1
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Chen K, Yang L, Xu L, Jiang Y, He J. Ofatumumab for the treatment of refractory anti-LGI1 encephalitis with long-term poor blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:4172-4174. [PMID: 37602875 PMCID: PMC10651958 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Chen
- Department of NeurologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Le Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyJilin Province People's HospitalChangchunChina
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of NeurologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of NeurologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jinting He
- Department of NeurologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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2
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Yang L, Zhang X, Liu Q, Wen Y, Wang Q. Update on the ZNT8 epitope and its role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:447-458. [PMID: 38099391 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific chronic autoimmune disease mediated by autoreactive T cells. ZnT8 is a pancreatic islet-specific zinc transporter that is mainly located in β cells. It not only participates in the synthesis, storage and secretion of insulin but also maintains the structural integrity of insulin. ZnT8 is the main autoantigen recognized by autoreactive CD8+ T cells in children and adults with T1D. This article summarizes the latest research results on the T lymphocyte epitope and B lymphocyte epitope of ZnT8 in the current literature. The structure and expression of ZnT8, the role of ZnT8 in insulin synthesis and its role in autoimmunity are reviewed. ZnT8 is the primary autoantigen of T1D and is specifically expressed in pancreatic islets. Thus, it is one of biomarkers for the diagnosis of T1D. It has broad prospects for further research on immunomodulators for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China -
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3
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Nagy G, Szekely TE, Somogyi A, Herold M, Herold Z. New therapeutic approaches for type 1 diabetes: Disease-modifying therapies. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:835-850. [PMID: 36312000 PMCID: PMC9606789 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i10.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 100 years since the first successful clinical use of insulin, yet it remains the only treatment option for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Advances in diabetes care, such as insulin analogue therapies and new devices, including continuous glucose monitoring with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion have improved the quality of life of patients but have no impact on the pathogenesis of the disease. They do not eliminate long-term complications and require several lifestyle sacrifices. A more ideal future therapy for T1DM, instead of supplementing the insufficient hormone production (a consequence of β-cell destruction), would also aim to stop or slow down the destructive autoimmune process. The discovery of the autoimmune nature of type 1 diabetes mellitus has presented several targets by which disease progression may be altered. The goal of disease-modifying therapies is to target autoimmune mechanisms and prevent β-cell destruction. T1DM patients with better β-cell function have better glycemic control, reduced incidence of long-term complications and hypoglycemic episodes. Unfortunately, at the time symptomatic T1DM is diagnosed, most of the insulin secreting β cells are usually lost. Therefore, to maximize the salvageable β-cell mass by disease-modifying therapies, detecting autoimmune markers in an early, optimally presymptomatic phase of T1DM is of great importance. Disease-modifying therapies, such as immuno- and regenerative therapies are expected to take a relevant place in diabetology. The aim of this article was to provide a brief insight into the pathogenesis and course of T1DM and present the current state of disease-modifying therapeutic interventions that may impact future diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geza Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
| | - Tekla Evelin Szekely
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
| | - Aniko Somogyi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Herold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
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4
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Shen X, Wei H, Li J, Wei W, Zhang B, Lu C, Yan C, Li S, Bao L, Zhang J, Zhang C, Li Y. Ectopic Colonization and Immune Landscapes of Periodontitis Microbiota in Germ-Free Mice With Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889415. [PMID: 35756043 PMCID: PMC9226645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontitis has been discussed recently. Periodontitis microbiota might affect the immune homeostasis of diabetes, but the molecular mechanism of their interactions is still not clear. The aims of this study were to clarify the possible immune regulatory effects of periodontitis microbiota on diabetes and the correlation between immunomodulation and ectopic colonization. A model of germ-free mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), which was orally inoculated with mixed saliva samples for 2 weeks, was used in this study. Those mice were randomly divided into two groups, namely, SP (where the T1D mice were orally inoculated with mixed saliva samples from periodontitis patients) and SH (where the T1D mice were orally inoculated with mixed saliva samples from healthy subjects). Ectopic colonization of saliva microbiota was assessed using culture-dependent method and Sanger sequencing, and the composition of gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Changes in 15 types of immune cells and six cytokines either from the small intestine or spleen were detected by multicolor flow cytometry. The correlation between gut microbiota and immune cells was evaluated by redundancy analysis. Although periodontitis microbiota minorly colonized the lungs, spleens, and blood system, they predominantly colonized the gut, which was mainly invaded by Klebsiella. SH and SP differed in beta diversity of the gut bacterial community. Compared to SH, microbial alteration in small intestine occurred with an increase of Lacticaseibacillus, Bacillus, Agathobacter, Bacteroides, and a decrease of Raoultella in SP. More types of immune cells were disordered in the spleen than in the small intestine by periodontitis microbiota, mainly with a dramatical increase in the proportion of macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), monocytes, group 3 innate lymphoid cells, CD4-CD8- T cells and Th17 cells, as well as a decline of αβT cells in SP. Cytokines of IFNγ, IL17, and IL22 produced by CD4 + T cells as well as IL22 produced by ILCs of small intestine rose in numbers, and the intestinal and splenic pDCs were positively regulated by gut bacterial community in SP. In conclusion, periodontitis microbiota invasion leads to ectopic colonization of the extra-oral sites and immune cells infiltration, which might cause local or systemic inflammation. Those cells are considered to act as a “bridge” between T1D and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Park, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Changqing Lu
- Department of Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Krovi SH, Kuchroo VK. Activation pathways that drive CD4 + T cells to break tolerance in autoimmune diseases . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:161-190. [PMID: 35142369 PMCID: PMC9255211 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysfunctional immune systems that misrecognize self as non-self and cause tissue destruction. Several cell types have been implicated in triggering and sustaining disease. Due to a strong association of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) proteins with various autoimmune diseases, CD4+ T lymphocytes have been thoroughly investigated for their roles in dictating disease course. CD4+ T cell activation is a coordinated process that requires three distinct signals: Signal 1, which is mediated by antigen recognition on MHC-II molecules; Signal 2, which boosts signal 1 in a costimulatory manner; and Signal 3, which helps to differentiate the activated cells into functionally relevant subsets. These signals are disrupted during autoimmunity and prompt CD4+ T cells to break tolerance. Herein, we review our current understanding of how each of the three signals plays a role in three different autoimmune diseases and highlight the genetic polymorphisms that predispose individuals to autoimmunity. We also discuss the drawbacks of existing therapies and how they can be addressed to achieve lasting tolerance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Harsha Krovi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Mukherjee N, Lin L, Contreras CJ, Templin AT. β-Cell Death in Diabetes: Past Discoveries, Present Understanding, and Potential Future Advances. Metabolites 2021; 11:796. [PMID: 34822454 PMCID: PMC8620854 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell death is regarded as a major event driving loss of insulin secretion and hyperglycemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we explore past, present, and potential future advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that promote β-cell death in diabetes, with a focus on the primary literature. We first review discoveries of insulin insufficiency, β-cell loss, and β-cell death in human diabetes. We discuss findings in humans and mouse models of diabetes related to autoimmune-associated β-cell loss and the roles of autoreactive T cells, B cells, and the β cell itself in this process. We review discoveries of the molecular mechanisms that underlie β-cell death-inducing stimuli, including proinflammatory cytokines, islet amyloid formation, ER stress, oxidative stress, glucotoxicity, and lipotoxicity. Finally, we explore recent perspectives on β-cell death in diabetes, including: (1) the role of the β cell in its own demise, (2) methods and terminology for identifying diverse mechanisms of β-cell death, and (3) whether non-canonical forms of β-cell death, such as regulated necrosis, contribute to islet inflammation and β-cell loss in diabetes. We believe new perspectives on the mechanisms of β-cell death in diabetes will provide a better understanding of this pathological process and may lead to new therapeutic strategies to protect β cells in the setting of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noyonika Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.L.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Li Lin
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.L.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Christopher J. Contreras
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.L.); (C.J.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew T. Templin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.L.); (C.J.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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7
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FasL regulatory B-cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166984. [PMID: 33845087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) disease remains a major health crisis. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) cause a range of diseases ranging from latent infection to active TB disease. This active state of the disease is characterised by the formation of granulomas (a physical barrier in the lung), a structure thought to protect the host by controlling the infection through preventing the growth of the bacilli. Subsequently, the surviving bacteria become inactive and in most cases, TB reactivation is prevented by the immune response of the host. B-cells perform numerous immunological functions beyond antibody production to positively regulate the response to pathogenic assault. A subgroup of B-cells with regulatory functions express death-inducing ligands, such as Fas ligand (FasL). Expression and interaction of the Fas receptor-ligand promotes the induction of apoptosis and the induction of T-cell tolerance. Here, we focus on the significance of B-cells by addressing their FasL phenotype and regulatory functions during TB, with reference to disease in humans, non-human primates and mice.
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8
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Manoylov IK, Boneva GV, Doytchinova IA, Mihaylova NM, Tchorbanov AI. Suppression of Disease-Associated B Lymphocytes by GAD65 Epitope-Carrying Protein-Engineered Molecules in a Streptozotocin-Induced Mouse Model of Diabetes. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2020; 38:201-208. [PMID: 31603741 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune syndrome defined by the presence of autoreactive T and B cells, which results in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Autoantibodies against GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65)-a membrane-bound enzyme on pancreatic beta cells, contribute to beta cells' destruction and the loss of pancreatic functions. Mouse FcγRIIb on B lymphocytes possesses an inhibitory effect on the activity of these cells. We hypothesized that it may be possible to suppress GAD65-specific B cells in mice with diabetes using chimeric molecules, containing an anti-FcγRIIb antibody, coupled to peptide B/T epitopes derived from the GAD65 protein. With these engineered chimeras, we expect to selectively co-cross-link the anti-GAD65-specific B cell receptor (BCR) and FcγRIIb, thus delivering a suppressive signal to the targeted B cells. An anti-FcγRIIb monoclonal antibody and two synthetic peptide epitopes derived from the GAD65 molecule were used for chimeras' construction. The suppressive activity of the engineered molecules was tested in vivo in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. These chimeric molecules exclusively bind disease-associated B cells by recognizing their GAD65-specific BCR and selectively deliver a strong inhibitory signal through their surface FcγRIIb receptors. A reduction in the number of anti-GAD65 IgG antibody-secreting plasmocytes and an increased percentage of apoptotic B lymphocytes were observed after treatment with protein-engineered antibodies of mice with STZ-induced type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Konstantinov Manoylov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gabriela Valentinova Boneva
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nikolina Mihaylova Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andrey Ivanov Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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9
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Warshauer JT, Bluestone JA, Anderson MS. New Frontiers in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:46-61. [PMID: 31839487 PMCID: PMC6986815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells that results in lifelong absolute insulin deficiency. For nearly a century, insulin replacement has been the only therapy for most people living with this disease. Recent advances in technology and our understanding of β cell development, glucose metabolism, and the underlying immune pathogenesis of the disease have led to innovative therapeutic and preventative approaches. A paradigm shift in immunotherapy development toward the targeting of islet-specific immune pathways involved in tolerance has driven the development of therapies that may allow for the prevention or reversal of this disease while avoiding toxicities associated with historical approaches that were broadly immunosuppressive. In this review, we discuss successes, failures, and emerging pharmacological therapies for type 1 diabetes that are changing how we approach this disease, from improving glycemic control to developing the "holy grail" of disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Warshauer
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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10
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Cabello-Olmo M, Araña M, Radichev I, Smith P, Huarte E, Barajas M. New Insights into Immunotherapy Strategies for Treating Autoimmune Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194789. [PMID: 31561568 PMCID: PMC6801436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune illness that affects millions of patients worldwide. The main characteristic of this disease is the destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells that occurs due to the aberrant activation of different immune effector cells. Currently, T1D is treated by lifelong administration of novel versions of insulin that have been developed recently; however, new approaches that could address the underlying mechanisms responsible for beta cell destruction have been extensively investigated. The strategies based on immunotherapies have recently been incorporated into a panel of existing treatments for T1D, in order to block T-cell responses against beta cell antigens that are very common during the onset and development of T1D. However, a complete preservation of beta cell mass as well as insulin independency is still elusive. As a result, there is no existing T1D targeted immunotherapy able to replace standard insulin administration. Presently, a number of novel therapy strategies are pursuing the goals of beta cell protection and normoglycemia. In the present review we explore the current state of immunotherapy in T1D by highlighting the most important studies in this field, and envision novel strategies that could be used to treat T1D in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cabello-Olmo
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miriam Araña
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ilian Radichev
- Diabetes research group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - Paul Smith
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | | | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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11
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Manoylov IK, Boneva GV, Doytchinova IA, Mihaylova NM, Tchorbanov AI. Protein-engineered molecules carrying GAD65 epitopes and targeting CD35 selectively down-modulate disease-associated human B lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:329-340. [PMID: 31009057 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, the presence of autoreactive T and B cells and autoantibodies against self-antigens. A membrane-bound enzyme on the pancreatic beta-cells, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), is one of the main autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. Autoantibodies against GAD65 are potentially involved in beta-cell destruction and decline of pancreatic functions. The human complement receptor type 1 (CD35) on B and T lymphocytes has a suppressive activity on these cells. We hypothesized that it may be possible to eliminate GAD65-specific B cells from type 1 diabetes patients by using chimeric molecules, containing an anti-CD35 antibody, coupled to peptides resembling GAD65 B/T epitopes. These molecules are expected to selectively bind the anti-GAD65 specific B cells by the co-cross-linking of the immunoglobulin receptor and CD35 and to deliver a suppressive signal. Two synthetic peptides derived from GAD65 protein (GAD65 epitopes) and anti-CD35 monoclonal antibody were used for the construction of two chimeras. The immunomodulatory activity of the engineered antibodies was tested in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from type 1 diabetes patients. A reduction in the number of anti-GAD65 IgG antibody-secreting plasma cells and increased percentage of apoptotic B lymphocytes was observed after treatment of these PBMCs with the engineered antibodies. The constructed chimeric molecules are able to selectively modulate the activity of GAD65-specific B lymphocytes and the production of anti-GAD65 IgG autoantibodies by co-cross-linking of the inhibitory CD35 and the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). This treatment presents a possible way to alter the autoimmune nature of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Manoylov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G V Boneva
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I A Doytchinova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - N M Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A I Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Loxton AG. Bcells and their regulatory functions during Tuberculosis: Latency and active disease. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:145-151. [PMID: 31054408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global epidemic with devastating consequences. Emerging evidence suggests that B-cells have the ability to modulate the immune response and understanding these roles during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection can help to find new strategies to treat TB. The immune system of individuals with pulmonary TB form granulomas in the lung which controls the infection by inhibiting the M.tb growth and acts as a physical barrier. Thereafter, surviving M.tb become dormant and in most cases the host's immunity prevents TB reactivation. B-cells execute several immunological functions and are regarded as protective regulators of immune responses by antibody and cytokine production, as well as presenting antigen. Some of these B-cells, or regulatory B-cells, have been shown to express death-inducing ligands, such as Fas ligand (FasL). This expression and binding to the Fas receptor leads to apoptosis, a major immune regulation mechanism, in addition to the ability to induce T-cell tolerance. Here, I discuss the relevance of B-cells, in particular their non-humoral functions by addressing their regulatory properties during M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre G Loxton
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241 Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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13
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Ni Q, Pham NB, Meng WS, Zhu G, Chen X. Advances in immunotherapy of type I diabetes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:83-91. [PMID: 30528629 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease affecting 3 million individuals in the U.S. The pathogenesis of T1DM is driven by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, the source of glucose regulator insulin. While T1DM can be successfully managed with insulin replacement therapy, approaches that can modify the underlying immuno-pathology of β cell destruction has been long sought after. Immunotherapy can attenuate T cell responses against β cell antigens. Given the detailed cellular and molecular definitions of T1DM immune responses, rational immunomodulation can be and have been developed in mouse models, and in some instances, tested in humans. The possibility of identifying individuals who are predisposed to T1DM through genotyping lend to the possibility of preventive vaccines. While much has been accomplished in delineating the mechanisms of immunotherapies, some of which are being tested in humans, long-term preservation of β cells and insulin independency has not been achieved. In this regard, the drug delivery field has much to offer in maximizing the benefits of immune modulators by optimizing spatiotemporal presentation of antigens and costimulatory signals. In this review, we attempt to capture the current state of T1DM immunotherapy by highlighting representative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Ngoc B Pham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Kroger CJ, Clark M, Ke Q, Tisch RM. Therapies to Suppress β Cell Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1891. [PMID: 30166987 PMCID: PMC6105696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is generally considered to be T cell-driven. Accordingly, most strategies of immunotherapy for T1D prevention and treatment in the clinic have targeted the T cell compartment. To date, however, immunotherapy has had only limited clinical success. Although certain immunotherapies have promoted a protective effect, efficacy is often short-term and acquired immunity may be impacted. This has led to the consideration of combining different approaches with the goal of achieving a synergistic therapeutic response. In this review, we will discuss the status of various T1D therapeutic strategies tested in the clinic, as well as possible combinatorial approaches to restore β cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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15
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Lee DK, Song SU. Immunomodulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutic applications. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:68-76. [PMID: 28919171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, many studies have shown that MSCs must be stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines or other immune mediators before they can modulate immune cells in inflamed and damaged tissues. MSCs appear to be involved in inducing several regulatory immune cells, such as Tregs, Bregs, and regulatory NK cells. This new immune milieu created by MSCs may establish a tolerogenic environment that leads to an optimal condition for the treatment of immune diseases. The mechanisms of MSC action to treat immune disorders need to be further investigated in more detail. Since there have been some contradictory outcomes of clinical trials, it is necessary to perform large-scale and randomized clinical studies, such as a phase 3 placebo-controlled double-blind study of a third party MSCs to optimize MSC administration and to prove safety and efficacy of MSC treatment. MSCs offer great therapeutic promise, especially for the treatment of difficult-to-treat immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don K Lee
- SCM Lifesciences Co. Ltd., Incheon 22332 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun U Song
- Dept. of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22332 Republic of Korea; SCM Lifesciences Co. Ltd., Incheon 22332 Republic of Korea.
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16
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Banday VS, Thyagarajan R, Lejon K. Contribution of both B-cell intrinsic alterations as well as non-hematopoietic-derived factors in the enhanced immune response of the NOD mouse. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:363-369. [PMID: 28686488 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1344977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The underlying cellular and molecular mechanism for the development of Type 1 diabetes is still to be fully revealed. We have previously demonstrated that the NOD mouse, a model for Type 1 diabetes, display a prolonged and enhanced immune response to both self and non-self-antigens. The molecular explanation for this defect however, has not been determined. In this study we immunized NOD and C57BL/6 (B6) with the conventional antigen i.e. hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and analyzed B cell activation, germinal center reaction and antibody clearance. Corroborating our previous observations NOD mice responded robustly to a single immunization of HEL. Immunofluorescence analysis of the spleen revealed an increased number of germinal centers in unimmunized NOD compared to B6. However, post immunization germinal center numbers were similar in NOD and B6. NOD mice showed lower response to BCR stimulation with anti-IgM, in particular at lower concentrations of anti-IgM. Antibody clearance in vivo did not differ between the strains. To determine the cell type that is responsible for the prolonged and enhance immune response, we reconstituted NOD-RAGs with cells from primed donors in different combinations. NOD B cells were required to reproduce the phenotype; however the non-lymphoid compartment of NOD origin also played a role. Based on our results we propose that preexisting GCs in the NOD promote the robust response and alteration in the BCR signaling could promote survival of stimulated cells. Overall, this mechanism could in turn also contribute to the activation and maintenance of autoreactive B cells in the NOD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viqar Showkat Banday
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Radha Thyagarajan
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Kristina Lejon
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
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17
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Ray A, Dittel BN. Mechanisms of Regulatory B cell Function in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases beyond IL-10. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6010012. [PMID: 28124981 PMCID: PMC5294965 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades it has become clear that in addition to antigen presentation and antibody production B cells play prominent roles in immune regulation. While B cell-derived IL-10 has garnered much attention, B cells also effectively regulate inflammation by a variety of IL-10-independent mechanisms. B cell regulation has been studied in both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. While collectively called regulatory B cells (Breg), no definitive phenotype has emerged for B cells with regulatory potential. This has made their study challenging and thus unique B cell regulatory mechanisms have emerged in a disease-dependent manner. Thus to harness the therapeutic potential of Breg, further studies are needed to understand how they emerge and are induced to evoke their regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ray
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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18
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Bian X, Wasserfall C, Wallstrom G, Wang J, Wang H, Barker K, Schatz D, Atkinson M, Qiu J, LaBaer J. Tracking the Antibody Immunome in Type 1 Diabetes Using Protein Arrays. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:195-203. [PMID: 27690455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We performed an unbiased proteome-scale profiling of humoral autoimmunity in recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients and nondiabetic controls against ∼10 000 human proteins using a Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array (NAPPA) platform, complemented by a knowledge-based selection of proteins from genes enriched in human pancreas. Although the global response was similar between cases and controls, we identified and then validated six specific novel T1D-associated autoantibodies (AAbs) with sensitivities that ranged from 16 to 27% at 95% specificity. These included AAbs against PTPRN2, MLH1, MTIF3, PPIL2, NUP50 (from NAPPA screening), and QRFPR (by targeted ELISA). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NUP50 protein behaved differently in islet cells, where it stained both nucleus and cytoplasm, compared with only nuclear staining in exocrine pancreas. Conversely, PPIL2 staining was absent in islet cells, despite its presence in exocrine cells. The combination of anti-PTPRN2, -MLH1, -PPIL2, and -QRFPR had an AUC of 0.74 and 37.5% sensitivity at 95% specificity. These data indicate that these markers behave independently and support the use of unbiased screening to find biomarkers because the majority was not predicted based on predicted abundance. Our study enriches the knowledge of the "autoantibody-ome" in unprecedented breadth and width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Bian
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jie Wang
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Haoyu Wang
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kristi Barker
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Desmond Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 30607, United States
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Ji Qiu
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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19
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Selvaraj UM, Poinsatte K, Torres V, Ortega SB, Stowe AM. Heterogeneity of B Cell Functions in Stroke-Related Risk, Prevention, Injury, and Repair. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:729-747. [PMID: 27492770 PMCID: PMC5081124 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that post-stroke inflammation contributes to neurovascular injury, blood-brain barrier disruption, and poor functional recovery in both animal and clinical studies. However, recent studies also suggest that several leukocyte subsets, activated during the post-stroke immune response, can exhibit both pro-injury and pro-recovery phenotypes. In accordance with these findings, B lymphocytes, or B cells, play a heterogeneous role in the adaptive immune response to stroke. This review highlights what is currently understood about the various roles of B cells, with an emphasis on stroke risk factors, as well as post-stroke injury and repair. This includes an overview of B cell functions, such as antibody production, cytokine secretion, and contribution to the immune response as antigen presenting cells. Next, evidence for B cell-mediated mechanisms in stroke-related risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, is outlined, followed by studies that focus on B cells during endogenous protection from stroke. Subsequently, animal studies that investigate the role of B cells in post-stroke injury and repair are summarized, and the final section describes current B cell-related clinical trials for stroke, as well as other central nervous system diseases. This review reveals the complex role of B cells in stroke, with a focus on areas for potential clinical intervention for a disease that affects millions of people globally each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Katherine Poinsatte
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Torres
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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20
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Hou W, Meng X, Wang Y, Mo W, Wu Y, Yu M. Characterization and high-yield production of non- N-glycosylated recombinant human BCMA-Fc in Pichia pastoris. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:96-106. [PMID: 32624756 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) fused at the C-terminus to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (BCMA-Fc) blocks B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL)-mediated B-cell activation, leading to immune disorders. The fusion protein has been cloned and produced by several engineering cell lines. To reduce cost and enhance production, we attempted to express recombinant human BCMA-Fc (rhBCMA-Fc) in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOX1 methanol-inducible promoter. To produce the target protein with uniform molecular weight and reduced immunogenicity, we mutated two predicted N-linked glycosylation sites. The secretory yield was improved by codon optimization of the target gene sequence. After fed-batch fermentation under optimized conditions, the highest yield (207 mg/L) of rhBCMA-Fc was obtained with high productivity (3.45 mg/L/h). The purified functional rhBCMA-Fc possessed high-binding affinity to APRIL and dose-dependent inhibition of APRIL-induced proliferative activity in vitro through three-step purification. Thus, this yeast-derived expression method could be a low-cost and effective alternative to the production of rhBCMA-Fc in mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Hou
- Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xianchao Meng
- Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Mo
- Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yi Wu
- Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Min Yu
- Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China
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21
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Milota T, Šumník Z, Obermannová B, Králíčková P, Vondrák K, Klocperk A, Kayserová J, Šedivá A. Negativity for Specific Autoantibodies in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes That Developed on a Background of Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 168:197-204. [DOI: 10.1159/000441723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Sinha D, Ghosh AK, Mukherjee S, Biswas R, Biswas T. Porin differentiates TLR mediated proinflammatory response of follicular zone B cell from TLR-unresponsive IL-10 expressing marginal zone B cell. Cytokine 2015; 76:193-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Assayag-Asherie N, Sever D, Bogdani M, Johnson P, Weiss T, Ginzberg A, Perles S, Weiss L, Sebban LE, Turley EA, Okon E, Raz I, Naor D. Can CD44 Be a Mediator of Cell Destruction? The Challenge of Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143589. [PMID: 26624007 PMCID: PMC4666674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a multi-functional receptor with multiple of isoforms engaged in modulation of cell trafficking and transmission of apoptotic signals. We have previously shown that injection of anti-CD44 antibody into NOD mice induced resistance to type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this communication we describe our efforts to understand the mechanism underlying this effect. We found that CD44-deficient NOD mice develop stronger resistance to T1D than wild-type littermates. This effect is not explained by the involvement of CD44 in cell migration, because CD44-deficient inflammatory cells surprisingly had greater invasive potential than the corresponding wild type cells, probably owing to molecular redundancy. We have previously reported and we show here again that CD44 expression and hyaluronic acid (HA, the principal ligand for CD44) accumulation are detected in pancreatic islets of diabetic NOD mice, but not of non-diabetic DBA/1 mice. Expression of CD44 on insulin-secreting β cells renders them susceptible to the autoimmune attack, and is associated with a diminution in β-cells function (e.g., less insulin production and/or insulin secretion) and possibly also with an enhanced apoptosis rate. The diabetes-supportive effect of CD44 expression on β cells was assessed by the TUNEL assay and further strengthened by functional assays exhibiting increased nitric oxide release, reduced insulin secretion after glucose stimulation and decreased insulin content in β cells. All these parameters could not be detected in CD44-deficient islets. We further suggest that HA-binding to CD44-expressing β cells is implicated in β-cell demise. Altogether, these data agree with the concept that CD44 is a receptor capable of modulating cell fate. This finding is important for other pathologies (e.g., cancer, neurodegenerative diseases) in which CD44 and HA appear to be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Assayag-Asherie
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dror Sever
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Pamela Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Talya Weiss
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel Ginzberg
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sharon Perles
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Lola Weiss
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Hospital Ein Kerem, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel
| | - Lora Eshkar Sebban
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Eva A. Turley
- London Regional Cancer Center, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David Naor
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- * E-mail:
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24
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Luan L, Xue R, Lu C, Cui A, Hou Y, Quan J, Xiang M, Wang X, Yuan W, Sun N, Meng D, Chen S. Anti-serum with anti-autoantibody activity decreases autoantibody-positive B lymphocytes and type 1 diabetes of female NOD mice. Autoimmunity 2015; 49:21-30. [PMID: 26334951 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1079819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin secreting β-cells. Each B lymphocyte clone that escapes immune tolerance produces a specific antibody. No specific treatment against autoantibodies is available for autoimmune diseases. We have developed a strategy to produce an antiserum against autoantibodies for the treatment of T1DM. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) but not Balb/c mouse serum contains autoantibodies. Antisera were produced by immunizing Balb/c mice with affinity-purified IgG from NOD or BALB/c mice along with the immune adjuvant (hereafter, NIgG or BIgG, respectively). A bolus administration of NIgG significantly reduced serum autoantibodies, autoantibody-positive B lymphocytes in the spleens of NOD mice, mortality and morbidity of diabetes, blood glucose and islet immune infiltration, whereas it increased islet mass in NOD mice for at least 26 weeks. NIgG antiserum treatment has no significant effect on CD3(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells and B220(+) or CD19(+) B cells. BIgG also imparted a moderate therapeutic effect, although it was considerably lower than that of NIgG. NIgG did not cross-react with allogeneic serum. NIgG showed no effect on Balb/c mice. The results show the feasibility of producing antiserum against autoantibodies to prevent and treat autoimmune-induced T1DM with a single bolus administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luan
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Rong Xue
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chao Lu
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Anfeng Cui
- b Department of Physiology , Ningxia Medical College , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China , and
| | - Yanqiang Hou
- c Department of Central Laboratory , Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jing Quan
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Meng Xiang
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenjun Yuan
- b Department of Physiology , Ningxia Medical College , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China , and
| | - Ning Sun
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dan Meng
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Sifeng Chen
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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25
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Palm AKE, Friedrich HC, Mezger A, Salomonsson M, Myers LK, Kleinau S. Function and regulation of self-reactive marginal zone B cells in autoimmune arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:493-504. [PMID: 25958842 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyreactive innate-type B cells account for many B cells expressing self-reactivity in the periphery. Improper regulation of these B cells may be an important factor that underlies autoimmune disease. Here we have explored the influence of self-reactive innate B cells in the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. We show that splenic marginal zone (MZ), but not B-1 B cells exhibit spontaneous IgM reactivity to autologous collagen II in naı¨ve mice. Upon immunization with heterologous collagen II in complete Freund's adjuvant the collagen-reactive MZ B cells expanded rapidly, while the B-1 B cells showed a modest anti-collagen response. The MZ B cells were easily activated by toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and 9-ligands in vitro, inducing proliferation and cytokine secretion, implying that dual engagement of the B-cell receptor and TLRs may promote the immune response to self-antigen. Furthermore, collagen-primed MZ B cells showed significant antigen-presenting capacity as reflected by cognate T-cell proliferation in vitro and induction of IgG anti-collagen antibodies in vivo. MZ B cells that were deficient in complement receptors 1 and 2 demonstrated increased proliferation and cytokine production, while Fcγ receptor IIb deficiency of the cells lead to increased cytokine production and antigen presentation. In conclusion, our data highlight self-reactive MZ B cells as initiators of the autoimmune response in CIA, where complement and Fc receptors are relevant in controlling the self-reactivity in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heike C Friedrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Mezger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maya Salomonsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda K Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sandra Kleinau
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Zeng C, Yi X, Zipris D, Liu H, Zhang L, Zheng Q, Krishnamurthy M, Jin G, Zhou A. RNase L contributes to experimentally induced type 1 diabetes onset in mice. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:277-87. [PMID: 25287058 PMCID: PMC4225003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cause of type 1 diabetes continues to be a focus of investigation. Studies have revealed that interferon α (IFNα) in pancreatic islets after viral infection or treatment with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a mimic of viral infection, is associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes. However, how IFNα contributes to the onset of type 1 diabetes is obscure. In this study, we found that 2-5A-dependent RNase L (RNase L), an IFNα-inducible enzyme that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN, played an important role in dsRNA-induced onset of type 1 diabetes. Using RNase L-deficient, rat insulin promoter-B7.1 transgenic mice, which are more vulnerable to harmful environmental factors such as viral infection, we demonstrated that deficiency of RNase L in mice resulted in a significant delay of diabetes onset induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a type of synthetic dsRNA, and streptozotocin, a drug which can artificially induce type 1-like diabetes in experimental animals. Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the population of infiltrated CD8(+)T cells was remarkably reduced in the islets of RNase L-deficient mice, indicating that RNase L may contribute to type 1 diabetes onset through regulating immune responses. Furthermore, RNase L was responsible for the expression of certain proinflammatory genes in the pancreas under induced conditions. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying β-cell destruction and may indicate novel therapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of the disease based on the selective regulation and inhibition of RNase L.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endoribonucleases/deficiency
- Endoribonucleases/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Poly I-C
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- Rats
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zeng
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Xin Yi
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Hongli Liu
- Central Laboratory, the Eighth Hospital of Xi'an, 2 East Zhangba Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Qiaoyun Zheng
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | | | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195
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27
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Berry GJ, Budgeon LR, Cooper TK, Christensen ND, Waldner H. The type 1 diabetes resistance locus B10 Idd9.3 mediates impaired B-cell lymphopoiesis and implicates microRNA-34a in diabetes protection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1716-27. [PMID: 24752729 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice are congenic for the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) Idd9.3 locus, which confers significant type 1 diabetes (T1D) protection and encodes 19 genes, including microRNA (miR)-34a, from T1D-resistant C57BL/10 mice. B cells have been shown to play a critical role in the priming of autoantigen-specific CD4(+) T cells in T1D pathogenesis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We show that early B-cell development is impaired in NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice, resulting in the profound reduction of transitional and mature splenic B cells as compared with NOD mice. Molecular analysis revealed that miR-34a expression was significantly higher in B-cell progenitors and marginal zone B cells from NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice than in NOD mice. Furthermore, miR-34a expression in these cell populations inversely correlated with levels of Foxp1, an essential regulator of B-cell lymphopoiesis, which is directly repressed by miR-34a. In addition, we show that islet-specific CD4(+) T cells proliferated inefficiently when primed by NOD.B10 Idd9.3 B cells in vitro or in response to endogenous autoantigen in NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice. Thus, Idd9.3-encoded miR-34a is a likely candidate in negatively regulating B-cell lymphopoiesis, which may contribute to inefficient expansion of islet-specific CD4(+) T cells and to T1D protection in NOD.B10 Idd9.3 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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28
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Mariño E, Walters SN, Villanueva JE, Richards JL, Mackay CR, Grey ST. BAFF regulates activation of self-reactive T cells through B-cell dependent mechanisms and mediates protection in NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:983-93. [PMID: 24435807 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the BAFF/APRIL system has shown to be effective in preventing T-cell dependent autoimmune disease in the NOD mouse, a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes. In this study we generated BAFF-deficient NOD mice to examine how BAFF availability would influence T-cell responses in vivo and the development of spontaneous diabetes. BAFF-deficient NOD mice which lack mature B cells, were protected from diabetes and showed delayed rejection of an allogeneic islet graft. Diabetes protection correlated with a failure to expand pathogenic IGRP-reactive CD8(+) T cells, which were maintained in the periphery at correspondingly low levels. Adoptive transfer of IGRP-reactive CD8(+) T cells with B cells into BAFF-deficient NOD mice enhanced IGRP-reactive CD8(+) T-cell expansion. Furthermore, when provoked with cyclophosphamide, or transferred to a secondary lymphopenic host, the latent pool of self-reactive T cells resident in BAFF-deficient NOD mice could elicit beta cell destruction. We conclude that lack of BAFF prevents the procurement of B-cell-dependent help necessary for the emergence of destructive diabetes. Indeed, treatment of NOD mice with the BAFF-blocking compound, BR3-Fc, resulted in a delayed onset and reduced incidence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Mariño
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Centre of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Bundy B, Becker DJ, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Marks JB, Moran A, Raskin P, Rodriguez H, Schatz DA, Wherrett DK, Wilson DM, Krischer JP, Skyler JS. B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and β-cell function: two-year results. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:453-9. [PMID: 24026563 PMCID: PMC3898764 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that selective depletion of B-lymphocytes with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, slowed decline of β-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at 1 year. Subjects were followed further to determine whether there was persistence of effect. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eighty-seven subjects (aged 8-40 years) were randomly assigned to, and 81 received, infusions of rituximab or placebo on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. The primary outcome-baseline-adjusted mean 2-h area under the curve (AUC) serum C-peptide during a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) at 1 year-showed higher C-peptide AUC with rituximab versus placebo. Subjects were further followed with additional MMTTs every 6 months. RESULTS The rate of decline of C-peptide was parallel between groups but shifted by 8.2 months in rituximab-treated subjects. Over 30 months, AUC, insulin dose, and HbA1c were similar for rituximab and placebo. However, in evaluating change in C-peptide over the entire follow-up period, the rituximab group means were significantly larger as compared within assessment times with the placebo group means using a global test (P = 0.03). Odds ratio for loss of C-peptide to <0.2 nmol/L following rituximab was 0.565 (P = 0.064). B-lymphocytes recovered to baseline values by 18 months. Serum IgG levels were maintained in the normal range but IgM levels were depressed. CONCLUSIONS Like several other immunotherapeutic approaches tested, in recent-onset T1DM, rituximab delays the fall in C-peptide but does not appear to fundamentally alter the underlying pathophysiology of the disease.
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30
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Abstract
Though type 1 diabetes (T1D) is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder, recent evidence indicates that B cells play a critical role in disease. This conclusion is based in part on the success of anti-CD20 (rituximab) therapy, which by broadly depleting B cells delays disease progression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and new-onset patients. B cell receptor (BCR) specificity to islet autoantigen is key. NOD mice whose B cell repertoire is biased toward insulin reactivity show increased disease development, while bias away from insulin reactivity largely prevents disease. Although the operative disease-promoting B cell effector function remains undefined, islet-antigen reactive B cells function in antigen presentation to diabetogenic CD4 T cells. Other studies implicate B cells in antigen presentation to CD8 T cells. B cell participation in TID appears predicated on faulty B cell tolerance. Here, we review extant findings implicating B cells in T1D in mice and men.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M Hinman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E 19th Avenue, P18-8100, Mail Stop 8333, RC1 N, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA,
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31
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Hartemann A, Bensimon G, Payan CA, Jacqueminet S, Bourron O, Nicolas N, Fonfrede M, Rosenzwajg M, Bernard C, Klatzmann D. Low-dose interleukin 2 in patients with type 1 diabetes: a phase 1/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013; 1:295-305. [PMID: 24622415 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An improper balance of regulatory/effector T (Treg/Teff) cells is central to the development of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. We previously showed that low-dose interleukin 2 (IL2) induced Treg cell expansion and activation and clinical improvement in patients with hepatitis-C-virus-induced vasculitis. We aimed to establish which low doses of IL2 would be safe and induce Treg cells in patients with type 1 diabetes, considering that: (1) type 1 diabetes might be linked to alteration of the IL2/IL2R activation pathway; (2) activation of pathogenic Teff cells by IL2 could exacerbate disease; and (3) the safety of low-dose IL2 is not known in type 1 diabetes. METHODS This was a single-centre phase 1/2 study. 24 adult patients (18-55 years) with established insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes and at least one diabetes-related autoantibody were enrolled and randomly assigned (in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, by computer-generated randomisation list, with block size four) to placebo or IL2 at 0.33 MIU/day, 1 MIU/day, or 3 MIU/day for a 5-day course and were followed up for 60 days. All investigators and participants were masked to assignment. The primary outcome was change in Treg cells, measured by flow cytometry, and expressed as a percentage of CD4+ T cells, from day 1 to day 60. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01353833. FINDINGS Six patients were assigned to each group between June 1, 2011, and Feb 3, 2012. IL2 was well tolerated at all doses, with no serious adverse events. However, there was a dose-response association for non-serious adverse events during the treatment phase (days 1-6); one patient in the placebo group, three patients in the 0.33 MIU group, five patients in the 1 MIU group, and six patients in the 3 MIU group had non-serious adverse events. The most common adverse events in the treatment phase were injection-site reaction (no patients with placebo vs three patients with 0.33 MIU and 1 MIU vs two patients with 3 MIU) and influenza-like syndrome (no patients with placebo vs one patient with 0.33 MIU and 1 MIU vs four patients with 3 MIU). After the treatment phase, adverse events did not differ between groups. IL2 did not induce deleterious changes in glucose-metabolism variables. IL2 induced a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of Treg cells, significant at all doses compared with placebo (placebo mean increase 0.5% [SD 0.4]; 0.33 MIU 2.8% [1.2], p=0.0039; 1 MIU 3.9% [1.8], p=0.0039; 3 MIU 4.8% [1.9] p=0.0039). INTERPRETATION We have defined a well-tolerated and immunologically effective dose range of IL2 for application to type 1 diabetes therapy and prevention, which could be relevant to other disorders in which a Treg cell increase would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Hartemann
- Department of Diabetology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Pharmacologie, Paris, France
| | - Christine A Payan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Bourron
- Department of Diabetology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Nicolas
- Clinical Investigation Center Paris-Est-CIC-9304, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Fonfrede
- Department of Biochemistry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France
| | - Claude Bernard
- Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France.
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32
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Xu X, Shi Y, Cai Y, Zhang Q, Yang F, Chen H, Gu Y, Zhang M, Yu L, Yang T. Inhibition of increased circulating Tfh cell by anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in patients with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79858. [PMID: 24278195 PMCID: PMC3835920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells exert an important role in autoimmune diseases. Whether it might be involved in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the role of Tfh cells in patients with T1D and the effect of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) on Tfh cells from T1D patients. Patients and Methods Fifty-four patients with T1D and 37 healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. 20 of those patients were treated with rituximab. The frequencies of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The serum autoantibodies were detected by radioligand assay. The levels of IL-21, IL-6 and BCL-6 were assessed using ELISA and/or real-time PCR. Results Increased frequencies of circulating Tfh cells together with enhanced expression of IL-21 were detected in patients. The correlation between the frequencies of circulating Tfh cells and the serum autoantibodies or C-peptide level was comfirmed. After rituximab therapy, follow-up analysis demonstrated that the frequencies of circulating Tfh cell and serum IA2A were decreased. The levels of IL-21, IL-6 and Bcl-6 mRNA were decreased after treatment. Furthermore, beta cell function in 10 of 20 patients was improved. Conclusions These data indicate Tfh cells may participate in the T1D-relatede immune responses and B cells might play a role in the development of Tfh responses in the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liping. Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Rydén AKE, Wesley JD, Coppieters KT, Von Herrath MG. Non-antigenic and antigenic interventions in type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:838-46. [PMID: 24165565 PMCID: PMC4896560 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells. Current T1D therapies are exclusively focused on regulating glycemia rather than the underlying immune response. A handful of trials have sought to alter the clinical course of T1D using various broad immune-suppressors, e.g., cyclosporine A and azathioprine.1–3 The effect on β-cell preservation was significant, however, these therapies were associated with unacceptable side-effects. In contrast, more recent immunomodulators, such as anti-CD3 and antigenic therapies such as DiaPep277, provide a more targeted immunomodulation and have been generally well-tolerated and safe; however, as a monotherapy there appear to be limitations in terms of therapeutic benefit. Therefore, we argue that this new generation of immune-modifying agents will likely work best as part of a combination therapy. This review will summarize current immune-modulating therapies under investigation and discuss how to move the field of immunotherapy in T1D forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K E Rydén
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center; Novo Nordisk Inc.; Seattle, WA USA; Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute; Seattle, WA USA
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Grey ST. B-lymphocyte therapy for Type 2 diabetes: the 'B' side of diabetic medication? Immunotherapy 2013; 5:669-72. [PMID: 23829614 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
A classic understanding of the interplay between B and T cell components of the immune system that drive autoimmunity, where B cells provide an effector function, is represented by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune condition characterised by the production of auto-antibodies. In SLE, CD4+T cells provide cognate help to self-reactive B cells, which in turn produce pathogenic auto-antibodies (1). Thus, B cells act as effectors by producing auto-antibody aided by T cell help such that B and T cell interactions are unidirectional. However, this paradigm of B and T cell interactions is challenged by new clinical data demonstrating that B cell depletion is effective for T cell mediated autoimmune diseases including type I diabetes mellitus (T1D) (2), rheumatoid arthritis (3), and multiple sclerosis (4). These clinical data indicate a model whereby B cells can influence the developing autoimmune T cell response, and therefore act as effectors, in ways that extend beyond the production of autoantibody (5). In this review by largely focusing on type I diabetes we will develop a hypothesis that bi-directional B and T interactions control the course of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Mariño
- Centre of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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36
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Abstract
For autoimmune conditions like type 1 diabetes to progress, self-reactive CD8⁺ T cells would need to interact with peptide-antigen cross-presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted fashion. However, the mechanisms by which autoantigen is cross-presented remain to be identified. In this study, we show cross-presentation of islet-derived autoantigens by B cells. B cells engage self-reactive CD8⁺ T cells in the pancreatic lymph node, driving their proliferative expansion and differentiation into granzyme B⁺interferon-γ⁺lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1⁺ effector cells. B-cell cross-presentation of insulin required proteolytic cleavage and endosomal localization and was sensitive to inhibitors of protein trafficking. Absent B-cell MHC class I, or B-cell receptor restriction to an irrelevant specificity, blunted the expansion of self-reactive CD8⁺ T cells, suggesting B-cell antigen capture and presentation are critical in vivo events for CD8 activation. Indeed, the singular loss of B-cell MHC class I subverted the conversion to clinical diabetes in NOD mice, despite the presence of a pool of activated, and B cell-dependent, interleukin-21-expressing Vβ4⁺CD4⁺ T cells. Thus, B cells govern the transition from clinically silent insulitis to frank diabetes by cross-presenting autoantigen to self-reactive CD8⁺ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Mariño
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernice Tan
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Binge
- Centre of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles R. Mackay
- Centre of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane T. Grey
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Corresponding author: Shane T. Grey,
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37
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview that summarizes much in the way of our current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenesis and natural history of type 1 diabetes in humans. This information is presented to the reader as a series of seminal historical discoveries that, when advanced through research, transformed our understanding of the roles for the immune system, genes, and environment in the formation of this disease. In addition, where longitudinal investigations of these three facets occurred, their roles within the development of type 1 diabetes, from birth to symptomatic onset and beyond, are discussed, including their most controversial elements. Having an understanding of this disorder's pathogenesis and natural history is key for attempts seeking to understand the issues of what causes type 1 diabetes, as well as to develop a means to prevent and cure the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Atkinson
- College of Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, The University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610-0275, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multi-factorial, organ-specific autoimmune disease in genetically susceptible individuals, which is characterized by a selective and progressive loss of insulin-producing β-cells. Cells mediating innate as well as adaptive immunity infiltrate pancreatic islets, thereby generating an aberrant inflammatory process called insulitis that can be mirrored by a pathologic autoantibody production and autoreactive T-cells. In tight cooperation with infiltrating innate immune cells, which secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, TNFα, and INFγ effector T-cells trigger the fatal destruction process of β-cells. There is ongoing discussion on the contribution of inflammation in T1D pathogenesis, ranging from a bystander reaction of autoimmunity to a dysregulation of immune responses that initiate inflammatory processes and thereby actively promoting β-cell death. Here, we review recent advances in anti-inflammatory interventions in T1D animal models and preclinical studies and discuss their mode of action as well as their capacity to interfere with T1D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Stolp J, Chen YG, Cox SL, Henck V, Zhang W, Tsaih SW, Chapman H, Stearns T, Serreze DV, Silveira PA. Subcongenic analyses reveal complex interactions between distal chromosome 4 genes controlling diabetogenic B cells and CD4 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1406-17. [PMID: 22732593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and NOD mice results from interactions between multiple susceptibility genes (termed Idd) located within and outside the MHC. Despite sharing ∼88% of their genome with NOD mice, including the H2(g7) MHC haplotype and other important Idd genes, the closely related nonobese resistant (NOR) strain fails to develop T1D because of resistance alleles in residual genomic regions derived from C57BLKS mice mapping to chromosomes (Chr.) 1, 2, and 4. We previously produced a NOD background strain with a greatly decreased incidence of T1D as the result of a NOR-derived 44.31-Mb congenic region on distal Chr. 4 containing disease-resistance alleles that decrease the pathogenic activity of autoreactive B and CD4 T cells. In this study, a series of subcongenic strains for the NOR-derived Chr. 4 region was used to significantly refine genetic loci regulating diabetogenic B and CD4 T cell activity. Analyses of these subcongenic strains revealed the presence of at least two NOR-origin T1D resistance genes within this region. A 6.22-Mb region between rs13477999 and D4Mit32, not previously known to contain a locus affecting T1D susceptibility and now designated Idd25, was found to contain the main NOR gene(s) dampening diabetogenic B cell activity, with Ephb2 and/or Padi2 being strong candidates as the causal variants. Penetrance of this Idd25 effect was influenced by genes in surrounding regions controlling B cell responsiveness and anergy induction. Conversely, the gene(s) controlling pathogenic CD4 T cell activity was mapped to a more proximal 24.26-Mb region between the rs3674285 and D4Mit203 markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stolp
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Phuah JY, Mattila JT, Lin PL, Flynn JL. Activated B cells in the granulomas of nonhuman primates infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:508-14. [PMID: 22721647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis, host immune cells form a granuloma as a physical and immunological barrier. To date, the contribution of humoral immunity, including antibodies and specific functions of B cells, to M. tuberculosis infection in humans remains largely unknown. Recent studies in mice show that humoral immunity can alter M. tuberculosis infection outcomes. M. tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques recapitulates essentially all aspects of human tuberculosis. As a first step toward understanding the importance of humoral immunity to control of M. tuberculosis infection in primates, we characterized the B-cell and plasma-cell populations in infected animals and found that B cells are present primarily in clusters within the granuloma. The B-cell clusters are in close proximity to peripheral node addressin-positive cells and contain cells positive for Ki-67, a proliferation marker. Granuloma B cells also express CXCR5 and have elevated HLA-DR expression. Tissues containing M. tuberculosis bacilli had higher levels of M. tuberculosis-specific IgG, compared with uninvolved tissue from the same monkeys. Plasma cells detected within the granuloma produced mycobacteria-specific antibodies. Together, these data demonstrate that B cells are present and actively secreting antibodies specific for M. tuberculosis antigens at the site of infection, including lung granulomas and thoracic lymph nodes. These antibodies likely have the capacity to modulate local control of infection in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao Phuah
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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