-1 reservoir before a reservoir function can definitively be ascribed to MSCs.
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A Reliable Primary Cell Model for HIV Latency: The QUECEL (Quiescent Effector Cell Latency) Method. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:57-68. [PMID: 34985657 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the main methods to generate the HIV reservoir is during the transition of infected activated effector CD4 T cells to a memory phenotype. The QUECEL (Quiescent Effector Cell Latency) protocol mimics this process efficiently and allows for production of large numbers of latently infected CD4+ T cells. After polarization and expansion, CD4+ T cells are infected with a single round reporter virus which expressed GFP/CD8a. The infected cells are purified and coerced into quiescence using a defined cocktail of cytokines including TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-8, producing a homogeneous population of latently infected cells. Since homogeneous populations of latently infected cells can be recovered, the QUECEL model has an excellent signal-to-noise ratio, and has been extremely consistent and reproducible in numerous experiments performed during the last 5 years. The ease, efficiency, and accurate mimicking of physiological conditions make the QUECEL model a robust and reproducible tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV latency.
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Kalada W, Cory TJ. The Importance of Tissue Sanctuaries and Cellular Reservoirs of HIV-1. Curr HIV Res 2021; 20:102-110. [PMID: 34961449 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666211227161237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review - There have been significant developments in the treatment of people living with HIV-1/AIDS with current antiretroviral therapies; however, these developments have not been able to achieve a functional or sterilizing cure for HIV-1. While there are multiple barriers, one such barrier is the existence of pharmacological sanctuaries and viral reservoirs where the concentration of antiretrovirals is suboptimal, which includes the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, central nervous system, lymph nodes, and myeloid cells. This review will focus on illustrating the significance of these sanctuaries, specific barriers to optimal antiretroviral concentrations in each of these sites, and potential strategies to overcome these barriers. Recent Findings - Research and studies have shown that a uniform antiretroviral distribution is not achieved with current therapies. This may allow for low-level replication associated with low antiretroviral concentrations in these sanctuaries/reservoirs. Many methods are being investigated to increase antiretroviral concentrations in these sites, such as blocking transporting enzymes functions, modulating transporter expression and nanoformulations of current antiretrovirals. While these methods have been shown to increase antiretroviral concentrations in the sanctuaries/reservoirs, no functional or sterilizing cure has been achieved due to these approaches. Summary - New methods of increasing antiretroviral concentrations at the specific sites of HIV-1 replication has the potential to target cellular reservoirs. In order to optimize antiretroviral distribution into viral sanctuaries/reservoirs, additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kalada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy. 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy. 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, USA
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Acchioni C, Palermo E, Sandini S, Acchioni M, Hiscott J, Sgarbanti M. Fighting HIV-1 Persistence: At the Crossroads of "Shoc-K and B-Lock". Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111517. [PMID: 34832672 PMCID: PMC8622007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA cannot be eradicated from an infected individual. HAART is not able to eliminate latently infected cells that remain invisible to the immune system. Viral sanctuaries in specific tissues and immune-privileged sites may cause residual viral replication that contributes to HIV-1 persistence. The “Shock or Kick, and Kill” approach uses latency reversing agents (LRAs) in the presence of HAART, followed by cell-killing due to viral cytopathic effects and immune-mediated clearance. Different LRAs may be required for the in vivo reactivation of HIV-1 in different CD4+ T cell reservoirs, leading to the activation of cellular transcription factors acting on the integrated proviral HIV-1 LTR. An important requirement for LRA drugs is the reactivation of viral transcription and replication without causing a generalized immune activation. Toll-like receptors, RIG-I like receptors, and STING agonists have emerged recently as a new class of LRAs that augment selective apoptosis in reactivated T lymphocytes. The challenge is to extend in vitro observations to HIV-1 positive patients. Further studies are also needed to overcome the mechanisms that protect latently infected cells from reactivation and/or elimination by the immune system. The Block and Lock alternative strategy aims at using latency promoting/inducing agents (LPAs/LIAs) to block the ability of latent proviruses to reactivate transcription in order to achieve a long term lock down of potential residual virus replication. The Shock and Kill and the Block and Lock approaches may not be only alternative to each other, but, if combined together (one after the other), or given all at once [namely “Shoc-K(kill) and B(block)-Lock”], they may represent a better approach to a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Enrico Palermo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Marta Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-3266
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47
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. In Vivo Dynamics of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: New Insights and Implications for Cure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:271-294. [PMID: 34736342 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-050520-112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce viremia to below the limit of detection and allow persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) to lead relatively normal lives, viremia rebounds when treatment is interrupted. Rebound reflects viral persistence in a stable latent reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells. This reservoir is now recognized as the major barrier to cure and is the focus of intense international research efforts. Strategies to cure HIV-1 infection include interventions to eliminate this reservoir, to prevent viral rebound from the reservoir, or to enhance immune responses such that viral replication is effectively controlled. Here we consider recent developments in understanding the composition of the reservoir and how it can be measured in clinical studies. We also discuss exciting new insights into the in vivo dynamics of the reservoir and the reasons for its remarkable stability. Finally we discuss recent discoveries on the complex processes that govern viral rebound. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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48
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Coffin JM, Hughes SH. Clonal Expansion of Infected CD4+ T Cells in People Living with HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102078. [PMID: 34696507 PMCID: PMC8537114 DOI: 10.3390/v13102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is not curable with current antiretroviral therapy (ART) because a small fraction of CD4+ T cells infected prior to ART initiation persists. Understanding the nature of this latent reservoir and how it is created is essential to development of potentially curative strategies. The discovery that a large fraction of the persistently infected cells in individuals on suppressive ART are members of large clones greatly changed our view of the reservoir and how it arises. Rather than being the products of infection of resting cells, as was once thought, HIV persistence is largely or entirely a consequence of infection of cells that are either expanding or are destined to expand, primarily due to antigen-driven activation. Although most of the clones carry defective proviruses, some carry intact infectious proviruses; these clones comprise the majority of the reservoir. A large majority of both the defective and the intact infectious proviruses in clones of infected cells are transcriptionally silent; however, a small fraction expresses a few copies of unspliced HIV RNA. A much smaller fraction is responsible for production of low levels of infectious virus, which can rekindle infection when ART is stopped. Further understanding of the reservoir will be needed to clarify the mechanism(s) by which provirus expression is controlled in the clones of cells that constitute the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Coffin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Correspondence:
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49
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Simonetti FR, Zhang H, Soroosh GP, Duan J, Rhodehouse K, Hill AL, Beg SA, McCormick K, Raymond HE, Nobles CL, Everett JK, Kwon KJ, White JA, Lai J, Margolick JB, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Bushman FD, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in vivo. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145254. [PMID: 33301425 DOI: 10.1172/jci145254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells is a major mechanism of HIV-1 persistence and a barrier to achieving a cure. Potential causes are homeostatic proliferation, effects of HIV-1 integration, and interaction with antigens. Here, we show that it is possible to link antigen responsiveness, the full proviral sequence, the integration site, and the T cell receptor β-chain (TCRβ) sequence to examine the role of recurrent antigenic exposure in maintaining the HIV-1 reservoir. We isolated CMV- and Gag-responding CD4+ T cells from 10 treated individuals. Proviral populations in CMV-responding cells were dominated by large clones, including clones harboring replication-competent proviruses. TCRβ repertoires showed high clonality driven by converging adaptive responses. Although some proviruses were in genes linked to HIV-1 persistence (BACH2, STAT5B, MKL1), the proliferation of infected cells under antigenic stimulation occurred regardless of the site of integration. Paired TCRβ and integration site analysis showed that infection could occur early or late in the course of a clone's response to antigen and could generate infected cell populations too large to be explained solely by homeostatic proliferation. Together, these findings implicate antigen-driven clonal selection as a major factor in HIV-1 persistence, a finding that will be a difficult challenge to eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Garshasb P Soroosh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiayi Duan
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle Rhodehouse
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison L Hill
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Subul A Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin McCormick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hayley E Raymond
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher L Nobles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John K Everett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyungyoon J Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer A White
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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50
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Low Inducibility of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proviruses as a Major Barrier to Cure. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:13-21. [PMID: 33586775 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in resting CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to cure. The dimensions of the reservoir problem can be defined with 2 assays. A definitive minimal estimate of the frequency of latently infected cells is provided by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA), which detects cells that can be induced by T-cell activation to release infectious virus. In contrast, the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) detects all genetically intact proviruses and provides a more accurate upper limit on reservoir size than standard single-amplicon polymerase chain reaction assays which mainly detect defective proviruses. The frequency of cells capable of initiating viral rebound on interruption of antiretroviral therapy lies between the values produced by the QVOA and the IPDA. We argue here that the 1-2-log difference between QVOA and IPDA values in part reflects that the fact that many replication-competent proviruses are not readily induced by T-cell activation. Findings of earlier studies suggest that latently infected cells can be activated to proliferate in vivo without expressing viral genes. The proliferating cells nevertheless retain the ability to produce virus on subsequent stimulation. The low inducibility of latent proviruses is a major problem for the shock-and-kill strategy for curing HIV-1 infection, which uses latency-reversing agents to induce viral gene expression and render infected cells susceptible to immune clearance. The latency-reversing agents developed to date are much less effective at reversing latency than T-cell activation. Taken together, these results indicate that HIV-1 eradication will require the discovery of much more effective ways to induce viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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