1
|
Carlson EJ, Al Ghriwati N, Wolters P, Anne Tamula M, Tisdale J, Fitzhugh C, Hsieh M, Martin S. Longitudinal neurocognitive effects of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant among older adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease: A description and comparison with sibling donors. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024; 34:899-918. [PMID: 37540620 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2023.2238948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with increased risk of neurocognitive deficits. However, whether functioning changes following nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine changes in neuropsychological functioning pre- to post-transplant among patients with SCD and compare patients and siblings. Adults with SCD (n = 47; Mage = 31.8 ± 8.9) and their sibling stem cell donors (n = 22; Mage = 30.5± 9.2) enrolled on a nonmyeloablative HCST protocol completed cognitive and patient-reported outcome assessments at baseline and 12 months post-transplant. Path analyses were used to assess associations between pre-transplant variables and sibling/patient group status and post-transplant function. Mean patient cognitive scores were average at both timepoints. Patient processing speed and somatic complaints improved from baseline to follow-up. Baseline performance predicted follow-up performance across cognitive variables; patient/sibling status predicted follow-up performance on some processing speed measures. Results suggest that patients with SCD demonstrate slower processing speed than siblings. Processing speed increased pre- to post-HSCT among patients and siblings, and on some measures patients demonstrated greater improvement. Thus, HSCT may improve processing speed in patients, although further confirmation is needed. Findings provide promising evidence that neurocognitive functioning remains stable without detrimental effects from pre- to 12-months post nonmyeloablative HSCT in individuals with SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Carlson
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, United States
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nour Al Ghriwati
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Pam Wolters
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mary Anne Tamula
- Clinical Research Directorate (CRD), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick , USA
| | - John Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Courtney Fitzhugh
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Matt Hsieh
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Staci Martin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morawietz C, Dumalski N, Wissmann AM, Wecking J, Muehlbauer T. Consistency of spatial ability performance in children, adolescents, and young adults. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1365941. [PMID: 38487665 PMCID: PMC10938598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1365941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial abilities are essential cognitive skills for many aspects of our everyday life that develop substantially throughout childhood and adolescence. While there are numerous measurement tools to evaluate these abilities, many of them have been designed for specific age groups hampering comparability throughout development. Thus, we determined test-retest-reliability and minimal detectable change for a set of tests that evaluate spatial ability performance in their variety in youth and compared them to young adults. Methods Children (age: 11.4 ± 0.5 years, n = 26), adolescents (age: 12.5 ± 0.7 years, n = 22), and young adults (age: 26.1 ± 4.0 years, n = 26) performed a set of five spatial ability tests twice, 20 min apart: Paper Folding Test (PFT), Mental Rotation Test (MRT), Water Level Task (WLT), Corsi Block Test (CBT), and Numbered Cones Run (NCR). Relative and absolute test-retest reliability was determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and the standard error of measurement (SEM), respectively. Further, the minimal detectable change (MDC95%) was calculated to identify clinically relevant changes between repeated measurements. Results Irrespective of test, reliability was "excellent" (i.e., ICC3,1 ≥ 0.75) in all age cohorts and the SEM values were rather small. The MDC95% values needed to identify relevant changes in repeated measurements of spatial ability performance ranged between 0.8 and 13.9% in children, 1.1 and 24.5% in adolescents, and 0.7 and 20.8% in young adults. Conclusion The determined values indicate that the investigated set of tests is reliable to detect spatial ability performance in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Morawietz
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andreassen AK, Lambek R, Greve A, Hemager N, Knudsen CB, Veddum L, Birk M, Søndergaard A, Brandt JM, Gregersen M, Falkenberg-Krantz M, Spang KS, Ohland J, Burton BK, Jepsen JRM, Thorup AAE, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Bliksted VF. The development in rating-based executive functions in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from age 7 to age 11: the Danish high risk and resilience study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:549-560. [PMID: 36881155 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) deficits are well documented in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), and to a lesser degree in children at familial high risk of bipolar disorder (FHR-BP). The aim of this study was to assess EF development in preadolescent children at FHR-SZ, FHR-BP and population-based controls (PBC) using a multi-informant rating scale. A total of 519 children (FHR-SZ, n = 201; FHR-BP, n = 119; PBC, n = 199) participated at age 7, at age 11 or at both time points. Caregivers and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF). The developmental pattern from age 7 to age 11, did not differ between groups. At age 11, caregivers and teachers rated children at FHR-SZ as having widespread EF deficits. A higher proportion of children at FHR-SZ had clinically significant scores on the General executive composite (GEC) and all BRIEF indices compared to PBC. According to the caregivers, children at FHR-BP had significantly more EF deficits than PBC on 9 out of 13 BRIEF scales, whereas according to teachers, they only had significantly more deficits on one subdomain (Initiate). Likewise, caregivers rated a significantly higher proportion of children at FHR-BP above the clinical cut-off on the GEC and Metacognition index, compared to PBC, whereas there were no significant differences according to teachers. This study highlights the relevance of including multi-informant rating scales in the assessment of EF in children at FHR-SZ and FHR-BP. The results imply a need to identify children at high risk who would benefit from targeted intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krogh Andreassen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Lambek
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aja Greve
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Bruun Knudsen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Veddum
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Birk
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Søndergaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Marie Brandt
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Gregersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Falkenberg-Krantz
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Søborg Spang
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Ohland
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klee Burton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Amalie Elgaard Thorup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Fuglsang Bliksted
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zorowitz S, Niv Y. Improving the Reliability of Cognitive Task Measures: A Narrative Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:789-797. [PMID: 36842498 PMCID: PMC10440239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive tasks are capable of providing researchers with crucial insights into the relationship between cognitive processing and psychiatric phenomena. However, many recent studies have found that task measures exhibit poor reliability, which hampers their usefulness for individual differences research. Here, we provide a narrative review of approaches to improve the reliability of cognitive task measures. Specifically, we introduce a taxonomy of experiment design and analysis strategies for improving task reliability. Where appropriate, we highlight studies that are exemplary for improving the reliability of specific task measures. We hope that this article can serve as a helpful guide for experimenters who wish to design a new task, or improve an existing one, to achieve sufficient reliability for use in individual differences research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Zorowitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
| | - Yael Niv
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Golomb BA, Han JH, Langsjoen PH, Dinkeloo E, Zemljic-Harpf AE. Statin Use in Relation to COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Infections: Muscle and Other Considerations. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4659. [PMID: 37510774 PMCID: PMC10380486 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been widely advocated for use in COVID-19 based on large favorable observational associations buttressed by theoretical expected benefits. However, past favorable associations of statins to pre-COVID-19 infection outcomes (also buttressed by theoretical benefits) were unsupported in meta-analysis of RCTs, RR = 1.00. Initial RCTs in COVID-19 appear to follow this trajectory. Healthy-user/tolerator effects and indication bias may explain these disparities. Moreover, cholesterol drops in proportion to infection severity, so less severely affected individuals may be selected for statin use, contributing to apparent favorable statin associations to outcomes. Cholesterol transports fat-soluble antioxidants and immune-protective vitamins. Statins impair mitochondrial function in those most reliant on coenzyme Q10 (a mevalonate pathway product also transported on cholesterol)-i.e., those with existing mitochondrial compromise, whom data suggest bear increased risks from both COVID-19 and from statins. Thus, statin risks of adverse outcomes are amplified in those patients at risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes-i.e., those in whom adjunctive statin therapy may most likely be given. High reported rates of rhabdomyolysis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients underscore the notion that statin-related risks as well as benefits must be considered. Advocacy for statins in COVID-19 should be suspended pending clear evidence of RCT benefits, with careful attention to risk modifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | | | - Eero Dinkeloo
- Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center, Portsmouth, VA 23704, USA;
| | - Alice E. Zemljic-Harpf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Compagne C, Gabriel D, Ferrero L, Magnin E, Tannou T. Tools for the Assessment of Risk-Taking Behavior in Older Adults with Mild Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:967. [PMID: 37371445 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as Alzheimer's cause an alteration of cognitive functions, which can lead to increased daily risk-taking in older adults living at home. The assessment of decision-making abilities is primarily based on clinicians' global analysis. Usual neuropsychological tests such as the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) cover most of the cognitive domains and include mental flexibility tasks. Specific behavioral tasks for risk-taking, such as the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) or the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), have been developed to assess risk-taking behavior, particularly in the field of addictology. Our cross-sectional study aims to determine whether the MoCA global cognitive assessment could be used as a substitute for behavioral tasks in the assessment of risky behavior. In the current study, 24 patients (age: 82.1 ± 5.9) diagnosed with mild dementia completed the cognitive assessment (MoCA and executive function assessment) and two behavioral risk-taking tasks (BART, simplified version of the IGT). Results revealed no relationship between scores obtained in the MoCA and behavioral decision-making tasks. However, the two tasks assessing risk-taking behavior resulted in concordant risk profiles. In addition, patients with a high risk-taking behavior profile on the BART had better Trail Making Test (TMT) scores and thus retained mental flexibility. These findings suggest that MoCA scores are not representative of risk-taking behavioral inclinations. Thus, additional clinical tests should be used to assess risk-taking behavior in geriatric settings. Executive function measures, such as the TMT, and behavioral laboratory measures, such as the BART, are recommended for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Compagne
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, 25 000 Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25 000 Besançon, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, 25 000 Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25 000 Besançon, France
- Plateforme de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle Neuraxess, 25 000 Besançon, France
| | - Lénaïc Ferrero
- CIC-1431 INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25 000 Besançon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, 25 000 Besançon, France
- CHU Département de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 25 000 Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Tannou
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, 25 000 Besançon, France
- Plateforme de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle Neuraxess, 25 000 Besançon, France
- CIUSS Centre-Sud de l'Ile-de-Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee MH, Wai J. Initial vs. retest GRE performance: A study of one million Graduate Record Examination test-retest observations. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
8
|
Schubert AL, Löffler C, Sadus K, Göttmann J, Hein J, Schröer P, Teuber A, Hagemann D. Working memory load affects intelligence test performance by reducing the strength of relational item bindings and impairing the filtering of irrelevant information. Cognition 2023; 236:105438. [PMID: 37058828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) are strongly related to individual differences in intelligence. However, correlational studies do not allow conclusions about the causal nature of the relationship between WMC and fluid intelligence. While research on the cognitive basis of intelligence typically assumes that simpler lower-level cognitive processes contribute to individual differences in higher-order reasoning processes, a reversed causality or a third variable giving rise to two intrinsically uncorrelated variables may exist. In two studies (n1 = 65, n2 = 113), we investigated the causal nature of the relationship between WMC and intelligence by assessing the experimental effect of working memory load on intelligence test performance. Moreover, we tested if the effect of working memory load on intelligence test performance increased under time constraints, as previous studies have shown that the association between the two constructs increases if intelligence tests are administered with a strict time limit. We show that working memory load impaired intelligence test performance, but that this experimental effect was not affected by time constraints, which suggests that the experimental manipulations of working memory capacity and processing time did not affect the same underlying cognitive process. Using a computational modeling approach, we demonstrated that external memory load affected both the building and maintenance of relational item bindings and the filtering of irrelevant information in working memory. Our results confirm that WMC causally contributes to higher-order reasoning processes. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that working memory capacity in general and the abilities to maintain arbitrary bindings and to disengage from irrelevant information in particular are intrinsically related to intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Löffler
- Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sadus
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Göttmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Hein
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pauline Schröer
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antonia Teuber
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hagemann
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hermes M, Maier J, Mittelstädt J, Albers F, Huelmann G, Stelling D. Computer-based training and repeated test performance: Increasing assessment fairness instead of retest effects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2023.2193692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hermes
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justin Mittelstädt
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Albers
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Huelmann
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Stelling
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karvelis P, Paulus MP, Diaconescu AO. Individual differences in computational psychiatry: a review of current challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105137. [PMID: 36940888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Bringing precision to the understanding and treatment of mental disorders requires instruments for studying clinically relevant individual differences. One promising approach is the development of computational assays: integrating computational models with cognitive tasks to infer latent patient-specific disease processes in brain computations. While recent years have seen many methodological advancements in computational modelling and many cross-sectional patient studies, much less attention has been paid to basic psychometric properties (reliability and construct validity) of the computational measures provided by the assays. In this review, we assess the extent of this issue by examining emerging empirical evidence. We find that many computational measures suffer from poor psychometric properties, which poses a risk of invalidating previous findings and undermining ongoing research efforts using computational assays to study individual (and even group) differences. We provide recommendations for how to address these problems and, crucially, embed them within a broader perspective on key developments that are needed for translating computational assays to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Karvelis
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Andreea O Diaconescu
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Breit M, Scherrer V, Blickle J, Preckel F. Students' intelligence test results after six and sixteen months of irregular schooling due to the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281779. [PMID: 36888586 PMCID: PMC9994686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected schooling worldwide. In many places, schools closed for weeks or months, only part of the student body could be educated at any one time, or students were taught online. Previous research discloses the relevance of schooling for the development of cognitive abilities. We therefore compared the intelligence test performance of 424 German secondary school students in Grades 7 to 9 (42% female) tested after the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., 2020 sample) to the results of two highly comparable student samples tested in 2002 (n = 1506) and 2012 (n = 197). The results revealed substantially and significantly lower intelligence test scores in the 2020 sample than in both the 2002 and 2012 samples. We retested the 2020 sample after another full school year of COVID-19-affected schooling in 2021. We found mean-level changes of typical magnitude, with no signs of catching up to previous cohorts or further declines in cognitive performance. Perceived stress during the pandemic did not affect changes in intelligence test results between the two measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Breit
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joshua Blickle
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Franzis Preckel
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Freise F, Holling H, Schwabe R. Optimal design for estimating the mean ability over time in repeated item response testing. J Stat Plan Inference 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jspi.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
13
|
Völter C, Fricke H, Götze L, Labrenz F, Tokic M, Wirth R, Nasreddine ZS, Dawes P. Evaluation of the non-auditory neurocognitive test MoCA-HI for hearing-impaired. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1022292. [PMID: 36582608 PMCID: PMC9792785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1022292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since hearing loss and cognitive decline often co-occur among older adults, a cognitive screening test suitable for hearing-impaired people is of high clinical relevance. We report the first evaluation of a German language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Hearing Impaired version (MoCA-HI). Objective The aim of the present study was to compare cognitively healthy participants with and without hearing loss, to examine the impact of age, sex, educational level and degree of hearing impairment on the German MoCA-HI performance, and to develop normative data. Material and methods The German MoCA-HI was tested in 94 participants with normal or mild hearing impairment (group 1: 4PTA ≤ 40 dB on the better hearing ear) and 81 participants with moderate to profound hearing loss (group 2: 4PTA > 40 dB on the better hearing ear). Additionally, all participants performed the standard MoCA (version 8.2). Results No significant group difference between group 1 and 2 was found in the MoCA-HI total score (p = 0.05). In contrast, group 1 performed significantly better than group 2 on the standard MoCA (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the MoCA and the MoCA-HI performance in group 1 (p = 0.12), whereas individuals of group 2 performed significantly better on the MoCA-HI than on the standard MoCA (p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability of the MoCA-HI was high (p < 0.001). Higher age (p < 0.001), male sex (p = 0.009) and lower education (p < 0.001) were associated with a lower overall MoCA-HI score. Based on the demographic data normative data were developed by a regression-based approach. Conclusion The MoCA-HI is a cognitive screening test which is suitable for people with hearing impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Völter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Christiane Völter
| | - Hannah Fricke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Götze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Franziska Labrenz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marianne Tokic
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Piers Dawes
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Klein SD, Collins PF, Luciana M. Developmental trajectories of delay discounting from childhood to young adulthood: longitudinal associations and test-retest reliability. Cogn Psychol 2022; 139:101518. [PMID: 36183669 PMCID: PMC10888509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Delay discounting (DD) indexes an individual's preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, and is considered a form of cognitive impulsivity. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that DD peaks in adolescence; longitudinal studies are needed to validate this putative developmental trend, and to determine whether DD assesses a temporary state, or reflects a more stable behavioral trait. In this study, 140 individuals aged 9-23 completed a delay discounting (DD) task and cognitive battery at baseline and every-two years thereafter, yielding five assessments over approximately 10 years. Models fit with the inverse effect of age best approximated the longitudinal trajectory of two DD measures, hyperbolic discounting (log[k]) and area under the indifference-point curve (AUC). Discounting of future rewards increased rapidly from childhood to adolescence and appeared to plateau in late adolescence for both models of DD. Participants with greater verbal intelligence and working memory displayed reduced DD across the duration of the study, suggesting a functional interrelationship between these domains and DD from early adolescence to adulthood. Furthermore, AUC demonstrated good to excellent reliability across assessment points that was superior to log(k), with both measures demonstrating acceptable stability once participants reached late adolescence. The developmental trajectories of DD we observed from childhood through young adulthood suggest that DD may index cognitive control more than reward sensitivity, and that despite modest developmental changes with maturation, AUC may be conceptualized as a trait variable related to cognitive control vs impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Whelan R, Barbey FM, Cominetti MR, Gillan CM, Rosická AM. Developments in scalable strategies for detecting early markers of cognitive decline. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:473. [PMID: 36351888 PMCID: PMC9645320 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective strategies for early detection of cognitive decline, if deployed on a large scale, would have individual and societal benefits. However, current detection methods are invasive or time-consuming and therefore not suitable for longitudinal monitoring of asymptomatic individuals. For example, biological markers of neuropathology associated with cognitive decline are typically collected via cerebral spinal fluid, cognitive functioning is evaluated from face-to-face assessments by experts and brain measures are obtained using expensive, non-portable equipment. Here, we describe scalable, repeatable, relatively non-invasive and comparatively inexpensive strategies for detecting the earliest markers of cognitive decline. These approaches are characterized by simple data collection protocols conducted in locations outside the laboratory: measurements are collected passively, by the participants themselves or by non-experts. The analysis of these data is, in contrast, often performed in a centralized location using sophisticated techniques. Recent developments allow neuropathology associated with potential cognitive decline to be accurately detected from peripheral blood samples. Advances in smartphone technology facilitate unobtrusive passive measurements of speech, fine motor movement and gait, that can be used to predict cognitive decline. Specific cognitive processes can be assayed using 'gamified' versions of standard laboratory cognitive tasks, which keep users engaged across multiple test sessions. High quality brain data can be regularly obtained, collected at-home by users themselves, using portable electroencephalography. Although these methods have great potential for addressing an important health challenge, there are barriers to be overcome. Technical obstacles include the need for standardization and interoperability across hardware and software. Societal challenges involve ensuring equity in access to new technologies, the cost of implementation and of any follow-up care, plus ethical issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Florentine M. Barbey
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,Cumulus Neuroscience Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcia R. Cominetti
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.411247.50000 0001 2163 588XDepartment of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Claire M. Gillan
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna M. Rosická
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kossek EE, Buzzanell PM, Wright BJ, Batz-Barbarich C, Moors AC, Sullivan C, Kokini K, Hirsch AS, Maxey K, Nikalje A. Implementing Diversity Training Targeting Faculty Microaggressions and Inclusion: Practical Insights and Initial Findings. JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00218863221132321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of faculty diversity training for advancing an inclusive society, little research examines whether participation improves inclusion perceptions and belongingness. Integrating training and diversity education literature concepts, this study examines the effectiveness of training targeting microaggressions in six STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) oriented departments at a research-intensive university. Reactions data collected at the end of face-to-face training suggested that participation generally increased inclusion understanding. Self-assessments on inclusion concepts collected from 45% of participants before and three weeks after training suggest participation increases perceptions of the importance of inclusion, microaggression allyship awareness, inclusive behaviors, and organizational identification. Compared to white men, women and minorities reported a greater increase in satisfaction with their department affiliation. While self-assessment results are exploratory and have limitations, analysis suggests that diversity training may enhance knowledge of microaggressions, allyship, inclusive behaviors, and belongingness perceptions. We provide insights for evaluating and implementing diversity training interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ernst Kossek
- Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charlene Sullivan
- Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Klod Kokini
- Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew S. Hirsch
- Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kayla Maxey
- Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ankita Nikalje
- Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Almkvist O, Graff C. Practice effects in cognitive assessments three years later in non-carriers but not in symptom-free mutation carriers of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease: Exemplifying procedural learning and memory? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:905329. [PMID: 36275006 PMCID: PMC9580215 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.905329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice effects (PEs) defined as an improvement of performance in cognition due to repeated assessments between sessions are well known in unimpaired individuals, while less is known about impaired cognition and particularly in latent brain disease as autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. The purpose was to evaluate the general (across tests/domains) and domain-specific PE calculated as the annual rate of change (ARC) in relation to years to the estimated disease onset (YECO) and in four groups of AD: asymptomatic mutation carriers (aAD, n = 19), prodromal, i.e., symptomatic mutation carriers, criteria for AD diagnosis not fulfilled (pAD, n = 4) and mutation carriers diagnosed with AD (dAD, n = 6) as well as mutation non-carriers from the AD families serving as a healthy comparison group (HC, n = 35). Cognition was assessed at baseline and follow-up about 3 years later by 12 tests covering six domains. The aAD and HC groups were comparable at baseline in demographic characteristics (age, gender, and education), when they were in their early forties, while the pAD and dAD groups were older and cognitively impaired. The results on mean ARC for the four groups were significantly different, small, positive, and age-insensitive in the HC group, while ARC was negative and declined with time/disease advancement in AD. The differences between HC and aAD groups in mean ARC and domain-specific ARC were not significant, indicating a subtle PE in aAD in the early preclinical stage of AD. In the symptomatic stages of AD, there was no PE probably due to cognitive disease-related progression. PEs were the largest in the verbal domain in both the HC and aAD groups, indicating a relationship with cognitive vulnerability. The group-related difference in mean ARC was predominant in timekeeping tests. To conclude, the practice effect in over 3 years was suggested to be linked to procedural learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ove Almkvist
- Divisions of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ove Almkvist
| | - Caroline Graff
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Divisions of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang Y, Doyle MF, Chen J, Alosco ML, Mez J, Satizabal CL, Qiu WQ, Murabito JM, Lunetta KL. Association between inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive aging. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274350. [PMID: 36083988 PMCID: PMC9462682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines related to the innate and adaptive immune system have been linked to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease, dementia, and cognitive disorders. We examined the association of 11 plasma proteins (CD14, CD163, CD5L, CD56, CD40L, CXCL16, SDF1, DPP4, SGP130, sRAGE, and MPO) related to immune and inflammatory responses with measures of cognitive function, brain MRI and dementia risk. We identified Framingham Heart Study Offspring participants who underwent neuropsychological testing (n = 2358) or brain MRI (n = 2100) within five years of the seventh examination where a blood sample for quantifying the protein biomarkers was obtained; and who were followed for 10 years for incident all-cause dementia (n = 1616). We investigated the association of inflammatory biomarkers with neuropsychological test performance and brain MRI volumes using linear mixed effect models accounting for family relationships. We further used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association with incident dementia. False discovery rate p-values were used to account for multiple testing. Participants included in the neuropsychological test and MRI samples were on average 61 years old and 54% female. Participants from the incident dementia sample (average 68 years old at baseline) included 124 participants with incident dementia. In addition to CD14, which has an established association, we found significant associations between higher levels of CD40L and myeloperoxidase (MPO) with executive dysfunction. Higher CD5L levels were significantly associated with smaller total brain volumes (TCBV), whereas higher levels of sRAGE were associated with larger TCBV. Associations persisted after adjustment for APOE ε4 carrier status and additional cardiovascular risk factors. None of the studied inflammatory biomarkers were significantly associated with risk of incident all-cause dementia. Higher circulating levels of soluble CD40L and MPO, markers of immune cell activation, were associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, while higher CD5L, a key regulator of inflammation, was associated with smaller total brain volumes. Higher circulating soluble RAGE, a decoy receptor for the proinflammatory RAGE/AGE pathway, was associated with larger total brain volume. If confirmed in other studies, this data indicates the involvement of an activated immune system in abnormal brain aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret F. Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nishita Y, Makizako H, Jeong S, Otsuka R, Kim H, Obuchi S, Fujiwara Y, Ohara Y, Awata S, Yamada M, Iijima K, Shimada H, Suzuki T. Temporal trends in cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults in Japan: Findings from the ILSA-J integrated cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 102:104718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
20
|
Schumann F, Steinborn MB, Flehmig HC, Kürten J, Langner R, Huestegge L. On doing multi-act arithmetic: A multitrait-multimethod approach of performance dimensions in integrated multitasking. Front Psychol 2022; 13:946626. [PMID: 36059769 PMCID: PMC9433926 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a systematic plan to the experimental study of test–retest reliability in the multitasking domain, adopting the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) approach to evaluate the psychometric properties of performance in Düker-type speeded multiple-act mental arithmetic. These form of tasks capacitate the experimental analysis of integrated multi-step processing by combining multiple mental operations in flexible ways in the service of the overarching goal of completing the task. A particular focus was on scoring methodology, particularly measures of response speed variability. To this end, we present data of two experiments with regard to (a) test–retest reliability, (b) between-measures correlational structure, (c) and stability (test–retest practice effects). Finally, we compared participants with high versus low performance variability to assess ability-related differences in measurement precision (typically used as proxy to “simulate” patient populations), which is especially relevant in the applied fields of clinical neuropsychology. The participants performed two classic integrated multi-act arithmetic tasks, combining addition and verification (Exp. 1) and addition and comparison (Exp. 2). The results revealed excellent test–retest reliability for the standard and the variability measures. The analysis of between-measures correlational structure revealed the typical pattern of convergent and discriminant relationships, and also, that absolute response speed variability was highly correlated with average speed (r > 0.85), indicating that these measures mainly deliver redundant information. In contrast, speed-adjusted (relativized) variability revealed discriminant validity being correlated to a much lesser degree with average speed, indicating that this measure delivers additional information not already provided by the speed measure. Furthermore, speed-adjusted variability was virtually unaffected by test–retest practice, which makes this measure interesting in situations with repeated testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schumann
- Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
- *Correspondence: Frank Schumann,
| | | | | | - Jens Kürten
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sparfeldt JR, Becker N, Greiff S, Kersting M, König CJ, Lang JWB, Beauducel A. Intelligenz(tests) verstehen und missverstehen. PSYCHOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/0033-3042/a000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Standortbestimmung zeigt die hohe wissenschaftliche Qualität der Intelligenzforschung und von Intelligenztests. Es werden aber auch mögliche Missverständnisse und Einseitigkeiten der Ergebnisrezeption und -interpretation thematisiert. Im Einzelnen werden (1) die hohe prognostische und kriterienbezogene Validität bei gleichzeitigen Vorbehalten wie teils niedriger Akzeptanz bzw. Augenscheinvalidität, (2) die Darstellung empirischer Befunde aus der Perspektive ausgewählter Theorien sowie (3) die Bedeutung von Umwelteinflüssen und hohen Erblichkeitskoeffizienten eingehender betrachtet. Für jeden dieser Bereiche wird verdeutlicht, dass vor allem Präzision bei der Rezeption und Darstellung von Forschungsergebnissen notwendig ist, um Einseitigkeiten, Missverständnisse und Instrumentalisierungen zu vermeiden. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass einiges, was als Problem der Intelligenzforschung und von Intelligenztests kritisiert wird, letztendlich auf die dargestellten Missverständnisse zurückzuführen ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Unterschied zwischen der qualitativ hochwertigen Intelligenzforschung und Intelligenztestung einerseits sowie den Missverständnissen und Einseitigkeiten bei der Rezeption andererseits herausgearbeitet. Weiterhin werden berechtigte Kritikpunkte an der Intelligenzforschung und an Intelligenztests sowie Forschungsdesiderata benannt.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tamburri N, McDowell C, MacDonald SWS. Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885621. [PMID: 35721020 PMCID: PMC9204065 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In longitudinal designs, the extraneous influence of retest effects can confound and obscure estimates of developmental change. The current study provides a novel approach to independently parameterize short-term retest effects and long-term developmental change estimates by leveraging a measurement burst design and three-level multilevel modeling. We further employ these short- and long-term slopes as predictors of cognitive status at long-term follow-up assessments. Methods: Participants included 304 older adults from Project MIND: a longitudinal measurement burst study assessing cognitive performance across both biweekly sessions and annual retests. Participants were classified as either Healthy controls (HC) or Cognitively Impaired, not Demented (CIND) at baseline, the final burst assessment (Year 4), and at an additional four-year follow-up (Year 8). Response time inconsistencies (RTI) were computed at each burst occasion for a simple choice response time (CRT) task and a one-back response time (BRT) task. Three-level multilevel models were employed to simultaneously examine change in RTI for both CRT and BRT across weeks within years, as well as across years, in order to dissociate within-individual retest effects (short-term) from developmental (long-term) change slopes. Individual slopes were then extracted and utilized in a series of multinomial logistic regression equations to contrast short- vs. long-term RTI change as predictors of cognitive status. Results: Separately parameterizing short- and long-term change estimates yielded distinct patterns of variation. CRT RTI remained stable across short-term weekly assessments, while significantly increasing across years. In contrast, BRT RTI decreased significantly across short-term assessments but showed no change across long-term assessments. After dissociating change estimates, short-term BRT as well as long-term CRT and BRT estimates predicted cognitive status at long-term follow-ups; increases in RTI, suggesting either an inability to benefit from retest or process-based developmental decline, were associated with an increased likelihood of being classified as CIND. Conclusions: We showcase an innovative approach to dissociate retest effects from developmental change across and within individuals. Accurately parameterizing these distinct change estimates can both reduce systematic bias in longitudinal trend estimates as well as provide a clinically useful tool by utilizing retest effects to predict cognitive health and impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tamburri
- Brain Aging and Neurocognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Cynthia McDowell
- Brain Aging and Neurocognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Stuart W. S. MacDonald
- Brain Aging and Neurocognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Stuart W. S. MacDonald
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bojsen-Møller E, Wang R, Nilsson J, Heiland EG, Boraxbekk CJ, Kallings LV, Ekblom M. The effect of two multi-component behavior change interventions on cognitive functions. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1082. [PMID: 35641971 PMCID: PMC9158235 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported the effects of two cluster-randomized 6-month multi-component workplace interventions, targeting reducing sedentary behavior or increasing physical activity among office workers, on movement behaviors and cardiorespiratory fitness. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these interventions on cognitive functions compared to a wait-list control group. The secondary aims were to examine if changes in cognition were related to change in cardiorespiratory fitness or movement behaviors and if age, sex, or cardiorespiratory fitness moderated these associations. Methods Both interventions encompassed multi-components acting on the individual, environmental, and organizational levels and aimed to change physical activity patterns to improve mental health and cognitive function. Out of 263 included participants, 139 (mean age 43 years, 76% females) completed a neuropsychological test battery and wore accelerometers at baseline and 6-month follow-up. The intervention effect (aim 1) on cognitive composite scores (i.e., Executive Functions, Episodic Memory, Processing Speed, and Global Cognition) was investigated. Additionally, associations between changes in movement behaviors and cardiorespiratory fitness, and changes in cognition were examined (aim 2). Moreover, age, sex, and cardiorespiratory fitness level were investigated as possible moderators of change associations (aim 3). Results Overall, cognitive performance improved from baseline to follow-up, but the change did not differ between the intervention groups and the control group. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness or any movement behavior category did not predict changes in cognitive functions. The association between changes in time in bed and changes in both Executive Function and Global Cognition were moderated by age, such that a more positive relation was seen with increasing age. A less positive association was seen between changes in sedentary behavior and Processing Speed for men vs. women, whereas higher cardiorespiratory fitness was related to a more positive association between changes in moderate-intensity physical activity and Global Cognition. Conclusion The lack of an intervention effect on cognitive functions was expected since the intervention did not change movement behavior or fitness. Age, sex, and cardiorespiratory fitness level might moderate the relationships between movement behaviors and cognitive functions changes. Trial registration ISRCTN92968402. Registered 09/04/2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonna Nilsson
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emerald G Heiland
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Epidemiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC) and Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena V Kallings
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bertola L, Benseñor IJM, Brunoni AR, Caramelli P, Barreto SM, Moreno AB, Griep RH, Viana MC, Lotufo PA, Suemoto CK. Retest effects in a diverse sample: sociodemographic predictors and possible correction approaches. Dement Neuropsychol 2022; 16:171-180. [PMID: 35720646 PMCID: PMC9173799 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated cognitive assessment in longitudinal studies favors the occurrence of retest effects, usually increasing the scores obtained at the follow-up assessments when compared to baseline. Therefore, retest effects can compromise the evaluation of cognitive decline in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laiss Bertola
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela Judith Martins Benseñor
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital Universitário, Centro de Pesquisa Epidemiológica e Clínica, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Russowsky Brunoni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital Universitário, Centro de Pesquisa Epidemiológica e Clínica, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Laboratório de Neurociências, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Sandhi Maria Barreto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Arlinda Barbosa Moreno
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Harter Griep
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Istituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Educação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Carmen Viana
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Medicina Social, Vitória ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Andrade Lotufo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital Universitário, Centro de Pesquisa Epidemiológica e Clínica, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Divisão de Geriatria, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Stahl K, Adorjan K, Anderson-Schmidt H, Budde M, Comes AL, Gade K, Heilbronner M, Kalman JL, Klöhn-Saghatolislam F, Oraki Kohshour M, Papiol S, Reich-Erkelenz D, Schaupp SK, Schulte EC, Senner F, Vogl T, Wiltfang J, Reininghaus E, Falkai P, Schulze TG, Bickeböller H, Heilbronner U. Stability over time of scores on psychiatric rating scales, questionnaires and cognitive tests in healthy controls. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e55. [PMID: 35232513 PMCID: PMC8935911 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Case-only longitudinal studies are common in psychiatry. Further, it is assumed that psychiatric ratings and questionnaire results of healthy controls stay stable over foreseeable time ranges. For cognitive tests, improvements over time are expected, but data for more than two administrations are scarce. AIMS We comprehensively investigated the longitudinal course for trends over time in cognitive and symptom measurements for severe mental disorders. Assessments included the Trail Making Tests, verbal Digit Span tests, Global Assessment of Functioning, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale, among others. METHOD Using the data of control individuals (n = 326) from the PsyCourse study who had up to four assessments over 18 months, we modelled the course using linear mixed models or logistic regression. The slopes or odds ratios were estimated and adjusted for age and gender. We also assessed the robustness of these results using a longitudinal non-parametric test in a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Small effects were detected for most cognitive tests, indicating a performance improvement over time (P < 0.05). However, for most of the symptom rating scales and questionnaires, no effects were detected, in line with our initial hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS The slightly but consistently improved performance in the cognitive tests speaks of a test-unspecific positive trend, while psychiatric ratings and questionnaire results remain stable over the observed period. These detectable improvements need to be considered when interpreting longitudinal courses. We therefore recommend recruiting control participants if cognitive tests are administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stahl
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ashley L Comes
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Gade
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Janos L Kalman
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mojtaba Oraki Kohshour
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina K Schaupp
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Eva C Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Senner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany; and iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roeper J, Reichert-Schlax J, Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia O, Klose V, Weber M, Nagel MT. Patterns of Domain-Specific Learning Among Medical Undergraduate Students in Relation to Confidence in Their Physiology Knowledge: Insights From a Pre-post Study. Front Psychol 2022; 12:562211. [PMID: 35222131 PMCID: PMC8867175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.562211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RESEARCH FOCUS The promotion of domain-specific knowledge is a central goal of higher education and, in the field of medicine, it is particularly essential to promote global health. Domain-specific knowledge on its own is not exhaustive; confidence regarding the factual truth of this knowledge content is also required. An increase in both knowledge and confidence is considered a necessary prerequisite for making professional decisions in the clinical context. Especially the knowledge of human physiology is fundamental and simultaneously critical to medical decision-making. However, numerous studies have shown difficulties in understanding and misconceptions in this area of knowledge. Therefore, we investigate (i) how preclinical medical students acquire knowledge in physiology over the course of their studies and simultaneously gain confidence in the correctness of this knowledge as well as (ii) the interrelations between these variables, and (iii) how they affect the development of domain-specific knowledge. METHOD In a pre-post study, 169 medical students' development of physiology knowledge and their confidence related to this knowledge were assessed via paper-pencil questionnaires before and after attending physiology seminars for one semester. Data from a longitudinal sample of n = 97 students were analyzed using mean comparisons, regression analyses, and latent class analyses (LCAs). In addition, four types of item responses were formed based on confidence and correctness in the knowledge test. RESULTS We found a significant and large increase in the students' physiology knowledge, with task-related confidence being the strongest predictor (apart from learning motivation). Moreover, a significantly higher level of confidence at t2 was confirmed, with the level of prior confidence being a strong predictor (apart from knowledge at t2). Furthermore, based on the students' development of knowledge and confidence levels between measurement points, three empirically distinct groups were distinguished: knowledge gainers, confidence gainers, and overall gainers. The students whose confidence in incorrect knowledge increased constituted one particularly striking group. Therefore, the training of both knowledge and the ability to critically reflect on one's knowledge and skills as well as an assessment of their development in education is required, especially in professions such as medicine, where knowledge-based decisions made with confidence are of vital importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Roeper
- Department of Neurophysiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Reichert-Schlax
- Department of Business and Economics Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Verena Klose
- Department of Neurophysiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maruschka Weber
- Department of Neurophysiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Nagel
- Department of Business and Economics Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vekety B, Logemann A, Takacs ZK. Mindfulness Practice with a Brain-Sensing Device Improved Cognitive Functioning of Elementary School Children: An Exploratory Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:103. [PMID: 35053846 PMCID: PMC8774020 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first pilot study with children that has assessed the effects of a brain-computer interface-assisted mindfulness program on neural mechanisms and associated cognitive performance. The participants were 31 children aged 9-10 years who were randomly assigned to either an eight-session mindfulness training with EEG-feedback or a passive control group. Mindfulness-related brain activity was measured during the training, while cognitive tests and resting-state brain activity were measured pre- and post-test. The within-group measurement of calm/focused brain states and mind-wandering revealed a significant linear change. Significant positive changes were detected in children's inhibition, information processing, and resting-state brain activity (alpha, theta) compared to the control group. Elevated baseline alpha activity was associated with less reactivity in reaction time on a cognitive test. Our exploratory findings show some preliminary support for a potential executive function-enhancing effect of mindfulness supplemented with EEG-feedback, which may have some important implications for children's self-regulated learning and academic achievement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka Vekety
- Doctoral School of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Adaptation Research Group, 1064 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexander Logemann
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsofia K. Takacs
- Clinical Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Breit M, Scherrer V, Preckel F. Temporal stability and change in manifest intelligence scores: Four complementary analytic approaches. MethodsX 2022; 9:101613. [PMID: 35004234 PMCID: PMC8718888 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal stability of psychological test scores is one prerequisite for their practical usability. This is especially true for intelligence test scores. In educational contexts, high stakes decisions with long-term consequences, such as placement in special education programs, are often based on intelligence test results. There are four different types of temporal stability: mean-level change, individual-level change, differential continuity, and ipsative continuity. We present statistical methods for investigating each type of stability. Where necessary, the methods were adapted for the specific challenges posed by intelligence research (e.g., controlling for general intelligence in lower order test scores). We provide step-by-step guidance for the application of the statistical methods and apply them to a real data set of 114 gifted students tested twice with a test-retest interval of 6 months. • Four different types of stability need to be investigated for a full picture of temporal stability in psychological research • Selection and adaption of the methods for the use in intelligence research • Complete protocol of the implementation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Breit
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Levacher J, Koch M, Hissbach J, Spinath FM, Becker N. You Can Play the Game Without Knowing the Rules – But You’re Better Off Knowing Them. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Due to their high item difficulties and excellent psychometric properties, construction-based figural matrices tasks are of particular interest when it comes to high-stakes testing. An important prerequisite is that test preparation – which is likely to occur in this context – does not impair test fairness or item properties. The goal of this study was to provide initial evidence concerning the influence of test preparation. We administered test items to a sample of N = 882 participants divided into two groups, but only one group was given information about the rules employed in the test items. The probability of solving the items was significantly higher in the test preparation group than in the control group ( M = 0.61, SD = 0.19 vs. M = 0.41, SD = 0.25; t(54) = 3.42, p = .001; d = .92). Nevertheless, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, as well as a differential item functioning analysis, indicated no differences between the item properties in the two groups. The results suggest that construction-based figural matrices are suitable in the context of high-stakes testing when all participants are provided with test preparation material so that test fairness is ensured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Levacher
- Department of Individual Differences & Psychodiagnostics, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Marco Koch
- Department of Individual Differences & Psychodiagnostics, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Johanna Hissbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank M. Spinath
- Department of Individual Differences & Psychodiagnostics, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Nicolas Becker
- Department of Individual Differences & Psychodiagnostics, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fang Y, Doyle MF, Alosco ML, Mez J, Satizabal CL, Qiu WQ, Lunetta KL, Murabito JM. Cross-Sectional Association Between Blood Cell Phenotypes, Cognitive Function, and Brain Imaging Measures in the Community-Based Framingham Heart Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1291-1305. [PMID: 35431244 PMCID: PMC9969805 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral inflammation is associated with increased risk for dementia. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), and mean platelet volume (MPV), are easily measured circulating blood cell phenotypes reflecting chronic peripheral inflammation, but their association with dementia status is unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the cross-sectional association of these inflammatory measures with neuropsychological (NP) test performance, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring, Third-generation, and Omni cohorts. METHODS We identified FHS participants who attended an exam that included a complete blood cell count (CBC) and underwent NP testing (n = 3,396) or brain MRI (n = 2,770) within five years of blood draw. We investigated the association between NLR, RDW, and MPV and NP test performance and structural MRI-derived volumetric measurements using linear mixed effect models accounting for family relationships and adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Participants were on average 60 years old, 53% female, and about 80% attended some college. Higher NLR was significantly associated with poorer performance on visual memory, and visuospatial abilities, as well as with larger white matter hyperintensity volume. We also observed associations for higher RDW with poorer executive function and smaller total cerebral brain volume. CONCLUSION Chronic peripheral inflammation as measured by NLR and RDW was associated with worse cognitive function, reduced brain volume, and greater microvascular disease in FHS participants. If confirmed in other samples, CBC may provide informative and cost-effective biomarkers of abnormal brain aging in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret F. Doyle
- University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.,University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Do Attentional Lapses Account for the Worst Performance Rule? J Intell 2021; 10:jintelligence10010002. [PMID: 35076568 PMCID: PMC8788519 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The worst performance rule (WPR) describes the phenomenon that individuals’ slowest responses in a task are often more predictive of their intelligence than their fastest or average responses. To explain this phenomenon, it was previously suggested that occasional lapses of attention during task completion might be associated with particularly slow reaction times. Because less intelligent individuals should experience lapses of attention more frequently, reaction time distribution should be more heavily skewed for them than for more intelligent people. Consequently, the correlation between intelligence and reaction times should increase from the lowest to the highest quantile of the response time distribution. This attentional lapses account has some intuitive appeal, but has not yet been tested empirically. Using a hierarchical modeling approach, we investigated whether the WPR pattern would disappear when including different behavioral, self-report, and neural measurements of attentional lapses as predictors. In a sample of N = 85, we found that attentional lapses accounted for the WPR, but effect sizes of single covariates were mostly small to very small. We replicated these results in a reanalysis of a much larger previously published data set. Our findings render empirical support to the attentional lapses account of the WPR.
Collapse
|
32
|
Hernandez AK, Fuchss P, Haehner A, Hummel T. Olfactory function testing before and after anesthesia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23857. [PMID: 34903794 PMCID: PMC8668874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether anesthesia would affect olfactory function. Patients who were admitted for surgical intervention that did not include the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were included in this prospective cohort study. Structured medical history was taken from the patients, including the following: age, sex, smoking history, alcohol intake, current medications, and sleep deficits prior to surgery. Before surgery, patients were asked for a self-rating of their olfactory function. Olfactory function was also measured using Sniffin' Sticks comprising measures of odor threshold, discrimination, and identification. The mean interval between olfactory tests was 6 days (range 3-12 days). Seventy-three patients were included in the study, 34 men and 39 women. Olfactory scores were consistent before and after surgery as indicated by correlative analyses (p < 0.05). Odor thresholds, discrimination, identification, and composite TDI scores did not change significantly, whereas odor identification scores increased (p = 0.011) after surgery. In conclusion, post-operative olfactory scores remained stable. However, identification scores exhibited a slight increase which can be attributed to a retest effect. Overall, the present results indicate that surgery outside of the nasal and paranasal sinus region performed in general anesthesia has no major effect on the sense of smell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Fuchss
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee J, Lee SI. Efficacy of Omega-3 and Korean Red Ginseng in Children with Subthreshold ADHD: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1977-1987. [PMID: 32847461 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720951868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of combined omega-3 and Korean red ginseng supplementation on ADHD symptoms and cognitive function in children with subthreshold ADHD. METHOD 120 children from 6 to 12 years with subthreshold ADHD were enrolled in this 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study. The primary outcome was measured by Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Children Behavior Check List (CBCL), and neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, and executive function were included as secondary primary outcome measures. RESULTS Significant effects on the scores of ADHDRS, as well as several subscales of CBCL including ADHD and attention problem subscales were revealed. CONCLUSION The combination of omega-3 and Korean red ginseng may have beneficial effects in children with subthreshold ADHD. Increased clinical awareness of ADHD symptoms even at a subthreshold level is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schneider B, Sparfeldt JR. How to Get Better: Taking Notes Mediates the Effect of a Video Tutorial on Number Series. J Intell 2021; 9:jintelligence9040055. [PMID: 34842745 PMCID: PMC8628879 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, test-score increases have been shown in rule-based intelligence test tasks, such as number series, after watching a corresponding video tutorial. An open question remains regarding the mechanisms involved. Specifically, taking notes to describe the relations between numbers might be linked to test scores, and is hypothesized to mediate the effect of a number series video tutorial on number series test scores. Therefore, an experimental group (EG) watching a number series video tutorial (n = 58) was compared with a control group (CG) watching an irrelevant tutorial (n = 52) before working on number series items. Results revealed higher number series scores in the EG than the CG (d = .48), more items with provided notes in the EG than in the CG (d = .41), and substantial correlations between the number of items with notes and the number series sum scores in both groups (EG: r = .66; CG: r = .75). The effect of the video tutorial on the number series sum score was mediated by the number of items with notes (indirect effect = 3.41, SE = 1.74). Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
35
|
Egset KS, Weider S, Stubberud J, Hjemdal O, Ruud E, Hjort MA, Eilertsen MEB, Sund AM, Røkke ME, Reinfjell T. Cognitive Rehabilitation for Neurocognitive Late Effects in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Feasibility and Case-Series Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:724960. [PMID: 34777103 PMCID: PMC8581253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive late effects following the diagnosis and treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) commonly include impaired executive functions (EFs), with negative consequences for one's health-related quality of life and mental health. However, interventions for EF impairments are scarce. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) explore the feasibility and acceptability of the cognitive rehabilitation program Goal Management Training (GMT) and (2) examine whether GMT is associated with positive outcomes across cases of ALL survivors with EF complaints. Four participants (median age 31.5 years) underwent nine GMT modules in a total of five group sessions. Rehabilitation was focused on compensatory strategies to improve real-life EFs. Participants were evaluated at 2-week and 6-month follow-ups. Evaluation of feasibility and acceptability included adherence, a semi structured interview, self-reports, and safety. Additionally, therapists' experience with implementation was evaluated. Outcome measures included self-reports and neurocognitive tests of attention, EF, and processing speed. All participants completed GMT and rated the intervention as useful, suitable, and satisfactory. The reliable change index showed improved daily life EFs (two participants) and neurocognitive performance (three participants) at 6-month follow-up. Additionally, all participants improved on a "real-life" task involving EF. A future randomized controlled trial is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Solland Egset
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Weider
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ellen Ruud
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Aassved Hjort
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Bradley Eilertsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Center for Health Promotion Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Sund
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnhild Eitrem Røkke
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Reinfjell
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kaya BK, Alpozgen AZ. Comparing the Cognitive Functioning Effects of Aerobic and Pilates Exercises for Inactive Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 129:134-152. [PMID: 34779293 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercises (AE) have been found to have short-term positive effects on certain aspects of cognitive functioning. Pilates exercises (PE) may have similar benefits. In this randomized controlled study, we compared the effectiveness of PE and AE on participants' cognitive functions. We randomly assigned 52 physically inactive young adult volunteers into either a PE group (Mage = 20.85, SD = 2.11 years; 18 females and 8 males) or an AE group (Mage = 19.88, SD = 0.91 years; 18 females and 8 males). In both groups, participants engaged in a moderately intense exercise program three days a week for four weeks. We tested participants on cognitive measures of selective attention and inhibitory control (Stroop test), verbal fluency (verbal fluency tests (letter and category); VFTs), and speed of movement (Nelson's Speed of Movement Test; NSMT). There were no group differences on the Stroop and the VFTs (p>0.05). However, there was a significant pre- to post-exercise difference for participants in both groups with a medium-large effect size (ES) on Stroop sections 1, 3, 4, and 5, respectively (PE: p < 0.001, ES = 0.58, p = 0.001, ES = 0.54, p < 0.001, ES = 0.88, p = 0.001, ES = 0.60; AE: p < 0.001, ES = 0.70, p < 0.001, ES = 0.89, p < 0.001, ES = 0.86, p = 0.006, ES = 0.65). There was a large effect size pre- to post-exercise detected for VFT sections labeled letter (PE: p < 0.001, ES = 1.45; AE: p < 0.001, ES = 1.11), and category (PE: p < 0.001, ES = 1.11; AE: p < 0.001, ES = 0.83), and there was a large ES for NSMT in the PE group (p < 0.001, ES = 1.07). Both PE and AE may lead to short-term improvements in selective attention, verbal fluency, and executive control in inactive young adults, and PE may benefit speed of movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begum Kara Kaya
- Division of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, 420479Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Graduate Studies, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Zengin Alpozgen
- Division of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, 532719Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dames H, Klauer KC, Ragni M. The stability of syllogistic reasoning performance over time. THINKING & REASONING 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2021.1992012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dames
- Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Ragni
- Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Danish Institute of Advanced Studies, South Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jensen MD, Hansen KM, Siersma V, Brodersen J. Using a Deliberative Poll on breast cancer screening to assess and improve the decision quality of laypeople. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258869. [PMID: 34673826 PMCID: PMC8530304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Balancing the benefits and harms of mammography screening is difficult and involves a value judgement. Screening is both a medical and a social intervention, therefore public opinion could be considered when deciding if mammography screening programmes should be implemented and continued. Opinion polls have revealed high levels of public enthusiasm for cancer screening, however, the public tends to overestimate the benefits and underestimate the harms. In the search for better public decision on mammography screening, this study investigated the quality of public opinion arising from a Deliberative Poll. In a Deliberative Poll a representative group of people is brought together to deliberate with each other and with experts based on specific information. Before, during and after the process, the participants’ opinions are assessed. In our Deliberative Poll a representative sample of the Danish population aged between 18 and 70 participated. They studied an online video and took part in five hours of intense online deliberation. We used survey data at four timepoints during the study, from recruitment to one month after the poll, to estimate the quality of decisions by the following outcomes: 1) Knowledge; 2) Ability to form opinions; 3) Opinion stability, and 4) Opinion consistency. The proportion of participants with a high level of knowledge increased from 1% at recruitment to 56% after receiving video information. More people formed an opinion regarding the effectiveness of the screening programme (12%), the economy of the programme (27%), and the ethical dilemmas of screening (10%) due to the process of information and deliberation. For 11 out of 14 opinion items, the within-item correlations between the first two inquiry time points were smaller than the correlations between later timepoints. This indicates increased opinion stability. The correlations between three pairs of opinion items deemed theoretically related a priori all increased, indicating increased opinion consistency. Overall, the combined process of online information and deliberation increased opinion quality about mammography screening by increasing knowledge and the ability to form stable and consistent opinions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manja D. Jensen
- Department of Public Health, The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Primary Health Care Research Unit, Region Zealand, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Kasper M. Hansen
- Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volkert Siersma
- Department of Public Health, The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Brodersen
- Department of Public Health, The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Primary Health Care Research Unit, Region Zealand, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jensen DA, Halmøy A, Stubberud J, Haavik J, Lundervold AJ, Sørensen L. An Exploratory Investigation of Goal Management Training in Adults With ADHD: Improvements in Inhibition and Everyday Functioning. Front Psychol 2021; 12:659480. [PMID: 34566748 PMCID: PMC8458564 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are predominantly treated with medication. However, there is also a need for effective, psychologically based interventions. As ADHD is strongly associated with reduced inhibitory control, cognitive remediation approaches should be efficient. Goal management training (GMT) aims at enhancing inhibitory control and has shown positive effects on inhibitory control in non-ADHD patient groups. The aim of the current study was to explore whether GMT would specifically enhance inhibitory control in adults with ADHD, and if such an enhancement would lead to secondary improvements in self-reported everyday functioning. Methods: Twenty-one participants with ADHD (mean age: 39.05 years [SD 11.93]) completed the intervention and assessments pre-, post- and 6 months after the intervention. Measures included neuropsychological tests and self-report questionnaires pertaining to cognitive- and executive functioning, emotion regulation, quality of life, and ADHD symptoms. Results: Compared to baseline, the participants showed enhanced inhibitory control on performance-based measures at post-assessment and 6-month follow-up. The participants also reported increased productivity and reduced cognitive difficulties in everyday life at both assessments post-treatment, as well as improvements in aspects of emotion regulation and a reduction in the severity of core ADHD-symptoms at 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: Our exploratory study showed that GMT seems to specifically improve one of the core executive dysfunctions in ADHD, namely inhibitory control, with a positive effect lasting at least 6 months post-treatment. The adults with ADHD also reported improved self-regulation in their everyday life after completing GMT, providing strong arguments for further investigations of GMT as a treatment option for this group of adults. Clinical Trial Registration: The study is registered under ISRCTN.com (ISRCTN91988877; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN91988877).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel André Jensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Mental Health, Betanien Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Halmøy
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gühne D, Doebler P, Condon DM, Luo F, Sun L. Validity and Reliability of Automatically Generated Propositional Reasoning Items. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study introduces a newly developed public-domain multilingual automatic item generator that creates propositional reasoning (PR) items belonging to 15 item families by using various inference rules. Psychometric properties of the resulting written PR test were investigated in three diverse samples in English, simplified Chinese, and German, respectively. Internal consistency was good to excellent across samples. The ICAR16 short form test of cognitive abilities ( Condon & Revelle, 2014 ) was used to evaluate construct validity. Correlations of ICAR16 scores and PR scores were high. Furthermore, items within families appeared to be equivalent, with only minor differential item functioning between the Chinese- and English-speaking samples. Performance on the PR test was shown to be reasonably stable over the course of 1 week. Differences of total scores between test forms (pen and paper vs. computerized administration) were not detected. Findings suggest that the automatically generated PR test is a valuable instrument for the assessment of propositional reasoning ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gühne
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | | | - David M. Condon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Fang Luo
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Luning Sun
- The Psychometrics Centre, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schneider B, Sparfeldt JR. How to solve number series items: Can watching video tutorials increase test scores? INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Who benefits from computerized cognitive training? Lower processing speed predicts greater cognitive improvement. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
43
|
Towards a Functional Neuromarker of Impulsivity: Feedback-Related Brain Potential during Risky Decision-Making Associated with Self-Reported Impulsivity in a Non-Clinical Sample. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060671. [PMID: 34063798 PMCID: PMC8224100 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking is part of the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, consisting of an active engagement in behaviors or choices with potentially undesirable results, with probability as the cost for an expected reward. In order to understand the neurophysiological activity during risky behavior and its relationship with other dimensions of impulsivity, we have acquired event-related-potential (ERP) data and self-reported impulsivity scores from 17 non-clinical volunteers. They underwent high-resolution electroencephalography (HR-EEG) combined with an adapted version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-10) and the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS). The ERP components were sensitive to valence (FRN, P300) and risk/reward magnitude (SPN, RewP). Our main finding evidenced a positive correlation between the amplitude of the P300 component following positive feedback and both the global UPPS score and the (lack of) perseverance UPPS subscale, significant for several adjacent electrodes. This finding might suggest an adaptive form of impulsive behavior, which could be associated to the reduction on the difference of the P300 amplitude following negative and positive feedback. However, further investigation with both larger clinical and non-clinical samples is required.
Collapse
|
44
|
Krautter K, Lehmann J, Kleinort E, Koch M, Spinath FM, Becker N. Test Preparation in Figural Matrices Tests: Focus on the Difficult Rules. Front Psychol 2021; 12:619440. [PMID: 33935870 PMCID: PMC8081851 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that training the rules employed in figural matrices tests enhances test performance. Previous studies only compare experimental conditions in which all or no rules were trained and therefore ignore the particular influence of knowledge about the easy and difficult rules. With the current study, we wanted to provide some first insights into this topic. Respondents were assigned to four groups that received training for no rules, only the easy rules, only the difficult rules, or for all rules. The results show that a training only for the difficult rules was more effective than the other trainings. This applies also to performance in the easy rules that were actually not part of the training. A possible explanation for this finding is a facilitation of the solution process that is primarily driven by knowledge about the difficult rules. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that taking differences between the rules into account may provide a deeper understanding of the effects of trainings for figural matrices tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Krautter
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Lehmann
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Eva Kleinort
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marco Koch
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank M Spinath
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicolas Becker
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Breit M, Scherrer V, Preckel F. Temporal stability of specific ability scores and intelligence profiles in high ability students. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
46
|
Dziemian S, Appenzeller S, von Bastian CC, Jäncke L, Langer N. Working Memory Training Effects on White Matter Integrity in Young and Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:605213. [PMID: 33935667 PMCID: PMC8079651 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.605213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Working memory is essential for daily life skills like reading comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving. Healthy aging of the brain goes along with working memory decline that can affect older people's independence in everyday life. Interventions in the form of cognitive training are a promising tool for delaying age-related working memory decline, yet the underlying structural plasticity of white matter is hardly studied. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study to investigate the effects of an intensive four-week adaptive working memory training on white matter integrity quantified by global and tract-wise mean diffusivity. We compared diffusivity measures of fiber tracts that are associated with working memory of 32 young and 20 older participants that were randomly assigned to a working memory training group or an active control group. RESULTS The behavioral analysis showed an increase in working memory performance after the four-week adaptive working memory training. The neuroanatomical analysis revealed a decrease in mean diffusivity in the working memory training group after the training intervention in the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus for the older adults. There was also a decrease in mean diffusivity in the working memory training group in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus for the older and young participants after the intervention. CONCLUSION This study shows that older people can benefit from working memory training by improving their working memory performance that is also reflected in terms of improved white matter integrity in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, where the first is an essential component of the frontoparietal network known to be essential in working memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Dziemian
- Department of Methods of Plasticity Research, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamic of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Reproducible Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Appenzeller
- Department of Methods of Plasticity Research, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia C. von Bastian
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Neuropsychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamic of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Langer
- Department of Methods of Plasticity Research, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamic of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Reproducible Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gilbert K, Kranzler JH, Benson N. An independent examination of the equivalence of the standard and digital administration formats of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-5th Edition. J Sch Psychol 2021; 85:113-124. [PMID: 33715776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new administration format for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) was introduced in 2016 on Q-interactive, Pearson's digital platform for test administration and scoring. The current study examined the measurement unit equivalence of the WISC-V standard and digital administration formats using counter-balanced administration of the 10 primary subtests to measure intellectual ability. The results indicated that correlations (r) between standard scores on subtests and composites administered in each format were generally moderate, with mean rs of 0.64 for subtests and 0.71 for composites after correction for attenuation, with the lowest rs for processing speed. Split-plot ANOVAs were conducted to examine within-subjects main effects for administration format and order and their interaction. The results of these analyses revealed significant main effects for format for the Full Scale IQ and Processing Speed composite scores, with small to medium effect sizes (ds > 0.40). These format effects largely stemmed from the non-equivalence of the Coding subtest, which is used to derive both composites. For Coding, the main effect for format was statistically significant, with a large effect size (d = 0.69). Statistically significant administration order by format interaction effects were also observed for a number of composites and subtests, with medium to large effect sizes (ƞps2 > 0.20). In each case, higher mean scores were observed when the WISC-V was administered first in digital format. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Gilbert
- Eastern Washington University, United States of America.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Neumayr L, Gschaidmeier A, Trauzettel-Klosinski S, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Hofer W, Bajer C, Staudt M. Sacrificing one visual hemifield during pediatric epilepsy surgery: Effects on visual search. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:103-107. [PMID: 32988735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate early and late effects of planned surgically acquired homonymous hemianopias on visual search in children and adolescents. METHODS This prospective study included five patients (5y 5 m-18y 0 m; 2 girls) with pharmaco-refractory epilepsies in whom one visual hemifield was sacrificed as part of the surgical strategy, and, as controls, seven patients (5y 11 m-18y 0 m; 6 girls) undergoing epilepsy surgeries not affecting the visual fields. Visual search was studied using the "Table Test", which is an everyday life-like visual search test. General processing speed was studied using a standard IQ subtest. RESULTS All five patients with newly acquired homonymous hemianopias showed a relative disadvantage of visual search times for objects in their newly blind hemifields immediately after the surgery. Six months later, this relative disadvantage had recovered completely in all patients. Nevertheless, compared with the preoperative situation, overall search times were still prolonged in the hemianopic patients, but this effect could be mitigated or even overcompensated by improvements in processing speed. CONCLUSIONS Children with homonymous hemianopias inflicted by epilepsy surgery develop effective compensation strategies to minimize the relative disadvantage of visual search in their blind hemifields. For changes in overall visual search times between the preoperative and the six-month follow-up examination, we could demonstrate overlapping effects of (a) deterioration by hemianopia and (b) amelioration by improved processing speed as part of the cognitive improvements achieved by amelioration of the epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Neumayr
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alisa Gschaidmeier
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Tom Pieper
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Manfred Kudernatsch
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany; Research Institute "Rehabilitation, Transition, Palliation" PMU Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wiebke Hofer
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Christina Bajer
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Martin Staudt
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The moderating effect of prior knowledge on the relationship between intelligence and complex problem solving – Testing the Elshout-Raaheim hypothesis. INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Schneider B, Becker N, Krieger F, Spinath FM, Sparfeldt JR. Teaching the underlying rules of figural matrices in a short video increases test scores. INTELLIGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2020.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|