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Brüggemann Y, Klöhn M, Wedemeyer H, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus: from innate sensing to adaptive immune responses. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z. [PMID: 39039260 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. In immunocompetent individuals, the majority of HEV infections remain asymptomatic and lead to spontaneous clearance of the virus, and only a minority of individuals with infection (5-16%) experience symptoms of acute viral hepatitis. However, HEV infections can cause up to 30% mortality in pregnant women, become chronic in immunocompromised patients and cause extrahepatic manifestations. A growing body of evidence suggests that the host immune response to infection with different HEV genotypes is a critical determinant of distinct HEV infection outcomes. In this Review, we summarize key components of the innate and adaptive immune responses to HEV, including the underlying immunological mechanisms of HEV associated with acute and chronic liver failure and interactions between T cell and B cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of vaccines against HEV and raise outstanding questions regarding the immune responses induced by HEV and treatment of the disease, highlighting areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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Akalu YT, Patel RS, Taft J, Canas-Arranz R, Richardson A, Buta S, Martin-Fernandez M, Sazeides C, Pearl RL, Mainkar G, Kurland AP, Geltman R, Rosberger H, Kang DD, Kurian AA, Kaur K, Altman J, Dong Y, Johnson JR, Zhangi L, Lim JK, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Rosenberg BR, Bogunovic D. Broad-spectrum RNA antiviral inspired by ISG15 -/- deficiency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600468. [PMID: 38979204 PMCID: PMC11230275 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are cytokines with potent antiviral and inflammatory capacities. IFN-I signaling drives the expression of hundreds of IFN-I stimulated genes (ISGs), whose aggregate function results in the control of viral infection. A few of these ISGs are tasked with negatively regulating the IFN-I response to prevent overt inflammation. ISG15 is a negative regulator whose absence leads to persistent, low-grade elevation of ISG expression and concurrent, self-resolving mild autoinflammation. The limited breadth and low-grade persistence of ISGs expressed in ISG15 deficiency are sufficient to confer broad-spectrum antiviral resistance. Inspired by ISG15 deficiency, we have identified a nominal collection of 10 ISGs that recapitulate the broad antiviral potential of the IFN-I system. The expression of the 10 ISG collection in an IFN-I non-responsive cell line increased cellular resistance to Zika, Vesicular Stomatitis, Influenza A (IAV), and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. A deliverable prophylactic formulation of this syndicate of 10 ISGs significantly inhibited IAV PR8 replication in vivo in mice and protected hamsters against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge, suggesting its potential as a broad-spectrum antiviral against many current and future emerging viral pathogens. One-Sentence Summary Human inborn error of immunity-guided discovery and development of a broad-spectrum RNA antiviral therapy.
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Ouyang S, Zhu J, Cao Q, Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu J, Sun S, Fu J, Chen Y, Tong J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Shen F, Li D, Wang P. Gasdermin-E-Dependent Non-Canonical Pyroptosis Promotes Drug-Induced Liver Failure by Promoting CPS1 deISGylation and Degradation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305715. [PMID: 38417117 PMCID: PMC11040357 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant global health issue that poses high mortality and morbidity risks. One commonly observed cause of DILI is acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. GSDME is an effector protein that induces non-canonical pyroptosis. In this study, the activation of GSDME, but not GSDMD, in the liver tissue of mice and patients with APAP-DILI is reported. Knockout of GSDME, rather than GSDMD, in mice protected them from APAP-DILI. Mice with hepatocyte-specific rescue of GSDME reproduced APAP-induced liver injury. Furthermore, alterations in the immune cell pools observed in APAP-induced DILI, such as the replacement of TIM4+ resident Kupffer cells (KCs) by monocyte-derived KCs, Ly6C+ monocyte infiltration, MerTk+ macrophages depletion, and neutrophil increase, reappeared in mice with hepatocyte-specific rescue of GSDME. Mechanistically, APAP exposure led to a substantial loss of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), resulting in deISGylation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 (CPS1), promoted its degradation via K48-linked ubiquitination, causing ammonia clearance dysfunction. GSDME deletion prevented these effects. Delayed administration of dimethyl-fumarate inhibited GSDME cleavage and alleviated ammonia accumulation, mitigating liver injury. This findings demonstrated a previously uncharacterized role of GSDME in APAP-DILI by promoting pyroptosis and CPS1 deISGylation, suggesting that inhibiting GSDME can be a promising therapeutic option for APAP-DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen‐Xi Ouyang
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jia‐Hui Zhu
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Qi Cao
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Hepatic SurgeryThe Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jing‐Wen Wu
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Si‐Jia Sun
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jiang‐Tao Fu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jia‐Bao Zhang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Fu‐Ming Shen
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Dong‐Jie Li
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Pei Wang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
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Álvarez E, Falqui M, Sin L, McGrail JP, Perdiguero B, Coloma R, Marcos-Villar L, Tárrega C, Esteban M, Gómez CE, Guerra S. Unveiling the Multifaceted Roles of ISG15: From Immunomodulation to Therapeutic Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:153. [PMID: 38400136 PMCID: PMC10891536 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15), a unique Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifier exclusive to vertebrates, plays a crucial role in the immune system. Primarily induced by interferon (IFN) type I, ISG15 functions through diverse mechanisms: (i) covalent protein modification (ISGylation); (ii) non-covalent intracellular action; and (iii) exerting extracellular cytokine activity. These various roles highlight its versatility in influencing numerous cellular pathways, encompassing DNA damage response, autophagy, antiviral response, and cancer-related processes, among others. The well-established antiviral effects of ISGylation contrast with its intriguing dual role in cancer, exhibiting both suppressive and promoting effects depending on the tumour type. The multifaceted functions of ISG15 extend beyond intracellular processes to extracellular cytokine signalling, influencing immune response, chemotaxis, and anti-tumour effects. Moreover, ISG15 emerges as a promising adjuvant in vaccine development, enhancing immune responses against viral antigens and demonstrating efficacy in cancer models. As a therapeutic target in cancer treatment, ISG15 exhibits a double-edged nature, promoting or suppressing oncogenesis depending on the tumour context. This review aims to contribute to future studies exploring the role of ISG15 in immune modulation and cancer therapy, potentially paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions, vaccine development, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Sin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Coloma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Céline Tárrega
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Bonelli M, Kerschbaumer A, Kastrati K, Ghoreschi K, Gadina M, Heinz LX, Smolen JS, Aletaha D, O'Shea J, Laurence A. Selectivity, efficacy and safety of JAKinibs: new evidence for a still evolving story. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:139-160. [PMID: 37923366 PMCID: PMC10850682 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-223850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental insight gained over the last decades led to the discovery of cytokines as pivotal drivers of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis/psoriasis arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, atopic dermatitis and spondylarthritis. A deeper understanding of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of various cytokines has prompted new cytokine-targeting therapies, which revolutionised the treatment options in the last years for patients with inflammatory disorders. Disease-associated immune responses typically involve a complex interplay of multiple cytokines. Therefore, blockade of one single cytokine does not necessarily lead to a persistent remission in all patients with inflammatory disorders and fostered new therapeutic strategies targeting intracellular pathways shared by multiple cytokines. By inhibiting JAK-STAT signalling pathways common to families of cytokines, JAK-inhibitors (JAKinibs) have created a new paradigm for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Multiple agents have been approved for various disorders and more are being investigated for several new indications. Second-generation selective JAKinibs have been devised with the aim to achieve an increased selectivity and a possible reduced risk of side effects. In the current review, we will summarise the current body of evidence of pan versus selective JAKinibs and the most recent insights on new side effects and indications, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bonelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kerschbaumer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kastriot Kastrati
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leonhard X Heinz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Aletaha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, UCLH Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Wallace I, Baek K, Prabu JR, Vollrath R, von Gronau S, Schulman BA, Swatek KN. Insights into the ISG15 transfer cascade by the UBE1L activating enzyme. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7970. [PMID: 38042859 PMCID: PMC10693564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 to substrates by specific E1-E2-E3 enzymes is a well-established signalling mechanism of the innate immune response. Here, we present a 3.45 Å cryo-EM structure of a chemically trapped UBE1L-UBE2L6 complex bound to activated ISG15. This structure reveals the details of the first steps of ISG15 recognition and UBE2L6 recruitment by UBE1L (also known as UBA7). Taking advantage of viral effector proteins from severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza B virus (IBV), we validate the structure and confirm the importance of the ISG15 C-terminal ubiquitin-like domain in the adenylation reaction. Moreover, biochemical characterization of the UBE1L-ISG15 and UBE1L-UBE2L6 interactions enables the design of ISG15 and UBE2L6 mutants with altered selectively for the ISG15 and ubiquitin conjugation pathways. Together, our study helps to define the molecular basis of these interactions and the specificity determinants that ensure the fidelity of ISG15 signalling during the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona Wallace
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kheewoong Baek
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - J Rajan Prabu
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ronnald Vollrath
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susanne von Gronau
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Kirby N Swatek
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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Liang F, Peng C, Luo X, Wang L, Huang Y, Yin L, Yue L, Yang J, Zhao X. A single-cell atlas of immunocytes in the spleen of a mouse model of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104783. [PMID: 37944382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a disorder characterized by rare X-linked genetic immune deficiency with mutations in the Was gene, which is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells. The spleen plays a major role in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. However, to date, comprehensive analyses of the spleen in wild-type (WT) and WASp-deficient (WAS-KO) mice, especially at the transcriptome level, have not been reported. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was adopted to identify various types of immune cells and investigate the mechanisms underlying immune deficiency. We identified 30 clusters and 10 major cell subtypes among 11,269 cells; these cell types included B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, stem cells and erythrocytes. Moreover, we evaluated gene expression differences among cell subtypes, identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and performed enrichment analyses to identify the reasons for the dysfunction in these different cell populations in WAS. Furthermore, some key genes were identified based on a comparison of the DEGs in each cell type involved in specific and nonspecific immune responses, and further analysis showed that these key genes were previously undiscovered pathology-related genes in WAS-KO mice. In summary, we present a landscape of immune cells in the spleen of WAS-KO mice based on detailed data obtained at single-cell resolution. These unprecedented data revealed the transcriptional characteristics of specific and nonspecific immune cells, and the key genes were identified, laying a foundation for future studies of WAS, especially studies into novel and underexplored mechanisms that may improve gene therapies for WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianze Luo
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Yin
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luming Yue
- Singleron Biotechnologies, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Jiang L, Liu Y, Zhang L. The emerging role of E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF213 as an antimicrobial host determinant. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1205355. [PMID: 37655297 PMCID: PMC10465799 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1205355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) is a large E3 ubiquitin ligase with a molecular weight of 591 kDa that is associated with moyamoya disease, a rare cerebrovascular disease. It is located in the cytosol and perinuclear space. Missense mutations in this gene have been found to be more prevalent in patients with moyamoya disease compared with that in healthy individuals. Understanding the molecular function of RNF213 could provide insights into moyamoya disease. RNF213 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain with an E3 ubiquitin ligase domain and six AAA+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domains. It is the only known protein with both AAA+ ATPase and ubiquitin ligase activities. Recent studies have highlighted the role of RNF213 in fighting against microbial infections, including viruses, parasites, bacteria, and chlamydiae. This review aims to summarize the recent research progress on the mechanisms of RNF213 in pathogenic infections, which will aid researchers in understanding the antimicrobial role of RNF213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yupei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ruan H, Wu J, Zhang F, Jin Z, Tian J, Xia J, Luo J, Yang M. Zearalenone Exposure Disrupts STAT-ISG15 in Rat Colon: A Potential Linkage between Zearalenone and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:392. [PMID: 37368693 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a prevalent mycotoxin contaminating food and known for its intestinal toxicity, has been suggested as a potential risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although the exact relationship between ZEN exposure and IBD remains unclear. In this study, we established a rat model of colon toxicity induced by ZEN exposure to investigate the key targets of ZEN-induced colon toxicity and explore the underlying connection between ZEN exposure and IBD. Histological staining of the rat colon revealed significant pathological changes resulting from ZEN exposure (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the proteomic analysis demonstrated a notable upregulation of protein expression levels, specifically STAT2 (0.12 ± 0.0186), STAT6 (0.36 ± 0.0475) and ISG15 (0.43 ± 0.0226) in the rat colon (p < 0.05). Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we combined ZEN exposure and IBD clinical sample databases to reveal that ZEN exposure may increase the risk of IBD through activation of the STAT-ISG15 pathway. This study identified novel targets for ZEN-induced intestinal toxicity, providing the basis for further study of ZEN exposure to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Fangqing Zhang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ziyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Xia
- School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Li L, Miao J, Shaheen N, Taleb SJ, Hu J, Ye Q, He J, Yan J, Mallampalli RK, Zhao J, Zhao Y. ISGylation of NF-κBp65 by SCF FBXL19 E3 Ligase Diminishes Endothelial Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:674-683. [PMID: 36994728 PMCID: PMC10133096 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) plays a pivotal role in endothelial cell (EC) inflammation. Protein ISGylation is regulated by E3 ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15) ligases; however, ISGylation of NF-κBp65 and its role in EC functions have not been investigated. Here, we investigate whether p65 is ISGylated and the role of its ISGylation in endothelial functions. METHODS In vitro ISGylation assay and EC inflammation were performed. EC-specific transgenic mice were utilized in a murine model of acute lung injury. RESULTS We find that NF-κBp65 is ISGylated in resting ECs and that the posttranslational modification is reversible. TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and endotoxin stimulation of EC reduce p65 ISGylation, promoting its serine phosphorylation through reducing its association with a phosphatase WIP1 (wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1). Mechanistically, an SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box) protein E3 ligase SCFFBXL19 is identified as a new ISG15 E3 ligase that targets and catalyzes ISGylation of p65. Depletion of FBXL19 (F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 19) increases p65 phosphorylation and EC inflammation, suggesting a negative correlation between p65 ISGylation and phosphorylation. Moreover, EC-specific FBXL19 overexpressing humanized transgenic mice exhibit reduced lung inflammation and severity of experimental acute lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data reveal a new posttranslational modification of p65 catalyzed by a previously unrecognized role of SCFFBXL19 as an ISG15 E3 ligase that modulates EC inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jiaxing Miao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Nargis Shaheen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sarah J. Taleb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Qinmao Ye
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jinshan He
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jiasheng Yan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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11
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Liu SY, Huang M, Fung TS, Chen RA, Liu DX. Characterization of the induction kinetics and antiviral functions of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 in cells infected with gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2023; 582:114-127. [PMID: 37058744 PMCID: PMC10072953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces a variety of cellular antiviral responses either dependent on or independent of type I interferons (IFNs). Our previous studies using Affymetrix microarray and transcriptomic analysis revealed the differential induction of three IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20, by gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection of IFN-deficient Vero cells and IFN-competent, p53-defcient H1299 cells, respectively. In this report, the induction kinetics and anti-IBV functions of these ISGs as well as mechanisms underlying their differential induction are characterized. The results confirmed that these three ISGs were indeed differentially induced in H1299 and Vero cells infected with IBV, significantly more upregulation of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 was elicited in IBV-infected Vero cells than that in H1299 cells. Induction of these ISGs was also detected in cells infected with human coronavirus-OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), respectively. Manipulation of their expression by overexpression, knockdown and/or knockout demonstrated that IRF1 played an active role in suppressing IBV replication, mainly through the activation of the IFN pathway. However, a minor, if any, role in inhibiting IBV replication was played by ISG15 and ISG20. Furthermore, p53, but not IRF1, was implicated in regulating the IBV infection-induced upregulation of ISG15 and ISG20. This study provides new information on the mechanisms underlying the induction of these ISGs and their contributions to the host cell antiviral response during IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, 526238, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Liu W, Liao X, Luo Z, Yang Y, Lau MC, Jiao Y, Shi X, Zhai W, Ji H, Yeong J, Liu J. Probabilistic embedding, clustering, and alignment for integrating spatial transcriptomics data with PRECAST. Nat Commun 2023; 14:296. [PMID: 36653349 PMCID: PMC9849443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatially resolved transcriptomics involves a set of emerging technologies that enable the transcriptomic profiling of tissues with the physical location of expressions. Although a variety of methods have been developed for data integration, most of them are for single-cell RNA-seq datasets without consideration of spatial information. Thus, methods that can integrate spatial transcriptomics data from multiple tissue slides, possibly from multiple individuals, are needed. Here, we present PRECAST, a data integration method for multiple spatial transcriptomics datasets with complex batch effects and/or biological effects between slides. PRECAST unifies spatial factor analysis simultaneously with spatial clustering and embedding alignment, while requiring only partially shared cell/domain clusters across datasets. Using both simulated and four real datasets, we show improved cell/domain detection with outstanding visualization, and the estimated aligned embeddings and cell/domain labels facilitate many downstream analyses. We demonstrate that PRECAST is computationally scalable and applicable to spatial transcriptomics datasets from different platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xu Liao
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ziye Luo
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Statistics, Renmin University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuling Jiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingjie Shi
- Academy of Statistics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joe Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
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13
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Munnur D, Banducci-Karp A, Sanyal S. ISG15 driven cellular responses to virus infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1837-1846. [PMID: 36416643 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of antiviral responses to infection is the production of interferons and subsequently of interferon stimulated genes. Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is among the earliest and most abundant proteins induced upon interferon signalling, encompassing versatile functions in host immunity. ISG15 is a ubiquitin like modifier that can be conjugated to substrates in a process analogous to ubiquitylation and referred to as ISGylation. The free unconjugated form can either exist intracellularly or be secreted to function as a cytokine. Interestingly, ISG15 has been reported to be both advantageous and detrimental to the development of immunopathology during infection. This review describes recent findings on the role of ISG15 in antiviral responses in human infection models, with a particular emphasis on autophagy, inflammatory responses and cellular metabolism combined with viral strategies of counteracting them. The field of ISGylation has steadily gained momentum; however much of the previous studies of virus infections conducted in mouse models are in sharp contrast with recent findings in human cells, underscoring the need to summarise our current understanding of its potential antiviral function in humans and identify knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Munnur
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Adrianna Banducci-Karp
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K
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14
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Li SC, Jia ZK, Yang JJ, Ning XH. Telomere-related gene risk model for prognosis and drug treatment efficiency prediction in kidney cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975057. [PMID: 36189312 PMCID: PMC9523360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is one of the most common urological cancers worldwide, and kidney renal clear cell cancer (KIRC) is the major histologic subtype. Our previous study found that von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene mutation, the dominant reason for sporadic KIRC and hereditary kidney cancer-VHL syndrome, could affect VHL disease-related cancers development by inducing telomere shortening. However, the prognosis role of telomere-related genes in kidney cancer has not been well discussed. In this study, we obtained the telomere-related genes (TRGs) from TelNet. We obtained the clinical information and TRGs expression status of kidney cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database, and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database. Totally 353 TRGs were differential between tumor and normal tissues in the TCGA-KIRC dataset. The total TCGA cohort was divided into discovery and validation TCGA cohorts and then using univariate cox regression, lasso regression, and multivariate cox regression method to conduct data analysis sequentially, ten TRGs (ISG15, RFC2, TRIM15, NEK6, PRKCQ, ATP1A1, ELOVL3, TUBB2B, PLCL1, NR1H3) risk model had been constructed finally. The kidney patients in the high TRGs risk group represented a worse outcome in the discovery TCGA cohort (p<0.001), and the result was validated by these four cohorts (validation TCGA cohort, total TCGA cohort, ICGC cohort, and CPTAC cohort). In addition, the TRGs risk score is an independent risk factor for kidney cancer in all these five cohorts. And the high TRGs risk group correlated with worse immune subtypes and higher tumor mutation burden in cancer tissues. In addition, the high TRGs risk group might benefit from receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy agents. Moreover, the proteins NEK6, RF2, and ISG15 were upregulated in tumors both at the RNA and protein levels, while PLCL1 and PRKCQ were downregulated. The other five genes may display the contrary expression status at the RNA and protein levels. In conclusion, we have constructed a telomere-related genes risk model for predicting the outcomes of kidney cancer patients, and the model may be helpful in selecting treatment agents for kidney cancer patients.
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15
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Moreno P, Leiva-Rebollo R, Garcia-Rosado E, Bejar J, Alonso MC. Cytokine-like activity of European sea bass ISG15 protein on RGNNV-infected E-11 cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:612-619. [PMID: 36007830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IFN-I generates an antiviral state by inducing the expression of numerous genes, called IFN-stimulated genes, ISGs, including ISG15, which is the only ISG with cytokine-like activity. In a previous study, we developed the Dl_ISG15_E11 cell line, which consisted of E11 cells able to express and secrete sea bass ISG15. The current study is a step forward, analysing the effect of secreted sea bass ISG15 on RGNNV replication in E11 cells, and looking into its immunomodulatory activity in order to corroborate its cytokine-like activity. The medium from ISG15-produccing cells compromised RGNNV replication, as it has been demonstrated both, by reduction in the viral genome synthesis and, specially, in the yield of infective viral particles. The implication of sea bass ISG15 in this protection has been demonstrated by ISG15 removal, which decreased the percentage of surviving cells upon viral infection, and by incubation of RGNNV-infected cells with a recombinant sea bass ISG15 protein, which resulted in almost full protection. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory activity of extracellular sea bass ISG15 has been demonstrated, which reaffirms a cytokine-like role for this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moreno
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocio Leiva-Rebollo
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Bejar
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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16
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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Isaac T. W. Harley,
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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17
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Waqas SFUH, Sohail A, Nguyen AHH, Usman A, Ludwig T, Wegner A, Malik MNH, Schuchardt S, Geffers R, Winterhoff M, Merkert S, Martin U, Olmer R, Lachmann N, Pessler F. ISG15 deficiency features a complex cellular phenotype that responds to treatment with itaconate and derivatives. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e931. [PMID: 35842904 PMCID: PMC9288839 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital ISG15 deficiency is a rare autoinflammatory disorder that is driven by chronically elevated systemic interferon levels and predominantly affects central nervous system and skin. Methods and results We have developed induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived macrophages and endothelial cells as a model to study the cellular phenotype of ISG15 deficiency and identify novel treatments. ISG15–/– macrophages exhibited the expected hyperinflammatory responses, but normal phagocytic function. In addition, they displayed a multifaceted pathological phenotype featuring increased apoptosis/pyroptosis, oxidative stress, glycolysis, and acylcarnitine levels, but decreased glutamine uptake, BCAT1 expression, branched chain amino acid catabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, β‐oxidation, and NAD(P)H‐dependent oxidoreductase activity. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory chain complexes II–V was diminished in ISG15–/– cells. Defective mitochondrial respiration was restored by transduction with wild‐type ISG15, but only partially by a conjugation‐deficient variant, suggesting that some ISG15 functions in mitochondrial respiration require ISGylation to cellular targets. Treatment with itaconate, dimethyl‐itaconate, 4‐octyl‐itaconate, and the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib ameliorated increased inflammation, propensity for cell death, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the treatments greatly improved mitochondria‐related gene expression, BCAT1 levels, redox balance, and intracellular and extracellular ATP levels. However, efficacy differed among the compounds according to read‐out and cell type, suggesting that their effects on cellular targets are not identical. Indeed, only itaconates increased expression of anti‐oxidant genes NFE2L2, HMOX1, and GPX7, and dimethyl‐itaconate improved redox balance the most. Even though itaconate treatments normalized the elevated expression of interferon‐stimulated genes, ISG15–/– macrophages maintained their reduced susceptibility to influenza virus infection. Conclusions These findings expand the cellular phenotype of human ISG15 deficiency and reveal the importance of ISG15 for regulating oxidative stress, branched chain amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial function in humans. The results validate ruxolitinib as treatment for ISG15 deficiency and suggest itaconate‐based medications as additional therapeutics for this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Fakhar-Ul-Hassnain Waqas
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aaqib Sohail
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Current affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ariane Hai Ha Nguyen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdulai Usman
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Ludwig
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andre Wegner
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Muhammad Nasir Hayat Malik
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Department of Bio and Environmental Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Moritz Winterhoff
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Merkert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Martin-Fernandez M, Buta S, Le Voyer T, Li Z, Dynesen LT, Vuillier F, Franklin L, Ailal F, Muglia Amancio A, Malle L, Gruber C, Benhsaien I, Altman J, Taft J, Deswarte C, Roynard M, Nieto-Patlan A, Moriya K, Rosain J, Boddaert N, Bousfiha A, Crow YJ, Jankovic D, Sher A, Casanova JL, Pellegrini S, Bustamante J, Bogunovic D. A partial form of inherited human USP18 deficiency underlies infection and inflammation. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213053. [PMID: 35258551 PMCID: PMC8908790 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human USP18 is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product and a negative regulator of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling. It also removes covalently linked ISG15 from proteins, in a process called deISGylation. In turn, ISG15 prevents USP18 from being degraded by the proteasome. Autosomal recessive complete USP18 deficiency is life-threatening in infancy owing to uncontrolled IFN-I–mediated autoinflammation. We report three Moroccan siblings with autoinflammation and mycobacterial disease who are homozygous for a new USP18 variant. We demonstrate that the mutant USP18 (p.I60N) is normally stabilized by ISG15 and efficient for deISGylation but interacts poorly with the receptor-anchoring STAT2 and is impaired in negative regulation of IFN-I signaling. We also show that IFN-γ–dependent induction of IL-12 and IL-23 is reduced owing to IFN-I–mediated impairment of myeloid cells to produce both cytokines. Thus, insufficient negative regulation of IFN-I signaling by USP18-I60N underlies a specific type I interferonopathy, which impairs IL-12 and IL-23 production by myeloid cells, thereby explaining predisposition to mycobacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martin-Fernandez
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sofija Buta
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Zhi Li
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Lasse Toftdal Dynesen
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Vuillier
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Lina Franklin
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalo-universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Alice Muglia Amancio
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Hospital do Cancer de Muriae, Fundacao Cristiano Varella, Muriae, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Louise Malle
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Conor Gruber
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ibtihal Benhsaien
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalo-universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Jennie Altman
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Justin Taft
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Manon Roynard
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Alejandro Nieto-Patlan
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Kunihiko Moriya
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalo-universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Pellegrini
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Microbiology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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19
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Jurczyszak D, Manganaro L, Buta S, Gruber C, Martin-Fernandez M, Taft J, Patel RS, Cipolla M, Alshammary H, Mulder LCF, Sachidanandam R, Bogunovic D, Simon V. ISG15 deficiency restricts HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010405. [PMID: 35333911 PMCID: PMC8986114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a group of potent inflammatory and antiviral cytokines. They induce IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which act as proinflammatory mediators, antiviral effectors, and negative regulators of the IFN-I signaling cascade itself. One such regulator is interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Humans with complete ISG15 deficiency express persistently elevated levels of ISGs, and consequently, exhibit broad spectrum resistance to viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that IFN-I primed fibroblasts derived from ISG15-deficient individuals are more resistant to infection with single-cycle HIV-1 compared to healthy control fibroblasts. Complementation with both wild-type (WT) ISG15 and ISG15ΔGG (incapable of ISGylation while retaining negative regulation activity) was sufficient to reverse this phenotype, restoring susceptibility to infection to levels comparable to WT cells. Furthermore, CRISPR-edited ISG15ko primary CD4+ T cells were less susceptible to HIV-1 infection compared to cells treated with non-targeting controls. Transcriptome analysis of these CRISPR-edited ISG15ko primary CD4+ T cells recapitulated the ISG signatures of ISG15 deficient patients. Taken together, we document that the increased broad-spectrum viral resistance in ISG15-deficiency also extends to HIV-1 and is driven by a combination of T-cell-specific ISGs, with both known and unknown functions, predicted to target HIV-1 replication at multiple steps. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a group of potent inflammatory and antiviral agents. They induce IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which perform downstream functions to resolve viral infection, mediate the inflammatory response, as well as negatively regulate the IFN-I signaling cascade to prevent hyperinflammation. One such negative regulator is interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Humans that lack ISG15 have chronic, low levels of antiviral ISGs, and ensuing broad-spectrum resistance to viral infection. We demonstrate that IFN-I priming of ISG15-deficient cells leads to superior resistance to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection compared to IFN-I primed healthy control cells. This is true for fibroblast cell lines, as well as primary CD4+ T cells, the main target of HIV-1. Analysis of the gene expression profiles show that ISG15-knockout CD4+ T cells express similar inflammatory markers as ISG15-deficient patients. Overall, we show that the broad-spectrum viral resistance in ISG15-deficiency extends to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Jurczyszak
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lara Manganaro
- INGM-Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Virology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of MIlan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofija Buta
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Conor Gruber
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Martin-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin Taft
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Roosheel S. Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Hala Alshammary
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lubbertus C. F. Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York city, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DB); (VS)
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DB); (VS)
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20
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Harley IT, Sawalha AH. Systemic lupus erythematosus as a genetic disease. Clin Immunol 2022; 236:108953. [PMID: 35149194 PMCID: PMC9167620 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disease, as it is characterized both by protean multi-organ system manifestations and by the uniform presence of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against components of the nucleus. Prior to the modern genetic era, the diverse clinical manifestations of SLE suggested to many that SLE patients were unlikely to share a common genetic risk basis. However, modern genetic studies have revealed that SLE usually arises when an environmental exposure occurs in an individual with a collection of genetic risk variants passing a liability threshold. Here, we summarize the current state of the field aimed at: (1) understanding the genetic architecture of this complex disease, (2) synthesizing how this genetic risk architecture impacts cellular and molecular disease pathophysiology, (3) providing illustrative examples that highlight the rich complexity of the pathobiology of this prototypical autoimmune disease and (4) communicating this complex etiopathogenesis to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T.W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran’s Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Medicine Service, Rheumatology Section, Aurora, CO, USA,Corresponding author at: Isaac TW Harley, MD, PhD, MS, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Barbara Davis Center, Mail Stop B115, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, (I.T.W. Harley)
| | - Amr H. Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Corresponding author at: Amr H. Sawalha, MD, University of Pittsburgh, 7123 Rangos Research Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA, (A.H. Sawalha)
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21
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Lin B, Goldbach-Mansky R. Pathogenic insights from genetic causes of autoinflammatory inflammasomopathies and interferonopathies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:819-832. [PMID: 34893352 PMCID: PMC8901451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of systemic autoinflammatory diseases arise from gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding IL-1-activating inflammasomes or cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors including the receptor and sensor STING and result in increased IL-1 and type I interferon production, respectively. Blocking these pathways in human diseases has provided proof-of-concept, confirming the prominent roles of these cytokines in disease pathogenesis. Recent insights into the multilayered regulation of these sensor pathways and insights into their role in amplifying the disease pathogenesis of monogenic and complex genetic diseases spurred new drug development targeting the sensors. This review provides insights into the pathogenesis and genetic causes of these "prototypic" diseases caused by gain-of function mutations in IL-1-activating inflammasomes (inflammasomopathies) and in interferon-activating pathways (interferonopathies) including STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, and proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes that link activation of the viral sensors STING, "self" nucleic acid metabolism, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system to "type I interferon production" and human diseases. Clinical responses and biomarker changes to Janus kinase inhibitors confirm a role of interferons, and a growing number of diseases with "interferon signatures" unveil extensive cross-talk between major inflammatory pathways. Understanding these interactions promises new tools in tackling the significant clinical challenges in treating patients with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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22
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Mirzalieva O, Juncker M, Schwartzenburg J, Desai S. ISG15 and ISGylation in Human Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030538. [PMID: 35159348 PMCID: PMC8834048 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of >500 genes, which are collectively called ISGs (IFN-stimulated genes). One of the earliest ISGs induced by IFNs is ISG15 (Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15). Free ISG15 protein synthesized from the ISG15 gene is post-translationally conjugated to cellular proteins and is also secreted by cells into the extracellular milieu. ISG15 comprises two ubiquitin-like domains (UBL1 and UBL2), each of which bears a striking similarity to ubiquitin, accounting for its earlier name ubiquitin cross-reactive protein (UCRP). Like ubiquitin, ISG15 harbors a characteristic β-grasp fold in both UBL domains. UBL2 domain has a conserved C-terminal Gly-Gly motif through which cellular proteins are appended via an enzymatic cascade similar to ubiquitylation called ISGylation. ISG15 protein is minimally expressed under physiological conditions. However, its IFN-dependent expression is aberrantly elevated or compromised in various human diseases, including multiple types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), inflammatory diseases (Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD), bacteriopathy and viropathy), and in the lumbar spinal cords of veterans exposed to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). ISG15 and ISGylation have both inhibitory and/or stimulatory roles in the etiology and pathogenesis of human diseases. Thus, ISG15 is considered a “double-edged sword” for human diseases in which its expression is elevated. Because of the roles of ISG15 and ISGylation in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis, conferring anti-cancer drug sensitivity to tumor cells, and its elevated expression in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and veterans exposed to TBI, both ISG15 and ISGylation are now considered diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these ailments. In the current review, we shall cover the exciting journey of ISG15, spanning three decades from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shyamal Desai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-568-4388; Fax: +1-504-568-2093
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23
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Zhang M, Li J, Yan H, Huang J, Wang F, Liu T, Zeng L, Zhou F. ISGylation in Innate Antiviral Immunity and Pathogen Defense Responses: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788410. [PMID: 34901029 PMCID: PMC8662993 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-stimulating gene 15 (ISG15) protein is a ubiquitin-like protein induced by interferons or pathogens. ISG15 can exist in free form or covalently bind to the target protein through an enzymatic cascade reaction, which is called ISGylation. ISGylation has been found to play an important role in the innate immune responses induced by type I interferon, and is, thus, critical for the defense of host cells against RNA, DNA, and retroviruses. Through covalent binding with the host and viral target proteins, ISG15 inhibits the release of viral particles, hinder viral replication, and regulates the incubation period of viruses, thereby exerting strong antiviral effects. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease, a virus-encoded deubiquitinating enzyme, has demonstrated activity on both ubiquitin and ISG15 chain conjugations, thus playing a suppressive role against the host antiviral innate immune response. Here we review the recent research progress in understanding ISG15-type ubiquitin-like modifications, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms. We provide comprehensive references for further studies on the role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity, which may enable development of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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24
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Malik MNH, Waqas SFH, Zeitvogel J, Cheng J, Geffers R, Gouda ZAE, Elsaman AM, Radwan AR, Schefzyk M, Braubach P, Auber B, Olmer R, Müsken M, Roesner LM, Gerold G, Schuchardt S, Merkert S, Martin U, Meissner F, Werfel T, Pessler F. Congenital deficiency reveals critical role of ISG15 in skin homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:141573. [PMID: 34847081 PMCID: PMC8803340 DOI: 10.1172/jci141573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerating skin lesions are manifestations of human ISG15 deficiency, a type I interferonopathy. However, chronic inflammation may not be their exclusive cause. We describe two siblings with recurrent skin ulcers that healed with scar formation upon corticosteroid treatment. Both had a homozygous nonsense mutation in the ISG15 gene, leading to unstable ISG15 protein lacking the functional domain. We characterized ISG15–/– dermal fibroblasts, HaCaT keratinocytes, and human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived vascular endothelial cells. ISG15-deficient cells exhibited the expected hyperinflammatory phenotype, but also dysregulated expression of molecules critical for connective tissue and epidermis integrity, including reduced collagens and adhesion molecules, but increased matrix metalloproteinases. ISG15–/– fibroblasts exhibited elevated ROS levels and reduced ROS scavenger expression. As opposed to hyperinflammation, defective collagen and integrin synthesis was not rescued by conjugation-deficient ISG15. Cell migration was retarded in ISG15–/– fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes, but normalized under ruxolitinib treatment. Desmosome density was reduced in an ISG15–/– 3D epidermis model. Additionally, there were loose architecture and reduced collagen and desmoglein expression, which could be reversed by treatment with ruxolitinib/doxycycline/TGF-β1. These results reveal critical roles of ISG15 in maintaining cell migration and epidermis and connective tissue homeostasis, whereby the latter likely requires its conjugation to yet unidentified targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nasir Hayat Malik
- Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Twincore, Hannover, Germany
| | - Syed F Hassnain Waqas
- Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Twincore, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana Zeitvogel
- Institute for Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Cheng
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Ahmed R Radwan
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Matthias Schefzyk
- Institute for Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- LEBAO, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lennart M Roesner
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Department of Bio and Environmental Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Martin
- LEBAO, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Twincore, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Altered ISGylation drives aberrant macrophage-dependent immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1416-1427. [PMID: 34663977 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene 15) (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like modifier induced during infections and involved in host defense mechanisms. Not surprisingly, many viruses encode deISGylating activities to antagonize its effect. Here we show that infection by Zika, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses induce ISG15-modifying enzymes. While influenza and Zika viruses induce ISGylation, SARS-CoV-2 triggers deISGylation instead to generate free ISG15. The ratio of free versus conjugated ISG15 driven by the papain-like protease (PLpro) enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 correlates with macrophage polarization toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype and attenuated antigen presentation. In vitro characterization of purified wild-type and mutant PLpro revealed its strong deISGylating over deubiquitylating activity. Quantitative proteomic analyses of PLpro substrates and secretome from SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages revealed several glycolytic enzymes previously implicated in the expression of inflammatory genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that altered free versus conjugated ISG15 dysregulates macrophage responses and probably contributes to the cytokine storms triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
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26
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Bolado-Carrancio A, Lee M, Ewing A, Muir M, Macleod KG, Gallagher WM, Nguyen LK, Carragher NO, Semple CA, Brunton VG, Caswell PT, von Kriegsheim A. ISGylation drives basal breast tumour progression by promoting EGFR recycling and Akt signalling. Oncogene 2021; 40:6235-6247. [PMID: 34556814 PMCID: PMC8566238 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ISG15 is an ubiquitin-like modifier that is associated with reduced survival rates in breast cancer patients. The mechanism by which ISG15 achieves this however remains elusive. We demonstrate that modification of Rab GDP-Dissociation Inhibitor Beta (GDI2) by ISG15 (ISGylation) alters endocytic recycling of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in non-interferon stimulated cells using CRISPR-knock out models for ISGylation. By regulating EGFR trafficking, ISGylation enhances EGFR recycling and sustains Akt-signalling. We further show that Akt signalling positively correlates with levels of ISG15 and its E2-ligase in basal breast cancer cohorts, confirming the link between ISGylation and Akt signalling in human tumours. Persistent and enhanced Akt activation explains the more aggressive tumour behaviour observed in human breast cancers. We show that ISGylation can act as a driver of tumour progression rather than merely being a bystander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Bolado-Carrancio
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ailith Ewing
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - William M Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, D4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lan K Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Colin A Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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27
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Delafontaine S, Meyts I. Infection and autoinflammation in inborn errors of immunity: brothers in arms. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:331-339. [PMID: 34543865 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The binary view of inborn errors of immunity classified as either autoinflammatory conditions or primary immunodeficiency in the strict sense, that is, increased susceptibility to infection is challenged by the description of recent inborn errors of immunity (IEI) triggers leading to activation and disruption of cell death pathways, play a major part in the pathophysiology of infection and autoinflammation. In addition, molecules with a double role in the extracellular versus intracellular milieu add to the complexity. In all, in-depth study of human inborn errors of immunity will continue to instruct us on fundamental immunology and lead to novel therapeutic targets and approaches that can be used in other monogenic and polygenic/complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selket Delafontaine
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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ISGylation Inhibits an LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response via the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Goat Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092593. [PMID: 34573559 PMCID: PMC8470639 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometritis is a common and important reproductive disease of domestic animals, leading to repeated infertility, abortion, and ovarian dysfunction, which affects the reproductive rate and production performance of female domestic animals, and causes serious financial loss to farmers. Infection with Gram-negative bacteria, the release of LPS and activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway are the principal factors responsible for the disease. However, the mechanism of the interaction between endometrial immunity and bacterial infection is not entirely clear. Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 can regulate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway via the ISGylation modification system, which modulates the inflammatory response. In the present study, we found that ISG15 proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm of goat endometrial epithelial cells (gEECs) and that the expression of key genes and proteins of ISGylation increased in LPS-induce gEECs. Overexpression and silencing of the ISG15 gene demonstrated that ISGylation inhibited an LPS-induced inflammatory response via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in gEECs. Here, we provide the experimental basis for further exploration of the role of the ISGylation modification system in the inflammatory response of endometrium and a potential method for the treatment of endometritis. Abstract Endometritis is a common and important reproductive disease of domestic animals. The principal factors responsible for the disease are infection with Gram-negative bacteria, the release of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. However, we do not fully understand the interaction between endometrial immunity and bacterial infection in the disease etiology. The ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 can regulate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway via the ISGylation modification system, modulating the inflammatory response. In the present study, we found that ISG15 protein was expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of goat endometrial epithelial cells (gEECs) and that the expression of key genes and proteins of ISGylation increased in LPS-induced gEECs. Overexpression and silencing of the ISG15 gene demonstrated that ISGylation inhibited an LPS-induced inflammatory response via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in gEECs. Here, we provide the experimental basis for further exploration of the role of the ISGylation modification system in the inflammatory response of endometrium and a potential method for the treatment of endometritis.
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29
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Yang RB, Wu LP, Lu XX, Zhang C, Liu H, Huang Y, Jia Z, Gao YC, Zhao SZ. Immunologic mechanism of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1100-1106. [PMID: 34282397 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory disease that poses a serious threat to vision, with common risk factors like eye trauma, contact lens wearing, topical corticosteroids and antibiotic abuse. Nowadays, topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and ocular surgeries are still the main therapeutic modalities. However, the pathogenesis of FK, especially the immunologic mechanism within it, has not yet been deeply clarified. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of FK is imperative for more effective therapies and prognosis. Meanwhile, the immune protection strategies are also urgently required to manage FK. This review highlights recent advances in the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of FK, in hope of providing valuable reference information for more effective anti-fungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li-Ping Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi-Chen Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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30
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Martin-Fernandez M, Bravo García-Morato M, Gruber C, Murias Loza S, Malik MNH, Alsohime F, Alakeel A, Valdez R, Buta S, Buda G, Marti MA, Larralde M, Boisson B, Feito Rodriguez M, Qiu X, Chrabieh M, Al Ayed M, Al Muhsen S, Desai JV, Ferre EMN, Rosenzweig SD, Amador-Borrero B, Bravo-Gallego LY, Olmer R, Merkert S, Bret M, Sood AK, Al-Rabiaah A, Temsah MH, Halwani R, Hernandez M, Pessler F, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Lionakis MS, Bogunovic D. Systemic Type I IFN Inflammation in Human ISG15 Deficiency Leads to Necrotizing Skin Lesions. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107633. [PMID: 32402279 PMCID: PMC7331931 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most monogenic disorders have a primary clinical presentation. Inherited ISG15 deficiency, however, has manifested with two distinct presentations to date: susceptibility to mycobacterial disease and intracranial calcifications from hypomorphic interferon-II (IFN-II) production and excessive IFN-I response, respectively. Accordingly, these patients were managed for their infectious and neurologic complications. Herein, we describe five new patients with six novel ISG15 mutations presenting with skin lesions who were managed for dermatologic disease. Cellularly, we denote striking specificity to the IFN-I response, which was previously assumed to be universal. In peripheral blood, myeloid cells display the most robust IFN-I signatures. In the affected skin, IFN-I signaling is observed in the keratinocytes of the epidermis, endothelia, and the monocytes and macrophages of the dermis. These findings define the specific cells causing circulating and dermatologic inflammation and expand the clinical spectrum of ISG15 deficiency to dermatologic presentations as a third phenotype co-dominant to the infectious and neurologic manifestations. Martin-Fernandez et al. report on five patients with inherited ISG15 deficiency, a recently discovered syndrome of type I IFN autoinflammation and mycobacterial susceptibility. This study defines an expanded clinical spectrum that now includes dermatologic disease and pinpoints the specific cell types driving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martin-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Conor Gruber
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Nasir Hayat Malik
- Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Alsohime
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alakeel
- King Saud University Medical City, College of Medicine, King Saud University, 12372 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rita Valdez
- Genetic Unit, Militar Hospital "Dr. Cosme Argerich," C1426BOR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofija Buta
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Guadalupe Buda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Natural and Exact Sciences, Buenos Aires University, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Biological Chemistry, School of Natural and Exact Sciences, IQUIBICEN, Buenos Aires University, CONICET, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bitgenia, C1064AAT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Natural and Exact Sciences, Buenos Aires University, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Biological Chemistry, School of Natural and Exact Sciences, IQUIBICEN, Buenos Aires University, CONICET, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bitgenia, C1064AAT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Margarita Larralde
- Service of Pediatric Dermatology, Ramos Mejía Hospital, C1221ADC Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, U1163, 75015 Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Al Ayed
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al Muhsen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Elise M N Ferre
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Blanca Amador-Borrero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Merkert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Amika K Sood
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Abdulkarim Al-Rabiaah
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Hani Temsah
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michelle Hernandez
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Frank Pessler
- TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, U1163, 75015 Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, U1163, 75015 Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Chelbi-Alix MK, Thibault P. Crosstalk Between SUMO and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Implication for Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671067. [PMID: 33968942 PMCID: PMC8097047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. This cytokine induces the expression of several IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), some of which act as restriction factors. Upon IFN stimulation, cells also express ISG15 and SUMO, two key ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers that play important roles in the antiviral response. IFN itself increases the global cellular SUMOylation in a PML-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the large-scale identification of Ubl protein conjugates to determine the sites of modification and the quantitative changes in protein abundance. Importantly, a key difference amongst SUMO paralogs is the ability of SUMO2/3 to form poly-SUMO chains that recruit SUMO ubiquitin ligases such RING finger protein RNF4 and RNF111, thus resulting in the proteasomal degradation of conjugated substrates. Crosstalk between poly-SUMOylation and ISG15 has been reported recently, where increased poly-SUMOylation in response to IFN enhances IFN-induced ISGylation, stabilizes several ISG products in a TRIM25-dependent fashion, and results in enhanced IFN-induced antiviral activities. This contribution will highlight the relevance of the global SUMO proteome and the crosstalk between SUMO, ubiquitin and ISG15 in controlling both the stability and function of specific restriction factors that mediate IFN antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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32
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Fu Z, Huang B, Tang J, Liu S, Liu M, Ye Y, Liu Z, Xiong Y, Zhu W, Cao D, Li J, Niu X, Zhou H, Zhao YJ, Zhang G, Huang H. The complex structure of GRL0617 and SARS-CoV-2 PLpro reveals a hot spot for antiviral drug discovery. Nat Commun 2021; 12:488. [PMID: 33473130 PMCID: PMC7817691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like cysteine protease (PLpro) has been implicated in playing important roles in virus maturation, dysregulation of host inflammation, and antiviral immune responses. The multiple functions of PLpro render it a promising drug target. Therefore, we screened a library of approved drugs and also examined available inhibitors against PLpro. Inhibitor GRL0617 showed a promising in vitro IC50 of 2.1 μM and an effective antiviral inhibition in cell-based assays. The co-crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLproC111S in complex with GRL0617 indicates that GRL0617 is a non-covalent inhibitor and it resides in the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) domain of PLpro. NMR data indicate that GRL0617 blocks the binding of ISG15 C-terminus to PLpro. Using truncated ISG15 mutants, we show that the C-terminus of ISG15 plays a dominant role in binding PLpro. Structural analysis reveals that the ISG15 C-terminus binding pocket in PLpro contributes a disproportionately large portion of binding energy, thus this pocket is a hot spot for antiviral drug discovery targeting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinle Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Pacella I, Spinelli FR, Severa M, Timperi E, Tucci G, Zagaglioni M, Ceccarelli F, Rizzo F, Coccia EM, Patel RS, Martin-Fernandez M, Bogunovic D, Conti F, Barnaba V, Piconese S. ISG15 protects human Tregs from interferon alpha-induced contraction in a cell-intrinsic fashion. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1221. [PMID: 33376595 PMCID: PMC7758615 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Type I interferons (IFNs) inhibit regulatory T-cell (Treg) expansion and activation, making them beneficial in antiviral responses, but detrimental in autoimmune diseases. Herein, we investigate the role of ISG15 in human Tregs in the context of refractoriness to type I IFN stimulation. Methods ISG15 expression and Treg dynamics were analysed in vitro and ex vivo from patients with chronic hepatitis C, with lupus and ISG15 deficiency. Results ISG15 is expressed at high levels in human Tregs, renders them refractory to the IFN-STAT1 signal, and protects them from IFN-driven contraction. In vitro, Tregs from healthy controls upregulate ISG15 upon activation to higher levels than conventional CD4 T cells, and ISG15-silenced Tregs are more susceptible to IFNα-induced contraction. In human ISG15 deficiency, patient Tregs display an elevated IFN signature relative to Tregs from healthy control. In vivo, in patients with chronic hepatitis C, 2 days after starting pegIFN/ribavirin therapy, a stronger ISG15 inducibility correlates with a milder Treg depletion. Ex vivo, in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, higher levels of ISG15 are associated to reduced STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFNα, and also to increased frequencies of Tregs, characterising active disease. Conclusion Our results reveal a Treg-intrinsic role of ISG15 in dictating their refractoriness to the IFN signal, thus preserving the Treg population under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Pacella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Eleonora Timperi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy.,Present address: Eleonora Timperi Institut Curie Paris France
| | - Gloria Tucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Marta Zagaglioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy.,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Roosheel S Patel
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Marta Martin-Fernandez
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA.,Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy.,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy.,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Rome Italy
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Sandy Z, da Costa IC, Schmidt CK. More than Meets the ISG15: Emerging Roles in the DNA Damage Response and Beyond. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1557. [PMID: 33203188 PMCID: PMC7698331 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genome stability is a crucial priority for any organism. To meet this priority, robust signalling networks exist to facilitate error-free DNA replication and repair. These signalling cascades are subject to various regulatory post-translational modifications that range from simple additions of chemical moieties to the conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) is one such UBL. While classically thought of as a component of antiviral immunity, ISG15 has recently emerged as a regulator of genome stability, with key roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) to modulate p53 signalling and error-free DNA replication. Additional proteomic analyses and cancer-focused studies hint at wider-reaching, uncharacterised functions for ISG15 in genome stability. We review these recent discoveries and highlight future perspectives to increase our understanding of this multifaceted UBL in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine K. Schmidt
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; (Z.S.); (I.C.d.C.)
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications of cellular substrates with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), including ubiquitin, SUMOs, and neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8, play a central role in regulating many aspects of cell biology. The UBL conjugation cascade is initiated by a family of ATP-dependent enzymes termed E1 activating enzymes and executed by the downstream E2-conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. Despite their druggability and their key position at the apex of the cascade, pharmacologic modulation of E1s with potent and selective drugs has remained elusive until 2009. Among the eight E1 enzymes identified so far, those initiating ubiquitylation (UBA1), SUMOylation (SAE), and neddylation (NAE) are the most characterized and are implicated in various aspects of cancer biology. To date, over 40 inhibitors have been reported to target UBA1, SAE, and NAE, including the NAE inhibitor pevonedistat, evaluated in more than 30 clinical trials. In this Review, we discuss E1 enzymes, the rationale for their therapeutic targeting in cancer, and their different inhibitors, with emphasis on the pharmacologic properties of adenosine sulfamates and their unique mechanism of action, termed substrate-assisted inhibition. Moreover, we highlight other less-characterized E1s-UBA6, UBA7, UBA4, UBA5, and autophagy-related protein 7-and the opportunities for targeting these enzymes in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The clinical successes of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy and the emerging resistance to these agents have prompted the exploration of other signaling nodes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system including E1 enzymes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biology of different E1 enzymes, their roles in cancer, and how to translate this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies with potential implications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H Barghout
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
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36
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Carrillo-Vázquez DA, Jardón-Valadez E, Torres-Ruiz J, Juárez-Vega G, Maravillas-Montero JL, Meza-Sánchez DE, Domínguez-López ML, Varela JCA, Gómez-Martín D. Conformational changes in myeloperoxidase induced by ubiquitin and NETs containing free ISG15 from systemic lupus erythematosus patients promote a pro-inflammatory cytokine response in CD4 + T cells. J Transl Med 2020; 18:429. [PMID: 33176801 PMCID: PMC7659105 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by lower ubiquitylation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a substrate. The structural and functional effect of such modification and if there are additional post-translational modifications (PTMs) are unknown. Methods To assess the expression and functional role of PTMs in NETs of patients with SLE; reactivation, proliferation and cytokine production was evaluated by flow cytometry using co-cultures with dendritic cells (DC) and CD4+ from SLE patients and healthy controls. The impact of ubiquitylation on MPO was assessed by molecular dynamics. The expression of ISG15 in NETs was evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Results Fifteen patients with SLE and ten healthy controls were included. In the co-cultures of CD4+ lymphocytes with DC stimulated with ubiquitylated MPO or recombinant MPO, a higher expression of IFNγ and IL-17A was found in CD4+ from SLE patients (p < 0.05). Furthermore, with DC stimulated with ubiquitylated MPO a trend towards increased expression of CD25 and Ki67 was found in lupus CD4+ lymphocytes, while the opposite was documented in controls (p < 0.05). Through molecular dynamics we found the K129-K488-K505 residues of MPO as susceptible to ubiquitylation. Ubiquitylation affects the hydration status of the HEME group depending on the residue to which it is conjugated. R239 was found near by the HEME group when the ubiquitin was in K488-K505. In addition, we found greater expression of ISG15 in the SLE NETs vs controls (p < 0.05), colocalization with H2B (r = 0.81) only in SLE samples and increased production of IFNγ in PBMCs stimulated with lupus NETs compared to healthy controls NETs. Conclusion The ubiquitylated MPO has a differential effect on the induction of reactivation of CD4+ lymphocytes in patients with SLE, which may be related to structural changes by ubiquitylation at the catalytic site of MPO. Besides a lower ubiquitylation pattern, NETs of patients with SLE are characterized by the expression of ISG15, and the induction of IFNγ by Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Carrillo-Vázquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Jardón-Valadez
- Earth Resources Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 52005, Lerma, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.,Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Vega
- Red de Apoyo a La Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a La Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Eduardo Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a La Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Carlos Alcocer Varela
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Red de Apoyo a La Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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McClain CB, Vabret N. SARS-CoV-2: the many pros of targeting PLpro. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:223. [PMID: 33024071 PMCID: PMC7537779 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B McClain
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Vabret
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Devignot S, Kromer T, Mirazimi A, Weber F. ISG15 overexpression compensates the defect of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus polymerase bearing a protease-inactive ovarian tumor domain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008610. [PMID: 32931521 PMCID: PMC7518590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV; family Nairoviridae) is an extremely pathogenic member of the Bunyavirales order. Previous studies have shown that the N-terminal domain of the CCHFV polymerase (L) contains an ovarian tumor-type protease (OTU) domain with the capability to remove both ubiquitin and ISG15 molecules from proteins. The approximately 200 amino acids-long OTU domain, if ectopically expressed, can interfere with both the induction of antiviral type I interferons (IFN) as well as the IFN-stimulated signaling. A OTU protease mutant (C40A), by contrast, was inactive in that respect. However, the effect of the OTU protease activity in the context of the full-length L protein (approximately 4000 amino acids) is only poorly characterized, and recombinant CCHFV with the C40A mutation could not be rescued. Here, we employed transcriptionally active virus-like particles (tc-VLPs) to investigate the interaction between the L-embedded OTU protease and the IFN system. Our data show a cis requirement of the OTU protease for optimal CCHFV polymerase activity in human HuH-7 cells. The L-embedded OTU did not influence IFN signaling, the sensitivity to IFN, or IFN induction. Moreover, the attenuation of OTU C40A-mutated L could not be relieved by inactivating the IFN response, but after overexpression of conjugation-competent ISG15 the polymerase activity recovered to wild-type levels. Consequently, ISG15 was used to produce OTU-deficient tc-VLPs, a potential vaccine candidate. Our data thus indicate that in the context of full-length L the OTU domain is important for the regulation of CCHFV polymerase by ISG15. Tick-transmitted Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) causes a serious and potentially fatal disease in humans. The CCHFV polymerase possesses an N-terminal ovarian tumor-type protease (OTU) domain that cleaves ubiquitin and ISG15 modifiers from target proteins. Previous studies demonstrated that the ectopically expressed OTU domain can inhibit antiviral type I interferon responses. Hence, cleavage-negative OTU mutants of virus or transcriptionally active virus-like particles (tc-VLPs) are expected to exhibit elevated immunogenicity and would be candidates for a live vaccine. For unknown reasons, however, recombinant virus with just the OTU minus mutation cannot be generated. Using tc-VLPs, we show that in human HuH-7 cells the activity of the OTU minus polymerase is reduced by more than 80%. Curiously, the attenuation could not be compensated by inactivating the interferon system or by adding the OTU domain in trans. However, a complete reversion of the OTU minus phenotype was achieved by transcomplementation with ISG15, whereas the other OTU substrate, ubiquitin, had no such positive influence. Our data thus indicate a role of cis OTU in CCHFV polymerase regulation that is independent of an anti-interferon activity but connected to ISG15. Transcomplementation with ISG15 may be a means to rescue the OTU minus CCHV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Devignot
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thilo Kromer
- Faculty of Health, Safety, Society, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Held T, Basler M, Knobeloch KP, Groettrup M. Evidence for an involvement of the ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 in MHC class I antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:138-150. [PMID: 32686110 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The IFN stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a 15-kDa ubiquitin-like protein, that is induced by type I IFNs and is conjugated to the bulk of newly synthesized polypeptides at the ribosome. ISG15 functions as an antiviral molecule possibly by being covalently conjugated to viral proteins and disturbing virus particle assembly. Here, we have investigated the effect of ISGylation on degradation and antigen presentation of viral and cellular proteins. ISGylation did not induce proteasomal degradation of bulk ISG15 target proteins neither after overexpressing ISG15 nor after induction by IFN-β. The MHC class I cell surface expression of splenocytes derived from ISG15-deficient mice or mice lacking the catalytic activity of the major de-ISGylating enzyme USP18 was unaltered as compared to WT mice. Fusion of ubiquitin or FAT10 to the long-lived nucleoprotein (NP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus accelerated the proteasomal degradation of NP while fusion to ISG15 did not detectably speed up NP degradation. Nevertheless, MHC-I restricted presentation of two epitopes of NP were markedly enhanced when it was fused to ISG15 similarly to fusion with ubiquitin or FAT10. Thus, we provide evidence that ISG15 can enhance the presentation of antigens on MHC-I most likely by promoting co-translational antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Held
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Medical faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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40
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Masucci MG. Viral Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Deconjugases-Swiss Army Knives for Infection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1137. [PMID: 32752270 PMCID: PMC7464072 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of cellular proteins by covalent conjugation of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like polypeptides regulate numerous cellular processes that are captured by viruses to promote infection, replication, and spreading. The importance of these protein modifications for the viral life cycle is underscored by the discovery that many viruses encode deconjugases that reverse their functions. The structural and functional characterization of these viral enzymes and the identification of their viral and cellular substrates is providing valuable insights into the biology of viral infections and the host's antiviral defense. Given the growing body of evidence demonstrating their key contribution to pathogenesis, the viral deconjugases are now recognized as attractive targets for the design of novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang Y, Ren K, Li S, Yang C, Chen L. Interferon stimulated gene 15 promotes Zika virus replication through regulating Jak/STAT and ISGylation pathways. Virus Res 2020; 287:198087. [PMID: 32738280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus is an emergent arbovirus that has caused a public health emergency in South America. Zika virus infection is known to cause microcephaly and other congenital defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Unfortunately no direct antiviral treatments are available at present. IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is one of the most upregulated host genes following type I interferon treatment or virus infections. ISG15 has been shown to have antiviral effect on a wide variety of viruses although pro-HCV replication was observed. However, the effect of ISG15 on ZIKV infection is not well defined. In this study, we try to clarify the effect of ISG15 on ZIKV replication and to further dissect the underlying mechanism. Our results indicated that ZIKV infection led to the increased expression of ISG15 in A549, 2fTGH, U5A cells. Overexpression of ISG15 stimulated ZIKV replication although ISG15 did not affect the viral entry. Further studies showed that this proviral effect was mediated through Jak/STAT signaling pathway and was ISGylation-dependent. Taken together, our work demonstrates that ISG15 is an important host factor exploited by ZIKV to facilitate its replication and might serve as a potential target for the development of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancui Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China; Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Lhomme S, Migueres M, Abravanel F, Marion O, Kamar N, Izopet J. Hepatitis E Virus: How It Escapes Host Innate Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E422. [PMID: 32731452 PMCID: PMC7564545 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is usually responsible for acute hepatitis, but can lead to a chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. The host's innate immune response is the first line of defense against a virus infection; there is growing evidence that HEV RNA is recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), leading to interferon (IFN) production. The IFNs activate interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to limit HEV replication and spread. HEV has developed strategies to counteract this antiviral response, by limiting IFN induction and signaling. This review summarizes the advances in our knowledge of intracellular pathogen recognition, interferon and inflammatory response, and the role of virus protein in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Migueres
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Marion
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organs Transplantation, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organs Transplantation, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis E Virus, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (F.A.); (J.I.)
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (O.M.); (N.K.)
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
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Holthaus D, Vasou A, Bamford CGG, Andrejeva J, Paulus C, Randall RE, McLauchlan J, Hughes DJ. Direct Antiviral Activity of IFN-Stimulated Genes Is Responsible for Resistance to Paramyxoviruses in ISG15-Deficient Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:261-271. [PMID: 32423918 PMCID: PMC7311202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture model of ISG15 deficiency replicates findings in ISG15−/− patient cells. Cause of resistance in ISG15−/− cells differs depending on duration of IFN treatment. ISG15−/− patients without serious viral disease do not prove ISGylation is unimportant.
IFNs, produced during viral infections, induce the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some ISGs have specific antiviral activity, whereas others regulate the cellular response. Besides functioning as an antiviral effector, ISG15 is a negative regulator of IFN signaling, and inherited ISG15 deficiency leads to autoinflammatory IFNopathies, in which individuals exhibit elevated ISG expression in the absence of pathogenic infection. We have recapitulated these effects in cultured human A549-ISG15−/− cells and (using A549-UBA7−/− cells) confirmed that posttranslational modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) is not required for regulation of the type I IFN response. ISG15-deficient cells pretreated with IFN-α were resistant to paramyxovirus infection. We also showed that IFN-α treatment of ISG15-deficient cells led to significant inhibition of global protein synthesis, leading us to ask whether resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of ISGs or whether cells were nonpermissive because of translation defects. We took advantage of the knowledge that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) is the principal antiviral ISG for parainfluenza virus 5. Knockdown of IFIT1 restored parainfluenza virus 5 infection in IFN-α–pretreated, ISG15-deficient cells, confirming that resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of the IFN response. However, resistance could be induced if cells were pretreated with IFN-α for longer times, presumably because of inhibition of protein synthesis. These data show that the cause of virus resistance is 2-fold; ISG15 deficiency leads to the early overexpression of specific antiviral ISGs, but the later response is dominated by an unanticipated, ISG15-dependent loss of translational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Holthaus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andri Vasou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Connor G G Bamford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Andrejeva
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christina Paulus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard E Randall
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hughes
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
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Structural insights into the species preference of the influenza B virus NS1 protein in ISG15 binding. Protein Cell 2020; 10:681-687. [PMID: 30519829 PMCID: PMC6711944 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Adapala NS, Swarnkar G, Arra M, Shen J, Mbalaviele G, Ke K, Abu-Amer Y. Inflammatory osteolysis is regulated by site-specific ISGylation of the scaffold protein NEMO. eLife 2020; 9:56095. [PMID: 32202502 PMCID: PMC7145425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory osteolysis is governed by exacerbated osteoclastogenesis. Ample evidence points to central role of NF-κB in such pathologic responses, yet the precise mechanisms underpinning specificity of these responses remain unclear. We propose that motifs of the scaffold protein IKKγ/NEMO partly facilitate such functions. As proof-of-principle, we used site-specific mutagenesis to examine the role of NEMO in mediating RANKL-induced signaling in mouse bone marrow macrophages, known as osteoclast precursors. We identified lysine (K)270 as a target regulating RANKL signaling as K270A substitution results in exuberant osteoclastogenesis in vitro and murine inflammatory osteolysis in vivo. Mechanistically, we discovered that K270A mutation disrupts autophagy, stabilizes NEMO, and elevates inflammatory burden. Specifically, K270A directly or indirectly hinders binding of NEMO to ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein, which we show targets the modified proteins to autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation. Taken together, our findings suggest that NEMO serves as a toolkit to fine-tune specific signals in physiologic and pathologic conditions. The human skeleton contains over 200 bones that together act as an internal framework for the body. Over our lifetime, the body constantly removes older bone tissue from the skeleton and replaces it with new bone tissue. This “bone remodeling” also controls how bones are repaired after being damaged by injuries, disease or normal wear and tear. Cells known as osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down old bone tissue and participate in repairing damaged bone. A cellular pathway known as NF-kB signaling stimulates other cells called “bone marrow macrophages” to become osteoclasts. A certain level of NF-kB signaling is required to maintain a healthy skeleton. However, under certain inflammatory conditions, the level of NF-kB signaling becomes too high causing hyperactive osteoclasts to accumulate and inflict severe bone breakdown. This abnormal osteoclast activity leads to eroded and fragile bones and joints, as is the case in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Previous studies have shown that a protein called NEMO is a core component of the NF-kB signal pathway, but the precise role of NEMO in the diseased response remained unclear. Adapala, Swarnkar, Arra et al. have now used site-directed mutagenesis approach to study the role of NEMO in bone marrow macrophages in mice. The experiments showed that one specific site within the NEMO protein, referred to as lysine 270, is crucial for its role in controlling osteoclasts and the breakdown of bone tissue. Mutating NEMO at lysine 270 led to uncontrolled NF-kB signaling in the bone marrow macrophages. Further experiments showed that lysine 270 served as a sensor to allow NEMO to bind another protein called ISG15, which in turn helped to decrease NF-kB signaling and slow down the erosion of the bone. These findings suggest that site-specific targeting of NEMO, rather than inhibiting the whole NF-kB pathway, may help to reduce the symptoms of bone disease while maintaining the beneficial roles of this essential pathway. However, additional research is required to identify NEMO sites responsible for controlling the inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Suresh Adapala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Gaurav Swarnkar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Manoj Arra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Bone and Mineral Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Ke Ke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yousef Abu-Amer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, United States
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46
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Iglesias-Guimarais V, Ahrends T, de Vries E, Knobeloch KP, Volkov A, Borst J. IFN-Stimulated Gene 15 Is an Alarmin that Boosts the CTL Response via an Innate, NK Cell-Dependent Route. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2110-2121. [PMID: 32169846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN is produced upon infection and tissue damage and induces the expression of many IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode host-protective proteins. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like molecule that can be conjugated to proteins but is also released from cells in a free form. Free, extracellular ISG15 is suggested to have an immune-regulatory role, based on disease phenotypes of ISG15-deficient humans and mice. However, the underlying mechanisms by which free ISG15 would act as a "cytokine" are unclear and much debated. We, in this study, demonstrate in a clinically relevant mouse model of therapeutic vaccination that free ISG15 is an alarmin that induces tissue alert, characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling, myeloid cell infiltration, and inflammation. Moreover, free ISG15 is a potent adjuvant for the CTL response. ISG15 produced at the vaccination site promoted the vaccine-specific CTL response by enhancing expansion, short-lived effector and effector/memory differentiation of CD8+ T cells. The function of free ISG15 as an extracellular ligand was demonstrated, because the equivalents in murine ISG15 of 2 aa recently implicated in binding of human ISG15 to LFA-1 in vitro were required for its adjuvant effect in vivo. Moreover, in further agreement with the in vitro findings on human cells, free ISG15 boosted the CTL response in vivo via NK cells in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Thus, free ISG15 is part of a newly recognized innate route to promote the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andriy Volkov
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; .,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical School, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
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47
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Demirkaya E, Sahin S, Romano M, Zhou Q, Aksentijevich I. New Horizons in the Genetic Etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus-Like Disease: Monogenic Lupus and Beyond. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E712. [PMID: 32151092 PMCID: PMC7141186 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous autoimmune disease. The etiology of lupus and the contribution of genetic, environmental, infectious and hormonal factors to this phenotype have yet to be elucidated. The most straightforward approach to unravel the molecular pathogenesis of lupus may rely on studies of patients who present with early-onset severe phenotypes. Typically, they have at least one of the following clinical features: childhood onset of severe disease (<5 years), parental consanguinity, and presence of family history for autoimmune diseases in a first-degree relative. These patients account for a small proportion of patients with lupus but they inform considerable knowledge about cellular pathways contributing to this inflammatory phenotype. In recent years with the aid of new sequencing technologies, novel or rare pathogenic variants have been reported in over 30 genes predisposing to SLE and SLE-like diseases. Future studies will likely discover many more genes with private variants associated to lupus-like phenotypes. In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of common alleles (SNPs), which increase the risk of developing lupus in adult age. Discovery of a possible shared immune pathway in SLE patients, either with rare or common variants, can provide important clues to better understand this complex disorder, it's prognosis and can help guide new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the clinical presentation, genetic diagnosis and mechanisms of disease in patents with lupus and lupus-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Demirkaya
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada;
| | - Sezgin Sahin
- Van Training and Research Hospital, Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, 65000 Van, Turkey;
| | - Micol Romano
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada;
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, ASST-PINI-CTO, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Qing Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou 310058, China;
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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48
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Stefely JA, Zhang Y, Freiberger EC, Kwiecien NW, Thomas HE, Davis AM, Lowry ND, Vincent CE, Shishkova E, Clark NA, Medvedovic M, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ, Mercer CA. Mass spectrometry proteomics reveals a function for mammalian CALCOCO1 in MTOR-regulated selective autophagy. Autophagy 2020; 16:2219-2237. [PMID: 31971854 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1719746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is suppressed by MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) and is an anticancer target under active investigation. Yet, MTOR-regulated autophagy remains incompletely mapped. We used proteomic profiling to identify proteins in the MTOR-autophagy axis. Wild-type (WT) mouse cell lines and cell lines lacking individual autophagy genes (Atg5 or Ulk1/Ulk2) were treated with an MTOR inhibitor to induce autophagy and cultured in media with either glucose or galactose. Mass spectrometry proteome profiling revealed an elevation of known autophagy proteins and candidates for new autophagy components, including CALCOCO1 (calcium binding and coiled-coil domain protein 1). We show that CALCOCO1 physically interacts with MAP1LC3C, a key protein in the machinery of autophagy. Genetic deletion of CALCOCO1 disrupted autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy). Together, these results reveal a role for CALCOCO1 in MTOR-regulated selective autophagy. More generally, the resource generated by this work provides a foundation for establishing links between the MTOR-autophagy axis and proteins not previously linked to this pathway. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; CALCOCO1: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain protein 1; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain protein 2; CLIR: MAP1LC3C-interacting region; CQ: chloroquine; KO: knockout; LIR: MAP1LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MLN: MLN0128 ATP-competitive MTOR kinase inhibitor; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; reticulophagy: selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum; TAX1BP1/CALCOCO3: TAX1 binding protein 1; ULK: unc 51-like autophagy activating kinase; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Stefely
- Morgridge Institute for Research , Madison, WI, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elyse C Freiberger
- Department of Chemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Genome Center of Wisconsin , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas W Kwiecien
- Department of Chemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Genome Center of Wisconsin , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hala Elnakat Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander M Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Lowry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Catherine E Vincent
- Genome Center of Wisconsin , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hartwick College , Oneonta, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Clark
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA.,Genome Center of Wisconsin , Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research , Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University ofWisconsin-Madison , Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carol A Mercer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
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49
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Clasman JR, Everett RK, Srinivasan K, Mesecar AD. Decoupling deISGylating and deubiquitinating activities of the MERS virus papain-like protease. Antiviral Res 2020; 174:104661. [PMID: 31765674 PMCID: PMC7114298 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLPs or PLpro), such as the one encoded in the genome of the infectious Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) virus, have multiple enzymatic activities that promote viral infection. PLpro acts as a protease and processes the large coronavirus polyprotein for virus replication. PLpro also functions as both a deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating (deISG) enzyme and removes ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) from cellular proteins. Both DUB and deISG activities are implicated in suppressing innate immune responses; however, the precise role of each activity in this process is still unclear due in part to the difficulties in separating each activity. In this study, we determine the first structure of MERS PLpro in complex with the full-length human ISG15 to a resolution of 2.3 Å. This structure and available structures of MERS PLpro-Ub complexes were used as molecular guides to design PLpro mutants that lack either or both DUB/deISG activities. We tested 13 different PLpro mutants for protease, DUB, and deISG activitites using fluorescence-based assays. Results show that we can selectively modulate DUB activity at amino acid positions 1649 and 1653 while mutation of Val1691 or His1652 of PLpro to a positive charged residue completely impairs both DUB/deISG activities. These mutant enzymes will provide new functional tools for delineating the importance of DUB versus deISG activity in virus-infected cells and may serve as potential candidates for attenuating the MERS virus in vivo for modified vaccine design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozlyn R Clasman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Renata K Everett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Karthik Srinivasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Alsohime F, Martin-Fernandez M, Temsah MH, Alabdulhafid M, Le Voyer T, Alghamdi M, Qiu X, Alotaibi N, Alkahtani A, Buta S, Jouanguy E, Al-Eyadhy A, Gruber C, Hasan GM, Bashiri FA, Halwani R, Hassan HH, Al-Muhsen S, Alkhamis N, Alsum Z, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Bogunovic D, Alangari AA. JAK Inhibitor Therapy in a Child with Inherited USP18 Deficiency. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:256-265. [PMID: 31940699 PMCID: PMC7155173 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1905633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) is a severe type I interferonopathy. USP18 down-regulates type I interferon signaling by blocking the access of Janus-associated kinase 1 (JAK1) to the type I interferon receptor. The absence of USP18 results in unmitigated interferon-mediated inflammation and is lethal during the perinatal period. We describe a neonate who presented with hydrocephalus, necrotizing cellulitis, systemic inflammation, and respiratory failure. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous mutation at an essential splice site on USP18. The encoded protein was expressed but devoid of negative regulatory ability. Treatment with ruxolitinib was followed by a prompt and sustained recovery. (Funded by King Saud University and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alsohime
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Marta Martin-Fernandez
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Majed Alabdulhafid
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Malak Alghamdi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Xueer Qiu
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Najla Alotaibi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Areej Alkahtani
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Sofija Buta
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Ayman Al-Eyadhy
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Conor Gruber
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Gamal M Hasan
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Fahad A Bashiri
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Hamdy H Hassan
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Nouf Alkhamis
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Zobaida Alsum
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Abdullah A Alangari
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
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