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Amiri A, Guess L, Gilder R, Showalter D, Hart L, Sattler B. Using Fume Hood to Reduce Nurses' Exposure to Particulate Matters Dispersed Into the Air During Pill Crushing. Workplace Health Saf 2023; 71:412-418. [PMID: 37515535 DOI: 10.1177/21650799231184756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pill crushing is a common practice in patient care settings. Crushing pills can disperse particulate matter (PM) into indoor air. The PM is a widespread air pollutant composed of microscopic particles and droplets of various sizes and may carry active and/or inactive ingredients nurses can inhale. This study aimed to quantify PM sizes and concentration in indoor air when pills are crushed and examine the role of a fume hood in reducing particulate pollution. METHODS Two scenarios (with and without a fume hood) representing nurses' pill-crushing behaviors were set up in a positive-pressure cleanroom. Two acetaminophen tablets (325 mg/tablet) were crushed into powder and mixed with unsweetened applesauce. The PM sizes and concentrations were measured before and during crushing. RESULTS Different sizes of PM, including inhalable, respirable, and thoracic particles, were emitted during medication crushing. The total count of all particle sizes and mass concentrations of particles were significantly lower during crushing when a fume hood was used (p = .00). CONCLUSION Pill crushing increases PM and should be considered a workplace safety health hazard for nurses. Healthcare professionals should work under a fume hood when crushing pills and wear proper protective equipment. The findings of significant particulate pollution related to pill crushing suggest that further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Amiri
- College of Nursing, The University of Alabama in Huntsville
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Sattler
- School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Fransisco
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2
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van den Berg AET, Plantinga M, Vethaak D, Adriaans KJ, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Legler J, Smit JJ, Pieters RHH. Environmentally weathered polystyrene particles induce phenotypical and functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:125-133. [PMID: 36422989 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2143968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNP) are ubiquitously present in the environment due to their high persistence and bioaccumulative properties. Humans get exposed to MNP via various routes and consequently, they will encounter dendritic cells (DC) which are antigen-presenting cells involved in regulating immune responses. The consequences of DC exposure to MNP are an important, yet understudied, cause of concern. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the uptake and effect of MNP in vitro by exposing human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) to virgin and environmentally weathered polystyrene (PS) particles of different sizes (0.2, 1, and 10 µm), at different concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µg/ml. The effects of these particles were examined by measuring co-stimulatory surface marker (i.e. CD83 and CD86) expression. In addition, T-cell proliferation was measured via a mixed-leukocyte reaction (MLR) assay. The results showed that MoDC were capable of absorbing PS particles, and this was facilitated by pre-incubation in heat-inactivated (HI) plasma. Furthermore, depending on their size, weathered PS particles in particular caused increased expression of CD83 and CD86 on MoDC. Lastly, weathered 0.2 µm PS particles were able to functionally activate MoDC, leading to an increase in T-cell activation. These in vitro data suggest that, depending on their size, weathered PS particles might act as an immunostimulating adjuvant, possibly leading to T-cell sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Plantinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Vethaak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kas J Adriaans
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond H H Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Feray A, Guillet E, Szely N, Hullo M, Legrand FX, Brun E, Rabilloud T, Pallardy M, Biola-Vidamment A. Synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles promote human dendritic cell maturation and CD4 + T-lymphocyte activation. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:105-116. [PMID: 34633463 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) sense and engulf nanomaterials potentially leading to an adverse immune response. Indeed, as described for combustion-derived particles, nanomaterials could be sensed as danger signals, enabling DCs to undergo a maturation process, migrate to regional lymph nodes and activate naive T-lymphocytes. Synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles (SAS-NPs) are widely used as food additives, cosmetics, and construction materials. This work aimed to evaluate in vitro the effects of manufactured SAS-NPs, produced by thermal or wet routes, on human DCs functions and T-cell activation. Human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) were exposed for 16 hours to three endotoxin-free test materials: fumed silica NPs from Sigma-Aldrich (#S5505) or the JRC Nanomaterial Repository (NM-202) and colloidal Ludox®TMA NPs. Cell viability, phenotypical changes, cytokines production, internalization, and allogeneic CD4+ T-cells proliferation were evaluated. Our results showed that all SAS-NPs significantly upregulated the surface expression of CD86 and CD83 activation markers. Secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CXCL-8 and CXCL-12) were significantly enhanced in a dose-dependent manner in the moDCs culture supernatants by all SAS-NPs tested. In an allogeneic co-culture, fumed silica-activated moDCs significantly increased T-lymphocyte proliferation at all T-cell:DC ratios compared to unloaded moDCs. Moreover, analysis of co-culture supernatants regarding the production of T-cell-derived cytokines showed a significant increase of IL-9 and IL-17A and F, as well as an upregulation of IL-5, consistent with the pro-inflammatory phenotype of treated-moDCs. Taken together, these results suggest that SAS-NPs could induce functional moDCs maturation and play a role in the immunization process against environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Feray
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Eléonore Guillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Natacha Szely
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie Hullo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - François-Xavier Legrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Emilie Brun
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- UMR CNRS 5249, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CEA-Grenoble, 17 avenue des Martyrs, 38 054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Armelle Biola-Vidamment
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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4
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Outdoor Air Pollution and New-Onset Airway Disease. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 17:387-398. [PMID: 32233861 PMCID: PMC7175976 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202001-046st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that air pollution exposure exacerbates preexisting airway disease, it has not been firmly established that long-term pollution exposure increases the risk of new-onset asthma or chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD). This Workshop brought together experts on mechanistic, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of airway disease to review current knowledge regarding whether air pollution is a causal factor in the development of asthma and/or COPD. Speakers presented recent evidence in their respective areas of expertise related to air pollution and new airway disease incidence, followed by interactive discussions. A writing committee summarized their collective findings. The Epidemiology Group found that long-term exposure to air pollution, especially metrics of traffic-related air pollution such as nitrogen dioxide and black carbon, is associated with onset of childhood asthma. However, the evidence for a causal role in adult-onset asthma or COPD remains insufficient. The Mechanistic Group concluded that air pollution exposure can cause airway remodeling, which can lead to asthma or COPD, as well as asthma-like phenotypes that worsen with long-term exposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter and ozone. The Clinical Group concluded that air pollution is a plausible contributor to the onset of both asthma and COPD. Available evidence indicates that long-term exposure to air pollution is a cause of childhood asthma, but the evidence for a similar determination for adult asthma or COPD remains insufficient. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact biological mechanism underlying incident childhood asthma, and the specific air pollutant that causes it.
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das Neves J, Sverdlov Arzi R, Sosnik A. Molecular and cellular cues governing nanomaterial-mucosae interactions: from nanomedicine to nanotoxicology. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:5058-5100. [PMID: 32538405 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues constitute the largest interface between the body and the surrounding environment and they regulate the access of molecules, supramolecular structures, particulate matter, and pathogens into it. All mucosae are characterized by an outer mucus layer that protects the underlying cells from physicochemical, biological and mechanical insults, a mono-layered or stratified epithelium that forms tight junctions and controls the selective transport of solutes across it and associated lymphoid tissues that play a sentinel role. Mucus is a gel-like material comprised mainly of the glycoprotein mucin and water and it displays both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, a net negative charge, and high porosity and pore interconnectivity, providing an efficient barrier for the absorption of therapeutic agents. To prolong the residence time, absorption and bioavailability of a broad spectrum of active compounds upon mucosal administration, mucus-penetrating and mucoadhesive particles have been designed by tuning the chemical composition, the size, the density, and the surface properties. The benefits of utilizing nanomaterials that interact intimately with mucosae by different mechanisms in the nanomedicine field have been extensively reported. To ensure the safety of these nanosystems, their compatibility is evaluated in vitro and in vivo in preclinical and clinical trials. Conversely, there is a growing concern about the toxicity of nanomaterials dispersed in air and water effluents that unintentionally come into contact with the airways and the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, deep understanding of the key nanomaterial properties that govern the interplay with mucus and tissues is crucial for the rational design of more efficient drug delivery nanosystems (nanomedicine) and to anticipate the fate and side-effects of nanoparticulate matter upon acute or chronic exposure (nanotoxicology). This review initially overviews the complex structural features of mucosal tissues, including the structure of mucus, the epithelial barrier, the mucosal-associated lymphatic tissues and microbiota. Then, the most relevant investigations attempting to identify and validate the key particle features that govern nanomaterial-mucosa interactions and that are relevant in both nanomedicine and nanotoxicology are discussed in a holistic manner. Finally, the most popular experimental techniques and the incipient use of mathematical and computational models to characterize these interactions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde & INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roni Sverdlov Arzi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Building, Office 607, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Building, Office 607, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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6
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Whitehouse AL, Mushtaq N, Miyashita L, Barratt B, Khan A, Kalsi H, Koh L, Padovan MG, Brugha R, Balkwill FR, Stagg AJ, Grigg J. Airway dendritic cell maturation in children exposed to air pollution. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232040. [PMID: 32369498 PMCID: PMC7200006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban particulate matter (PM) enhances airway dendritic cell (DC) maturation in vitro. However, to date, there are no data on the association between exposure to urban PM and DC maturation in vivo. We sought to determine whether exposure of school-age children (8 to 14 y) to PM was associated with expression of CD86, a marker of maturation of airway conventional DCs (cDC). Healthy London school children underwent spirometry and sputum induction. Flow cytometry was used to identify CD86 and CCR7 expression on cDC subsets (CD1c+ cDC2 and CD141+ cDC1). Tertiles of mean annual exposure to PM ≤ 10 microns (PM10) at the school address were determined using the London Air Quality Toolkit model. Tertiles of exposure from the 409 children from 19 schools recruited were; lower (23.1 to 25.6 μg/m3, n = 138), middle (25.6 to 26.8 μg/m3, n = 126), and upper (26.8 to 31.0 μg/m3, n = 145). DC expression was assessed in 164/370 (44%) children who completed sputum induction. The proportion (%) of cDC expressing CD86 in the lower exposure tertile (n = 47) was lower compared with the upper exposure tertile (n = 49); (52% (44 to 70%) vs 66% (51 to 82%), p<0.05). There was a higher percentage of cDC1 cells in the lower tertile of exposure (6.63% (2.48 to 11.64) vs. 2.63% (0.72 to 7.18), p<0.05). Additionally; children in the lower exposure tertile had increased FEV1 compared with children in the upper tertile; (median z-score 0.15 (-0.59 to 0.75) vs. -0.21 (-0.86 to 0.48), p<0.05. Our data reveal that children attending schools in the highest areas of PM exposure in London exhibit increased numbers of "mature" airway cDCs, as evidenced by their expression of the surface marker CD86. This data is supportive of previous in vitro data demonstrating an alteration in the maturation of airway cDCs in response to exposure to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Whitehouse
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naseem Mushtaq
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Miyashita
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ameerah Khan
- Centre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harpal Kalsi
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Koh
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele G. Padovan
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rossa Brugha
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances R. Balkwill
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Stagg
- Centre for Immunobiology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Feray A, Szely N, Guillet E, Hullo M, Legrand FX, Brun E, Pallardy M, Biola-Vidamment A. How to Address the Adjuvant Effects of Nanoparticles on the Immune System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E425. [PMID: 32121170 PMCID: PMC7152845 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As the nanotechnology market expands and the prevalence of allergic diseases keeps increasing, the knowledge gap on the capacity of nanomaterials to cause or exacerbate allergic outcomes needs more than ever to be filled. Engineered nanoparticles (NP) could have an adjuvant effect on the immune system as previously demonstrated for particulate air pollution. This effect would be the consequence of the recognition of NP as immune danger signals by dendritic cells (DCs). The aim of this work was to set up an in vitro method to functionally assess this effect using amorphous silica NP as a prototype. Most studies in this field are restricted to the evaluation of DCs maturation, generally of murine origin, through a limited phenotypic analysis. As it is essential to also consider the functional consequences of NP-induced DC altered phenotype on T-cells biology, we developed an allogeneic co-culture model of human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and CD4+ T-cells. We demonstrated that DC: T-cell ratios were a critical parameter to correctly measure the influence of NP danger signals through allogeneic co-culture. Moreover, to better visualize the effect of NP while minimizing the basal proliferation inherent to the model, we recommend testing three different ratios, preferably after five days of co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Feray
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.F.); (N.S.); (E.G.); (M.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Natacha Szely
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.F.); (N.S.); (E.G.); (M.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Eléonore Guillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.F.); (N.S.); (E.G.); (M.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Marie Hullo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.F.); (N.S.); (E.G.); (M.H.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Emilie Brun
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.F.); (N.S.); (E.G.); (M.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Armelle Biola-Vidamment
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (A.F.); (N.S.); (E.G.); (M.H.); (M.P.)
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8
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Roach KA, Stefaniak AB, Roberts JR. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:87-124. [PMID: 31195861 PMCID: PMC6649684 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1605553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in incorporation of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials into consumer products and their corresponding use in occupational settings have raised concerns over the potential for metals to induce size-specific adverse toxicological effects. Although nano-metals have been shown to induce greater lung injury and inflammation than their larger metal counterparts, their size-related effects on the immune system and allergic disease remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly concerning since metals are historically recognized as common inducers of allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and allergic adjuvancy. The investigation into the potential for adverse immune effects following exposure to metal nanomaterials is becoming an area of scientific interest since these characteristically lightweight materials are easily aerosolized and inhaled, and their small size may allow for penetration of the skin, which may promote unique size-specific immune effects with implications for allergic disease. Additionally, alterations in physicochemical properties of metals in the nano-scale greatly influence their interactions with components of biological systems, potentially leading to implications for inducing or exacerbating allergic disease. Although some research has been directed toward addressing these concerns, many aspects of metal nanomaterial-induced immune effects remain unclear. Overall, more scientific knowledge exists in regards to the potential for metal nanomaterials to exacerbate allergic disease than to their potential to induce allergic disease. Furthermore, effects of metal nanomaterial exposure on respiratory allergy have been more thoroughly-characterized than their potential influence on dermal allergy. Current knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials and their potential to induce/exacerbate dermal and respiratory allergy are summarized in this review. In addition, an examination of several remaining knowledge gaps and considerations for future studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
- b School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division (RHD) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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9
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Martikainen MV, Rönkkö TJ, Schaub B, Täubel M, Gu C, Wong GW, Li J, Pekkanen J, Komppula M, Hirvonen MR, Jalava PI, Roponen M. Integrating farm and air pollution studies in search for immunoregulatory mechanisms operating in protective and high-risk environments. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:815-822. [PMID: 30152886 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies conducted in farm environments suggest that diverse microbial exposure promotes children's lung health. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, and the development of asthma-preventive strategies has been delayed. More comprehensive investigation of the environment-induced immunoregulation is required for better understanding of asthma pathogenesis and prevention. Exposure to air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), is a risk factor for asthma, thus providing an excellent counterpoint for the farm-effect research. Lack of comparable data, however, complicates interpretation of the existing information. We aimed to explore the immunoregulatory effects of cattle farm dust (protective, Finland) and urban air PM (high-risk, China) for the first time using identical research methods. METHODS We stimulated PBMCs of 4-year-old children (N = 18) with farm dust and size-segregated PM and assessed the expression of immune receptors CD80 and ILT4 on dendritic cells and monocytes as well as cytokine production of PBMCs. Environmental samples were analysed for their composition. RESULTS Farm dust increased the percentage of cells expressing CD80 and the cytokine production of children's immune cells, whereas PM inhibited the expression of important receptors and the production of soluble mediators. Although PM samples induced parallel immune reactions, the size-fraction determined the strength of the effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the significance of using the same research framework when disentangling shared and distinctive immune pathways operating in different environments. Observed stimulatory effects of farm dust and inhibitory effects of PM could shape responses towards respiratory pathogens and allergens, and partly explain differences in asthma prevalence between studied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bianca Schaub
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonology, University Children's Hospital, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gary Wk Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Jia J, Zhang Y, Xin Y, Jiang C, Yan B, Zhai S. Interactions Between Nanoparticles and Dendritic Cells: From the Perspective of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:404. [PMID: 30319969 PMCID: PMC6167641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the primary antigen-presenting cells and play key roles in the orchestration of the innate and adaptive immune system. Targeting DCs by nanotechnology stands as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) influence their interactions with DCs, thus altering the immune outcome of DCs by changing their functions in the processes of maturation, homing, antigen processing and antigen presentation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in targeting DCs using NPs as a drug delivery carrier in cancer immunotherapy, the recognition of NPs by DCs, and the ways the physicochemical properties of NPs affect DCs' functions. Finally, the molecular pathways in DCs that are affected by NPs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cuijuan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shumei Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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11
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Xia M, Harb H, Saffari A, Sioutas C, Chatila TA. A Jagged 1-Notch 4 molecular switch mediates airway inflammation induced by ultrafine particles. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1243-1256.e17. [PMID: 29627423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter promotes asthma and allergic diseases. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms by which particulate matter exposure acts to mediate these effects remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the cellular targets and signaling pathways critical for augmentation of allergic airway inflammation induced by ambient ultrafine particles (UFP). METHODS We used in vitro cell-culture assays with lung-derived antigen-presenting cells and allergen-specific T cells and in vivo mouse models of allergic airway inflammation with myeloid lineage-specific gene deletions, cellular reconstitution approaches, and antibody inhibition studies. RESULTS We identified lung alveolar macrophages (AM) as the key cellular target of UFP in promoting airway inflammation. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent induction of Jagged 1 (Jag1) expression in AM was necessary and sufficient for augmentation of allergic airway inflammation by UFP. UFP promoted TH2 and TH17 cell differentiation of allergen-specific T cells in a Jag1- and Notch 4-dependent manner. Treatment of mice with an anti-Notch 4 antibody abrogated exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation induced by UFP. CONCLUSION UFP exacerbate allergic airway inflammation by promoting a Jag1-Notch 4-dependent interaction between AM and allergen-specific T cells, leading to augmented TH cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcan Xia
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Hani Harb
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Arian Saffari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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12
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Vandebriel RJ, Vermeulen JP, van Engelen LB, de Jong B, Verhagen LM, de la Fonteyne-Blankestijn LJ, Hoonakker ME, de Jong WH. The crystal structure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles influences immune activity in vitro and in vivo. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29382351 PMCID: PMC5791356 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The use of engineered nanoparticles (NP) is widespread and still increasing. There is a great need to assess their safety. Newly engineered NP enter the market in a large variety; therefore safety evaluation should preferably be in a high-throughput fashion. In vitro screening is suitable for this purpose. TiO
2
NP exist in a large variety (crystal structure, coating and size), but information on their relative toxicities is scarce. TiO
2
NP may be inhaled by workers in e.g. paint production and application. In mice, inhalation of TiO
2
NP increases allergic reactions. Dendritic cells (DC) form an important part of the lung immune system, and are essential in adjuvant activity. The present study aimed to establish the effect of a variety of TiO
2
NP on DC maturation in vitro. Two NP of different crystal structure but similar in size, uncoated and from the same supplier, were evaluated for their adjuvant activity in vivo.
Methods
Immature DC were differentiated in vitro from human peripheral blood monocytes. Exposure effects of a series of fourteen TiO
2
NP on cell viability, CD83 and CD86 expression, and IL-12p40 and TNF-α production were measured. BALB/c mice were intranasally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) alone, OVA plus anatase TiO
2
NP, OVA plus rutile TiO
2
NP, and OVA plus Carbon Black (CB; positive control). The mice were intranasally challenged with OVA. OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 in serum, cellular inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and IL-4 and IL-5 production in draining bronchial lymph nodes were evaluated.
Results
All NP dispersions contained NP aggregates. The anatase NP and anatase/rutile mixture NP induced a higher CD83 and CD86 expression and a higher IL-12p40 production in vitro than the rutile NP (including coated rutile NP and a rutile NP of a 10-fold larger primary diameter). OVA-specific serum IgE and IgG1 were increased by anatase NP, rutile NP, and CB, in the order rutile<anatase<CB. The three particles similarly increased IL-4 and IL-5 production by bronchial LN cells and eosinophils and lymphocytes in the BALF. Neutrophils were induced by rutile NP and CB but not by anatase NP.
Conclusions
Our data show that measuring CD83 and CD86 expression and IL-12p40 and TNF-α production in DC in vitro may provide an efficient way to screen NP for potential adjuvant activity; future studies should establish whether this also holds for other NP. Based on antigen-specific IgE and IgG1, anatase NP have higher adjuvant activity than rutile NP, confirming our in vitro data. Other parameters of the allergic response showed a similar response for the two NP crystal structures. From the viewpoint of safe(r) by design products, rutile NP may be preferred over anatase NP, especially when inhalation exposure can be expected during production or application of the product.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0245-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolanda P Vermeulen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens B van Engelen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Britt de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Liset J de la Fonteyne-Blankestijn
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim H de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Meldrum K, Guo C, Marczylo EL, Gant TW, Smith R, Leonard MO. Mechanistic insight into the impact of nanomaterials on asthma and allergic airway disease. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 29157272 PMCID: PMC5697410 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease known for its high susceptibility to environmental exposure. Inadvertent inhalation of engineered or incidental nanomaterials is a concern for human health, particularly for those with underlying disease susceptibility. In this review we provide a comprehensive analysis of those studies focussed on safety assessment of different nanomaterials and their unique characteristics on asthma and allergic airway disease. These include in vivo and in vitro approaches as well as human and population studies. The weight of evidence presented supports a modifying role for nanomaterial exposure on established asthma as well as the development of the condition. Due to the variability in modelling approaches, nanomaterial characterisation and endpoints used for assessment in these studies, there is insufficient information for how one may assign relative hazard potential to individual nanoscale properties. New developments including the adoption of standardised models and focussed in vitro and in silico approaches have the potential to more reliably identify properties of concern through comparative analysis across robust and select testing systems. Importantly, key to refinement and choice of the most appropriate testing systems is a more complete understanding of how these materials may influence disease at the cellular and molecular level. Detailed mechanistic insight also brings with it opportunities to build important population and exposure susceptibilities into models. Ultimately, such approaches have the potential to more clearly extrapolate relevant toxicological information, which can be used to improve nanomaterial safety assessment for human disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Chang Guo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Emma L Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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14
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Dankers ACA, Kuper CF, Boumeester AJ, Fabriek BO, Kooter IM, Gröllers-Mulderij M, Tromp P, Nelissen I, Zondervan-Van Den Beuken EK, Vandebriel RJ. A practical approach to assess inhalation toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:160-171. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita C. A. Dankers
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - C. Frieke Kuper
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Anja J. Boumeester
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Babs O. Fabriek
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M. Kooter
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Gröllers-Mulderij
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Peter Tromp
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO); PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist the Netherlands
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit; Boeretang 200 2400 Mol Belgium
| | | | - Rob J. Vandebriel
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection; PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven the Netherlands
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15
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van Rijt LS, Utsch L, Lutter R, van Ree R. Oxidative Stress: Promoter of Allergic Sensitization to Protease Allergens? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061112. [PMID: 28545251 PMCID: PMC5485936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergies arise from aberrant T helper type 2 responses to allergens. Several respiratory allergens possess proteolytic activity, which has been recognized to act as an adjuvant for the development of a Th2 response. Allergen source-derived proteases can activate the protease-activated receptor-2, have specific effects on immune cells by cleaving cell membrane-bound regulatory molecules, and can disrupt tight junctions. The protease activity can induce a non-allergen-specific inflammatory response in the airways, which will set the stage for an allergen-specific Th2 response. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for the induction of oxidative stress as an underlying mechanism in Th2 sensitization to proteolytic allergens. We will discuss recent data linking the proteolytic activity of an allergen to its potential to induce oxidative stress and how this can facilitate allergic sensitization. Based on experimental data, we propose that a less proficient anti-oxidant response to allergen-induced oxidative stress contributes to the susceptibility to allergic sensitization. Besides the effect of oxidative stress on the immune response, we will also discuss how oxidative stress can increase the immunogenicity of an allergen by chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie S van Rijt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lara Utsch
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Huang KL, Liu SY, Chou CCK, Lee YH, Cheng TJ. The effect of size-segregated ambient particulate matter on Th1/Th2-like immune responses in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173158. [PMID: 28245275 PMCID: PMC5330505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased pulmonary and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Additionally, PM is known to exacerbate asthma. However, whether ambient PM exposure contributes to the onset of asthma, especially in non-atopic children and adults, is less conclusive. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of size-fractioned PM on lung immune responses in healthy BALB/c mice. Methods and principal findings We collected PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and PM0.1 samples from October 2012 to August 2013 in the Taipei Basin. These PM samples were representative of urban traffic pollution. The samples were extracted and sonicated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Female BALB/c mice were exposed to the samples via intratracheal instillation at three different doses: 1.75 mg/kg (35 μg/per mouse), 5 mg/kg (100 μg/per mouse), and 12.5 mg/kg (250 μg/per mouse). The mice were exposed on days 0 and 7, and PBS alone was used as a control. Following the exposures, the expression profiles of inflammatory cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assessed. Exposure to PM10 resulted in inflammatory responses, including the recruitment of neutrophils and the induction of T helper 1 (Th1) cell-related cytokine release, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ. Furthermore, an allergic immune response, including the recruitment of eosinophils and the up-regulation of T helper 2 (Th2) cell-related cytokine release, such as IL-5 and IL-13, was also observed in the BALF of mice exposed to PM10. Conclusions Our study showed that exposure to PM alone caused mixed Th1/Th2 inflammatory responses in healthy mice. These findings support the hypothesis that PM may contribute to the onset of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Liang Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles C. K. Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Change, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Del Giacco SR, Bakirtas A, Bel E, Custovic A, Diamant Z, Hamelmann E, Heffler E, Kalayci Ö, Saglani S, Sergejeva S, Seys S, Simpson A, Bjermer L. Allergy in severe asthma. Allergy 2017; 72:207-220. [PMID: 27775836 DOI: 10.1111/all.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that atopic sensitization is an important risk factor for asthma, both in adults and in children. However, the role of allergy in severe asthma is still under debate. The term 'Severe Asthma' encompasses a highly heterogeneous group of patients who require treatment on steps 4-5 of GINA guidelines to prevent their asthma from becoming 'uncontrolled', or whose disease remains 'uncontrolled' despite this therapy. Epidemiological studies on emergency room visits and hospital admissions for asthma suggest the important role of allergy in asthma exacerbations. In addition, allergic asthma in childhood is often associated with severe asthma in adulthood. A strong association exists between asthma exacerbations and respiratory viral infections, and interaction between viruses and allergy further increases the risk of asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, fungal allergy has been shown to play an important role in severe asthma. Other contributing factors include smoking, pollution and work-related exposures. The 'Allergy and Asthma Severity' EAACI Task Force examined the current evidence and produced this position document on the role of allergy in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - A. Bakirtas
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma; School of Medicine; Gazi University; Ankara Turkey
| | - E. Bel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Custovic
- Department of Paediatrics; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Z. Diamant
- Department of General Practice and Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - E. Hamelmann
- Klinik für Kinder and Jugendmedizin Kinderzentrum; Bethel Evangelisches Krankenhaus; Allergy Center; Ruhr University Bochum; Bielefeld Germany
| | - E. Heffler
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology - Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - Ö. Kalayci
- School of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - S. Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - S. Sergejeva
- Institute of Technology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - S. Seys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; KU Leuven Belgium
| | - A. Simpson
- Centre Lead for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; University Hospital of South Manchester; Education and Research Centre; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - L. Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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18
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Deville S, Baré B, Piella J, Tirez K, Hoet P, Monopoli MP, Dawson KA, Puntes VF, Nelissen I. Interaction of gold nanoparticles and nickel(II) sulfate affects dendritic cell maturation. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1395-1403. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1221476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Deville
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium,
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium,
| | - Birgit Baré
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium,
- Lung Toxicology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Jordi Piella
- Inorganic Nanoparticles Group, Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain,
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain,
| | - Kristof Tirez
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium,
| | - Peter Hoet
- Lung Toxicology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Marco P. Monopoli
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Inorganic Nanoparticles Group, Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain,
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain, and
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium,
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19
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Li N, Georas S, Alexis N, Fritz P, Xia T, Williams MA, Horner E, Nel A. A work group report on ultrafine particles (American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology): Why ambient ultrafine and engineered nanoparticles should receive special attention for possible adverse health outcomes in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:386-96. [PMID: 27130856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are airborne particulates of less than 100 nm in aerodynamic diameter. Examples of UFPs are diesel exhaust particles, products of cooking, heating, and wood burning in indoor environments, and, more recently, products generated through the use of nanotechnology. Studies have shown that ambient UFPs have detrimental effects on both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including a higher incidence of atherosclerosis and exacerbation rate of asthma. UFPs have been found to alter in vitro and in vivo responses of the immune system to allergens and can also play a role in allergen sensitization. The inflammatory properties of UFPs can be mediated by a number of different mechanisms, including the ability to produce reactive oxygen species, leading to the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and airway inflammation. In addition, because of their small size, UFPs also have unique distribution characteristics in the respiratory tree and circulation and might be able to alter cellular function in ways that circumvent normal signaling pathways. Additionally, UFPs can penetrate intracellularly and potentially cause DNA damage. The recent advances in nanotechnology, although opening up new opportunities for the advancement of technology and medicine, could also lead to unforeseen adverse health effects in exposed human subjects. Further research is needed to clarify the safety of nanoscale particles, as well as the elucidation of the possible beneficial use of these particulates to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostic Investigation, CVM, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
| | - Steve Georas
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
| | - Neil Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Marc A Williams
- US Army Public Health Command, Toxicology Portfolio, Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Md
| | | | - Andre Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
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20
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Brandenberger C, Ochs M, Mühlfeld C. Assessing particle and fiber toxicology in the respiratory system: the stereology toolbox. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:35. [PMID: 26521139 PMCID: PMC4628359 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhalation of airborne particles can lead to pathological changes in the respiratory tract. For this reason, toxicology studies on effects of inhalable particles and fibers often include an assessment of histopathological alterations in the upper respiratory tract, the trachea and/or the lungs. Conventional pathological evaluations are usually performed by scoring histological lesions in order to obtain "quantitative" information and an estimation of the severity of the lesion. This approach not only comprises a potential subjective bias, depending on the examiner's judgment, but also conveys the risk that mild alterations escape the investigator's eye. The most accurate way of obtaining unbiased quantitative information about three-dimensional (3D) features of tissues, cells, or organelles from two-dimensional physical or optical sections is by means of stereology, the gold standard of image-based morphometry. Nevertheless, it can be challenging to express histopathological changes by morphometric parameters such as volume, surface, length or number only. In this review we therefore provide an overview on different histopathological lesions in the respiratory tract associated with particle and fiber toxicology and on how to apply stereological methods in order to correctly quantify and interpret histological lesions in the respiratory tract. The article further aims at pointing out common pitfalls in quantitative histopathology and at providing some suggestions on how respiratory toxicology can be improved by stereology. Thus, we hope that this article will stimulate scientists in particle and fiber toxicology research to implement stereological techniques in their studies, thereby promoting an unbiased 3D assessment of pathological lesions associated with particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
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21
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Schwartz J, Austin E, Bind MA, Zanobetti A, Koutrakis P. Estimating Causal Associations of Fine Particles With Daily Deaths in Boston. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:644-50. [PMID: 26346544 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported associations between daily particles less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and deaths, but they have been associational studies that did not use formal causal modeling approaches. On the basis of a potential outcome approach, we used 2 causal modeling methods with different assumptions and strengths to address whether there was a causal association between daily PM2.5 and deaths in Boston, Massachusetts (2004-2009). We used an instrumental variable approach, including back trajectories as instruments for variations in PM2.5 uncorrelated with other predictors of death. We also used propensity score as an alternative causal modeling analysis. The former protects against confounding by measured and unmeasured confounders and is based on the assumption of a valid instrument. The latter protects against confounding by all measured covariates, provides valid estimates in the case of effect modification, and is based on the assumption of no unmeasured confounders. We found a causal association of PM2.5 with mortality, with a 0.53% (95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.97) and a 0.50% (95% confidence interval: 0.20, 0.80) increase in daily deaths using the instrumental variable and the propensity score, respectively. We failed to reject the null association with exposure after the deaths (P =0.93). Given these results, prior studies, and extensive toxicological support, the association between PM2.5 and deaths is almost certainly causal.
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Kroker M, Sydlik U, Autengruber A, Cavelius C, Weighardt H, Kraegeloh A, Unfried K. Preventing carbon nanoparticle-induced lung inflammation reduces antigen-specific sensitization and subsequent allergic reactions in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 26141115 PMCID: PMC4491258 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of the airways to carbonaceous nanoparticles can contribute to the development of immune diseases both via the aggravation of the allergic immune response in sensitized individuals and by adjuvant mechanisms during the sensitization against allergens. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these adverse pathways are not completely understood. We recently described that the reduction of carbon nanoparticle-induced lung inflammation by the application of the compatible solute ectoine reduced the aggravation of the allergic response in an animal system. In the current study we investigated the influence of carbon nanoparticles on the sensitization of animals to ovalbumin via the airways. Ectoine was used as a preventive strategy against nanoparticle-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. METHODS Balb/c mice were repetitively exposed to the antigen ovalbumin after induction of airway inflammation by carbon nanoparticles, either in the presence or in the absence of ectoine. Allergic sensitization was monitored by measurement of immunoglobulin levels and immune responses in lung and lung draining lymph nodes after challenge. Furthermore the role of dendritic cells in the effect of carbon nanoparticles was studied in vivo in the lymph nodes but also in vitro using bone marrow derived dendritic cells. RESULTS Animals exposed to antigen in the presence of carbon nanoparticles showed increased effects with respect to ovalbumin sensitization, to the allergic airway inflammation after challenge, and to the specific TH2 response in the lymph nodes. The presence of ectoine during the sensitization significantly reduced these parameters. The number of antigen-loaded dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes was identified as a possible cause for the adjuvant effect of the nanoparticles. In vitro assays indicate that the direct interaction of the particles with dendritic cells is not able to trigger CCR7 expression, while this endpoint is achieved by lung lavage fluid from nanoparticle-exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS Using the intervention strategy of applying ectoine into the airways of animals we were able to demonstrate the relevance of neutrophilic lung inflammation for the adjuvant effect of carbon nanoparticles on allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroker
- IUF - Leibniz Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sydlik
- IUF - Leibniz Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Autengruber
- IUF - Leibniz Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Unfried
- IUF - Leibniz Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Li N, Buglak N. Convergence of air pollutant-induced redox-sensitive signals in the dendritic cells contributes to asthma pathogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:55-60. [PMID: 26026960 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is a major risk factor for allergic airway inflammation such as asthma. Many of the PM components (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals) are redox-active and capable of inducing cellular oxidative stress and injuries including inflammation and cell death. Airway epithelial cells and antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) are the major and direct targets of inhaled PM. The epithelial cells can further enhance the DC response to allergen and PM through several immune regulatory cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25. Among these cytokines TSLP is particularly relevant to the mechanisms by which particulate air pollutants contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Studies have found that TSLP released by PM-exposed human airway epithelial cells could polarize the DC towards a T-helper 2 immune response, which is one of the key immunological mechanisms in asthma pathogenesis. The convergence of regulatory signals generated by PM-induced oxidative stress in DC and the interactions among them may be one of the major mechanisms that are specifically related to the contribution of PM towards asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Nicholas Buglak
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Allergens and the airway epithelium response: gateway to allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 134:499-507. [PMID: 25171864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic sensitization to inhaled antigens is common but poorly understood. Although lung epithelial cells were initially merely regarded as a passive barrier impeding allergen penetrance, we now realize that they recognize allergens through expression of pattern recognition receptors and mount an innate immune response driven by activation of nuclear factor κB. On allergen recognition, epithelial cells release cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and GM-CSF, and endogenous danger signals, such as high-mobility group box 1, uric acid, and ATP, that activate the dendritic cell network and other innate immune cells, such as basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Different allergens stimulate different aspects of this general scheme, and common environmental risk factors for sensitization, such as cigarette smoke and diesel particle exposure, do so as well. All of this is influenced by genetic polymorphisms affecting epithelial pattern recognition, barrier function, and cytokine production. Therefore, epithelial cells are crucial in determining the outcome of allergen inhalation.
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25
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van Berlo D, Hullmann M, Schins RPF. Toxicology of ambient particulate matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 101:165-217. [PMID: 22945570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) can lead to or exacerbate various diseases, which are not limited to the lung but extend to the cardiovascular system and possibly other organs and tissues. Epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence for associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular disease, while the evidence for a link with lung cancer is less strong. Novel research has provided first hints that exposure to PM might lead to diabetes and central nervous system (CNS) pathology. In the current review, an overview is presented of the toxicological basis for adverse health effects that have been linked to PM inhalation. Oxidative stress and inflammation are discussed as central processes driving adverse effects; in addition, profibrotic and allergic processes are implicated in PM-related diseases. Effects of PM on key cell types considered as regulators of inflammatory, fibrotic and allergic mechanisms are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiën van Berlo
- Particle Research, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Lefebvre DE, Pearce B, Fine JH, Chomyshyn E, Ross N, Halappanavar S, Tayabali AF, Curran I, Bondy GS. In vitro enhancement of mouse T helper 2 cell sensitization to ovalbumin allergen by carbon black nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:322-32. [PMID: 24449417 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Agglomerated carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) administered via respiratory or subcutaneous routes have been shown to promote allergic sensitization to coadministered ovalbumin (OVA) protein in rodents. In the present study, we aimed to model and elucidate the mechanism of this adjuvanticity using an in vitro assay based on T cell sensitization to ovalbumin₃₂₃₋₃₃₉ peptide (OVA(p)). CBNP base particles of 22 and 39 nm were characterized and termed CBNP22 and CBNP39 powders. Splenic leukocytes derived from transgenic DO11.10 mice were exposed to suspensions of media alone, concanavalin A mitogen, CBNP agglomerates smaller than 220 nm, OVA(p) alone, OVA(p) + anti-CD28 costimulant, OVA(p) + cyclosporin A immunosuppressant, or OVA(p) + CBNPs. Samples were analyzed at 72 h post-exposure. Proliferation rate, a marker of cellular mitosis, was assessed. Polymerase chain reaction arrays were used to assess genes involved in allergic response pathways. The mitogen control, costimulatory control, and immunosuppressive control chemicals modified the T helper cell proliferation rate. CBNP22 mildly reduced proliferation at 12 μg/ml, but CBNP39 did not. Gene expression analysis of cells treated with OVA(p) showed that coincubation with 12 μg/ml CBNP22 enhanced gene expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13, all allergy-associated Th2 cytokines. Coincubation of OVA(p) with 12 μg/ml CBNP39 significantly enhanced IL-13 gene expression concurrent with downregulation of the Th1-associated transcription factor Stat4. IL-4 and IL-13 protein secretion reflected the mRNA trends. The changes were consistently higher in cells exposed to CBNP22 than CBNP39, suggesting that smaller particle size, higher surface area, and higher purity were associated with the direct adjuvant effect on Th2 cells in this genetically susceptible model of OVA allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lefebvre
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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27
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Hardy CL, LeMasurier JS, Mohamud R, Yao J, Xiang SD, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE, Plebanski M. Differential Uptake of Nanoparticles and Microparticles by Pulmonary APC Subsets Induces Discrete Immunological Imprints. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5278-90. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Contribution of lung macrophages to the inflammatory responses induced by exposure to air pollutants. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:619523. [PMID: 24058272 PMCID: PMC3766602 DOI: 10.1155/2013/619523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large population cohort studies have indicated an association between exposure to particulate matter and cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The inhalation of toxic environmental particles and gases impacts the innate and adaptive defense systems of the lung. Lung macrophages play a critically important role in the recognition and processing of any inhaled foreign material such as pathogens or particulate matter. Alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial cells are the predominant cells that process and remove inhaled particulate matter from the lung. Cooperatively, they produce proinflammatory mediators when exposed to atmospheric particles. These mediators produce integrated local (lung, controlled predominantly by epithelial cells) and systemic (bone marrow and vascular system, controlled predominantly by macrophages) inflammatory responses. The systemic response results in an increase in the release of leukocytes from the bone marrow and an increased production of acute phase proteins from the liver, with both factors impacting blood vessels and leading to destabilization of existing atherosclerotic plaques. This review focuses on lung macrophages and their role in orchestrating the inflammatory responses induced by exposure to air pollutants.
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Schüepp K, Sly PD. The developing respiratory tract and its specific needs in regard to ultrafine particulate matter exposure. Paediatr Respir Rev 2012; 13:95-9. [PMID: 22475255 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have unique physico-chemical properties compared to larger particles that have the potential to provide promising new possibilities for biomedical applications. Considerable research is currently exploring these potentials of nanotechnology. In contrast, airborne particles as components of indoor air, ambient air pollution associated with traffic-related pollution, industry, power plants, and other combustion sources have the potential to harm children's health. However, a similar research effort into the potential health effects of exposure to nanoparticles is lacking. Children differ markedly from adults in their developmental biology rendering young children the most vulnerable group with regard to potentially harmful effects induced by particulate exposure. This review discusses the differences between children and adults in regard to nanoparticle exposure highlighting the uniqueness and vulnerability of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schüepp
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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30
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Poynter ME. Airway epithelial regulation of allergic sensitization in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:438-46. [PMID: 22579987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While many of the contributing cell types and mediators of allergic asthma are known, less well understood are the factors that influence the development of allergic responses that lead to the development of allergic asthma. As the first airway cell type to respond to inhaled factors, the epithelium orchestrates downstream interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4⁺ T cells that quantitatively and qualitatively dictate the degree and type of the allergic asthma phenotype, making the epithelium of critical importance for the genesis of allergies that later manifest in allergic asthma. Amongst the molecular processes of critical importance in airway epithelium is the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). This review will focus primarily on the genesis of pulmonary allergies and the participation of airway epithelial NF-κB activation therein, using examples from our own work on nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure and genetic modulation of airway epithelial NF-κB activation. In addition, the mechanisms through which Serum Amyloid A (SAA), an NF-κB-regulated, epithelial-derived mediator, influences allergic sensitization and asthma severity will be presented. Knowledge of the molecular and cellular processes regulating allergic sensitization in the airways has the potential to provide powerful insight into the pathogenesis of allergy, as well as targets for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine and Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Given E410A, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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31
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Chang CC, Chen CY, Chiu HF, Dai SX, Liu MY, Yang CY. Elastases from inflammatory and dendritic cells mediate ultrafine carbon black induced acute lung destruction in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:616-26. [PMID: 21864221 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.598965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exposure to ultrafine particles (<100 nm in diameter) is postulated to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate whether ultrafine particle exposure causes the infiltration of inflammatory and dendritic cells (DCs) with increased elastase activity, contributing to lung parenchymal destruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were intratracheally instilled with 300 µg ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm in diameter), and sacrificed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d post-exposure. Differential cell counts, elastase activities, and desmosine and hydroxyproline in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid were determined. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis determined the cell origin of macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12). Anti-neutrophil antibody was applied to assess the contribution of elastase in ufCB induced lung destruction. RESULTS ufCB exposure led to significant increases in neutrophils, mononuclear cells and total proteins in BAL fluid. Desmosine and hydroxyproline were significantly increased in the ufCB group. Elastase activities were found to be significantly elevated, with both neutrophil elastase and MMP-12 peaking at 3 d post-exposure. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that pulmonary infiltrations of MMP-12 positive DCs, including Langerhans cells-derived DCs, occurred at 3 d and 7 d, while macrophage infiltration was obvious starting at 1 d. Anti-neutrophil antibody significantly reduced neutrophil elastase activity and prevented the increases in BAL desmosine and hydroxyproline following ufCB exposure. CONCLUSION For the first time we demonstrate the infiltration of Langerhans and myeloid dendritic cells, and show that elastase production contributes to pulmonary destruction following exposure to ultrafine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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32
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Hardy CL, LeMasurier JS, Belz GT, Scalzo-Inguanti K, Yao J, Xiang SD, Kanellakis P, Bobik A, Strickland DH, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE, Plebanski M. Inert 50-nm polystyrene nanoparticles that modify pulmonary dendritic cell function and inhibit allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1431-41. [PMID: 22190179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are being developed for diverse biomedical applications, but there is concern about their potential to promote inflammation, particularly in the lung. Although a variety of ambient, anthropogenic and man-made nanoparticles can promote lung inflammation, little is known about the long-term immunomodulatory effects of inert noninflammatory nanoparticles. We previously showed polystyrene 50-nm nanoparticles coated with the neutral amino acid glycine (PS50G nanoparticles) are not inflammatory and are taken up preferentially by dendritic cells (DCs) in the periphery. We tested the effects of such nanoparticles on pulmonary DC function and the development of acute allergic airway inflammation. Surprisingly, exposure to PS50G nanoparticles did not exacerbate but instead inhibited key features of allergic airway inflammation including lung airway and parenchymal inflammation, airway epithelial mucus production, and serum allergen-specific IgE and allergen-specific Th2 cytokines in the lung-draining lymph node (LN) after allergen challenge 1 mo later. PS50G nanoparticles themselves did not induce lung oxidative stress or cardiac or lung inflammation. Mechanistically, PS50G nanoparticles did not impair peripheral allergen sensitization but exerted their effect at the lung allergen challenge phase by inhibiting expansion of CD11c(+)MHCII(hi) DCs in the lung and draining LN and allergen-laden CD11b(hi)MHCII(hi) DCs in the lung after allergen challenge. PS50G nanoparticles further suppressed the ability of CD11b(hi) DCs in the draining LN of allergen-challenged mice to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells. The discovery that a defined type of nanoparticle can inhibit, rather than promote, lung inflammation via modulation of DC function opens the door to the discovery of other nanoparticle types with exciting beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Hardy
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Miyata R, van Eeden SF. The innate and adaptive immune response induced by alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:209-26. [PMID: 21951342 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular events but the exact mechanism by which PM has adverse effects is still unclear. Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a major role in clearing and processing inhaled PM. This comprehensive review of research findings on immunological interactions between AM and PM provides potential pathophysiological pathways that interconnect PM exposure with adverse cardiovascular effects. Coarse particles (10 μm or less, PM(10)) induce innate immune responses via endotoxin-toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway while fine (2.5 μm or less, PM(2.5)) and ultrafine particles (0.1 μm or less, UFP) induce via reactive oxygen species generation by transition metals and/or polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The innate immune responses are characterized by activation of transcription factors [nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein-1] and the downstream proinflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α] production. In addition to the conventional opsonin-dependent phagocytosis by AM, PM can also be endocytosed by an opsonin-independent pathway via scavenger receptors. Activation of scavenger receptors negatively regulates the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Internalized particles are subsequently subjected to adaptive immunity involving major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression, recruitment of costimulatory molecules, and the modulation of the T helper (Th) responses. AM show atypical antigen presenting cell maturation in which phagocytic activity decreases while both MHC II and costimulatory molecules remain unaltered. PM drives AM towards a Th1 profile but secondary responses in a Th1- or Th-2 up-regulated milieu drive the response in favor of a Th2 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Miyata
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hansen JS, Alberg T, Rasmussen H, Lovik M, Nygaard UC. Determinants of experimental allergic responses: interactions between allergen dose, sex and age. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:554-67. [PMID: 21323693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases is influenced by sex and age. Although mouse models are widely used in allergy research, few experimental studies have examined the interaction effects of sex and age on allergy outcomes. Our aim was to investigate the individual and combined effects of sex and age on allergic sensitization and inflammation in two mouse models: an intraperitoneal (i.p.) and an intranasal (i.n.) sensitization model. We also investigated how the allergen immunization dose interacted with age and sex in the i.p. model. Female and male mice were immunized i.p. or i.n. with ovalbumin when 1, 6 or 20 weeks old. In both models, allergen challenges were performed by i.n. delivery. Serum antibodies, draining lymph node cytokine release and airway inflammatory responses were assessed. In the i.p. model, the antibody and cytokine levels and airway inflammation were highly influenced by immunization dose and age. The responses increased with age when using a low immunization dose, but decreased with age when using a high immunization dose. In the i.n. model, antibody production and airway tissue inflammation increased with age. Female compared with male mice generally developed more pronounced antibody and inflammatory responses. Relative to older mice, juvenile mice had augmented airway inflammation to allergen exposures. The study demonstrates that immunization dose, sex and age are highly influential on allergy outcomes. To better mimic different life stages of human allergic airway disease, murine models, therefore, require careful optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hansen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Wang P, Thevenot P, Saravia J, Ahlert T, Cormier SA. Radical-containing particles activate dendritic cells and enhance Th17 inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:977-83. [PMID: 21493781 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0001oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a previously unrecognized component of airborne particulate matter (PM) formed in combustion and thermal processes, namely, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). The pulmonary health effects of EPFRs are currently unknown. In the present study, we used a model EPFR-containing pollutant-particle system referred to as MCP230. We evaluated the effects of MCP230 on the phenotype and function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro and lung dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, and the subsequent T-cell response. We also investigated the adjuvant role of MCP230 on airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. MCP230 decreased intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/oxidized glutathione ratio in BMDCs, and up-regulated the expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on DCs. The maturation of DCs was blocked by inhibiting oxidative stress or the uptake of MCP230. BMDCs exposed to MCP230 increased their antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in vitro. In a model of asthma, exposure to MCP230 exacerbated pulmonary inflammation, which was attributed to the increase of neutrophils and macrophages but not eosinophils. This result correlated with an increase in Th17 cells and cytokines, compared with non-MCP230-treated but ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. The percentage of Th2 cells was comparable between OVA and OVA + MCP230 mice. Our data demonstrate that combustion-generated, EPFR-containing PM directly induced the maturation of DCs in an uptake-dependent and oxidative stress-dependent manner. Furthermore, EPFR-containing PM induced a Th17-biased phenotype in lung, accompanied by significant pulmonary neutrophilia. Exposure to EPFR-containing PM may constitute an important and unrecognized risk factor in the exacerbation and development of a severe asthma phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 70112, USA
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36
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Ckless K, Hodgkins SR, Ather JL, Martin R, Poynter ME. Epithelial, dendritic, and CD4(+) T cell regulation of and by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in allergic sensitization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1025-34. [PMID: 21397661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many of the contributing cell types and mediators of allergic asthma are known, less well understood are the factors that induce allergy in the first place. Amongst the mediators speculated to affect initial allergen sensitization and the development of pathogenic allergic responses to innocuous inhaled antigens and allergens are exogenously or endogenously generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). SCOPE OF REVIEW The interactions between ROS/RNS, dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4(+) T cells, as well as their modulation by lung epithelium, are of critical importance for the genesis of allergies that later manifest in allergic asthma. Therefore, this review will primarily focus on the initiation of pulmonary allergies and the role that ROS/RNS may play in the steps therein, using examples from our own work on the roles of NO(2) exposure and airway epithelial NF-κB activation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Endogenously generated ROS/RNS and those encountered from environmental sources interact with epithelium, DCs, and CD4(+) T cells to orchestrate allergic sensitization through modulation of the activities of each of these cell types, which quantitiatively and qualitatively dictate the degree and type of the allergic asthma phenotype. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Knowledge of the effects of ROS/RNS at the molecular and cellular levels has the potential to provide powerful insight into the balance between inhalational tolerance (the typical immunologic response to an innocuous inhaled antigen) and allergy, as well as to potentially provide mechanistic targets for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ckless
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, United States
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37
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Bezemer GFG, Bauer SM, Oberdörster G, Breysse PN, Pieters RHH, Georas SN, Williams MA. Activation of pulmonary dendritic cells and Th2-type inflammatory responses on instillation of engineered, environmental diesel emission source or ambient air pollutant particles in vivo. J Innate Immun 2010; 3:150-66. [PMID: 21099199 DOI: 10.1159/000321725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of acute particulate air pollution exposure in host innate immunity remain obscure and have relied largely on in vitro models. We hypothesized that single acute exposure to ambient or engineered particulate matter (PM) in the absence of other secondary stimuli would activate lung dendritic cells (DC) in vivo and provide information on the early immunological events of PM exposure and DC activation in a mouse model naïve to prior PM exposure. Activation of purified lung DC was studied following oropharyngeal instillation of ambient particulate matter (APM). We compared the effects of APM exposure with that of diesel-enriched PM (DEP), carbon black particles (CBP) and silver nanoparticles (AgP). We found that PM species induced variable cellular infiltration in the lungs and only APM exposure induced eosinophilic infiltration. Both APM and DEP activated pulmonary DC and promoted a Th2-type cytokine response from naïve CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Cultures of primary peribronchial lymph node cells from mice exposed to APM and DEP also displayed a Th2-type immune response ex vivo. We conclude that exposure of the lower airway to various PM species induces differential immunological responses and immunomodulation of DC subsets. Environmental APM and DEP activated DC in vivo and provoked a Th2 response ex vivo. By contrast, CBP and AgP induced altered lung tissue barrier integrity but failed to stimulate CD4+ T cells as effectively. Our work suggests that respirable pollutants activate the innate immune response with enhanced DC activation, pulmonary inflammation and Th2-immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillina F G Bezemer
- Immunotoxicology Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bleck B, Tse DB, Gordon T, Ahsan MR, Reibman J. Diesel exhaust particle-treated human bronchial epithelial cells upregulate Jagged-1 and OX40 ligand in myeloid dendritic cells via thymic stromal lymphopoietin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6636-45. [PMID: 20974985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter, including diesel exhaust particles (DEP), promotes the development of allergic disorders. DEP increase oxidative stress and influence human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC)-dendritic cell interactions via cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Upregulation of TSLP results in Th2 responses. Using primary culture HBEC and human myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) cocultures, we show in this study that DEP upregulation of Th2 responses occurred via HBEC-dependent mechanisms that resulted from oxidative stress. Moreover, DEP-treated HBEC and ambient particulate matter-treated HBEC upregulated OX40 ligand (OX40L) and the Notch ligand Jagged-1 mRNA and expression on mDC. Upregulation of OX40L as well as Jagged-1 on mDC required HBEC and did not occur in the presence of N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, OX40L and Jagged-1 upregulation was inhibited when HBEC expression of TSLP was silenced. Thus, DEP treatment of HBEC targeted two distinct pathways in mDC that were downstream of TSLP expression. Upregulation of OX40L and Jagged-1 by mDC resulted in mDC-driven Th2 responses. These studies expand our understanding of the mechanism by which ambient pollutants alter mucosal immunity and promote disorders such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bleck
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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39
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Jet exhaust particles alter human dendritic cell maturation. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:255-63. [PMID: 20938710 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Among combustion-derived air pollutants, little is known about jet kerosene characteristics and effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Particles yielded by experimental kerosene combustion in a jet engine were characterized with electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. Immature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were exposed for 18 h to 10, 25 or 100 μg/mL jet exhaust particles and/or Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin. Antigen-presenting and costimulation molecules (HLA DR, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD11c), tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 production were measured. RESULTS The primary particles of jet exhaust are spherical (9.9 nm), carbonaceous and exert an adjuvant effect on human monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation in vitro. Concomitant particle and endotoxin stimulation induced a high cytokine production with low antigen-presenting molecules; particle contact prior to endotoxin contact led to an opposite phenotype. Finally, low cytokine production and high costimulation molecules were present when particle adjunction followed endotoxin contact. CONCLUSIONS Jet exhaust particles act as adjuvants to endotoxin-induced dendritic cell maturation, suggesting possible implications for human health and a role for the time pattern of infectious and pollutant interplay.
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Abstract
Lung dendritic cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity, integrating a variety of stimuli from allergens, microbial colonisation, environmental pollution, and innate immune cells into a signal for T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. Dendritic cells have a pivotal role in the activation of T helper (Th) 2 cells and allergic inflammation. Lung dendritic cells can also prevent harmful immune responses to innocuous inhaled antigens via induction of regulatory T cells or Th1 cells. In our Review, we discuss how understanding the biology of dendritic cells is crucial for understanding the interaction between allergens, the environment, and genetics, and focus on how dendritic cells conspire with airway epithelial cells and innate pro-Th2 cells to cause allergic sensitisation and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Hodgkins SR, Ather JL, Paveglio SA, Allard JL, LeClair LAW, Suratt BT, Boyson JE, Poynter ME. NO2 inhalation induces maturation of pulmonary CD11c+ cells that promote antigenspecific CD4+ T cell polarization. Respir Res 2010; 11:102. [PMID: 20659336 PMCID: PMC2918560 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an air pollutant associated with poor respiratory health, asthma exacerbation, and an increased likelihood of inhalational allergies. NO2 is also produced endogenously in the lung during acute inflammatory responses. NO2 can function as an adjuvant, allowing for allergic sensitization to an innocuous inhaled antigen and the generation of an antigen-specific Th2 immune response manifesting in an allergic asthma phenotype. As CD11c+ antigen presenting cells are considered critical for naïve T cell activation, we investigated the role of CD11c+ cells in NO2-promoted allergic sensitization. Methods We systemically depleted CD11c+ cells from transgenic mice expressing a simian diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under of control of the CD11c promoter by administration of DT. Mice were then exposed to 15 ppm NO2 followed by aerosolized ovalbumin to promote allergic sensitization to ovalbumin and were studied after subsequent inhaled ovalbumin challenges for manifestation of allergic airway disease. In addition, pulmonary CD11c+ cells from wildtype mice were studied after exposure to NO2 and ovalbumin for cellular phenotype by flow cytometry and in vitro cytokine production. Results Transient depletion of CD11c+ cells during sensitization attenuated airway eosinophilia during allergen challenge and reduced Th2 and Th17 cytokine production. Lung CD11c+ cells from wildtype mice exhibited a significant increase in MHCII, CD40, and OX40L expression 2 hours following NO2 exposure. By 48 hours, CD11c+MHCII+ DCs within the mediastinal lymph node (MLN) expressed maturation markers, including CD80, CD86, and OX40L. CD11c+CD11b- and CD11c+CD11b+ pulmonary cells exposed to NO2 in vivo increased uptake of antigen 2 hours post exposure, with increased ova-Alexa 647+ CD11c+MHCII+ DCs present in MLN from NO2-exposed mice by 48 hours. Co-cultures of ova-specific CD4+ T cells from naïve mice and CD11c+ pulmonary cells from NO2-exposed mice produced IL-1, IL-12p70, and IL-6 in vitro and augmented antigen-induced IL-5 production. Conclusions CD11c+ cells are critical for NO2-promoted allergic sensitization. NO2 exposure causes pulmonary CD11c+ cells to acquire a phenotype capable of increased antigen uptake, migration to the draining lymph node, expression of MHCII and co-stimulatory molecules required to activate naïve T cells, and secretion of polarizing cytokines to shape a Th2/Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Hodgkins
- The Vermont Lung Center and Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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42
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Paveglio SA, Allard J, Foster Hodgkins SR, Ather JL, Bevelander M, Campbell JM, Whittaker LeClair LA, McCarthy SM, van der Vliet A, Suratt BT, Boyson JE, Uematsu S, Akira S, Poynter ME. Airway epithelial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibits CD4+ T cells during Aspergillus fumigatus antigen exposure. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:11-23. [PMID: 20118221 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0167oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) suppresses the functions of CD4(+) T cells through its ability to metabolize the essential amino acid tryptophan. Although the activity of IDO is required for the immunosuppression of allergic airway disease by the Toll-Like-Receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, oligonucleotides comprised of cytosine and guanine nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds (CpG) DNA, it is unclear whether IDO expression by resident lung epithelial cells is sufficient to elicit these effects. Therefore, we created a transgenic mouse inducibly overexpressing IDO within nonciliated airway epithelial cells. Upon inhalation of formalin-fixed Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal antigens, the overexpression of IDO from airway epithelial cells of these mice reduced the number of CD4(+) T cells within the inflamed lung and impaired the capacity of antigen-specific splenic CD4(+) effector T cells to secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ. Despite these effects, allergic airway disease pathology was largely unaffected in mice expressing IDO in airway epithelium. In support of the concept that dendritic cells are the major cell type contributing to the IDO-inducing effects of CpG DNA, mice expressing TLR9 only in the airway epithelium did not augment IDO expression subsequent to the administration of CpG DNA. Furthermore, the systemic depletion of CD11c(+) cells rendered mice incapable of CpG DNA-induced IDO expression. Our results demonstrate that an overexpression of IDO within the airway epithelium represents a novel mechanism by which the number of CD4(+) T cells recruited to the lung and their capacity to produce cytokines can be diminished in a model of allergic airway disease, and these results also highlight the critical role of dendritic cells in the antiasthmatic effects of IDO induction by CpG DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Paveglio
- Vermont Lung Center, and Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Abstract
Ultrafine particles and engineered nanoparticles have unique aerodynamic and biochemical properties that affect the immune system and human health in ways that are different from or exceed those seen with gases or larger particulates. These effects result from a unique set of physical characteristics and surface moieties, which generate an ability of UFPs to enter tissues and cells, interact with proteins and DNA at a molecular level and directly and indirectly modulate the immune system by novel mechanisms. In recent years, a new field known as nanotechnology has impacted multiple industries by taking advantage of the special qualities of these small "atomic-sized" particles. Nanomedicine has already opened up a new avenue of research in cancer therapy, drug delivery and immune regulation. While the benefits of this new science to human civilization are seemingly immeasurable, it is also important to appreciate that these particles can also lead to harmful effects on human health. In vitro and animal studies are showing that nanoparticles and UFPs are capable of activating proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, with recruitment of inflammatory cells including basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, neutrophils and eosinophils. These changes may have an impact on immune defense, but also on the Th1/Th2 balance, and even on non-immunologic function. Resulting immune system derangement can lead to increases in incidence of autoimmune, allergic and even neoplastic diseases. Cardiorespiratory effects have been observed to occur in humans. Much further research is needed to establish safe exposure levels for this important new class of particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Pfaller T, Colognato R, Nelissen I, Favilli F, Casals E, Ooms D, Leppens H, Ponti J, Stritzinger R, Puntes V, Boraschi D, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ. The suitability of different cellularin vitroimmunotoxicity and genotoxicity methods for the analysis of nanoparticle-induced events. Nanotoxicology 2009; 4:52-72. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390903374001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Park MVDZ, Lankveld DPK, van Loveren H, de Jong WH. The status of in vitro toxicity studies in the risk assessment of nanomaterials. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:669-85. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology applications already on the market or in development promise great benefits for humans as well as the environment. Simultaneously, the pressure to advance the development of fast methods for evaluating the potential risks of increased human exposure to nanomaterials is augmented. One way forward would be to enhance the role of in vitro toxicity studies in risk assessment procedures of nanomaterials. However, to maximize the use of in vitro assays for this purpose, their values and limitations need to be revealed. Even in risk assessment frameworks for regular chemicals, in vitro studies play a minor role. A comparative analysis of published in vitro data with nanomaterials demonstrates that there are a number of issues that need resolving before in vitro studies can play a role in the risk assessment of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet VDZ Park
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Risk Analysis & Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle PK Lankveld
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Risk Analysis & Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H de Jong
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Saint-Lu N, Tourdot S, Razafindratsita A, Mascarell L, Berjont N, Chabre H, Louise A, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P. Targeting the allergen to oral dendritic cells with mucoadhesive chitosan particles enhances tolerance induction. Allergy 2009; 64:1003-13. [PMID: 19220212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) efficacy could be improved by formulations facilitating allergen contact with the oral mucosa and uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). METHODS Two types of chitosan microparticles, differing in size and surface charge, were tested in vitro for their capacity to improve antigen uptake and presentation by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) or purified oral APCs. T-cell priming in cervical lymph nodes (LNs) was assessed by intravenous transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labelled ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4+ T cells and flow cytometry analysis. Ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice were treated sublingually with soluble or chitosan-formulated OVA twice a week for 2 months. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung inflammation and T-cell responses in cervical and mediastinal LNs were assessed by whole-body plethysmography, lung histology and Cytometric Bead Array technology, respectively. RESULTS Only a mucoadhesive (i.e. highly positively charged) and microparticulate form of chitosan enhances OVA uptake, processing and presentation by murine BMDCs and oral APCs. Targeting OVA to dendritic cells with this formulation increases specific T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma/IL-10 secretion in vitro, as well as T-cell priming in cervical LNs in vivo. Sublingual administration of such chitosan-formulated OVA particles enhances tolerance induction in mice with established asthma, with a dramatic reduction of both AHR, lung inflammation, eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavages, as well as antigen-specific Th2 responses in mediastinal LNs. CONCLUSIONS Mucoadhesive chitosan microparticles represent a valid formulation for sublingual allergy vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saint-Lu
- Research and Development, Stallergènes SA, Antony, France
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Local and Systemic Activation of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System in Aseptic Loosening of Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:681-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Poole JA, Wyatt TA, Oldenburg PJ, Elliott MK, West WW, Sisson JH, Von Essen SG, Romberger DJ. Intranasal organic dust exposure-induced airway adaptation response marked by persistent lung inflammation and pathology in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L1085-95. [PMID: 19395665 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90622.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments results in an inflammatory response that attenuates over time, but repetitive exposures can result in chronic respiratory disease. Animal models to study these mechanisms are limited. This study investigated the effects of single vs. repetitive dust-induced airway inflammation in mice by intranasal exposure method. Mice were exposed to swine facility dust extract (DE) or saline once and once daily for 1 and 2 wk. Dust exposure resulted in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils and macrophages after single and repetitive exposures. Lavage fluid TNFalpha, IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were significantly increased after single and repetitive dust exposures, but were dampened in 2-wk dust-exposed mice compared with single exposure. Dust exposure induced PKCalpha and -epsilon activation in isolated tracheal epithelial cells but were dampened with repetitive exposures. Ex vivo stimulation of alveolar macrophages from 2-wk animals demonstrated reduced cytokine responsiveness and phagocytic ability. Significant lung pathology occurred with development of mixed mononuclear cellular aggregates (T and B lymphocytes, phagocytes) after repetitive dust exposure, a novel observation. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine occurred after single dust exposure but resolved after 2 wk. Collectively, intranasal exposure to DE results in significant lung inflammatory and pathological responses marked by a modulated innate immune response to single and repetitive dust exposures that is associated with PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Section, Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center, 985300 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5300, USA.
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Wang Y, Qian G, Wang G, Cheng X, Bai C, Wang X. Potential therapy of Fc-antigen combination-encoding DNA vaccination in mouse allergic airway inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:115-22. [PMID: 18727625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with allergen-encoding DNA has been proposed as having potential for allergen-specific immunotherapy. In this study, we examine the therapeutic effect of allergen-encoding DNA vaccination directly to dendritic cells (DCs) on allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model and explore potential mechanism. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mice were immunized with DNA vaccine and received bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 1 day after the last challenge, to measure BAL levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, interferon (IFN)-gamma and differential cell count. Pulmonary DCs and Spleen DCs were purified and sorted according to the expression of CD(11c) (+)CD(80) (+) and CD(11c) (+)CD(86) (+) co-stimulatory molecules. Our data demonstrated that DNA vaccine therapy with OVA-Fc-pcDNA(3.1) significantly prevented OVA-increased levels of IL-4, IL-5 and the percentage of eosinophils and OVA-decreased level of IFN-gamma. OVA-Fc-pcDNA(3.1)-treated mice had less severity of airway inflammation, and lower expression of CD(11c) (+)CD(80) (+) and CD(11c) (+)CD(86) (+) on pulmonary DCs, as compared with animals with OVA-pcDNA(3.1,) pcDNA(3.1) and OVA respectively. DNA vaccine encoding both Fc and OVA was shown to be more effective than DNA vaccine encoding OVA alone. Our data indicate that Fc-antigen combination-encoding DNA vaccination has better preventive effects on antigen-induced airway inflammation by regulating DCs, and may be a new alternative therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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