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Morla-Folch J, Ranzenigo A, Fayad ZA, Teunissen AJP. Nanotherapeutic Heterogeneity: Sources, Effects, and Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307502. [PMID: 38050951 PMCID: PMC11045328 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have revolutionized medicine by enabling control over drugs' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biocompatibility. However, most nanotherapeutic batches are highly heterogeneous, meaning they comprise nanoparticles that vary in size, shape, charge, composition, and ligand functionalization. Similarly, individual nanotherapeutics often have heterogeneously distributed components, ligands, and charges. This review discusses nanotherapeutic heterogeneity's sources and effects on experimental readouts and therapeutic efficacy. Among other topics, it demonstrates that heterogeneity exists in nearly all nanotherapeutic types, examines how nanotherapeutic heterogeneity arises, and discusses how heterogeneity impacts nanomaterials' in vitro and in vivo behavior. How nanotherapeutic heterogeneity skews experimental readouts and complicates their optimization and clinical translation is also shown. Lastly, strategies for limiting nanotherapeutic heterogeneity are reviewed and recommendations for developing more reproducible and effective nanotherapeutics provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Morla-Folch
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zahi Adel Fayad
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Abraham Jozef Petrus Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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2
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Stueckle TA, Jensen J, Coyle JP, Derk R, Wagner A, Dinu CZ, Kornberg TG, Friend SA, Dozier A, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul LW. In vitro inflammation and toxicity assessment of pre- and post-incinerated organomodified nanoclays to macrophages using high-throughput screening approaches. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:16. [PMID: 38509617 PMCID: PMC10956245 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organomodified nanoclays (ONC), two-dimensional montmorillonite with organic coatings, are increasingly used to improve nanocomposite properties. However, little is known about pulmonary health risks along the nanoclay life cycle even with increased evidence of airborne particulate exposures in occupational environments. Recently, oropharyngeal aspiration exposure to pre- and post-incinerated ONC in mice caused low grade, persistent lung inflammation with a pro-fibrotic signaling response with unknown mode(s) of action. We hypothesized that the organic coating presence and incineration status of nanoclays determine the inflammatory cytokine secretary profile and cytotoxic response of macrophages. To test this hypothesis differentiated human macrophages (THP-1) were acutely exposed (0-20 µg/cm2) to pristine, uncoated nanoclay (CloisNa), an ONC (Clois30B), their incinerated byproducts (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS) followed by cytotoxicity and inflammatory endpoints. Macrophages were co-exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-free medium to assess the role of priming the NF-κB pathway in macrophage response to nanoclay treatment. Data were compared to inflammatory responses in male C57Bl/6J mice following 30 and 300 µg/mouse aspiration exposure to the same particles. RESULTS In LPS-free media, CloisNa exposure caused mitochondrial depolarization while Clois30B exposure caused reduced macrophage viability, greater cytotoxicity, and significant damage-associated molecular patterns (IL-1α and ATP) release compared to CloisNa and unexposed controls. LPS priming with low CloisNa doses caused elevated cathepsin B/Caspage-1/IL-1β release while higher doses resulted in apoptosis. Clois30B exposure caused dose-dependent THP-1 cell pyroptosis evidenced by Cathepsin B and IL-1β release and Gasdermin D cleavage. Incineration ablated the cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of Clois30B while I-CloisNa still retained some mild inflammatory potential. Comparative analyses suggested that in vitro macrophage cell viability, inflammasome endpoints, and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles significantly correlated to mouse bronchioalveolar lavage inflammation metrics including inflammatory cell recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Presence of organic coating and incineration status influenced inflammatory and cytotoxic responses following exposure to human macrophages. Clois30B, with a quaternary ammonium tallow coating, induced a robust cell membrane damage and pyroptosis effect which was eliminated after incineration. Conversely, incinerated nanoclay exposure primarily caused elevated inflammatory cytokine release from THP-1 cells. Collectively, pre-incinerated nanoclay displayed interaction with macrophage membrane components (molecular initiating event), increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased inflammatory cell recruitment (two key events) in the lung fibrosis adverse outcome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Jake Jensen
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kornberg
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alan Dozier
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Stoll JA, Lachowicz D, Kmita A, Gajewska M, Sikora M, Berent K, Przybylski M, Russek SE, Celinski ZJ, Hankiewicz JH. Synthesis of Manganese Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles in Medical-Grade Silicone for MRI Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065685. [PMID: 36982758 PMCID: PMC10059734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this project is to fabricate hydrogen-rich silicone doped with magnetic nanoparticles for use as a temperature change indicator in magnetic resonance imaging-guided (MRIg) thermal ablations. To avoid clustering, the particles of mixed MnZn ferrite were synthesized directly in a medical-grade silicone polymer solution. The particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, temperature-dependent nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry (20 °C to 60 °C, at 3.0 T), and magnetic resonance imaging (at 3.0 T). Synthesized nanoparticles were the size of 4.4 nm ± 2.1 nm and exhibited superparamagnetic behavior. Bulk silicone material showed a good shape stability within the study’s temperature range. Embedded nanoparticles did not influence spin–lattice relaxation, but they shorten the longer component of spin–spin nuclear relaxation times of silicone’s protons. However, these protons exhibited an extremely high r2* relaxivity (above 1200 L s−1 mmol−1) due to the presence of particles, with a moderate decrease in the magnetization with temperature. With an increased temperature decrease of r2*, this ferro–silicone can be potentially used as a temperature indicator in high-temperature MRIg ablations (40 °C to 60 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Stoll
- Colorado Springs Center for the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Dorota Lachowicz
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Angelika Kmita
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Gajewska
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Sikora
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Berent
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Przybylski
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stephen E. Russek
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway St., Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Zbigniew J. Celinski
- Colorado Springs Center for the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Janusz H. Hankiewicz
- Colorado Springs Center for the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
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Cheimarios N, Pem B, Tsoumanis A, Ilić K, Vrček IV, Melagraki G, Bitounis D, Isigonis P, Dusinska M, Lynch I, Demokritou P, Afantitis A. An In Vitro Dosimetry Tool for the Numerical Transport Modeling of Engineered Nanomaterials Powered by the Enalos RiskGONE Cloud Platform. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3935. [PMID: 36432221 PMCID: PMC9697428 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A freely available "in vitro dosimetry" web application is presented enabling users to predict the concentration of nanomaterials reaching the cell surface, and therefore available for attachment and internalization, from initial dispersion concentrations. The web application is based on the distorted grid (DG) model for the dispersion of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in culture medium used for in vitro cellular experiments, in accordance with previously published protocols for cellular dosimetry determination. A series of in vitro experiments for six different NPs, with Ag and Au cores, are performed to demonstrate the convenience of the web application for calculation of exposure concentrations of NPs. Our results show that the exposure concentrations at the cell surface can be more than 30 times higher compared to the nominal or dispersed concentrations, depending on the NPs' properties and their behavior in the cell culture medium. Therefore, the importance of calculating the exposure concentration at the bottom of the cell culture wells used for in vitro arrays, i.e., the particle concentration at the cell surface, is clearly presented, and the tool introduced here allows users easy access to such calculations. Widespread application of this web tool will increase the reliability of subsequent toxicity data, allowing improved correlation of the real exposure concentration with the observed toxicity, enabling the hazard potentials of different NPs to be compared on a more robust basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Pem
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Krunoslav Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Panagiotis Isigonis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Avellán-Llaguno RD, Zhang X, Zhao P, Velez A, Cruz M, Kikuchi J, Dong S, Huang Q. Differential aggregation of polystyrene and titanium dioxide nanoparticles under various salinity conditions and against multiple proteins types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74173-74184. [PMID: 35644000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of nanoplastics (NPls) and engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) with organic matter and environmental pollutants is particularly important. Therefore, their behavior should be investigated under the different salinity conditions, mimicking rivers and coastal environments, to understand this phenomenon in those areas. In this work, we analyzed the elementary characteristics of polystyrene-PS (unmodified surface and modified with amino or carboxyl groups) and titanium dioxide-TiO2 nanoparticles. The effect of salinity on their colloidal properties was studied too. Also, the interaction with different types of proteins (bovine serum albumin-BSA and tilapia proteins), as well as the formation of the BSA corona and its effect on the colloidal stability of nanoparticles, were evaluated. The morphology and dispersion of sizes were more uniform in unmodified-surface PS-NPs (70.5 ± 13.7 nm) than in TiO2-NPs (131.2 ± 125.6 nm). Likewise, Rama spectroscopy allowed recognizing peaks associated with the PS phenyl group aromatic ring in unmodified-surface PS-NPs (621, 1002, 1582, and 1602 cm-1). For TiO2-NPs, the data suggest belonging to the tetragonal form, also known as rutile (445, 610 cm-1). The elevation of salinity dose-dependently decreased NP colloid stability, with more significant variation in the PS-NPs compared to TiO2-NPs. The organic matter is also involved in this phenomenon, differentially as a function of time compared to its absence (unmodified-surface PS-NPs 30 psu/TOC 5 mgL-1/24 h: 2876.6 ± 378.03 nm; unmodified-surface PS-NPs 30 psu/24 h: 2133 ± 49.57 nm). In general, the TiO2-NPs demonstrated greater affinity with all proteins tested (0.066 g/L). It was observed that morphology, size, and surface chemical modification intervene in a relevant way in the interaction of the nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin (unmodified-surface PS-NPs 298 K: 6.08E+02; 310 K: 6.63E+02; TiO2-NPs 298 K: 8.76E+02; 310 K: 1.05E+03 L mol-1) and tilapia tissues proteins (from blood, gills, liver, and brain). Their morphology and size also determined the protein corona formation and the NPs' agglomeration. These findings can provide references during knowledge transfer between NPls and ENPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo David Avellán-Llaguno
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqiang Zhao
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Alberto Velez
- Agencia de Regulación Y Control de La Bioseguridad Y Cuarentena Para Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, 200105, Ecuador
| | - Marilyn Cruz
- Agencia de Regulación Y Control de La Bioseguridad Y Cuarentena Para Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, 200105, Ecuador
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sijun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Vital N, Ventura C, Kranendonk M, Silva MJ, Louro H. Toxicological Assessment of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Oral Exposure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3375. [PMID: 36234501 PMCID: PMC9565252 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged recently as an important group of sustainable bio-based nanomaterials (NMs) with potential applications in multiple sectors, including the food, food packaging, and biomedical fields. The widening of these applications leads to increased human oral exposure to these NMs and, potentially, to adverse health outcomes. Presently, the potential hazards regarding oral exposure to CNMs are insufficiently characterised. There is a need to understand and manage the potential adverse effects that might result from the ingestion of CNMs before products using CNMs reach commercialisation. This work reviews the potential applications of CNMs in the food and biomedical sectors along with the existing toxicological in vitro and in vivo studies, while also identifying current knowledge gaps. Relevant considerations when performing toxicological studies following oral exposure to CNMs are highlighted. An increasing number of studies have been published in the last years, overall showing that ingested CNMs are not toxic to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), suggestive of the biocompatibility of the majority of the tested CNMs. However, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies, as well as long-term carcinogenic or reproductive toxicity studies, are not yet available. These studies are needed to support a wider use of CNMs in applications that can lead to human oral ingestion, thereby promoting a safe and sustainable-by-design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Glaubitz C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Lattuada M, Balog S, Petri-Fink A. Designing the ultrasonic treatment of nanoparticle-dispersions via machine learning. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12940-12950. [PMID: 36043853 PMCID: PMC9477382 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03240f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonication is a widely used and standardized method to redisperse nanopowders in liquids and to homogenize nanoparticle dispersions. One goal of sonication is to disrupt agglomerates without changing the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the primary particles. The outcome of sonication, however, is most of the time uncertain, and quantitative models have been beyond reach. The magnitude of this problem is considerable owing to fact that the efficiency of sonication is not only dependent on the parameters of the actual device, but also on the physicochemical properties such as of the particle dispersion itself. As a consequence, sonication suffers from poor reproducibility. To tackle this problem, we propose to involve machine learning. By focusing on four nanoparticle types in aqueous dispersions, we combine supervised machine learning and dynamic light scattering to analyze the aggregate size after sonication, and demonstrate the potential to improve considerably the design and reproducibility of sonication experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Glaubitz
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | | | - Marco Lattuada
- Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Domanico M, Fukuto A, Tran LM, Bustamante JM, Edwards PC, Pinkerton KE, Thomasy SM, Van Winkle LS. Cytotoxicity of 2D engineered nanomaterials in pulmonary and corneal epithelium. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100404. [PMID: 35560287 PMCID: PMC9205178 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) engineered nanomaterials are widely used in consumer and industrial goods due to their unique chemical and physical characteristics. Engineered nanomaterials are incredibly small and capable of being aerosolized during manufacturing, with the potential for biological interaction at first-contact sites such as the eye and lung. The unique properties of 2D nanomaterials that make them of interest to many industries may also cause toxicity towards epithelial cells. Using murine and human respiratory epithelial cell culture models, we tested the cytotoxicity of eight 2D engineered nanomaterials: graphene (110 nm), graphene oxide (2 um), graphene oxide (400 nm), reduced graphene oxide (2 um), reduced graphene oxide (400 nm), partially reduced graphene oxide (400 nm), molybdenum disulfide (400 nm), and hexagonal boron nitride (150 nm). Non-graphene nanomaterials were also tested in human corneal epithelial cells for ocular epithelial cytotoxicity. Hexagonal boron nitride was found to be cytotoxic in mouse tracheal, human alveolar, and human corneal epithelial cells. Hexagonal boron nitride was also tested for inhibition of wound healing in alveolar epithelial cells; no inhibition was seen at sub-cytotoxic doses. Nanomaterials should be considered with care before use, due to specific regional cytotoxicity that also varies by cell type. Supported by U01ES027288 and T32HL007013 and T32ES007059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Domanico
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Fukuto
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Lisa M Tran
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Patricia C Edwards
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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9
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O’Connell RC, Dodd TM, Clingerman SM, Fluharty KL, Coyle J, Stueckle TA, Porter DW, Bowers L, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Derk R, Wolfarth M, Mercer RR, Boots TE, Sriram K, Hubbs AF. Developing a Solution for Nasal and Olfactory Transport of Nanomaterials. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:329-343. [PMID: 35416103 PMCID: PMC9872725 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221089209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With advances in nanotechnology, engineered nanomaterial applications are a rapidly growing sector of the economy. Some nanomaterials can reach the brain through nose-to-brain transport. This transport creates concern for potential neurotoxicity of insoluble nanomaterials and a need for toxicity screening tests that detect nose-to-brain transport. Such tests can involve intranasal instillation of aqueous suspensions of nanomaterials in dispersion media that limit particle agglomeration. Unfortunately, protein and some elements in existing dispersion media are suboptimal for potential nose-to-brain transport of nanomaterials because olfactory transport has size- and ion-composition requirements. Therefore, we designed a protein-free dispersion media containing phospholipids and amino acids in an isotonic balanced electrolyte solution, a solution for nasal and olfactory transport (SNOT). SNOT disperses hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials with a peak particle diameter below 100 nm. In addition, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an established dispersion medium, when diluted with SNOT, maintain dispersion with reduced albumin concentration. Using stereomicroscopy and microscopic examination of plastic sections, dextran dyes dispersed in SNOT are demonstrated in the neuroepithelium of the nose and olfactory bulb of B6;129P2-Omptm3Mom/MomJ mice after intranasal instillation in SNOT. These findings support the potential for SNOT to disperse nanomaterials in a manner permitting nose-to-brain transport for neurotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. O’Connell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA,West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tiana M. Dodd
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kara L. Fluharty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jayme Coyle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alycia K. Knepp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Wolfarth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Theresa E. Boots
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ann F. Hubbs
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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10
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Lopez RM, White JR, Truong L, Tanguay RL. Size- and Oxidation-Dependent Toxicity of Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials in Embryonic Zebrafish. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1050. [PMID: 35407167 PMCID: PMC9000472 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxides (GOs) are a popular graphene alternative. The goal of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of a diversity of well-characterized GOs. Our previous work advanced developmental zebrafish as a model to interrogate the interactions and biological responses following exposures to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Here, we investigated GO 250 nm × 250 nm (sGO), 400 nm × 400 nm (mGO), and 1 μm × 1 μm (lGO), partially reduced GO (prGO) 400 nm × 400 nm, and reduced GO (rGO) 400 nm × 400 nm and 2 μm × 2 μm, which first underwent extensive characterization under the support of the Nanomaterials Health Implications Research (NHIR) Consortium. GOs were stabilized in water (GOs), while prGO and rGOs were dispersed in sodium cholate. Zebrafish were statically exposed to up to 50 μg/mL of each material from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. Toxicity was dependent on GO properties. mGO was the most toxic material; its effects manifested in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Additionally, sodium cholate stabilization significantly increased GO toxicity. The observed effects were size- and oxidation-state-dependent, revealing the importance of identifying the structure-specific toxicity of GOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (R.M.L.); (J.R.W.); (L.T.)
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11
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Mortensen NP, Pathmasiri W, Snyder RW, Caffaro MM, Watson SL, Patel PR, Beeravalli L, Prattipati S, Aravamudhan S, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Oral administration of TiO 2 nanoparticles during early life impacts cardiac and neurobehavioral performance and metabolite profile in an age- and sex-related manner. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 34986857 PMCID: PMC8728993 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly incorporated in everyday products. To investigate the effects of early life exposure to orally ingested TiO2 NP, male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups received four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NP (diameter: 21 ± 5 nm) or vehicle control (water) by gavage at three different pre-weaning ages: postnatal day (PND) 2-5, PND 7-10, or PND 17-20. Cardiac assessment and basic neurobehavioral tests (locomotor activity, rotarod, and acoustic startle) were conducted on PND 20. Pups were sacrificed at PND 21. Select tissues were collected, weighed, processed for neurotransmitter and metabolomics analyses. RESULTS Heart rate was found to be significantly decreased in female pups when dosed between PND 7-10 and PND 17-20. Females dosed between PND 2-5 showed decrease acoustic startle response and when dosed between PND 7-10 showed decreased performance in the rotarod test and increased locomotor activity. Male pups dosed between PND 17-20 showed decreased locomotor activity. The concentrations of neurotransmitters and related metabolites in brain tissue and the metabolomic profile of plasma were impacted by TiO2 NP administration for all dose groups. Metabolomic pathways perturbed by TiO2 NP administration included pathways involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Oral administration of TiO2 NP to rat pups impacted basic cardiac and neurobehavioral performance, neurotransmitters and related metabolites concentrations in brain tissue, and the biochemical profiles of plasma. The findings suggested that female pups were more likely to experience adverse outcome following early life exposure to oral TiO2 NP than male pups. Collectively the data from this exploratory study suggest oral administration of TiO2 NP cause adverse biological effects in an age- and sex-related manner, emphasizing the need to understand the short- and long-term effects of early life exposure to TiO2 NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Scott L Watson
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lakshmi Beeravalli
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Sharmista Prattipati
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Susan J Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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12
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Bitounis D, Huang Q, Toprani SM, Setyawati MI, Oliveira N, Wu Z, Tay CY, Ng KW, Nagel ZD, Demokritou P. Printer center nanoparticles alter the DNA repair capacity of human bronchial airway epithelial cells. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100379. [PMID: 35559885 PMCID: PMC9661631 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled, toner-based printing equipment emit nanoparticles during operation. The bioactivity of these nanoparticles as documented in a plethora of published toxicological studies raises concerns about their potential health effects. These include pro-inflammatory effects that can lead to adverse epigenetic alterations and cardiovascular disorders in rats. At the same time, their potential to alter DNA repair pathways at realistic doses remains unclear. In this study, size-fractionated, airborne particles from a printer center in Singapore were sampled and characterized. The PM0.1 size fraction (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) of printer center particles (PCP) were then administered to human lung adenocarcinoma (Calu-3) or lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells. We evaluated plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, we quantified DNA damage and alterations in the cells' capacity to repair 6 distinct types of DNA lesions. Results show that PCP altered the ability of Calu-3 cells to repair 8oxoG:C lesions and perform nucleotide excision repair, in the absence of acute cytotoxicity or DNA damage. Alterations in DNA repair capacity have been correlated with the risk of various diseases, including cancer, therefore further genotoxicity studies are needed to assess the potential risks of PCP exposure, at both occupational settings and at the end-consumer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sneh M Toprani
- John B. Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Magdiel I Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nathalia Oliveira
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhuoran Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institution, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institution, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- John B. Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Optimization of processing parameters to produce nanoparticles prepared by rapid nanoprecipitation of pea starch. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Majumder N, Velayutham M, Bitounis D, Kodali VK, Hasan Mazumder MH, Amedro J, Khramtsov VV, Erdely A, Nurkiewicz T, Demokritou P, Kelley EE, Hussain S. Oxidized carbon black nanoparticles induce endothelial damage through C-X-C chemokine receptor 3-mediated pathway. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102161. [PMID: 34624601 PMCID: PMC8502956 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of engineered nanomaterials during application in various industrial sectors can alter their toxicity. Oxidized nanomaterials also have widespread industrial and biomedical applications. In this study, we evaluated the cardiopulmonary hazard posed by these nanomaterials using oxidized carbon black (CB) nanoparticles (CBox) as a model particle. Particle surface chemistry was characterized by X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Colloidal characterization and in vitro dosimetry modeling (particle kinetics, fate and transport modeling) were performed. Lung inflammation was assessed following oropharyngeal aspiration of CB or oxidized CBox particles (20 μg per mouse) in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicity and functional assays were also performed on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and endothelial cell lines (C166) with and without pharmacological inhibitors. Oxidant generation was assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and via flow cytometry. Endothelial toxicity was evaluated by quantifying pro-inflammatory mRNA expression, monolayer permeability, and wound closure. XPS and FTIR spectra indicated surface modifications, the appearance of new functionalities, and greater oxidative potential (both acellular and in vitro) of CBox particles. Treatment with CBox demonstrated greater in vivo inflammatory potentials (lavage neutrophil counts, secreted cytokine, and lung tissue mRNA expression) and air-blood barrier disruption (lavage proteins). Oxidant-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages led to the production of CXCR3 ligands (CXCL9,10,11). Conditioned medium from CBox-treated macrophages induced significant elevation in endothelial cell pro-inflammatory mRNA expression, enhanced monolayer permeability and impairment of scratch healing in CXCR3 dependent manner. In summary, this study mechanistically demonstrated an increased biological potency of CBox particles and established the role of macrophage-released chemical mediators in endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairrita Majumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Md Habibul Hasan Mazumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jessica Amedro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Valery V Khramtsov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Timothy Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA; Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University, School of Medicine, USA.
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15
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Kim S, Gates BL, Chang M, Pinkerton KE, Van Winkle L, Murphy CJ, Leonard BC, Demokritou P, Thomasy SM. Transcorneal delivery of topically applied silver nanoparticles does not delay epithelial wound healing. NANOIMPACT 2021; 24:100352. [PMID: 35559825 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a common antimicrobial additive for a variety of applications, including wound care. However, AgNPs often undergo dissolution resulting in release of silver ions, with subsequent toxicity to mammalian cells. The cornea is a primary exposure site to topically administered AgNPs in and around the eye but their impact on corneal wound healing is understudied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine in vitro toxicity of AgNPs on corneal epithelial cells and fibroblasts as well as their effects on corneal epithelial wound healing utilizing an in vivo rabbit model. Non-coated 20 nm sized AgNP (AgNP-20) as well as 1% and 10% silver silica NPs (AgSiO2NPs) were tested at concentrations ranging from 0.05-250 μg/mL. Immortalized human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells and primary rabbit corneal fibroblasts (RCFs) were incubated for 24 h with AgNPs and cell viability was tested. Additionally, a round wound healing assay was performed to determine hTCEpi cell migration. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis was performed to determine α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a myofibroblast marker) mRNA and protein expression, respectively, in RCFs treated with 50 μg/mL of AgNPs. Corneal epithelial wound healing was evaluated with 1%-AgSiO2NPs (10 and 250 μg/mL) using an in vivo rabbit model. Rabbits were subsequently euthanized, and histologic sections of the enucleated globes were used to determine corneal penetration of 1%-AgSiO2NPs with autometallography and hyperspectral darkfield microscopy. Cell viability of both the hTCEpi cells and fibroblasts was significantly decreased by the three AgNPs in a dose dependent manner. Migration of hTCEpi cells was significantly inhibited by the three AgNPs. Alpha-SMA mRNA expression was significantly inhibited with three AgNPs, but only the 1%-AgSiO2NPs inhibited protein expression of α-SMA. In vivo epithelial wound closure did not significantly differ between groups treated with 10 or 250 μg/mL of 1%-AgSiO2NPs or vehicle control. The 1%-AgSiO2NPs penetrated throughout all corneal layers and into the anterior chamber in all treated eyes with no histopathological changes observed. In conclusion, the 1%-AgSiO2NPs are safe and have potential therapeutic applications through its efficacy of the corneal penetration and reduced scar formation during corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brooke L Gates
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maggie Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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Guo Z, DeLoid GM, Cao X, Bitounis D, Sampathkumar K, Woei Ng K, Joachim Loo SC, Philip D. Effects of ingested nanocellulose and nanochitosan materials on carbohydrate digestion and absorption in an in vitro small intestinal epithelium model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2021; 8:2554-2568. [PMID: 34840801 PMCID: PMC8622715 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials derived from natural biopolymers like cellulose and chitosan have many potentially useful agri-food and oral drug delivery applications. Because of their large and potentially bioactive surface areas and other unique physico-chemical properties, it is essential when evaluating their toxicological impact to assess potential effects on the digestion and absorption of co-ingested nutrients. Here, the effects of cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and chitosan nanoparticles (Chnp) on the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates were studied. Starch digestion was assessed by measuring maltose released during simulated digestion of starch solutions. Glucose absorption was assessed by measuring translocation from the resulting digestas across an in vitro transwell tri-culture model of the small intestinal epithelium and calculating the area under the curve increase in absorbed glucose, analogous to the glycemic index. At 1% w/w, CNF and Chnp had small but significant effects (11% decrease and 14% increase, respectively) and CNC had no effect on starch hydrolysis during simulated digestion of a 1% w/w rice starch solution. In addition, at 2% w/w CNC had no effect on amylolysis in 1% solutions of either rice, corn, or wheat starch. Similarly, absorption of glucose from digestas of starch solutions (i.e., from maltose), was unaffected by 1% w/w CNF or CNC, but was slightly increased (10%, p<0.05) by 1% Chnp, possibly due to the slightly higher maltose concentration in the Chnp-containing digestas. In contrast, all of the test materials caused sharp increases (~1.2, 1.5, and 1.6 fold for CNC, CNF, and Chnp, respectively) in absorption of glucose from starch-free digestas spiked with free glucose at a concentration corresponding to complete hydrolysis of 1% w/w starch. The potential for ingested cellulose and chitosan nanomaterials to increase glucose absorption could have important health implications. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed increases and to evaluate the potential glycemic effects in an intact in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaarunya Sampathkumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Demokritou Philip
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Mortensen NP, Moreno Caffaro M, Aravamudhan S, Beeravalli L, Prattipati S, Snyder RW, Watson SL, Patel PR, Weber FX, Montgomery SA, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Simulated Gastric Digestion and In Vivo Intestinal Uptake of Orally Administered CuO Nanoparticles and TiO 2 E171 in Male and Female Rat Pups. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1487. [PMID: 34199726 PMCID: PMC8230348 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) during early life is an understudied area. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of pre-weaned rat gastric fluids on 50 nm CuO NPs and TiO2 E171 in vitro, and to evaluate uptake in vivo. The NP uptake was studied in vivo in male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups following oral administration of four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg CuO NPs, TiO2 E171, or vehicle control (water) between postnatal day (PND) 7-10. Rat pups were sacrificed on either PND10 or PND21. Simulated digestion led to dissolution of CuO NPs at the later ages tested (PND14 and PND21, but not PND7). In vivo intestinal uptake of CuO NPs and TiO2 E171 was observed by hyperspectral imaging of intestinal cross sections. Brightfield microscopy showed that the number of immune cells increased in the intestinal tissue following NP administration. Orally administered NPs led to low intestinal uptake of NPs and an increase in immune cells in the small and large intestine, suggesting that oral exposure to NPs during early life may lead to irritation or a low-grade inflammation. The long-term impact of increased immune cells in the intestinal tract during early life is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P. Mortensen
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA; (S.A.); (L.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Lakshmi Beeravalli
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA; (S.A.); (L.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sharmista Prattipati
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA; (S.A.); (L.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Rodney W. Snyder
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Scott L. Watson
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Purvi R. Patel
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Frank X. Weber
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Susan J. Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.M.C.); (R.W.S.); (S.L.W.); (P.R.P.); (F.X.W.); (T.R.F.)
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18
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Toprani SM, Bitounis D, Qiansheng H, Oliveira N, Ng KW, Tay CY, Nagel ZD, Demokritou P. High-Throughput Screening Platform for Nanoparticle-Mediated Alterations of DNA Repair Capacity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4728-4746. [PMID: 33710878 PMCID: PMC8111687 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxic effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may occur through the induction of DNA damage or the disruption of DNA repair processes. Inefficient DNA repair may lead to the accumulation of DNA lesions and has been linked to various diseases, including cancer. Most studies so far have focused on understanding the nanogenotoxicity of ENM-induced damages to DNA, whereas the effects on DNA repair have been widely overlooked. The recently developed fluorescence multiplex-host-cell reactivation (FM-HCR) assay allows for the direct quantification of multiple DNA repair pathways in living cells and offers a great opportunity to address this methodological gap. Herein an FM-HCR-based method is developed to screen the impact of ENMs on six major DNA repair pathways using suspended or adherent cells. The sensitivity and efficiency of this DNA repair screening method were demonstrated in case studies using primary human small airway epithelial cells and TK6 cells exposed to various model ENMs (CuO, ZnO, and Ga2O3) at subcytotoxic doses. It was shown that ENMs may inhibit nucleotide-excision repair, base-excision repair, and the repair of oxidative damage by DNA glycosylases in TK6 cells, even in the absence of significant genomic DNA damage. It is of note that the DNA repair capacity was increased by some ENMs, whereas it was suppressed by others. Overall, this method can be part of a multitier, in vitro hazard assessment of ENMs as a functional, high-throughput platform that provides insights into the interplay of the properties of ENMs, the DNA repair efficiency, and the genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh M Toprani
- John B Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huang Qiansheng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Nathalia Oliveira
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institution, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- John B Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Mortensen NP, Moreno Caffaro M, Patel PR, Snyder RW, Watson SL, Aravamudhan S, Montgomery SA, Lefever T, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Biodistribution, cardiac and neurobehavioral assessments, and neurotransmitter quantification in juvenile rats following oral administration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1316-1329. [PMID: 33269475 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the uptake, biodistribution, and biological responses of nanoparticles (NPs) and their toxicity in developing animals. Here, male and female juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats received four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg Al2 O3 NP (diameter: 24 nm [transmission electron microscope], hydrodynamic diameter: 148 nm) or vehicle control (water) by gavage between postnatal days (PNDs) 17-20. Basic neurobehavioral and cardiac assessments were performed on PND 20. Animals were sacrificed on PND 21, and selected tissues were collected, weighed, and processed for histopathology or neurotransmitter analysis. The biodistribution of Al2 O3 NP in tissue sections of the intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, and lymph nodes were evaluated using enhanced dark-field microscopy (EDM) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Liver-to-body weight ratio was significantly increased for male pups administered Al2 O3 NP compared with control. HSI suggested that Al2 O3 NP was more abundant in the duodenum and ileum tissue of the female pups compared with the male pups, whereas the abundance of NP was similar for males and females in the other tissues. The abundance of NP was higher in the liver compared with spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney. Homovanillic acid and norepinephrine concentrations in brain were significantly decreased following Al2 O3 NP administration in female and male pups, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was significantly increased in male pups. EDM/HSI indicates intestinal uptake of Al2 O3 NP following oral administration. Al2 O3 NP altered neurotransmitter/metabolite concentrations in juvenile rats' brain tissues. Together, these data suggest that orally administered Al2 O3 NP interferes with the brain biochemistry in both female and male pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott L Watson
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy Lefever
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan J Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Schneider T, Westermann M, Glei M. Impact of ultrasonication on the delivered dose of metal oxide particle dispersions in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Simultaneous screening of the stability and dosimetry of nanoparticles dispersions for in vitro toxicological studies with static multiple light scattering technique. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104972. [PMID: 32822770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, much efforts have been devoted for developing methods to accurately disperse NPs into aqueous suspensions prior to in vitro toxicological studies. As NP toxicity is strongly dependent on their physicochemical properties, NP characterization is a key step for any in vitro toxicological study. This study demonstrates that the static multiple light scattering (SMLS) technique allows for the simultaneous screening of the NP size, agglomeration state, stability and dosimetry in biological media. Batch dispersions of TiO2 P25 NPs in water with various bovine serum albumin (BSA) mass fractions (from 0% to 0.5%) and dilutions of these dispersions into cell culture media were characterized with SMLS. In the batch dispersions, TiO2 NPs are stable and well dispersed for BSA mass fraction lower than 0.2% while agglomeration and rapid settling is observed for higher BSA mass fractions. Paradoxically, when diluted in cell culture media, TiO2 NPs are well dispersed and stable for BSA mass fractions higher than 0.2%. The TiO2 NP dosimetry of these dilutions was evaluated experimentally with SMLS and confronted with numerical approaches. The TiO2 NP bottom concentration evolves far more slowly in the case of the higher BSA mass fraction. Such measurements give valuable insights on the NP fate and transport in biological media to obtain in fine reliable size and dose-cytotoxicity responses.
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22
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Kämpfer AAM, Busch M, Schins RPF. Advanced In Vitro Testing Strategies and Models of the Intestine for Nanosafety Research. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1163-1178. [PMID: 32383381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the potential adverse effects of oral exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Recent years have witnessed major developments in and advancement of intestinal in vitro models for nanosafety evaluation. The present paper reviews the key factors that should be considered for inclusion in nonanimal alternative testing approaches to reliably reflect the in vivo dynamics of the physicochemical properties of ENM as well the intestinal physiology and morphology. Currently available models range from simple cell line-based monocultures to advanced 3D systems and organoids. In addition, in vitro approaches exist to replicate the mucous barrier, digestive processes, luminal flow, peristalsis, and interactions of ENM with the intestinal microbiota. However, while the inclusion of a multitude of individual factors/components of particle (pre)treatment, exposure approach, and cell model approximates in vivo-like conditions, such increasing complexity inevitably affects the system's robustness and reproducibility. The selection of the individual modules to build the in vitro testing strategy should be driven and justified by the specific purpose of the study and, not least, the intended or actual application of the investigated ENM. Studies that address health hazards of ingested ENM likely require different approaches than research efforts to unravel the fundamental interactions or toxicity mechanisms of ENM in the intestine. Advanced reliable and robust in vitro models of the intestine, especially when combined in an integrated testing approach, offer great potential to further improve the field of nanosafety research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A M Kämpfer
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, IUF, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Busch
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, IUF, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, IUF, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Bitounis D, Parviz D, Cao X, Amadei CA, Vecitis CD, Sunderland EM, Thrall BD, Fang M, Strano MS, Demokritou P. Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size-Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907640. [PMID: 32196921 PMCID: PMC7260083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, along with the increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) in various applications, there is also considerable interest in understanding its effects on human health. Only a few experimental approaches can simulate common routes of exposure, such as ingestion, due to the inherent complexity of the digestive tract. This study presents the synthesis of size-sorted GO of sub-micrometer- or micrometer-sized lateral dimensions, its physicochemical transformations across mouth, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestions, and its toxicological assessment against a physiologically relevant, in vitro cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium. Results from real-time characterization of the simulated digestas of the gastrointestinal tract using multi-angle laser diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy show that GO agglomerates in the gastric and small intestinal phase. Extensive morphological changes, such as folding, are also observed on GO following simulated digestion. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that GO presents covalently bound N-containing groups on its surface. It is shown that the GO employed in this study undergoes reduction. Toxicological assessment of the GO small intestinal digesta over 24 h does not point to acute cytotoxicity, and examination of the intestinal epithelium under electron microscopy does not reveal histological alterations. Both sub-micrometer- and micrometer-sized GO variants elicit a 20% statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the untreated control after a 6 h exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlo A. Amadei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Areecheewakul S, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Givens BE, Steines BR, Wang Y, Meyerholz DK, Parizek NJ, Altmaier R, Haque E, O’Shaughnessy PT, Salem AK, Thorne PS. Toxicity assessment of metal oxide nanomaterials using in vitro screening and murine acute inhalation studies. NANOIMPACT 2020; 18:100214. [PMID: 32968700 PMCID: PMC7504913 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterizations and in vitro toxicity screening were performed on metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) independently comprising ZnO, CuO, CeO2, Fe2O3, WO3, V2O5, TiO2, Al2O3 and MgO. Nanomaterials that exhibited the highest toxicity responses in the in vitro screening assays (ZnO, CuO, and V2O5) and the lesser explored material WO3 were tested for acute pulmonary toxicity in vivo. Female and male mice (C57Bl/6J) were exposed to aerosolized metal oxide ENMs in a nose-only exposure system and toxicity outcomes (biomarkers of cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, inflammation, and lung histopathology) at 4 and 24 h after the start of exposure were assessed. The studies were performed as part of the NIEHS Nanomaterials Health Implications Research consortium with the purpose of investigating the effects of ENMs on various biological systems. ENMs were supplied by the Engineered Nanomaterials Resource and Coordination Core. Among the ENMs studied, the highest toxicity was observed for CuO and ZnO NPs in both in vitro and in vivo acute models. Compared to sham-exposed controls, there was a significant increase in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils and proinflammatory cytokines and a loss of macrophage viability at both 4 h and 24 h for ZnO and CuO but not seen for V2O5 or WO3. These effects were observed in both female and male mice. The cell viability performed after in vitro exposure to ENMs and assessment of lung inflammation after acute inhalation exposure in vivo were shown to be sensitive endpoints to predict ENM acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudartip Areecheewakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Brittany E. Givens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Steines
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Yifang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Nathanial J. Parizek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Ralph Altmaier
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Ezazul Haque
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Correspondence to: P.S. Thorne, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Dr., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. (A.K. Salem), (P.S. Thorne)
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25
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Parviz D, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, Strano M. Engineering Two-dimensional Nanomaterials to Enable Structure-Activity Relationship Studies in Nanosafety Research. NANOIMPACT 2020; 18:100226. [PMID: 32617436 PMCID: PMC7331938 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging, two-dimensional engineered nanomaterials (2DNMs) possess unique and diverse physical and chemical properties, such as extreme aspect ratios, adjustable electronic properties as well as functional lattice defects and surface chemistry which underpin their interactions with biological systems. This perspective highlights the need for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies for key properties of emerging grapheme-related and inorganic 2DNMs upon prioritization based on their potential impact and trajectory for large-scale production and applications. Further, it is discussed how a synthesis platform of microbiologically sterile, size-sorted, "model" 2DNMs with precise structure would enable SAR toxicological studies and allow for the sustainable and safe translation of 2D nanotechnology to real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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26
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Guo Z, Cao X, DeLoid GM, Sampathkumar K, Ng KW, Loo SCJ, Demokritou P. Physicochemical and Morphological Transformations of Chitosan Nanoparticles across the Gastrointestinal Tract and Cellular Toxicity in an In Vitro Model of the Small Intestinal Epithelium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:358-368. [PMID: 31815446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale chitosan materials exhibit size-specific properties that make them useful in agri-food and biomedical applications. Chitosan nanoparticles (Chnps) are being explored as nanocarrier platforms to increase oral bioavailability of drugs and nutraceuticals, but little is known of their fate and transformations in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) or of their potential toxicity. Here, the GIT fate and cytotoxicity of Chnps, soluble starch-coated Chnps (SS-Chnps), and bulk chitosan powder (Chp), were assessed using a 3-phase simulated digestion and an in vitro cellular small intestinal epithelium model. Physico-chemical characterization revealed dissolution of Chp, but not of Chnps or SS-Chnps, during the gastric phase of digestion, stability of the starch coating of SS-Chnps in the oral and gastric phases, and agglomeration of all materials during the small intestinal phase. A slight but significant (10%, p < 0.01) increase in cytotoxicity (LDH release) was observed with exposure to digested Chnps but not Chp or SS-Chnps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Kaarunya Sampathkumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore , 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos , Singapore 138648 , Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre , Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One , Singapore 637141 , Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
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27
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Cao X, Zhang T, DeLoid GM, Gaffrey MJ, Weitz KK, Thrall BD, Qian WJ, Demokritou P. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and cellular proteome impacts of food-grade TiO 2 (E171) using simulated gastrointestinal digestions and a tri-culture small intestinal epithelial model. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100202. [PMID: 32133427 PMCID: PMC7055729 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are widely used in the food industry; however, regulations for ENMs in food are still in the early stages of development due to insufficient health data. This study investigated the cytotoxicity and changes to the proteomic profile in an in vitro small intestinal epithelium model after exposure to digested food models containing the ubiquitous engineered particulate food additive, TiO2 (E171) with an average size around 110 nm. TiO2 at 0.75% or 1.5% (w/w) concentrations in either a fasting food model (FFM) or a standardized food model (SFM) based on American diet were digested using an in vitro oral-gastric-small intestinal simulator, and the resulting digestas were applied to a small intestinal epithelium tri-culture cellular model. Effects on cell layer integrity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress were assessed. In order to explore the impact on cellular processes beyond basic cytotoxicity, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analyses of control and exposed tri-culture cells was performed. TiO2 in FFM, but not in SFM, produced significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity (24%, p<0.001), and at the higher dose caused significant oxidative stress (1.24-fold, p<0.01), indicative of a food matrix effect. No significant perturbations of the cellular proteome were observed with TiO2 in either FFM or SFM food models. However, proteins involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis were up-regulated by digestas from SFM compared to those from FFM, indicative of a food matrix effect on the cellular proteome. Interestingly, the differences in profiles between the two food models was more pronounced in the presence of TiO2. Together, these results indicate that TiO2 in a fasting diet may be slightly cytotoxic, and that ingested TiO2 does not significantly alter the epithelial proteome, whereas the food matrix alone can have a dramatic effect on the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Karl K. Weitz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- corresponding authors Philip Demokritou, , Wei-Jun Qian,
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding authors Philip Demokritou, , Wei-Jun Qian,
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28
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Duan Y, Coreas R, Liu Y, Bitounis D, Zhang Z, Parviz D, Strano M, Demokritou P, Zhong W. Prediction of protein corona on nanomaterials by machine learning using novel descriptors. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:10.1016/j.impact.2020.100207. [PMID: 32104746 PMCID: PMC7043407 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective in silico methods to predict protein corona compositions on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) could help elucidate the biological outcomes of ENMs in biosystems without the need for conducting lengthy experiments for corona characterization. However, the physicochemical properties of ENMs, used as the descriptors in current modeling methods, are insufficient to represent the complex interactions between ENMs and proteins. Herein, we utilized the fluorescence change (FC) from fluorescamine labeling on a protein, with or without the presence of the ENM, as a novel descriptor of the ENM to build machine learning models for corona formation. FCs were significantly correlated with the abundance of the corresponding proteins in the corona on diverse classes of ENMs, including metal and metal oxides, nanocellulose, and 2D ENMs. Prediction models established by the random forest algorithm using FCs as the ENM descriptors showed better performance than the conventional descriptors, such as ENM size and surface charge, in the prediction of corona formation. Moreover, they were able to predict protein corona formation on ENMs with very heterogeneous properties. We believe this novel descriptor can improve in silico studies of corona formation, leading to a better understanding on the protein adsorption behaviors of diverse ENMs in different biological matrices. Such information is essential for gaining a comprehensive view of how ENMs interact with biological systems in ENM safety and sustainability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Department of Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
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Mortensen NP, Caffaro MM, Patel PR, Uddin MJ, Aravamudhan S, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Investigation of Twenty Metal, Metal Oxide, and Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles' Impact on Differentiated Caco-2 Monolayer Integrity. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:100212. [PMID: 32864507 PMCID: PMC7451203 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in foods and consumer products is rising, increasing the potential for unintentional ingestion. While the cytotoxicity of many ENMs has been investigated, less attention has been given to adverse impact on the intestinal barrier integrity. Chronical disruption of gastrointestinal integrity can have far reaching health implications. Using fully differentiated Caco-2 cells, the perturbation of intestinal barrier function and cytotoxicity were investigated for 20 metal, metal oxide, and metal sulfide ENMs. Caco-2 cells were exposed to 50 μg/mL ENMs for 24 hours. ENM formulations were characterized at 0 and 24 hours, and In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry Modeling was applied to calculate the effective dose of exposure during 24 hours. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) was determined for fluorescent labeled dextran (3,000 Da) and tight junction integrity was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity was investigated by determining lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) and cell metabolic activity (tetrazolium based MTS) assays. Four ENMs led to significantly increased Papp, (15.8% w/w% Ag-SiO2 nanoparticle (NP), 60 nm CdS NP, 100 nm V2O5 flakes, and 50 nm ZnO NP), while one ENM (20 nm MgO NP) decreased Papp. With the exception of CdS NP, significantly increased Papp was not connected with cell cytotoxicity. The calculated effective dose concentration was not correlated with increased Papp. Our results illustrate that while many metal, metal oxide, and metal sulfide ENMs do not adversely affect monolayer integrity or induce cytotoxicity in differentiated Caco-2 cells, a subset of ENMs may compromise the intestinal integrity. This study demonstrated the use of differentiated Caco-2 monolayer and Papp as an endpoint to identify and prioritize ENMs that should be investigated further. The interaction between ENMs and the intestinal epithelium needs to be evaluated to understand potential intestinal barrier dysfunction and resulting health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P. Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding author: Ninell P. Mortensen, Ph. D., Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA,
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R. Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Susan J. Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Touloumes GJ, Ardoña HAM, Casalino EK, Zimmerman JF, Chantre CO, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, Parker KK. Mapping 2D- and 3D-distributions of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles within cleared human ex vivo skin tissues. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:100208. [PMID: 33251378 PMCID: PMC7687853 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of commercial skincare products are being manufactured with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), prompting a need to fully understand how ENMs interact with the dermal barrier as a major biodistribution entry route. Although animal studies show that certain nanomaterials can cross the skin barrier, physiological differences between human and animal skin, such as the lack of sweat glands, limit the translational validity of these results. Current optical microscopy methods have limited capabilities to visualize ENMs within human skin tissues due to the high amount of background light scattering caused by the dense, ubiquitous extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin. Here, we hypothesized that organic solvent-based tissue clearing ("immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs", or "iDISCO") would reduce background light scattering from the extracellular matrix of the skin to sufficiently improve imaging contrast for both 2D mapping of unlabeled metal oxide ENMs and 3D mapping of fluorescent nanoparticles. We successfully mapped the 2D distribution of label-free TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in cleared skin sections using correlated signals from darkfield, brightfield, and confocal microscopy, as well as micro-spectroscopy. Specifically, hyperspectral microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity of label-free ENMs which we mapped within human skin sections. We also measured the 3D distribution of fluorescently labeled Ag nanoparticles in cleared skin biopsies with wounded epidermal layers using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Overall, this study explores a novel strategy for quantitatively mapping ENM distributions in cleared ex vivo human skin tissue models using multiple imaging modalities. By improving the imaging contrast, we present label-free 2D ENM tracking and 3D ENM mapping as promising capabilities for nanotoxicology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Touloumes
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Evan K. Casalino
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - John F. Zimmerman
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Christophe O. Chantre
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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Micronuclei Detection by Flow Cytometry as a High-Throughput Approach for the Genotoxicity Testing of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121677. [PMID: 31771274 PMCID: PMC6956333 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of nanomaterials (NMs)-containing products are currently under development or incorporated in the consumer market, despite our very limited understanding of their genotoxic potential. Taking into account that the toxicity and genotoxicity of NMs strongly depend on their physicochemical characteristics, many variables must be considered in the safety evaluation of each given NM. In this scenario, the challenge is to establish high-throughput methodologies able to generate rapid and robust genotoxicity data that can be used to critically assess and/or predict the biological effects associated with those NMs being under development or already present in the market. In this study, we have evaluated the advantages of using a flow cytometry-based approach testing micronucleus (MNs) induction (FCMN assay). In the frame of the EU NANoREG project, we have tested six different NMs—namely NM100 and NM101 (TiO2NPs), NM110 (ZnONPs), NM212 (CeO2NPs), NM300K (AgNPs) and NM401 (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)). The obtained results confirm the ability of AgNPs and MWCNTs to induce MN in the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line, whereas the other tested NMs retrieved non-significant increases in the MN frequency. Based on the alignment of the results with the data reported in the literature and the performance of the FCMN assay, we strongly recommend this assay as a reference method to systematically evaluate the potential genotoxicity of NMs.
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Kornberg TG, Stueckle TA, Coyle J, Derk R, Demokritou P, Rojanasakul Y, Rojanasakul LW. Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neoplastic-Like Cell Transformation in Vitro Is Reduced with a Protective Amorphous Silica Coating. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2382-2397. [PMID: 31657553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) have recently surged in production and use in a wide variety of biomedical and environmental applications. However, their potential long-term health effects, including carcinogenesis, are unknown. Limited research suggests IONP can induce genotoxicity and neoplastic transformation associated with particle dissolution and release of free iron ions. "Safe by design" strategies involve the modification of particle physicochemical properties to affect subsequent adverse outcomes, such as an amorphous silica coating to reduce IONP dissolution and direct interaction with cells. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to a specific IONP (nFe2O3) would induce neoplastic-like cell transformation, which could be prevented with an amorphous silica coating (SiO2-nFe2O3). To test this hypothesis, human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B) were continuously exposed to a 0.6 μg/cm2 administered a dose of nFe2O3 (∼0.58 μg/cm2 delivered dose), SiO2-nFe2O3 (∼0.55 μg/cm2 delivered dose), or gas metal arc mild steel welding fumes (GMA-MS, ∼0.58 μg/cm2 delivered dose) for 6.5 months. GMA-MS are composed of roughly 80% iron/iron oxide and were recently classified as a total human carcinogen. Our results showed that low-dose/long-term in vitro exposure to nFe2O3 induced a time-dependent neoplastic-like cell transformation, as indicated by increased cell proliferation and attachment-independent colony formation, which closely matched that induced by GMA-MS. This transformation was associated with decreases in intracellular iron, minimal changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the induction of double-stranded DNA damage. An amorphous silica-coated but otherwise identical particle (SiO2-nFe2O3) did not induce this neoplastic-like phenotype or changes in the parameters mentioned above. Overall, the presented data suggest the carcinogenic potential of long-term nFe2O3 exposure and the utility of an amorphous silica coating in a "safe by design" hazard reduction strategy, within the context of a physiologically relevant exposure scenario (low-dose/long-term), with model validation using GMA-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany G Kornberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Jayme Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Raymond Derk
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
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Rubio L, Pyrgiotakis G, Beltran-Huarac J, Zhang Y, Gaurav J, Deloid G, Spyrogianni A, Sarosiek KA, Bello D, Demokritou P. Safer-by-design flame-sprayed silicon dioxide nanoparticles: the role of silanol content on ROS generation, surface activity and cytotoxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:40. [PMID: 31665028 PMCID: PMC6819463 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have been regarded as relatively benign nanomaterials, however, this widely held opinion has been questioned in recent years by several reports on in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Surface chemistry, more specifically the surface silanol content, has been identified as an important toxicity modulator for SiO2 NPs. Here, quantitative relationships between the silanol content on SiO2 NPs, free radical generation and toxicity have been identified, with the purpose of synthesizing safer-by-design fumed silica nanoparticles. RESULTS Consistent and statistically significant trends were seen between the total silanol content, cell membrane damage, and cell viability, but not with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the macrophages RAW264.7. SiO2 NPs with lower total silanol content exhibited larger adverse cellular effects. The SAEC epithelial cell line did not show any sign of toxicity by any of the nanoparticles. Free radical generation and surface reactivity of these nanoparticles were also influenced by the temperature of combustion and total silanol content. CONCLUSION Surface silanol content plays an important role in cellular toxicity and surface reactivity, although it might not be the sole factor influencing fumed silica NP toxicity. It was demonstrated that synthesis conditions for SiO2 NPs influence the type and quantity of free radicals, oxidative stress, nanoparticle interaction with the biological milieu they come in contact with, and determine the specific mechanisms of toxicity. We demonstrate here that it is possible to produce much less toxic fumed silicas by modulating the synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yipei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Joshi Gaurav
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Glen Deloid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anastasia Spyrogianni
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Cao X, DeLoid GM, Bitounis D, De La Torre-Roche R, White JC, Zhang Z, Ho CG, Ng KW, Eitzer BD, Demokritou P. Co-exposure to the food additives SiO 2 (E551) or TiO 2 (E171) and the pesticide boscalid increases cytotoxicity and bioavailability of the pesticide in a tri-culture small intestinal epithelium model: Potential health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:2786-2800. [PMID: 32133147 PMCID: PMC7055717 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many toxicity investigations have evaluated the potential health risks of ingested engineered nanomaterials (iENMs); however, few have addressed the potential combined effects of iENMs and other toxic compounds (e.g. pesticides) in food. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the effects of two widely used, partly nanoscale, engineered particulate food additives, TiO2 (E171) and SiO2 (E551), on the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake and translocation of the pesticide boscalid. Fasting food model (phosphate buffer) containing iENM (1% w/w), boscalid (10 or 150 ppm), or both, was processed using a simulated in vitro oral-gastric-small intestinal digestion system. The resulting small intestinal digesta was applied to an in vitro tri-culture small intestinal epithelium model, and effects on cell layer integrity, viability, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. Boscalid uptake and translocation was also quantified by LC/MS. Cytotoxicity and ROS production in cells exposed to combined iENM and boscalid were greater than in cells exposed to either iENM or boscalid alone. More importantly, translocation of boscalid across the tri-culture cellular layer was increased by 20% and 30% in the presence of TiO2 and SiO2, respectively. One possible mechanism for this increase is diminished epithelial cell health, as indicated by the elevated oxidative stress and cytotoxicity observed in co-exposed cells. In addition, analysis of boscalid in digesta supernatants revealed 16% and 30% more boscalid in supernatants from samples containing TiO2 and SiO2, respectively, suggesting that displacement of boscalid from flocculated digestive proteins by iENMs may also contribute to the increased translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto De La Torre-Roche
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chin Guan Ho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
| | - Brian D. Eitzer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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To KT, Truong L, Edwards S, Tanguay RL, Reif DM. Multivariate modeling of engineered nanomaterial features associated with developmental toxicity. NANOIMPACT 2019; 16:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100185. [PMID: 32133425 PMCID: PMC7055685 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer products, their toxicity profiles remain to be elucidated. ENM physicochemical characteristics (PCC) are known to influence ENM behavior, however the mechanisms of these effects have not been quantified. Further confounding the question of how the PCC influence behavior is the inclusion of structural and molecular descriptors in modeling schema that minimize the effects of PCC on the toxicological endpoints. In this work, we analyze ENM physico-chemical measurements that have not previously been studied within a developmental toxicity framework using an embryonic zebrafish model. In testing a panel of diverse ENMs to build a consensus model, we found nonlinear relationships between any singular PCC and bioactivity. By using a machine learning (ML) method to characterize the information content of combinatorial PCC sets, we found that concentration, surface area, shape, and polydispersity can accurately capture the developmental toxicity profile of ENMs with consideration to whole-organism effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T To
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sabrina Edwards
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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36
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Bitounis D, Pyrgiotakis G, Bousfield D, Demokritou P. Dispersion preparation, characterization, and dosimetric analysis of cellulose nano-fibrils and nano-crystals: Implications for cellular toxicological studies. NANOIMPACT 2019; 15:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100171. [PMID: 32133424 PMCID: PMC7055660 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of cellulose-based nanomaterial (CNM) suspensions in environmental and biological media is impaired because of their high carbon content and anisotropic shape, thus making it difficult to derive structure activity relationships (SAR) in toxicological studies. Here, a standardized method for the dispersion preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC) in biological and environmental media was developed. Specifically, electron microscopy was utilized and allowed to specify optimum practices for efficiently suspending CNF and CNC in water and cell culture medium. Furthermore, a technique for measuring the in vitro particle kinetics of CNF and CNC suspended in cell culture medium utilizing fluorescently tagged materials was developed to assess the delivery rate of such CNM at the bottom of the well. Interestingly, CNF were shown to settle and create a loosely packed layer at the bottom of cell culture wells within a few hours. On the contrary, CNC settled gradually at a significantly slower rate, highlighting the discordance between administered and delivered mass dose. This work is both novel and urgent in the field of environmental health and safety as it introduces well-defined techniques for the dispersion and characterization of emerging, cellulose-based engineered nanomaterials. It also provides useful insights to the in vitro behavior of suspended anisotropic nanomaterials in general, which should enable dosimetry and comparison of toxicological data across laboratories as well as promote the safe and sustainable use of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author:
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37
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Zhang Z, Zhang R, Xiao H, Bhattacharya K, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, McClements DJ. Development of a standardized food model for studying the impact of food matrix effects on the gastrointestinal fate and toxicity of ingested nanomaterials. NANOIMPACT 2019; 13:13-25. [PMID: 31093583 PMCID: PMC6512864 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Food matrix effects impact the bioavailability and toxicity of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, pesticides, and engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). However, there are currently no standardized food models to test the impact of food matrix effects using in vitro gastrointestinal models. The purpose of this study was to establish a standardized food model (SFM) for evaluating the toxicity and fate of ingested ENMs and then to assess its efficacy by examining the impact of food matrix effects on the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles. The formulation of the SFM was based on the average composition of the US diet: 3.4% protein (sodium caseinate); 4.6% sugar (sucrose); 5.2% digestible carbohydrates (modified corn starch); 0.7% dietary fiber (pectin); 3.4% fat (corn oil); and, 0.5% minerals (sodium chloride). The SFM consisted of an oil-in-water emulsion suitable for use in both wet and dried forms. The dried form was produced by spray drying the emulsion to improve its handling and extend its shelf-life. The particle size (D32 = 135 nm), surface charge (-37.8 mV), viscosity, color (L*, a,* b* = 82.1, -2.5, 1.3), and microstructure of the wet SFM were characterized. The hydration properties, flowability (repose angle ≈ 27.9°; slide angle ≈ 28.2°), and moisture sorption isotherms of the dry SFM were comparable to commercial food powders. The potential gastrointestinal fate of the SFM was determined using a simulated gastrointestinal tract, including mouth, stomach, and small intestine steps. Conversion of the SFM into a powdered form did not impact its gastrointestinal fate. A nanotoxicology case study with TiO2 nanoparticles exposed to a tri-culture epithelial cell model showed that food matrix effects reduced ENM cytotoxicity more than 5-fold. The SFM developed in the current study could facilitate studies of the impact of food matrix effects on the gastrointestinal fate and toxicity of various types of food NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruojie Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kunal Bhattacharya
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Lee JY, Wang H, Pyrgiotakis G, DeLoid GM, Zhang Z, Beltran-Huarac J, Demokritou P, Zhong W. Analysis of lipid adsorption on nanoparticles by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6155-6164. [PMID: 29845324 PMCID: PMC6119100 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) tend to adsorb matrix molecules like proteins and lipids incubated with biological fluids, forming a biological corona. While the formation and functions of protein corona have been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to lipid adsorption on NPs. However, lipids are also abundantly present in biological fluids and play important roles in processes like cell signaling and angiogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we established the analytical procedure for study of lipid adsorption on three different types of NPs in two matrices: human serum and heavy cream, using nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nanoflowLC-MS). Serum was chosen to represent the common environment the NPs would be present once entering human body, and heavy cream was the representative food matrix NPs may be added to improve the color or taste. Steps of liquid-liquid extraction were established and optimized to achieve maximum recovery of the adsorbed, standard lipids from the NPs. Then, the LC-MS/MS method was developed to attain base-line separation of the standard lipids that represent the major lipid classes. At last, the lipid adsorption profiles of the three NPs were compared. We found that the lipid adsorption profile on the same type of NP was significantly different between the two matrices. The established method will help us investigate lipid adsorption on additional NPs and reveal how it could be affected by the physiochemical properties of NPs and the presence of proteins and other components in the biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Yancheng Normal University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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39
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Beltran-Huarac J, Zhang Z, Pyrgiotakis G, DeLoid G, Vaze N, Hussain SM, Demokritou P. Development of reference metal and metal oxide engineered nanomaterials for nanotoxicology research using high throughput and precision flame spray synthesis approaches. NANOIMPACT 2018; 10:26-37. [PMID: 30035243 PMCID: PMC6051426 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to develop and characterize reference metal and metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) of high purity and tunable intrinsic properties suitable for nanotoxicology research. Here a high throughput (volume) and precision flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) approach coupled with state-of-the-art characterization techniques are utilized to generate such reference ENMs. The lab-based and industrially relevant FSP system, termed as Versatile Engineered Nanomaterials Generation System (VENGES), synthesizes the metals and metal oxides, at high throughput manner with controlled properties, such as primary particle size, aggregate diameter, shape, crystallinity, stoichiometry and surface chemistry. A nanopanel of nine reference ENMs (silica, silver, silver supported on silica, alumina, ceria and iron oxide) was synthesized and characterized using combined electron microscopy, advanced spectroscopic techniques and physical analyses (e.g., BET, XRD, TEM, pycnometry, XPS, ICP-MS and FTIR). ENMs show a high degree of chemical purity and stoichiometry, and low content of carbon residuals, and are sterile and free of bacteria and endotoxins. Further, their colloidal properties and their implication in in-vitro dosimetry have been also investigated in both environmental and test biological media. The suitability of reference ENMs and protocols developed in this study brings forth new arenas to generate reliable and reproducible toxicological data in an effort to reduce conflicting and contradicting inter-laboratory data on relative toxic effects of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Airman Systems Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Pyrgiotakis G, Luu W, Zhang Z, Vaze N, DeLoid G, Rubio L, Graham WAC, Bell DC, Bousfield D, Demokritou P. Development of high throughput, high precision synthesis platforms and characterization methodologies for toxicological studies of nanocellulose. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 25:2303-2319. [PMID: 31839698 PMCID: PMC6910257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers, is readily available, biodegradable, and inexpensive. Recently, interest is growing around nanoscale cellulose due to the sustainability of these materials, the novel properties, and the overall low environmental impact. The rapid expansion of nanocellulose uses in various applications makes the study of the toxicological properties of these materials of great importance to public health regulators. However, most of the current toxicological studies are highly conflicting, inconclusive, and contradictory. The major reasons for these discrepancies are the lack of standardized methods to produce industry-relevant reference nanocellulose and relevant characterization that will expand beyond the traditional cellulose characterization for applications. In order to address these issues, industry-relevant synthesis platforms were developed to produce nanocellulose of controlled properties that can be used as reference materials in toxicological studies. Herein, two types of nanocellulose were synthesized, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using the friction grinding platform and an acid hydrolysis approach respectively. The nanocellulose structures were characterized extensively regarding their physicochemical properties, including testing for endotoxins and bacteria contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Wing Luu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Glen DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Laura Rubio
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - W. Adam C. Graham
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138
| | - David C Bell
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
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41
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Pyrgiotakis G, Luu W, Zhang Z, Vaze N, DeLoid G, Rubio L, Graham WAC, Bell DC, Bousfield D, Demokritou P. Development of high throughput, high precision synthesis platforms and characterization methodologies for toxicological studies of nanocellulose. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018. [PMID: 31839698 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers, is readily available, biodegradable, and inexpensive. Recently, interest is growing around nanoscale cellulose due to the sustainability of these materials, the novel properties, and the overall low environmental impact. The rapid expansion of nanocellulose uses in various applications makes the study of the toxicological properties of these materials of great importance to public health regulators. However, most of the current toxicological studies are highly conflicting, inconclusive, and contradictory. The major reasons for these discrepancies are the lack of standardized methods to produce industry-relevant reference nanocellulose and relevant characterization that will expand beyond the traditional cellulose characterization for applications. In order to address these issues, industry-relevant synthesis platforms were developed to produce nanocellulose of controlled properties that can be used as reference materials in toxicological studies. Herein, two types of nanocellulose were synthesized, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using the friction grinding platform and an acid hydrolysis approach respectively. The nanocellulose structures were characterized extensively regarding their physicochemical properties, including testing for endotoxins and bacteria contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Wing Luu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Glen DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Laura Rubio
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - W Adam C Graham
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138
| | - David C Bell
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
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