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Boby N, Williams KM, Das A, Pahar B. Toll-like Receptor 2 Mediated Immune Regulation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1861. [PMID: 38140264 PMCID: PMC10747659 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial to the innate immune response. They regulate inflammatory reactions by initiating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TLRs also play a role in shaping the adaptive immune responses. While this protective response is important for eliminating infectious pathogens, persistent activation of TLRs may result in chronic immune activation, leading to detrimental effects. The role of TLR2 in regulating HIV-1 infection in vivo has yet to be well described. In this study, we used an SIV-infected rhesus macaque model to simulate HIV infection in humans. We evaluated the plasma of the macaques longitudinally and found a significant increase in the soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) level after SIV infection. We also observed an increase in membrane-bound TLR2 (mb-TLR2) in cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and NK cells in PBMC and NK cells in the gut after infection. Our results suggest that sTLR2 regulates the production of various cytokines and chemokines, including IL-18, IL-1RA, IL-15, IL-13, IL-9, TPO, FLT3L, and IL-17F, as well as chemokines, including IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-2, ENA-78, GRO-α, I-TAC, Fractalkine, SDF-1α, and MIP-3α. Interestingly, these cytokines and chemokines were also upregulated after the infection. The positive correlation between SIV copy number and sTLR2 in the plasma indicated the involvement of TLR2 in the regulation of viral replication. These cytokines and chemokines could directly or indirectly regulate viral replication through the TLR2 signaling pathways. When we stimulated PBMC with the TLR2 agonist in vitro, we observed a direct induction of various cytokines and chemokines. Some of these cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1RA, IL-9, IL-15, GRO-α, and ENA-78, were positively correlated with sTLR2 in vivo, highlighting the direct involvement of TLR2 in the regulation of the production of these factors. Our findings suggest that TLR2 expression may be a target for developing new therapeutic strategies to combat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongthombam Boby
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (N.B.); (K.M.W.)
| | - Kelsey M. Williams
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (N.B.); (K.M.W.)
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (N.B.); (K.M.W.)
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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2
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Hu B, Duan S, Wang Z, Li X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Zhang YW, Xu H, Zheng H. Insights Into the Role of CSF1R in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:789834. [PMID: 34867307 PMCID: PMC8634759 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.789834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor modulating microglial homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS). CSF1R, which can be proteolytically cleaved into a soluble ectodomain and an intracellular protein fragment, supports the survival of myeloid cells upon activation by two ligands, colony stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 34. CSF1R loss-of-function mutations are the major cause of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) and its dysfunction has also been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the physiological functions of CSF1R in the CNS and its pathological effects in neurological disorders including ALSP, AD, frontotemporal dementia and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of CSF1R is critical for developing targeted therapies for related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglian Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengshun Duan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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3
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Fahrner M, Kook L, Fröhlich K, Biniossek ML, Schilling O. A Systematic Evaluation of Semispecific Peptide Search Parameter Enables Identification of Previously Undescribed N-Terminal Peptides and Conserved Proteolytic Processing in Cancer Cell Lines. Proteomes 2021; 9:proteomes9020026. [PMID: 34070654 PMCID: PMC8162549 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the most commonly used technique in explorative proteomic research. A variety of open-source tools for peptide-spectrum matching have become available. Most analyses of explorative MS data are performed using conventional settings, such as fully specific enzymatic constraints. Here we evaluated the impact of the fragment mass tolerance in combination with the enzymatic constraints on the performance of three search engines. Three open-source search engines (Myrimatch, X! Tandem, and MSGF+) were evaluated concerning the suitability in semi- and unspecific searches as well as the importance of accurate fragment mass spectra in non-specific peptide searches. We then performed a semispecific reanalysis of the published NCI-60 deep proteome data applying the most suited parameters. Semi- and unspecific LC-MS/MS data analyses particularly benefit from accurate fragment mass spectra while this effect is less pronounced for conventional, fully specific peptide-spectrum matching. Search speed differed notably between the three search engines for semi- and non-specific peptide-spectrum matching. Semispecific reanalysis of NCI-60 proteome data revealed hundreds of previously undescribed N-terminal peptides, including cases of proteolytic processing or likely alternative translation start sites, some of which were ubiquitously present in all cell lines of the reanalyzed panel. Highly accurate MS2 fragment data in combination with modern open-source search algorithms enable the confident identification of semispecific peptides from large proteomic datasets. The identification of previously undescribed N-terminal peptides in published studies highlights the potential of future reanalysis and data mining in proteomic datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fahrner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.F.); (K.F.)
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Kook
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Data Analysis and Process Design, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Klemens Fröhlich
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.F.); (K.F.)
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.F.); (K.F.)
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-270-80610
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Caengprasath N, Theerapanon T, Porntaveetus T, Shotelersuk V. MBTPS2, a membrane bound protease, underlying several distinct skin and bone disorders. J Transl Med 2021; 19:114. [PMID: 33743732 PMCID: PMC7981912 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The MBTPS2 gene on the X-chromosome encodes the membrane-bound transcription factor protease, site-2 (MBTPS2) or site-2 protease (S2P) which cleaves and activates several signaling and regulatory proteins from the membrane. The MBTPS2 is critical for a myriad of cellular processes, ranging from the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis to unfolded protein responses. While its functional role has become much clearer in the recent years, how mutations in the MBTPS2 gene lead to several human disorders with different phenotypes including Ichthyosis Follicularis, Atrichia and Photophobia syndrome (IFAP) with or without BRESHECK syndrome, Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans (KFSD), Olmsted syndrome, and Osteogenesis Imperfecta type XIX remains obscure. This review presents the biological role of MBTPS2 in development, summarizes its mutations and implicated disorders, and discusses outstanding unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarin Caengprasath
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Theerapanon
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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5
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Strategies to Target ADAM17 in Disease: From its Discovery to the iRhom Revolution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040944. [PMID: 33579029 PMCID: PMC7916773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) has been the object of deep investigation. Since its discovery as the tumor necrosis factor convertase, it has been considered a major drug target, especially in the context of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nevertheless, the development of drugs targeting ADAM17 has been harder than expected. This has generally been due to its multifunctionality, with over 80 different transmembrane proteins other than tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) being released by ADAM17, and its structural similarity to other metalloproteinases. This review provides an overview of the different roles of ADAM17 in disease and the effects of its ablation in a number of in vivo models of pathological conditions. Furthermore, here, we comprehensively encompass the approaches that have been developed to accomplish ADAM17 selective inhibition, from the newest non-zinc-binding ADAM17 synthetic inhibitors to the exploitation of iRhom2 to specifically target ADAM17 in immune cells.
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Shimoda M, Ohtsuka T, Okada Y, Kanai Y. Stromal metalloproteinases: Crucial contributors to the tumor microenvironment. Pathol Int 2020; 71:1-14. [PMID: 33074556 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic balance is crucial for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In cancer, dysregulated proteolysis is involved in unregulated tissue remodeling and inflammation, leading to the promotion of tumor growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Metalloproteinases, which were first identified as collagen cleaving enzymes, have been shown to extensively degrade extracellular matrix proteins or selectively release cell surface-bound cytokines, growth factors, or their receptors, thereby impacting extracellular matrix integrity, immune cell recruitment and tissue turnover. Although tumor cells produce various metalloproteinases, the major source is thought to be stromal cells infiltrating the tumor. Different types of stromal cells express specific sets of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, which specifically alter the milieu within the tumor. In this review, recent findings and knowledge regarding metalloproteinases derived from stromal cells during the creation of the tumor microenvironment are described and their contribution to the tumor progression and metastasis discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuka
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Yang CY, Troeberg L, Scilabra SD. Quantitative Mass Spectrometry-Based Secretome Analysis as a Tool to Investigate Metalloprotease and TIMP Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2043:265-273. [PMID: 31463919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9698-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteolysis controls numerous biological processes including cell-cell attachment and the communication between cells. The membrane-tethered families of matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) and disintegrin metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are major enzymes involved in the cleavage of molecules at the cell surface, and their activity is finely regulated by their endogenous inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The biological function of a metalloproteinase closely depends on the subset of substrates that it cleaves. Similarly, molecular processes that are regulated by a specific TIMP strictly depend on its unique inhibitory profile.Herein, we describe a mass spectrometry-based method for the quantitative analysis of protein abundance in conditioned media of cultured cells that is particularly suited for substrate identification of membrane-tethered metalloproteinases and for the identification of membrane proteins whose cleavage is regulated by TIMPs. This unbiased proteomic method represents a valuable tool to investigate biological functions of metalloproteinases and TIMPs at the "omic" level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Yang
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy.
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9
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Collao N, Rada I, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Zbinden-Foncea H. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Exercise Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor Regulation in Innate Immune Cells – A Review. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 39:39-52. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1682569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collao
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Rada
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Salud Deportivo, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Metalloproteases: On the Watch in the Hematopoietic Niche. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1053-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Saw S, Aiken A, Fang H, McKee TD, Bregant S, Sanchez O, Chen Y, Weiss A, Dickson BC, Czarny B, Sinha A, Fosang A, Dive V, Waterhouse PD, Kislinger T, Khokha R. Metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP proteins control FGF-2 bioavailability and regulate skeletal growth. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3134-3152. [PMID: 31371388 PMCID: PMC6719459 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saw et al. show via the combinatorial deletion of Timp family members in mice that metalloprotease regulation of FGF-2 is a crucial event in the chondrocyte maturation program, underlying the growth plate development and bone elongation responsible for attaining proper body stature. Regulated growth plate activity is essential for postnatal bone development and body stature, yet the systems regulating epiphyseal fusion are poorly understood. Here, we show that the tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease (TIMP) gene family is essential for normal bone growth after birth. Whole-body quadruple-knockout mice lacking all four TIMPs have growth plate closure in long bones, precipitating limb shortening, epiphyseal distortion, and widespread chondrodysplasia. We identify TIMP/FGF-2/IHH as a novel nexus underlying bone lengthening where TIMPs negatively regulate the release of FGF-2 from chondrocytes to allow IHH expression. Using a knock-in approach that combines MMP-resistant or ADAMTS-resistant aggrecans with TIMP deficiency, we uncouple growth plate activity in axial and appendicular bones. Thus, natural metalloprotease inhibitors are crucial regulators of chondrocyte maturation program, growth plate integrity, and skeletal proportionality. Furthermore, individual and combinatorial TIMP-deficient mice demonstrate the redundancy of metalloprotease inhibitor function in embryonic and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saw
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alison Aiken
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Trevor D McKee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Otto Sanchez
- University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Yan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Weiss
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Ankit Sinha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amanda Fosang
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Dive
- Institute of Biology and Technology, Saclay, France
| | - Paul D Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Düsterhöft S, Lokau J, Garbers C. The metalloprotease ADAM17 in inflammation and cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152410. [PMID: 30992230 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins is an important post-translational modification that regulates the biological function of numerous transmembrane proteins. Among the 560 proteases encoded in the human genome, the metalloprotease A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) has gained much attention in recent years and has emerged as a central regulatory hub in inflammation, immunity and cancer development. In order to do so, ADAM17 cleaves a variety of substrates, among them the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and most ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review article provides an overview of the functions of ADAM17 with a special focus on its cellular regulation. It highlights the importance of ADAM17 to understand the biology of IL-6 and TNFα and their role in inflammatory diseases. Finally, the role of ADAM17 in the formation and progression of different tumor entities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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13
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Effect of soluble cleavage products of important receptors/ligands on efferocytosis: Their role in inflammatory, autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:43-57. [PMID: 30639340 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), is a physiologic, multifaceted and dynamic process and a fundamental mechanism for the preservation of tissue homeostasis by avoiding unwanted inflammation and autoimmune responses through special phagocytic receptors. Defective efferocytosis is associated with several disease states, including cardiovascular disease and impaired immune surveillance, as occurs in cancer and autoimmune disease. A major cause of defective efferocytosis is non-functionality of surface receptors on either the phagocytic cells or the ACs, such as TAM family tyrosine kinase, which turns to a soluble form by cleavage/shedding or alternative splicing. Recently, soluble forms have featured prominently as potential biomarkers, indicative of prognosis and enabling targeted therapy using several commonly employed drugs and inhibitors, such as bleomycin, dexamethasone, statins and some matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors such as TAPI-1 and BB3103. Importantly, to design drug carriers with enhanced circulatory durability, the adaptation of soluble forms of physiological receptors/ligands has been purported. Research has shown that soluble forms are more effective than antibody forms in enabling targeted treatment of certain conditions, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we sought to summarize the current knowledge of these soluble products, how they are generated, their interactions, roles, and their potential use as biomarkers in prognosis and treatment related to inflammatory, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alexandra E Butler
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Alabi RO, Farber G, Blobel CP. Intriguing Roles for Endothelial ADAM10/Notch Signaling in the Development of Organ-Specific Vascular Beds. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2025-2061. [PMID: 30067156 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vasculature is a remarkably interesting, complex, and interconnected organ. It provides a conduit for oxygen and nutrients, filtration of waste products, and rapid communication between organs. Much remains to be learned about the specialized vascular beds that fulfill these diverse, yet vital functions. This review was prompted by the discovery that Notch signaling in mouse endothelial cells is crucial for the development of specialized vascular beds found in the heart, kidneys, liver, intestines, and bone. We will address the intriguing questions raised by the role of Notch signaling and that of its regulator, the metalloprotease ADAM10, in the development of specialized vascular beds. We will cover fundamentals of ADAM10/Notch signaling, the concept of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions, and how these might govern the development of organ-specific vascular beds through angiogenesis or vasculogenesis. We will also consider common features of the affected vessels, including the presence of fenestra or sinusoids and their occurrence in portal systems with two consecutive capillary beds. We hope to stimulate further discussion and study of the role of ADAM10/Notch signaling in the development of specialized vascular structures, which might help uncover new targets for the repair of vascular beds damaged in conditions like coronary artery disease and glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolake O Alabi
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York ; Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York ; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Gregory Farber
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York ; Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York ; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York ; Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York ; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York ; and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
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15
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Bian G, Yu C, Liu L, Fang C, Chen K, Ren P, Zhang Q, Liu F, Zhang K, Xue Q, Xiang J, Guo H, Song J, Zhao Y, Wu W, Chung SK, Sun R, Ju G, Wang J. Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates eyelid closure in the developing rat by stimulating EGFR signaling. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/553/eaat1470. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In many mammals, the eyelids migrate over the eye and fuse during embryogenesis to protect the cornea from damage during birth and early life. Loss-of-function mutations affecting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway cause an eyes-open-at-birth (EOB) phenotype in rodents. We identified an insertional mutation in Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) in a strain of transgenic rats exhibiting the EOB phenotype. Spns2, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) transporter that releases S1P from cells, was enriched at the tip of developing eyelids in wild-type rat embryos. Spns2 expression or treatment with S1P or any one of several EGFR ligands rescued the EOB Spns2 mutant phenotype in vivo and in tissue explants in vitro and rescued the formation of stress fibers in primary keratinocytes from mutants. S1P signaled through the receptors S1PR1, S1PR2, and S1PR3 to activate extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and EGFR-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1)–c-Jun signaling. S1P also induced the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor MAL in a manner dependent on EGFR signaling. MAL and c-Jun stimulated the expression of the microRNAs miR-21 and miR-222, both of which target the metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP3, thus promoting metalloprotease activity. The metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17 stimulated EGFR signaling by cleaving a membrane-anchored form of EGF to release the ligand. Our results outline a network by which S1P transactivates EGFR signaling through a complex mechanism involving feedback between several intra- and extracellular molecules to promote eyelid fusion in the developing rat.
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Neutrophil and Macrophage Cell Surface Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Shed by ADAM17 Drives Mouse Macrophage Proliferation in Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00103-18. [PMID: 29891514 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00103-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are prominent cells in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies highlight a role for macrophage proliferation post-monocyte recruitment under inflammatory conditions. Using an acute peritonitis model, we identify a significant defect in macrophage proliferation in mice lacking the leukocyte transmembrane protease ADAM17. The defect is associated with decreased levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in the peritoneum and is rescued by intraperitoneal injection of CSF-1. Cell surface CSF-1 (csCSF-1) is one of the substrates of ADAM17. We demonstrate that both infiltrated neutrophils and macrophages are major sources of csCSF-1. Furthermore, acute shedding of csCSF-1 following neutrophil extravasation is associated with elevated expression of iRhom2, a member of the rhomboid-like superfamily, which promotes ADAM17 maturation and trafficking to the neutrophil surface. Accordingly, deletion of hematopoietic iRhom2 is sufficient to prevent csCSF-1 release from neutrophils and macrophages and to prevent macrophage proliferation. In acute inflammation, csCSF-1 release and macrophage proliferation are self-limiting due to transient leukocyte recruitment and temporally restricted csCSF-1 expression. In chronic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis, the ADAM17-mediated lesional macrophage proliferative response is prolonged. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby ADAM17 promotes macrophage proliferation in states of acute and chronic inflammation.
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Lokau J, Agthe M, Flynn CM, Garbers C. Proteolytic control of Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-6 biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Zunke F, Rose-John S. The shedding protease ADAM17: Physiology and pathophysiology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2059-2070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: emergent role in cell signalling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1185-1202. [PMID: 29079648 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor signalling events including those initiated following activation of cytokine and growth factor receptors and the well-characterised death receptors (tumour necrosis factor receptor, type 1, FasR and TRAIL-R1/2) are initiated at the cell surface through the recruitment and formation of intracellular multiprotein signalling complexes that activate divergent signalling pathways. Over the past decade, research studies reveal that many of these receptor-initiated signalling events involve the sequential proteolysis of specific receptors by membrane-bound proteases and the γ-secretase protease complexes. Proteolysis enables the liberation of soluble receptor ectodomains and the generation of intracellular receptor cytoplasmic domain fragments. The combined and sequential enzymatic activity has been defined as regulated intramembrane proteolysis and is now a fundamental signal transduction process involved in the termination or propagation of receptor signalling events. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence for a role of the γ-secretase protease complexes and regulated intramembrane proteolysis in cell- and immune-signalling pathways.
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20
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Lokau J, Flynn CM, Garbers C. Cleavage of the Interleukin-11 receptor induces processing of its C-terminal fragments by the gamma-secretase and the proteasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:296-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Lokau J, Wandel M, Garbers C. Enhancing Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-11 receptor cleavage. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 85:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Müller SA, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Proteomic Substrate Identification for Membrane Proteases in the Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:96. [PMID: 27790089 PMCID: PMC5062031 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication in the brain is controlled by multiple mechanisms, including proteolysis. Membrane-bound proteases generate signaling molecules from membrane-bound precursor proteins and control the length and function of cell surface membrane proteins. These proteases belong to different families, including members of the “a disintegrin and metalloprotease” (ADAM), the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzymes (BACE), membrane-type matrix metalloproteases (MT-MMP) and rhomboids. Some of these proteases, in particular ADAM10 and BACE1 have been shown to be essential not only for the correct development of the mammalian brain, but also for myelination and maintaining neuronal connections in the adult nervous system. Additionally, these proteases are considered as drug targets for brain diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), schizophrenia and cancer. Despite their biomedical relevance, the molecular functions of these proteases in the brain have not been explored in much detail, as little was known about their substrates. This has changed with the recent development of novel proteomic methods which allow to identify substrates of membrane-bound proteases from cultured cells, primary neurons and other primary brain cells and even in vivo from minute amounts of mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This review summarizes the recent advances and highlights the strengths of the individual proteomic methods. Finally, using the example of the Alzheimer-related proteases BACE1, ADAM10 and γ-secretase, as well as ADAM17 and signal peptide peptidase like 3 (SPPL3), we illustrate how substrate identification with novel methods is instrumental in elucidating broad physiological functions of these proteases in the brain and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany; Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MunichGarching, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Munich, Germany
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23
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Kanzaki H, Makihira S, Suzuki M, Ishii T, Movila A, Hirschfeld J, Mawardi H, Lin X, Han X, Taubman MA, Kawai T. Soluble RANKL Cleaved from Activated Lymphocytes by TNF-α-Converting Enzyme Contributes to Osteoclastogenesis in Periodontitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3871-3883. [PMID: 27815441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Host immune responses play a key role in promoting bone resorption in periodontitis via receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclastogenesis. Both membrane-bound RANKL (mRANKL) expressed on lymphocytes and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) are found in periodontal lesions. However, the underlying mechanism and cellular source of sRANKL release and its biological role in periodontitis are unclear. TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) is reported to cleave the following: 1) precursor TNF-α with release of mature, soluble TNF-α and 2) mRANKL with release of sRANKL. Both soluble TNF-α and sRANKL are found in the periodontitis lesion, leading to the hypothesis that TACE expressed on lymphocytes is engaged in RANKL shedding and that the resulting sRANKL induces osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, upon stimulating PBLs with mitogens in vitro, RANKL expression, sRANKL secretion, and TACE expression were all upregulated. Among the four putative mRANKL sheddases examined in neutralization assays, TACE was the only functional sheddase able to cleave mRANKL expressed on PBL. Moreover, PBL culture supernatant stimulated with mitogens in the presence of anti-TACE Ab or anti-RANKL Ab showed a marked reduction of osteoclastogenesis from osteoclast precursors, indicating that TACE-mediated sRANKL may possess sufficient osteoclastogenic activity. According to double-color confocal microscopy, B cells expressed a more pronounced level of RANKL and TACE expression than T cells or monocytes in periodontally diseased gingiva. Conditioned medium of patients' gingival lymphocyte culture increased in vitro osteoclastogenic activity, which was suppressed by the addition of anti-TACE Ab and anti-RANKL Ab. Therefore, TACE-mediated cleavage of sRANKL from activated lymphocytes, especially B cells, can promote osteoclastogenesis in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Seicho Makihira
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Science, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- College of Dentistry Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Takenobu Ishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Hani Mawardi
- Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Science, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah 21481, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142;
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Henrick BM, Yao XD, Taha AY, German JB, Rosenthal KL. Insights into Soluble Toll-Like Receptor 2 as a Downregulator of Virally Induced Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:291. [PMID: 27531999 PMCID: PMC4969314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to distinguish pathogens from self-antigens is one of the most important functions of the immune system. However, this simple self versus non-self assignment belies the complexity of the immune response to threats. Immune responses vary widely and appropriately according to a spectrum of threats and only recently have the mechanisms for controlling this highly textured process emerged. A primary mechanism by which this controlled decision-making process is achieved is via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and the subsequent activation of the immune response coincident with the presence of pathogenic organisms or antigens, including lipid mediators. While immune activation is important, the appropriate regulation of such responses is also critical. Recent findings indicate a parallel pathway by which responses to both viral and bacterial infections is controlled via the secretion of soluble TLR2 (sTLR2). sTLR2 is able to bind a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). sTLR2 has been detected in many bodily fluids and is thus ubiquitous in sites of pathogen appearance. Interestingly, growing evidence suggests that sTLR2 functions to sequester PAMPs and DAMPs to avoid immune activation via detection of cellular-expressed TLRs. This immune regulatory function would serve to reduce the expression of the molecules required for cellular entry, and the recruitment of target cells following infection with bacteria and viruses. This review provides an overview of sTLR2 and the research regarding the mechanisms of its immune regulatory properties. Furthermore, the role of this molecule in regulating immune activation in the context of HIV infection via sTLR2 in breast milk provides actionable insights into therapeutic targets across a variety of infectious and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M. Henrick
- Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Lee Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Generation of Soluble Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-6 Receptors: A Crucial Function for Proteases during Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1785021. [PMID: 27493449 PMCID: PMC4963573 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1785021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokines interleukin-11 (IL-11) and IL-6 are important proteins with well-defined pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. They activate intracellular signaling cascades through a homodimer of the ubiquitously expressed signal-transducing β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Specificity is gained through the cell- and tissue-specific expression of the nonsignaling IL-11 and IL-6 α-receptors (IL-11R and IL-6R), which determine the responsiveness of the cell to these two cytokines. IL-6 is a rare example, where its soluble receptor (sIL-6R) has agonistic properties, so that the IL-6/sIL-6R complex is able to activate cells that are usually not responsive to IL-6 alone (trans-signaling). Recent evidence suggests that IL-11 can signal via a similar trans-signaling mechanism. In this review, we highlight similarities and differences in the functions of IL-11 and IL-6. We summarize current knowledge about the generation of the sIL-6R and sIL-11R by different proteases and discuss possible roles during inflammatory processes. Finally, we focus on the selective and/or combined inhibition of IL-6 and IL-11 signaling and how this might translate into the clinics.
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26
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Mavilio M, Marchetti V, Fabrizi M, Stöhr R, Marino A, Casagrande V, Fiorentino L, Cardellini M, Kappel B, Monteleone I, Garret C, Mauriello A, Monteleone G, Farcomeni A, Burcelin R, Menghini R, Federici M. A Role for Timp3 in Microbiota-Driven Hepatic Steatosis and Metabolic Dysfunction. Cell Rep 2016; 16:731-43. [PMID: 27373162 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of gut microbiota on obesity and insulin resistance is now recognized, but the underlying host-dependent mechanisms remain poorly undefined. We find that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 knockout (Timp3(-/-)) mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis, an increase in branched chain and aromatic (BCAA) metabolites, liver steatosis, and an increase in circulating soluble IL-6 receptors (sIL6Rs). sIL6Rs can then activate inflammatory cells, such as CD11c(+) cells, which drive metabolic inflammation. Depleting the microbiota through antibiotic treatment significantly improves glucose tolerance, hepatic steatosis, and systemic inflammation, and neutralizing sIL6R signaling reduces inflammation, but only mildly impacts glucose tolerance. Collectively, our results suggest that gut microbiota is the primary driver of the observed metabolic dysfunction, which is mediated, in part, through IL-6 signaling. Our findings also identify an important role for Timp3 in mediating the effect of the microbiota in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavilio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Fabrizi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Research Unit for Multi-Factorial Diseases, Obesity and Diabetes Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arianna Marino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Fiorentino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Cardellini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ben Kappel
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Celine Garret
- INSERM U1048, Université Paul Sabatier, IMC, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Farcomeni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Lokau J, Nitz R, Agthe M, Monhasery N, Aparicio-Siegmund S, Schumacher N, Wolf J, Möller-Hackbarth K, Waetzig GH, Grötzinger J, Müller-Newen G, Rose-John S, Scheller J, Garbers C. Proteolytic Cleavage Governs Interleukin-11 Trans-signaling. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1761-1773. [PMID: 26876177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 has been shown to be a crucial factor for intestinal tumorigenesis, lung carcinomas, and asthma. IL-11 is thought to exclusively mediate its biological functions through cell-type-specific expression of the membrane-bound IL-11 receptor (IL-11R). Here, we show that the metalloprotease ADAM10, but not ADAM17, can release the IL-11R ectodomain. Chimeric proteins of the IL-11R and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) revealed that a small juxtamembrane portion is responsible for this substrate specificity of ADAM17. Furthermore, we show that the serine proteases neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 can also cleave the IL-11R. The resulting soluble IL-11R (sIL-11R) is biologically active and binds IL-11 to activate cells. This IL-11 trans-signaling pathway can be inhibited specifically by the anti-inflammatory therapeutic compound sgp130Fc. In conclusion, proteolysis of the IL-11R represents a molecular switch that controls the IL-11 trans-signaling pathway and widens the number of cells that can be activated by IL-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Nitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Agthe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niloufar Monhasery
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Janina Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Scheller
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Durand I, Alberti L, Bendriss-Vermare N, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Duc A, Magron A, Morel AP, Sisirak V, Rodriguez C, Cox D, Olive D, Caux C. A novel regulation of PD-1 ligands on mesenchymal stromal cells through MMP-mediated proteolytic cleavage. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1091146. [PMID: 27141350 PMCID: PMC4839348 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether fibroblasts regulate immune response is a crucial issue in the modulation of inflammatory responses. Herein, we demonstrate that foreskin fibroblasts (FFs) potently inhibit CD3+ T cell proliferation through a mechanism involving early apoptosis of activated T cells. Using blocking antibodies, we demonstrate that the inhibition of T cell proliferation occurs through cell-to-cell interactions implicating PD-1 receptor expressed on T cells and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, on fibroblasts. Dual PD-1 ligand neutralization is required to abrogate (i) binding of the PD-1-Fc fusion protein, (ii) early apoptosis of T cells, and (iii) inhibition of T cell proliferation. Of utmost importance, we provide the first evidence that PD-1 ligand expression is regulated through proteolytic cleavage by endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) without transcriptional alteration during culture-time. Using (i) different purified enzymatic activities, (ii) MMP-specific inhibitors, and (iii) recombinant human MMP-9 and MMP-13, we demonstrated that in contrast to CD80/CD86, PD-L1 was selectively cleaved by MMP-13, while PD-L2 was sensitive to broader MMP activities. Their cleavage by exogenous MMP-9 and MMP-13 with loss of PD-1 binding domain resulted in the reversion of apoptotic signals on mitogen-activated CD3+ T cells. We suggest that MMP-dependent cleavage of PD-1 ligands on fibroblasts may limit their immunosuppressive capacity and thus contribute to the exacerbation of inflammation in tissues. In contrast, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts appear PD-1 ligand-depleted through MMP activity that may impair physical deletion of exhausted defective memory T cells through apoptosis and facilitate their regulatory functions. These observations should be considered when using the powerful PD-1/PD-L1 blocking immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Dezutter-Dambuyant
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Durand
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Alberti
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jenny Valladeau-Guilemond
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Duc
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Magron
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Pierre Morel
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Rodriguez
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Cox
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, Inserm U1068, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Immunity & Cancer Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, CNRS UMR 7258, IBiSA Cancer Immunomonitoring Platform, Marseilles, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Center de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Proteases regulate a myriad of cell functions, both in normal and disease states. In addition to protein turnover, they regulate a range of signaling processes, including those mediated by Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands. A variety of proteases is reported to directly cleave Ephs and/or ephrins under different conditions, to promote receptor and/or ligand shedding, and regulate receptor/ligand internalisation and signaling. They also cleave other adhesion proteins in response to Eph-ephrin interactions, to indirectly facilitate Eph-mediated functions. Proteases thus contribute to Eph/ephrin mediated changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, in cell morphology and in cell migration and invasion, in a manner which appears to be tightly regulated by, and co-ordinated with, Eph signaling. This review summarizes the current literature describing the function and regulation of protease activities during Eph/ephrin-mediated cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Atapattu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Monash University , Victoria ; Australia
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Arpino V, Brock M, Gill SE. The role of TIMPs in regulation of extracellular matrix proteolysis. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:247-54. [PMID: 25805621 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as the closely related, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and ADAMs with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), were traditionally thought to control extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis through direct inhibition of MMP-dependent ECM proteolysis. This classical role for TIMPs suggests that increased TIMP levels results in ECM accumulation (or fibrosis), whereas loss of TIMPs leads to enhanced matrix proteolysis. Mice lacking TIMP family members have provided support for such a role; however, studies with these TIMP deficient mice have also demonstrated that loss of TIMPs can often be associated with an accumulation of ECM. Collectively, these studies suggest that the divergent roles of TIMPs in matrix accumulation and proteolysis, which together can be referred to as ECM turnover, are dependent on the TIMP, specific tissue, and local tissue environment (i.e. health vs. injury/disease). Ultimately, these combined factors dictate the specific metalloproteinases being regulated by a given TIMP, and it is likely the diversity of metalloproteinases and their physiological substrates that determines whether TIMPs inhibit matrix proteolysis or accumulation. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the dichotomous roles of TIMPs in ECM turnover highlighting some of the common findings between different TIMP family members. Importantly, while we now have a better understanding of the role of TIMPs in regulating ECM turnover, much remains to be determined. Data on the specific metalloproteinases inhibited by different TIMPs in vivo remains limited and must be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Arpino
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brock
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E Gill
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Langjahr P, Díaz-Jiménez D, De la Fuente M, Rubio E, Golenbock D, Bronfman FC, Quera R, González MJ, Hermoso MA. Metalloproteinase-dependent TLR2 ectodomain shedding is involved in soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104624. [PMID: 25531754 PMCID: PMC4273945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, a type I membrane receptor that plays a key role in innate immunity, recognizes conserved molecules in pathogens, and triggering an inflammatory response. It has been associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) variants have been identified in human body fluids, and the TLR2 ectodomain can negatively regulate TLR2 activation by behaving as a decoy receptor. sTLR2 generation does not involve alternative splicing mechanisms, indicating that this process might involve a post-translational modification of the full-length receptor; however, the specific mechanism has not been studied. Using CD14+ peripheral human monocytes and the THP-1 monocytic leukemia-derived cell line, we confirm that sTLR2 generation increases upon treatment with pro-inflammatory agents and requires a post-translational mechanism. We also find that the constitutive and ligand-induced release of sTLR2 is sensitive to pharmacological metalloproteinase activator and inhibitors leading us to conclude that metalloproteinase TLR2 shedding contributes to soluble receptor production. By expressing human TLR2 in ADAM10- or ADAM17-deficient MEF cells, we find both enzymes to be implicated in TLR2 ectodomain shedding. Moreover, using a deletion mutant of the TLR2 juxtamembrane region, we demonstrate that this domain is required for sTLR2 generation. Functional analysis suggests that sTLR2 generated by metalloproteinase activation inhibitsTLR2-induced cytokine production by this monocytic leukemia-derived cell line. The identification of the mechanisms involved in regulating the availability of soluble TLR2 ectodomain and cell surface receptors may contribute further research on TLR2-mediated processes in innate immunity and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Langjahr
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Díaz-Jiménez
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie De la Fuente
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estefhany Rubio
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Douglas Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- Physiology Department, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology (MINREB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Quera
- Gastroenterology Unit, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A. Hermoso
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Uchikawa S, Yoda M, Tohmonda T, Kanaji A, Matsumoto M, Toyama Y, Horiuchi K. ADAM17 regulates IL-1 signaling by selectively releasing IL-1 receptor type 2 from the cell surface. Cytokine 2014; 71:238-45. [PMID: 25461404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is one of the most evolutionarily conserved cytokines and plays an essential role in the regulation of innate immunity. IL-1 binds to two different receptors, IL-1R1 and IL-1R2, which share approximately 28% amino acid homology. IL-1R1 contains a cytoplasmic domain and is capable of transducing cellular signals; by contrast, IL-1R2 lacks a functional cytoplasmic domain and serves as a decoy receptor for IL-1. Interestingly, IL-1R2 is proteolytically cleaved and also functions as a soluble receptor that blocks IL-1 activity. In the present study, we examined the shedding properties of IL-1R2 and demonstrate that ADAM17 is de facto the major sheddase for IL-1R2 and that introducing a mutation into the juxta-membrane domain of IL-1R2 significantly desensitizes IL-1R2 to proteolytic cleavage. IL-1R1 was almost insensitive to ADAM17-dependent cleavage; however, the replacement of the juxta-membrane domain of IL-R1 with that of IL-1R2 significantly increased the sensitivity of IL-1R1 to shedding. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ADAM17 indirectly enhances IL-1 signaling in a cell-autonomous manner by selectively cleaving IL-1R2. Taken together, the data collected in the present study indicate that ADAM17 affects sensitivity to IL-1 by changing the balance between IL-1R1 and the decoy receptor IL-1R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Uchikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Department of Anti-aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takahide Tohmonda
- Department of Anti-aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Arihiko Kanaji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Anti-aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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33
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Ramos MI, Perez SG, Aarrass S, Helder B, Broekstra P, Gerlag DM, Reedquist KA, Tak PP, Lebre MC. FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)/CD135 axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R209. [PMID: 24314260 PMCID: PMC3978611 DOI: 10.1186/ar4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)/CD135 axis plays a fundamental role in proliferation and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs). As DCs play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immunopathology we studied in detail the Flt3L/CD135 axis in RA patients. METHODS The levels of Flt3L in (paired) serum and synovial fluid (SF) were quantified by enzyme-link immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of Flt3L and CD135 in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) was quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The expression of Flt3L, CD135 and TNF-Converting Enzyme (TACE) in synovial tissues (STs) and in vitro polarized macrophages and monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) was assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). CD135 ST expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and TACE ST expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. Flt3L serum levels were assessed in RA patients treated with oral prednisolone or adalimumab. RESULTS Flt3L levels in RA serum, SF and ST were significantly elevated compared to gout patients and healthy individuals (HI). RA SF monocytes, natural killer cells and DCs expressed high levels of Flt3L and CD135 compared to HI. RA ST CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages, CD55+ fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), CD31+ endothelial cells or infiltrating monocytes and CD19+ B cells co-expressed TACE. IFN-γ-differentiated macrophages expressed higher levels of Flt3L compared to other polarized macrophages. Importantly, Flt3L serum levels were reduced by effective therapy. CONCLUSIONS The Flt3L/CD135 axis is active in RA patients and is responsive to both prednisolone and adalimumab treatment. Conceivably, this ligand receptor pair represents a novel therapeutic target.
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Esteso G, Luzón E, Sarmiento E, Gómez-Caro R, Steinle A, Murphy G, Carbone J, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. Altered microRNA expression after infection with human cytomegalovirus leads to TIMP3 downregulation and increased shedding of metalloprotease substrates, including MICA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1344-52. [PMID: 24973455 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic shedding of ligands for the NK group 2D (NKG2D) receptor is a strategy used by tumors to modulate immune recognition by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells. A number of metalloproteases, especially those of the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family, can mediate NKG2D ligand cleavage and this process can be modulated by expression of the thiol isomerase ERp5. In this article, we describe that an increased shedding of the NKG2D ligand MICA is observed postinfection with several strains of human CMV due to an enhanced activity of ADAM17 (TNF-α converting enzyme) and matrix metalloprotease 14 caused by a reduction in the expression of the endogenous inhibitor of metalloproteases tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3). This decrease in TIMP3 expression correlates with increased expression of a cellular miRNA known to target TIMP3, and we also identify a human CMV-encoded microRNA able to modulate TIMP3 expression. These observations characterize a novel viral strategy to influence the shedding of cell-surface molecules involved in immune response modulation. They also provide an explanation for previous reports of increased levels of various ADAM17 substrates in the serum from patients with CMV disease. Consistent with this hypothesis, we detected soluble MICA in serum of transplant recipients with CMV disease. Finally, these data suggest that it might be worthwhile to prospectively study ADAM17 activity in a larger group of patients to assay whether this might be a useful biomarker to identify patients at risk for development of CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Esteso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Elisa Luzón
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Sarmiento
- Transplant Immunology Group, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Gómez-Caro
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; and
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research United Kingdom, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Carbone
- Transplant Immunology Group, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain;
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35
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Shimoda M, Khokha R. Proteolytic factors in exosomes. Proteomics 2013; 13:1624-36. [PMID: 23526769 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small microvesicles secreted from the late endosomal compartment of cells. Although an increasing body of evidence indicates that they play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication, the biological functions of exosomes are far from fully understood. Recent work has revealed detailed proteomic profiles of exosomes from cell lines and body fluids, which may provide clues to understanding their biological significance and general importance in human diseases. Metalloproteinases include the cell surface-anchored sheddases a disintegrin and metalloproteinases, as well as cell surface-bound and soluble matrix metalloproteinases and these extracellular proteases have been detected in exosomes by proteomic analyses. Exosomes play a key role in the transfer of proteins to other cells and metalloproteinases may provide a novel platform where ectodomain shedding by these membrane proteases alters the makeup of the recipient cell's surface. This review aims to address some of the facets of exosome biology with particular emphasis on the proteolytic factors and we discuss their potential involvement in human diseases, especially tumor biology.
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36
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Scheller J, Garbers C, Rose-John S. Interleukin-6: from basic biology to selective blockade of pro-inflammatory activities. Semin Immunol 2013; 26:2-12. [PMID: 24325804 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines receptors exist in membrane bound and soluble form. A soluble form of the human IL-6R is generated by limited proteolysis and alternative splicing. The complex of IL-6 and soluble IL-6R stimulates target cells not stimulated by IL-6 alone, since they do not express the membrane bound IL-6R. We have named this process trans-signaling. Soluble gp130 is the natural inhibitor of IL-6/soluble IL-6R complex responses. Recombinant soluble gp130 protein is a molecular tool to discriminate between gp130 responses via membrane bound and soluble IL-6R responses. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for global blockade of IL-6 signaling and the sgp130Fc protein for selective blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling have been used in several animal models of human diseases. Using the sgp130Fc protein or sgp130Fc transgenic mice we demonstrate in models of inflammatory bowel disease, peritonitis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis pancreatitis, colon cancer, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer, that IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6R is the crucial step in the development and the progression of the disease. Therefore, sgp130Fc is a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer and it undergoes phase I clinical trials as an anti-inflammatory drug since June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany.
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37
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A brief history of tumor necrosis factor α--converting enzyme: an overview of ectodomain shedding. Keio J Med 2013; 62:29-36. [PMID: 23563789 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2012-0003-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many membrane-bound molecules are cleaved at the cell surface, thereby releasing their extracellular domains. This process, often referred to as ectodomain shedding, has emerged as a critical post-translational mechanism for various membrane-bound ligands, receptors, and adhesion molecules. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) was originally identified as an enzyme responsible for releasing the membrane-bound TNFα precursor. However, subsequent studies found an exceptionally large number of target molecules of TACE, including the ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor, L-selectin, CD44, and vascular growth factor receptor 2. Furthermore, in vivo studies using TACE-conditional knockout mice demonstrated the crucial roles of TACE and ectodomain shedding under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the potential clinical application of the manipulation of TACE activity remains to be investigated.
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38
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Inflammatory and microenvironmental factors involved in breast cancer progression. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:1419-31. [PMID: 24222504 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary reason for the high mortality rate of breast cancer is metastasis, which can result in a poor survival rate. The tumor environment is important for promotion and invasion of cancer cells. Recent studies have shown that inflammation is associated with breast cancer. Therefore, it is important to investigate the role of the inflammatory and microenvironment in breast cancer progression and metastasis. The present review summarizes some of the markers for inflammation and breast cancer invasion, which may aid in the design of an appropriate therapy for metastatic breast cancer. The following four inflammatory markers are discussed in this review: (1) Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs); (2) Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); (3) Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P); (4) C-reactive protein (CRP). TAMs are commonly found in breast cancer patients, and high infiltration is positively correlated with poor prognosis and low survival rate. MMPs are well-known for their roles in the degradation of ECM components when cancer cells invade and migrate. MMPs are also associated with inflammation through recruitment of a variety of stromal cells such as fibroblasts and leukocytes. S1P is an inflammatory lipid and is involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and migration. Recent studies indicate that S1P participates in breast cancer invasion in various ways. CRP is used clinically to indicate the outcome of cancer patients as well as acute inflammatory status. This review summarizes the current understanding on the role of S1P in CRP expression which promotes the breast epithelial cell invasion, suggesting a specific mechanism linking inflammation and breast cancer. The present review might be useful for understanding the relationship between inflammation and breast cancer for the development of pharmacological interventions that may control the primary molecules involved in the breast cancer microenvironment.
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Murray MY, Birkland TP, Howe JD, Rowan AD, Fidock M, Parks WC, Gavrilovic J. Macrophage migration and invasion is regulated by MMP10 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63555. [PMID: 23691065 PMCID: PMC3653827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify metalloproteinase determinants of macrophage migration and led to the specific hypothesis that matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10/stromelysin-2) facilitates macrophage migration. We first profiled expression of all MMPs in LPS-stimulated primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and Raw264.7 cells and found that MMP10 was stimulated early (3 h) and down-regulated later (24 h). Based on this pattern of expression, we speculated that MMP10 plays a role in macrophage responses, such as migration. Indeed, using time lapse microscopy, we found that RNAi silencing of MMP10 in primary macrophages resulted in markedly reduced migration, which was reversed with exogenous active MMP10 protein. Mmp10 (-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages displayed significantly reduced migration over a two-dimensional fibronectin matrix. Invasion of primary wild-type macrophages into Matrigel supplemented with fibronectin was also markedly impaired in Mmp10 (-/-) cells. MMP10 expression in macrophages thus emerges as an important moderator of cell migration and invasion. These findings support the hypothesis that MMP10 promotes macrophage movement and may have implications in understanding the control of macrophages in several pathologies, including the abnormal wound healing response associated with pro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Y. Murray
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Birkland
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Howe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Rowan
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Fidock
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Parks
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jelena Gavrilovic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Driscoll WS, Vaisar T, Tang J, Wilson CL, Raines EW. Macrophage ADAM17 deficiency augments CD36-dependent apoptotic cell uptake and the linked anti-inflammatory phenotype. Circ Res 2013; 113:52-61. [PMID: 23584255 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Apoptotic cell phagocytosis (efferocytosis) is mediated by specific receptors and is essential for resolution of inflammation. In chronic inflammation, apoptotic cell clearance is dysfunctional and soluble levels of several apoptotic cell receptors are elevated. Reports have identified proteolytic cleavage as a mechanism capable of releasing soluble apoptotic cell receptors, but the functional implications of their proteolysis are unclear. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that ADAM17-mediated cleavage of apoptotic cell receptors limits efferocytosis in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo comparison of macrophage efferocytosis in wild-type and Adam17-null hematopoietic chimeras demonstrates that ADAM17 deficiency leads to a 60% increase in efferocytosis and an enhanced anti-inflammatory phenotype in a model of peritonitis. In vitro uptake of phosphatidylserine liposomes identifies the dual-pass apoptotic cell receptor CD36 as a major contributor to enhanced efferocytosis, and CD36 surface levels are elevated on macrophages from Adam17-null mice. Further, temporal elevation of CD36 expression with inflammation may also contribute to its impact. Soluble CD36 from macrophage-conditioned media comprises 2 species based on Western blotting, and mass spectrometry identifies 3 N-terminal peptides that represent probable cleavage sites. Levels of soluble CD36 are decreased in Adam17-null conditioned media, providing evidence for involvement of ADAM17 in CD36 cleavage. Importantly, enhanced efferocytosis in vivo by macrophages lacking ADAM17 is CD36 dependent and accelerates macrophage clearance from the peritoneum, thus promoting resolution of inflammation and highlighting the impact of increased apoptotic cell uptake. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate the importance of ADAM17-mediated proteolysis for in vivo efferocytosis regulation and suggest a possible mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and defective efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will S Driscoll
- Department of Pathology, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Leifler KS, Svensson S, Abrahamsson A, Bendrik C, Robertson J, Gauldie J, Olsson AK, Dabrosin C. Inflammation induced by MMP-9 enhances tumor regression of experimental breast cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4420-30. [PMID: 23509357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment, but broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors have failed in clinical trials. Recent data suggest that several MMPs including MMP-9 exert both pro- and antitumorigenic properties. This is also the case of the natural inhibitors of MMPs, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The inhibitor of MMP-9 is TIMP-1, and high levels of this enzyme have been associated with decreased survival in breast cancer. Inflammation is one hallmark of cancer progression, and MMPs/TIMPs may be involved in the local immune regulation. We investigated the role of MMP-9/TIMP-1 in regulating innate antitumor immunity in breast cancer. Breast cancers were established in nude mice and treated with intratumoral injections of adenoviruses carrying the human TIMP-1 or MMP-9 gene (AdMMP-9). In vivo microdialysis for sampling of cancer cell-derived (human) and stroma-derived (murine) proteins, immunostainings, as well as cell cultures were performed. We report a dose-dependent decrease of tumor growth and angiogenesis after AdMMP-9 treatment. In addition to increased generation of endostatin, AdMMP-9 promoted an antitumor immune response by inducing massive neutrophil infiltration. Neutrophil depletion prior to gene transfer abolished the therapeutic effects of AdMMP-9. Additionally, AdMMP-9 activated tumor-infiltrating macrophages into a tumor-inhibiting phenotype both in vivo and in vitro. AdMMP-9 also inhibited tumor growth in immune-competent mice bearing breast cancers. Adenoviruses carrying the human TIMP-1 gene had no effect on tumor growth or the immune response. Our novel data identify MMP-9 as a potent player in modulating the innate immune response into antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Söderlund Leifler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
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Menghini R, Fiorentino L, Casagrande V, Lauro R, Federici M. The role of ADAM17 in metabolic inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:12-7. [PMID: 23384719 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The TNF-alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE), also called ADAM17 (A Disintegrin and A Metalloproteinase 17) is a type I transmembrane metalloproteinase involved in the shedding of the extracellular domain of several transmembrane proteins such as cytokines, growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. Some of these proteolytic events are part of cleavage cascades known as Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis and lead to intracellular signaling. Evidence is provided that ADAM17 plays a role in atherosclerosis, in adipose tissue metabolism, insulin resistance and diabetes. The multitude of substrates cleaved by ADAM17 makes this enzyme an attractive candidate to study its role in inflammatory disorders. This review is focused on effects of ADAM17 in major metabolic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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43
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Saito K, Horiuchi K, Kimura T, Mizuno S, Yoda M, Morioka H, Akiyama H, Threadgill D, Okada Y, Toyama Y, Sato K. Conditional inactivation of TNFα-converting enzyme in chondrocytes results in an elongated growth plate and shorter long bones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54853. [PMID: 23349978 PMCID: PMC3548805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE) is a membrane-bound proteolytic enzyme with essential roles in the functional regulation of TNFα and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands. Previous studies have demonstrated critical roles for TACE in vivo, including epidermal development, immune response, and pathological neoangiogenesis, among others. However, the potential contribution of TACE to skeletal development is still unclear. In the present study, we generated a Tace mutant mouse in which Tace is conditionally disrupted in chondrocytes under the control of the Col2a1 promoter. These mutant mice were fertile and viable but all exhibited long bones that were approximately 10% shorter compared to those of wild-type animals. Histological analyses revealed that Tace mutant mice exhibited a longer hypertrophic zone in the growth plate, and there were fewer osteoclasts at the chondro-osseous junction in the Tace mutant mice than in their wild-type littermates. Of note, we found an increase in osteoprotegerin transcripts and a reduction in Rankl and Mmp-13 transcripts in the TACE-deficient cartilage, indicating that dysregulation of these genes is causally related to the skeletal defects in the Tace mutant mice. Furthermore, we also found that phosphorylation of EGFR was significantly reduced in the cartilage tissue lacking TACE, and that suppression of EGFR signaling increases osteoprotegerin transcripts and reduces Rankl and Mmp-13 transcripts in primary chondrocytes. In accordance, chondrocyte-specific abrogation of Egfr in vivo resulted in skeletal defects nearly identical to those observed in the Tace mutant mice. Taken together, these data suggest that TACE-EGFR signaling in chondrocytes is involved in the turnover of the growth plate during postnatal development via the transcriptional regulation of osteoprotegerin, Rankl, and Mmp-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tokuhiro Kimura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Mizuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Department of Anti-Aging Orthopedic Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Morioka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David Threadgill
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Monteleone I, Federici M, Sarra M, Franzè E, Casagrande V, Zorzi F, Cavalera M, Rizzo A, Lauro R, Pallone F, MacDonald TT, Monteleone G. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 regulates inflammation in human and mouse intestine. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1277-1287.e4. [PMID: 22819866 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 is an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, which regulates tissue inflammation, damage, and repair. We investigated the role of TIMP-3 in intestinal inflammation in human beings and mice. METHODS We used real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry to measure levels of TIMP-3 in intestine samples from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and those without (controls). We also analyzed TIMP-3 levels in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) collected from biopsy samples of individuals with or without CD (controls) and then stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, as well as in biopsy samples collected from patients with CD and then incubated with a Smad7 anti-sense oligonucleotide (knock down). LPMCs and biopsy samples from patients with CD were cultured with exogenous TIMP-3 and levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. We evaluated the susceptibility of wild-type, TIMP-3-knockout (TIMP-3-KO), and transgenic (TIMP-3-Tg) mice to induction of colitis with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonic-acid (TNBS), and the course of colitis in recombinase-activating gene-1-null mice after transfer of wild-type or TIMP-3-KO T cells. RESULTS Levels of TIMP-3 were reduced in intestine samples from patients with CD compared with controls. Incubation of control LPMCs with TGF-β1 up-regulated TIMP-3; knockdown of Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-β1, in biopsy samples from patients with CD increased levels of TIMP-3. Exogenous TIMP-3 reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines in CD LPMCs and biopsy samples. TIMP-3-KO mice developed severe colitis after administration of TNBS, whereas TIMP-3-Tg mice were resistant to TNBS-induced colitis. Reconstitution of recombinase-activating gene-1-null mice with T cells from TIMP-3-KO mice increased the severity of colitis, compared with reconstitution with wild-type T cells. CONCLUSIONS TIMP-3 is down-regulated in inflamed intestine of patients with CD. Its expression is regulated by TGF-β1, and knock-down of Smad7 in intestinal tissues from patient with CD up-regulates TIMP-3. Loss or reduction of TIMP-3 in mice promotes development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Monteleone
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sarra
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzè
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Zorzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cavalera
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelamaria Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Lauro
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pallone
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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Navratilova Z, Zatloukal J, Kriegova E, Kolek V, Petrek M. Simultaneous up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1, 4 in serum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2012; 17:1006-12. [PMID: 22591289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) have been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis. However, the majority of studies have focused on single MMP, and there is limited information on parallel expression of MMP and their antagonists TIMP. We, therefore, investigated the serum profile of MMP 1-3, 7-9, 12 and 13, and TIMP 1-4 in COPD patients. METHODS Serum MMP 1-3, 7-9, 12 and 13, and TIMP 1-4 were measured in 74 COPD patients and 20 control subjects by multiple microsphere technology. RESULTS MMP 1-3 and MMP 7-9 were elevated in COPD patients compared with control subjects (P= 0.001-0.043). The increased concentrations of MMP 1, 8 and 9 paralleled GOLD stage (P= 0.002-0.007). TIMP 1 and 4 concentrations were elevated in COPD (P < 0.001). MMP 1, 8 and 9, and TIMP 1 and 4 serum levels in COPD non-smokers were higher than in control non-smokers (P = 0.002-0.025). MMP 12 and 13 levels were undetectable in our serum samples. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence for increased MMP 1, 7-9, and TIMP 1 serum levels in COPD, and demonstrates for the first time serum elevation of MMP 2 and 3, and TIMP 4. The finding that circulating TIMP 4 levels are increased in COPD and the observed relationship between serum levels of MMP 1, 8 and 9, and GOLD stage requires verification in an expanded patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Navratilova
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Immunoproteomics Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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46
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Guinea-Viniegra J, Zenz R, Scheuch H, Jiménez M, Bakiri L, Petzelbauer P, Wagner EF. Differentiation-induced skin cancer suppression by FOS, p53, and TACE/ADAM17. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2898-910. [PMID: 22772468 DOI: 10.1172/jci63103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are heterogeneous and aggressive skin tumors for which innovative, targeted therapies are needed. Here, we identify a p53/TACE pathway that is negatively regulated by FOS and show that the FOS/p53/TACE axis suppresses SCC by inducing differentiation. We found that epidermal Fos deletion in mouse tumor models or pharmacological FOS/AP-1 inhibition in human SCC cell lines induced p53 expression. Epidermal cell differentiation and skin tumor suppression were caused by a p53-dependent transcriptional activation of the metalloprotease TACE/ADAM17 (TNF-α-converting enzyme), a previously unknown p53 target gene that was required for NOTCH1 activation. Although half of cutaneous human SCCs display p53-inactivating mutations, restoring p53/TACE activity in mouse and human skin SCCs induced tumor cell differentiation independently of the p53 status. We propose FOS/AP-1 inhibition or p53/TACE reactivating strategies as differentiation-inducing therapies for SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guinea-Viniegra
- Fundación Banco Bilbao Vizcaya (F-BBVA) - CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Murthy A, Shao YW, Narala SR, Molyneux SD, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Khokha R. Notch activation by the metalloproteinase ADAM17 regulates myeloproliferation and atopic barrier immunity by suppressing epithelial cytokine synthesis. Immunity 2012; 36:105-19. [PMID: 22284418 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of mucosal tissues provide a barrier against environmental stress, and keratinocytes are key decision makers for immune cell function in the skin. Currently, epithelial signaling networks that instruct barrier immunity remain uncharacterized. Here we have shown that keratinocyte-specific deletion of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (Adam17) triggers T helper 2 and/or T helper 17 (Th2 and/or Th17) cell-driven atopic dermatitis and myeloproliferative disease. In vivo and in vitro deficiency of ADAM17 dampened Notch signaling, increasing production of the Th2 cell-polarizing cytokine TSLP and myeloid growth factor G-CSF. Ligand-independent Notch activation was identified as a regulator of AP-1 transcriptional activity, with Notch antagonizing c-Fos recruitment to the promoters of Tslp and Csf3 (G-CSF). Further, skin inflammation was rescued and myeloproliferation ameliorated by delivery of active Notch to Adam17(-)(/-) epidermis. Our findings uncover an essential role of ADAM17 in the adult epidermis, demonstrating a gatekeeper function of the ADAM17-Notch-c-Fos triad in barrier immunity.
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48
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Murthy A, Shao YW, Defamie V, Wedeles C, Smookler D, Khokha R. Stromal TIMP3 regulates liver lymphocyte populations and provides protection against Th1 T cell-driven autoimmune hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2876-83. [PMID: 22323541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte infiltration into epithelial tissues and proinflammatory cytokine release are key steps in autoimmune disease. Although cell-autonomous roles of lymphocytes are well studied in autoimmunity, much less is understood about the stromal factors that dictate immune cell function. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) controls systemic cytokine bioavailability and signaling by inhibiting the ectodomain shedding of cytokines and their receptors. The role of TIMP3 in cytokine biology is emerging; however, its contribution to cellular immunology remains unknown. In this study, we show that TIMP3 produced by the hepatic stroma regulates the basal lymphocyte populations in the liver and prevents autoimmune hepatitis. TIMP3 deficiency in mice led to spontaneous accumulation and activation of hepatic CD4(+), CD8(+), and NKT cells. Treatment with Con A in a model of polyclonal T lymphocyte activation resulted in a greatly enhanced Th1 cytokine response and acute liver failure, which mechanistically depended on TNF signaling. Bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that TIMP3 derived from the stromal rather than hematopoietic compartment provided protection against autoimmunity. Finally, we identified hepatocytes as the major source of Timp3 in a resting liver, whereas significant Timp3 gene transcription was induced by hepatic stellate cells in the inflamed liver. These results uncover metalloproteinase inhibitors as critical stromal factors in regulating cellular immunity during autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Murthy
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Menghini R, Casagrande V, Menini S, Marino A, Marzano V, Hribal ML, Gentileschi P, Lauro D, Schillaci O, Pugliese G, Sbraccia P, Urbani A, Lauro R, Federici M. TIMP3 overexpression in macrophages protects from insulin resistance, adipose inflammation, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:454-62. [PMID: 22228717 PMCID: PMC3266402 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)3, a stromal protein that restrains the activity of proteases and receptors, is reduced in inflammatory metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerosis. We overexpressed Timp3 in mouse macrophages (MacT3) to analyze its potential antidiabetic and antiatherosclerotic effects. Transgenic mice with myeloid cells targeting overexpression of TIMP3 were generated and fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Physical and metabolic phenotypes were determined. Inflammatory markers, lipid accumulation, and insulin sensitivity were measured in white adipose tissue (WAT), liver, and skeletal muscle. In a model of insulin resistance, MacT3 mice were more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive than wild-type mice in both in vitro and in vivo tests. Molecular and biochemical analyses revealed that increased expression of TIMP3 restrained metabolic inflammation and stress-related pathways, including Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 kinase activation, in WAT and liver. TIMP3 overexpression in macrophages resulted in reduced activation of oxidative stress signals related to lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and nitration in WAT and liver. Our data show that macrophage-specific overexpression of TIMP3 protects from metabolic inflammation and related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Menghini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Marino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Marzano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, EBRI/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta L. Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Gentileschi
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, EBRI/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Lauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author: Massimo Federici,
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50
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Casagrande V, Menghini R, Menini S, Marino A, Marchetti V, Cavalera M, Fabrizi M, Hribal ML, Pugliese G, Gentileschi P, Schillaci O, Porzio O, Lauro D, Sbraccia P, Lauro R, Federici M. Overexpression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 in Macrophages Reduces Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:74-81. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.238402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Casagrande
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Rossella Menghini
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Stefano Menini
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Arianna Marino
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Valentina Marchetti
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Michele Cavalera
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Marta Fabrizi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Marta L. Hribal
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Paolo Gentileschi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Ottavia Porzio
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Davide Lauro
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Renato Lauro
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
| | - Massimo Federici
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (V.C., R.M., A.M., V.M., M.C., M. Fabrizi, O.P., D.L., P.S., R.L., M. Federici), Surgery (P.G.), Diagnostic Imaging (O.S.), University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy (S.M., G.P.); University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy (M.L.H.)
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