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Cocean AM, Vodnar DC. Exploring the gut-brain Axis: Potential therapeutic impact of Psychobiotics on mental health. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111073. [PMID: 38914414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the most challenging and controversial issues in microbiome research is related to gut microbial metabolism and neuropsychological disorders. Psychobiotics affect human behavior and central nervous system processes via the gut-brain axis, involving neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. They have therapeutic potential in the treatment of several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, anorexia nervosa, and multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between psychobiotics and the abovementioned diseases need further exploration. This review focuses on the relationship between gut microbiota and its impact on neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, examining the potential of psychobiotics as a preventive and therapeutic approach, summarising recent research on the gut-brain axis and the potential beneficial effects of psychobiotics, highlighting the need for further research and investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Cocean
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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2
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Hupfeld KE, Zöllner HJ, Hui SCN, Song Y, Murali-Manohar S, Yedavalli V, Oeltzschner G, Prisciandaro JJ, Edden RAE. Impact of acquisition and modeling parameters on the test-retest reproducibility of edited GABA. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5076. [PMID: 38091628 PMCID: PMC10947947 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Literature values vary widely for within-subject test-retest reproducibility of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) measured with edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Reasons for this variation remain unclear. Here, we tested whether three acquisition parameters-(1) sequence complexity (two-experiment MEscher-GArwood Point RESolved Spectroscopy [MEGA-PRESS] vs. four-experiment Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of MEGA-Edited Spectroscopy [HERMES]); (2) editing pulse duration (14 vs. 20 ms); and (3) scanner frequency drift (interleaved water referencing [IWR] turned ON vs. OFF)-and two linear combination modeling variations-(1) three different coedited macromolecule models (called "1to1GABA", "1to1GABAsoft", and "3to2MM" in the Osprey software package); and (2) 0.55- versus 0.4-ppm spline baseline knot spacing-affected the within-subject coefficient of variation of GABA + macromolecules (GABA+). We collected edited MRS data from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex from 20 participants (mean age: 30.8 ± 9.5 years; 10 males). Test and retest scans were separated by removing the participant from the scanner for 5-10 min. Each acquisition consisted of two MEGA-PRESS and two HERMES sequences with editing pulse durations of 14 and 20 ms (referred to here as MEGA-14, MEGA-20, HERMES-14, and HERMES-20; all TE = 80 ms, 224 averages). We identified the best test-retest reproducibility following postprocessing with a composite model of the 0.9- and 3-ppm macromolecules ("3to2MM"); this model performed particularly well for the HERMES data. Furthermore, sparser (0.55- compared with 0.4-ppm) spline baseline knot spacing yielded generally better test-retest reproducibility for GABA+. Replicating our prior results, linear combination modeling in Osprey compared with simple peak fitting in Gannet resulted in substantially better test-retest reproducibility. However, reproducibility did not consistently differ for MEGA-PRESS compared with HERMES, for 14- compared with 20-ms editing pulses, or for IWR-ON versus IWR-OFF. These results highlight the importance of model selection for edited MRS studies of GABA+, particularly for clinical studies that focus on individual patient differences in GABA+ or changes following an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Hupfeld
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve C N Hui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yulu Song
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Yedavalli
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zhao T, Liu T, Wang L, Xie K, Tang H, Tang M. Dysfunction of neurotransmitter metabolism is associated with the severity of depression in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:332-341. [PMID: 38199403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biochemical changes of neurotransmitters underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) are unknown. This study preliminarily explored the association between neurotransmitters with MDD and the possibility of objective laboratory prediction of neurotransmitter involvement in MDD. METHODS A total of 87 first-diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with depression and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were included in the cross-sectional study. The levels and turnovers of neurotransmitters (glutamine (GLN), glutamic acid (GLU), γ-2Aminobutiric acid (GABA), kainate (KA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol (MHPG), noradrenaline (NE), homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), tryptophane (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) were determined and the confounding factors were adjusted. Then a correlation and a predictive analysis towards neurotransmitters for MDD were performed. RESULTS After adjusting confounding factors, GLU (OR = 1.159), (GLU+ GABA)/GLN (OR = 1.217), DOPAC (OR = 1.106), DOPAC/DA (OR = 1.089) and (DOPAC+ HVA)/DA (OR = 1.026) enacted as risk factors of MDD, while KYN (OR = 0.992) was a protective factor. GABAergic and TRPergic pathways were associated with severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with depression. The predictive model for MDD (AUC = 0.775, 95%CI 0.683-0.860) consisted of KYN (OR = 0.990) and (GLU + GABA)/GLN (OR = 4.101). CONCLUSIONS First-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression patients showed abnormal neurotransmitter composition. GLU, (GLU + GABA)/GLN, DOPAC, DOPAC/DA and (DOPAC + HVA)/DA were risk factors of MDD, while KYN was a protective factor. GABAergic and TRPergic pathways were correlated with MDD clinical characteristics. KYN and (GLU + GABA)/GLN may have a predictive value for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hui Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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Tan H, Cao K, Zhao Y, Zhong J, Deng D, Pan B, Zhang J, Zhang R, Wang Z, Chen T, Shi Y. Brain-Targeted Black Phosphorus-Based Nanotherapeutic Platform for Enhanced Hypericin Delivery in Depression. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310608. [PMID: 38461532 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a significant global health concern that remains inadequately treated due to the limited effectiveness of conventional drug therapies. One potential therapeutic agent, hypericin (HYP), is identified as an effective natural antidepressant. However, its poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and limited ability to penetrate the brain parenchyma have hindered its clinical application. To address these shortcomings and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HYP, it is loaded onto black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) modified with the neural cell-targeting peptide RVG29 to synthesize a nanoplatform named BP-RVG29@HYP (BRH). This platform served as a nanocarrier for HYP and integrated the advantages of BP with advanced delivery methods and precise targeting strategies. Under the influence of 808 nm near-infrared irradiation (NIR), BRH effectively traversed an in vitro BBB model. In vivo experiments validated these findings, demonstrating that treatment with BRH significantly alleviated depressive-like behaviors and oxidative stress in mice. Importantly, BRH exhibited an excellent safety profile, causing minimal adverse effects, which highlighted its potential as a promising therapeutic agent. In brief, this novel nanocarrier holds great promise in the development of antidepressant drugs and can create new avenues for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxu Tan
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kerun Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jialong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Di Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Juping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Lee D, Woo CW, Heo H, Ko Y, Jang JS, Na S, Kim N, Woo DC, Kim KW, Lee DW. Mapping Changes in Glutamate with Glutamate-Weighted MRI in Forced Swim Test Model of Depression in Rats. Biomedicines 2024; 12:384. [PMID: 38397986 PMCID: PMC10887078 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer with glutamate (GluCEST) imaging is a novel technique for the non-invasive detection and quantification of cerebral Glu levels in neuromolecular processes. Here we used GluCEST imaging and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) to assess in vivo changes in Glu signals within the hippocampus in a rat model of depression induced by a forced swim test. The forced swimming test (FST) group exhibited markedly reduced GluCEST-weighted levels and Glu concentrations when examined using 1H MRS in the hippocampal region compared to the control group (GluCEST-weighted levels: 3.67 ± 0.81% vs. 5.02 ± 0.44%, p < 0.001; and Glu concentrations: 6.560 ± 0.292 μmol/g vs. 7.133 ± 0.397 μmol/g, p = 0.001). Our results indicate that GluCEST imaging is a distinctive approach to detecting and monitoring Glu levels in a rat model of depression. Furthermore, the application of GluCEST imaging may provide a deeper insight into the neurochemical involvement of glutamate in various psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah P.O. Box 1626, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Chul-Woong Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - Hwon Heo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yousun Ko
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Sung Jang
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.S.J.); (S.N.)
| | - Seongwon Na
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (J.S.J.); (S.N.)
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; (C.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.)
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
| | - Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea;
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Boucherie DE, Reneman L, Ruhé HG, Schrantee A. Neurometabolite changes in response to antidepressant medication: A systematic review of 1H-MRS findings. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103517. [PMID: 37812859 PMCID: PMC10563053 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and (es)ketamine are used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD). These different types of medication may involve common neural pathways related to glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems, both of which have been implicated in MDD pathology. We conducted a systematic review of pharmacological proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies in healthy volunteers and individuals with MDD to explore the potential impact of these medications on glutamatergic and GABAergic systems. We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Embase and included randomized controlled trials or cohort studies, which assessed the effects of SSRIs, SNRIs, or (es)ketamine on glutamate, glutamine, Glx or GABA using single-voxel 1H-MRS or Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI). Additionally, studies were included when they used a field strength > 1.5 T, and when a comparison of metabolite levels between antidepressant treatment and placebo or baseline with post-medication metabolite levels was done. We excluded animal studies, duplicate publications, or articles with 1H-MRS data already described in another included article. Twenty-nine studies were included in this review. Fifteen studies investigated the effect of administration or treatment with SSRIs or SNRIs, and fourteen studies investigated the effect of (es)ketamine on glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels. Studies on SSRIs and SNRIs were highly variable, generally underpowered, and yielded no consistent findings across brain regions or specific populations. Although studies on (es)ketamine were also highly variable, some demonstrated an increase in glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex in a time-dependent manner after administration. Our findings highlight the need for standardized study and acquisition protocols. Additionally, measuring metabolites dynamically over time or combining 1H-MRS with whole brain functional imaging techniques could provide valuable insights into the effects of these medications on glutamate and GABAergic neurometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E Boucherie
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1109 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1109 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1109 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Yang X, Zhang X, Shu X, Gong J, Yang J, Li B, Lin J, Chai Y, Liu J. The effects of polyethylene microplastics on the growth, reproduction, metabolic enzymes, and metabolomics of earthworms Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115390. [PMID: 37619398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The existing data regarding the effects of polyethylene (PE) microplastics (MPs) smaller than 5 mm in size on earthworms are insufficient to fully comprehend their toxicity. In this study, earthworms Eisenia fetida were exposed to artificially added PE at a concentration ranging from 0.05 to 20 g/kg soil (0.005%-2%) for 60 days to determine the concentration range causing negative effects on earthworms and to uncover the potential toxic mechanisms. The individual growth, reproduction, and metabolic enzyme activities, including phase I enzymes (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, and 3A4), and phase II metabolic enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione sulfotransferase (GST)), and metabolomics were measured. The observed variations in responses of multiple cross-scale endpoints indicated that individual indices are less responsive to PE MPs than metabolic enzymes or metabolomics. Despite the absence of significant alterations in growth inhibition based on body weight, PE MPs at concentrations equal to or exceeding 2.5 g/kg were found to exert a toxic effect on earthworms, which was evidenced by significant changes in metabolic enzyme activities (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, and 3A4, SOD, CAT, and GST) and important small molecule metabolites screened based on metabolomics, likely due to the bioaccumulation of PE. The toxicity of PE MPs to earthworms is inferred to be associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative damage, decreased detoxification capacity, energy metabolism imbalance, and impaired amino acid and purine metabolism due to bioaccumulation. The findings of this study will enhance our understanding of the molecular toxicity mechanisms of PE MPs and contribute to a more accurate assessment of the ecological risks posed by PE MPs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Shu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuping Gong
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Biquan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water, Environment, Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chai
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RAE, Stark CEL. Meta-analysis and open-source database for in vivo brain Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in health and disease. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115227. [PMID: 37423487 PMCID: PMC10561665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa L Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn H Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RA, Stark C. Meta-analysis and Open-source Database for In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Health and Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528046. [PMID: 37205343 PMCID: PMC10187197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proton ( 1 H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo . Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T 2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Alyssa L. Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jocelyn H. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Craig Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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Xie X, Shi Y, Ma L, Yang W, Pu J, Shen Y, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lv F, Hu L. Altered neurometabolite levels in the brains of patients with depression: A systematic analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. J Affect Disord 2023; 328:95-102. [PMID: 36521666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have reported metabolic abnormalities in the brains of patients with depression, although inconsistent results have been reported. The aim of this study was to explore changes in neurometabolite levels in patients with depression across large-scale MRS studies. METHOD A total of 307 differential metabolite entries associated with depression were retrieved from 180 MRS studies retrieved from the Metabolite Network of Depression Database. The vote-counting method was used to identify consistently altered metabolites in the whole brain and specific brain regions of patients with depression. RESULTS Only few differential neurometabolites showed a stable change trend. The levels of total choline (tCho) and the tCho/N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) ratio were consistently higher in the brains of patients with depression, and that the levels of NAA, glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were lower. For specific brain regions, we found lower Glx levels in the prefrontal cortex and lower GABA concentrations in the occipital cortex. We also found lower concentrations of NAA in the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex. The levels of tCho were higher in the prefrontal cortex and putamen. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that most altered neurometabolites in previous studies lack of adequate reproducibility. Through vote-counting method with large-scale studies, downregulation of glutamatergic neurometabolites, impaired neuronal integrity, and disturbed membrane metabolism were found in the pathobiology of depression, which contribute to existing knowledge of neurometabolic changes in depression. Further studies based on a larger dataset are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Xie
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fajin Lv
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Liangbo Hu
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Maková M, Kašparová S, Tvrdík T, Noguera M, Belovičová K, Csatlosová K, Dubovický M. Mirtazapine modulates Glutamate and GABA levels in the animal model of maternal depression. MRI and 1H MRS study in female rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 442:114296. [PMID: 36641082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine, using in vivo magnetic resonance, whether maternal depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in the pre-gestational period in female rats would be evidenced by structural or neurometabolic changes in the hippocampal region of the brain. At the same time, appropriate behavioral tests were also administered after a relatively long two-month period of a stress paradigm. The objective of the study was not only to study an animal model of CUS using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) focused on the hippocampus, but also to use this technique to verify the effectiveness of mirtazapine antidepressant treatment. In the group with CUS, we found a significant decrease in the relative concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA/tCr) and glutamate+glutamine (Glx/tCr) compared to the control group, while we did not observe any statistically significant change in hippocampal volumes. Moreover, the forced swim test revealed an increase in depression-like behavior. The most important finding was the return of GABA/tCr and Glx/tCr levels to control levels during mirtazapine treatment; however, behavioral tests did not demonstrate any effects from mirtazapine treatment. In vivo1H MRS confirmed mirtazapine modulation of CUS in an animal model more robustly than behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Maková
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Central Laboratory of Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 81237, Slovak Republic.
| | - Svatava Kašparová
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Central Laboratory of Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 81237, Slovak Republic.
| | - Tomáš Tvrdík
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Central Laboratory of Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 81237, Slovak Republic; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Medical University and University Hospital Bratislava, Limbová 12, Bratislava 83303, Slovak Republic.
| | - Mireia Noguera
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84104, Slovak Republic.
| | - Kristína Belovičová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84104, Slovak Republic.
| | - Kristína Csatlosová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84104, Slovak Republic.
| | - Michal Dubovický
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84104, Slovak Republic.
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12
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Peng ZW, Zhou CH, Xue SS, Yu H, Shi QQ, Xue F, Chen YH, Tan QR, Wang HN. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation regulates neural oscillations of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice by modulating endocannabinoid signalling. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:217-228. [PMID: 36965621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural oscillations play a role in the antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). However, the effects of high-frequency rTMS on the neural oscillations of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC) and its molecular mechanism have not been fully clarified. METHODS The depressive-like behaviours, local field potentials (LFPs) of the ventral HPC (vHPC)-mPFC, and alternations of endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the HPC and mPFC were observed after rTMS treatment. Meanwhile, depressive-like behaviours and LFPs were also observed after cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist AM281 or monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 injection. Moreover, the antidepressant effect of rTMS was further assessed in glutamatergic-CB1R and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic -CB1R knockout mice. RESULTS Alternations of endocannabinoids and energy value and synchronisation of mPFC-vHPC, especially the decrease of theta oscillation induced by CUMS, were alleviated by rTMS. JZL184 has similar effects to rTMS and AM281 blocked the effects of rTMS. GABAergic-CB1R deletion inhibited CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviours whereas Glutaminergic-CB1R deletion dampened the antidepressant effects of rTMS. LIMITATIONS The immediate effect of rTMS on field-potential regulation was not observed. Moreover, the role of region-specific regulation of the ECS in the antidepressant effect of rTMS was unclear and the effects of cell-specific CB1R knockout on neuronal oscillations of the mPFC and vHPC should be further investigated. CONCLUSION Endocannabinoid system mediated the antidepressant effects and was involved in the regulation of LFP in the vHPC-mPFC of high-frequency rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shan-Shan Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qing-Qing Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fen Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qing-Rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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The microbiota-gut-brain axis in pathogenesis of depression: A narrative review. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114056. [PMID: 36528127 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional regulatory pathway between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, which plays an important role in maintain homeostasis. Gut microbiota could influence the behavior, cognition, stress response and others via the axis. Depression is a complex psychiatric disease, giving rise to heavy social health and economic burden. In recent years, studies have shown that the gut microbiota are closely linked to the pathophysiological processes of depression. In this article, the interaction and its underlying mechanisms between depression and gut microbiota were summarized.
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14
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Simmonite M, Steeby CJ, Taylor SF. Medial Frontal Cortex GABA Concentrations in Psychosis Spectrum and Mood Disorders: A Meta-analysis of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:125-136. [PMID: 36335069 PMCID: PMC10184477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) systems may play a role in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows for noninvasive in vivo quantification of GABA; however, studies of GABA in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent findings. This may stem from grouping together disparate voxels from functionally heterogeneous regions. METHODS We searched PubMed for magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of GABA in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression and in individuals meeting criteria for ultra-high risk for psychosis. Voxel placements were classified as rostral-, rostral-mid-, mid-, or posterior MFC, and meta-analyses were conducted for each group for each subregion. RESULTS Of 341 screened articles, 23 studies of schizophrenia, 6 studies of bipolar disorder, 20 studies of depression, and 7 studies of ultra-high risk met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed lower mid- (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.28, 95% CI, -0.48 to -0.07, p < .01) and posterior (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.09, p < .01) MFC GABA in schizophrenia and increased rostral MFC GABA in bipolar disorder (SMD = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.25 to -1.25, p < .01). In depression, reduced rostral MFC GABA (SMD = -0.36, 95% CI, -0.64 to -0.08, p = .01) did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. We found no evidence for GABA differences in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. CONCLUSIONS While limited by small numbers of published studies, these results substantiate the relevance of GABA in the pathophysiology of psychosis spectrum and mood disorders and underline the importance of voxel placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Clara J Steeby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Sun Y, Zhao J, Rong J. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant activities of herbal medicines through the comprehensive review of the recent literatures. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1054726. [PMID: 36620687 PMCID: PMC9813794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1054726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is clinically defined as a mood disorder with persistent feeling of sadness, despair, fatigue, and loss of interest. The pathophysiology of depression is tightly regulated by the biosynthesis, transport and signaling of neurotransmitters [e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in the central nervous system. The existing antidepressant drugs mainly target the dysfunctions of various neurotransmitters, while the efficacy of antidepressant therapeutics is undermined by different adverse side-effects. The present review aimed to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant activities of herbal medicines toward the development of effective and safe antidepressant drugs. Our strategy involved comprehensive review and network pharmacology analysis for the active compounds and associated target proteins. As results, 45 different antidepressant herbal medicines were identified from various in vivo and in vitro studies. The antidepressant mechanisms might involve multiple signaling pathways that regulate neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, endocrine, and microbiota. Importantly, herbal medicines could modulate broader spectrum of the cellular pathways and processes to attenuate depression and avoid the side-effects of synthetic antidepressant drugs. The present review not only recognized the antidepressant potential of herbal medicines but also provided molecular insights for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Sun
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Ritter C, Buchmann A, Müller ST, Volleberg M, Haynes M, Ghisleni C, Noeske R, Tuura R, Hasler G. Evaluation of Prefrontal γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Levels in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:1209-1216. [PMID: 36260322 PMCID: PMC9582968 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent illnesses worldwide. Perturbations of the major inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu), respectively, as well as Glx (Glu or glutamine [Gln]) have been extensively reported in a multitude of brain areas of individuals with depression, but few studies have examined changes in Gln, the metabolic counterpart of synaptic Glu. Objective To investigate changes in GABA, Glx, Glu, and Gln levels in a voxel in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of participants with no, past, and current MDD using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Design, Setting, and Participants This community-based study used a cross-sectional design using 3-T 1H-MRS in participants not taking MDD medication recruited from the community. The sample consisted of 251 healthy controls, 98 participants with a history of past MDD, and 47 participants who met the diagnostic criteria for current MDD. Diagnostic groups were comparable regarding age, education, income, and diet. Data were collected from March 2014 to October 2021, and data were analyzed from October 2021 to June 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures GABA, Glx, Glu, and Gln concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Results Of 396 included participants, 258 (65.2%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 25.0 (4.7) years. Compared with healthy controls, those with past MDD and current MDD had lower GABA concentrations (mean [SEM] concentration: healthy controls, 2.70 [0.03] mmol/L; past MDD, 2.49 [0.05] mmol/L; current MDD, 2.54 [0.07] mmol/L; 92 with past MDD vs 236 healthy controls: r = 0.18; P = .002; 44 with current MDD vs 236 healthy controls: r = 0.13; P = .04). Compared with healthy controls, those with past MDD also had lower Glu concentrations (mean [SEM] concentration: healthy controls, 7.52 [0.06] mmol/L; past MDD, 7.23 [0.11] mmol/L; 93 with past MDD vs 234 healthy controls: r = 0.16; P = .01) and higher Gln concentrations (mean [SEM] concentration: healthy controls, 1.63 [0.04] mmol/L; past MDD, 1.84 [0.07] mmol/L; 66 with past MDD 153 healthy controls: r = 0.17; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance In a large, mostly medication-free community sample, reduced prefrontal GABA concentrations were associated with past MDD, consistent with histopathologic studies reporting reduced glial cell and GABA cell density in the prefrontal cortex in individuals with depression. Patients with MDD also demonstrated increased Gln levels, indicative of increased synaptic Glu release, adding to previous evidence for the Glu hypothesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ritter
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
- Center of MR Research, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Buchmann
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
- Center of MR Research, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Volleberg
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Haynes
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Ghisleni
- Center of MR Research, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruth Tuura
- Center of MR Research, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
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Xu C, Xiong Q, Tian X, Liu W, Sun B, Ru Q, Shu X. Alcohol Exposure Induces Depressive and Anxiety-like Behaviors via Activating Ferroptosis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213828. [PMID: 36430312 PMCID: PMC9698590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a global public health problem and is frequently comorbid with mental disorders, including anxiety and depression. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death, which is involved in the pathological process of various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, but the role of ferroptosis in the mediation of AUD and its induced mental disorders is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether ferroptosis was involved in alcohol-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Following an 8-week period of intermittent alcohol exposure, the alcohol group showed noticeable depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, nissl staining revealed that alcohol exposure induced neuron damage in the hippocampus (Hip) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice. The levels of synapse-related proteins were significantly reduced in the alcohol group. Iron staining demonstrated that alcohol increased the number of iron-positive staining cells. The protein expression of the transferrin receptor (TFRC) was increased, and the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was decreased, respectively, in the alcohol group. Furthermore, the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 significantly prevented alcohol-induced neuron damage and enhanced the expression of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor 2B (NR2B), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor 1 (GluA1) and GPX4 in vitro. These results indicated that alcohol exposure could induce depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, and that this effect may occur via activating ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyue Xu
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qin Ru
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.R.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-27-84225807 (X.S.)
| | - Xiji Shu
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.R.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-27-84225807 (X.S.)
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Wang L, Yang P, Yang C, Yang D, Wu X, Cao T, Zeng C, Chen Q, Zhang S, Zhu Z, Jiao S, Cai H. Disturbance of neurotransmitter metabolism in drug-naïve, first-episode major depressive disorder: a comparative study on adult and adolescent cohorts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1283-1296. [PMID: 35410391 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter metabolism plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, whether the neurotransmitter metabolism in adolescent MDD is differentiated from adult MDD is still elusive. In the current study, plasma concentrations of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters as well as their metabolites, including tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), glutamine (GLN), glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were measured and compared in two cohorts of subjects (adult cohort: 31 first-episode MDD vs. 35 healthy controls; adolescent cohort: 33 first-episode MDD vs. 30 healthy controls). To assess the effects of antidepressant treatment, we also analyzed the concentrations of these indexes pre- and post-treatment in adult and adolescent cohorts. At baseline, the deficits of neurotransmitter metabolism in adult MDD were manifested in all the neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, for adolescent MDD, the dysregulation of neurotransmission was mainly indicated in the catecholaminergic systems. After antidepressant treatment, adult MDD showed increased TRP, KYN, KYNA and GLU levels, together with decreased levels of 5-HIAA and DOPAC. Adolescent MDD illustrated an increased level of 5-HT and decreased levels of TRP and GABA. The improvements of Hamilton total scores correlated with the changes in plasma TRP and the turnover of KYN/TRP after treatment in all MDD patients. However, these correlations were only manifested in the adult MDD rather than in adolescent MDD patients. The findings highlight the shared and distinguished neurotransmitter pathways in MDD and emphasize the different antidepressant responses between adults and adolescents. Potentially, the neurotransmitters above could serve as diagnostic biomarkers and provide a novel pharmacological treatment strategy for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Child Psychology, Xinjiang Mental Health Center and Urumqi Fourth People's Hospital, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangxin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Cuirong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shimeng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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19
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Does the change in glutamate to GABA ratio correlate with change in depression severity? A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3833-3841. [PMID: 35982258 PMCID: PMC9712215 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies suggest a perturbation in glutamate and/or GABA in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, no studies examine the ratio of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) to GABA (Glx/GABA) as it relates to depressive symptoms, which may be more sensitive than either single metabolite. Using a within-subject design, we hypothesized that reduction in depressive symptoms correlates with reduction in Glx/GABA in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The present trial is a randomized clinical trial that utilized 1H-MRS to examine Glx/GABA before and after 8 weeks of escitalopram or placebo. Participants completed the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) and underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after treatment. Two GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS acquisitions were interleaved with a water unsuppressed reference scan. GABA and Glx were quantified from the average difference spectrum, with preprocessing using Gannet and spectral fitting using TARQUIN. Linear mixed models were utilized to evaluate relationships between change in HDRS17 and change in Glx/GABA using a univariate linear regression model, multiple linear regression incorporating treatment type as a covariate, and Bayes Factor (BF) hypothesis testing to examine strength of evidence. No significant relationship was detected between percent change in Glx, GABA, or Glx/GABA and percent change in HDRS17, regardless of treatment type. Further, MDD severity before/after treatment did not correlate with ACC Glx/GABA. In light of variable findings in the literature and lack of association in our investigation, future directions should include evaluating glutamate and glutamine individually to shed light on the underpinnings of MDD severity. Advancing Personalized Antidepressant Treatment Using PET/MRI, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02623205.
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20
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Della Vecchia A, Arone A, Piccinni A, Mucci F, Marazziti D. GABA System in Depression: Impact on Pathophysiology and Psychopharmacology. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:5710-5730. [PMID: 34781862 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211115124149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), one of the major causes of worldwide disability, is still largely unclear, despite the increasing data reporting evidence of multiple alterations of different systems. Recently, there was a renewed interest in the signalling of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) - the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review and comment on the available literature about the involvement of GABA in MDD, as well as on novel GABAergic compounds possibly useful as antidepressants. METHODS We carried out a narrative review through Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus, by using specific keywords. RESULTS The results, derived from various research tools, strongly support the presence of a deficiency of the GABA system in MDD, which appears to be restored by common antidepressant treatments. More recent publications would indicate the complex interactions between GABA and all the other processes involved in MDD, such as monoamine neurotransmission, hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis functioning, neurotrophism, and immune response. Taken together, all these findings seem to further support the complexity of the pathophysiology of MDD, possibly reflecting the heterogeneity of the clinical pictures. CONCLUSION Although further data are necessary to support the specificity of GABA deficiency in MDD, the available findings would suggest that novel GABAergic compounds might constitute innovative therapeutic strategies in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa. Italy
| | - Alessandro Arone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa. Italy
| | - Armando Piccinni
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome. Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena. Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa. Italy
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21
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Palaniyappan L, Park MTM, Jeon P, Limongi R, Yang K, Sawa A, Théberge J. Is There a Glutathione Centered Redox Dysregulation Subtype of Schizophrenia? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1703. [PMID: 34829575 PMCID: PMC8615159 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia continues to be an illness with poor outcome. Most mechanistic changes occur many years before the first episode of schizophrenia; these are not reversible after the illness onset. A developmental mechanism that is still modifiable in adult life may center on intracortical glutathione (GSH). A large body of pre-clinical data has suggested the possibility of notable GSH-deficit in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, studies of intracortical GSH are not conclusive in this regard. In this review, we highlight the recent ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies linking GSH to critical outcome measures across various stages of schizophrenia. We discuss the methodological steps required to conclusively establish or refute the persistence of GSH-deficit subtype and clarify the role of the central antioxidant system in disrupting the brain structure and connectivity in the early stages of schizophrenia. We propose in-vivo GSH quantification for patient selection in forthcoming antioxidant trials in psychosis. This review offers directions for a promising non-dopaminergic early intervention approach in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.T.M.P.); (J.T.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Min Tae M. Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.T.M.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Peter Jeon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Roberto Limongi
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.Y.); (A.S.)
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.Y.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (M.T.M.P.); (J.T.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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22
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Kantrowitz JT, Dong Z, Milak MS, Rashid R, Kegeles LS, Javitt DC, Lieberman JA, John Mann J. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex Glx, glutamate, and GABA levels in medication-free major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:419. [PMID: 34354048 PMCID: PMC8342485 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). GABA levels or GABAergic interneuron numbers are generally low in MDD, potentially disinhibiting Glu release. It is unclear whether Glu release or turnover is increased in depression. Conversely, a meta-analysis of prefrontal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) studies in MDD finds low Glx (combination of glutamate and glutamine) in medicated MDD. We hypothesize that elevated Glx or Glu may be a marker of more severe, untreated MDD. We examined ventromedial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex (vmPFC/ACC) Glx and glutamate levels using 1H MRS in 34 medication-free, symptomatic, chronically ill MDD patients and 32 healthy volunteers, and GABA levels in a subsample. Elevated Glx and Glu were observed in MDD compared with healthy volunteers, with the highest levels seen in males with MDD. vmPFC/ACC GABA was low in MDD. Higher Glx levels correlated with more severe depression and lower GABA. MDD severity and diagnosis were both linked to higher Glx in vmPFC/ACC. Low GABA in a subset of these patients is consistent with our hypothesized model of low GABA leading to glutamate disinhibition in MDD. This finding and model are consistent with our previously reported findings that the NMDAR-antagonist antidepressant effect is proportional to the reduction of vmPFC/ACC Glx or Glu levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Kantrowitz
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.250263.00000 0001 2189 4777Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY USA
| | - Zhengchao Dong
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Matthew S. Milak
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Rain Rashid
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Lawrence S. Kegeles
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Radiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.250263.00000 0001 2189 4777Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Lieberman
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - J. John Mann
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Radiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
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Ferrarelli F, Phillips M. Examining and Modulating Neural Circuits in Psychiatric Disorders With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography: Present Practices and Future Developments. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:400-413. [PMID: 33653120 PMCID: PMC8119323 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique uniquely equipped to both examine and modulate neural systems and related cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. As an examination tool, TMS can be used in combination with EEG (TMS-EEG) to elucidate directly, objectively, and noninvasively the intrinsic properties of a specific cortical region, including excitation, inhibition, reactivity, and oscillatory activity, irrespective of the individual's conscious effort. Additionally, when applied in repetitive patterns, TMS has been shown to modulate brain networks in healthy individuals, as well as ameliorate symptoms in individuals with psychiatric disorders. The key role of TMS in assessing and modulating neural dysfunctions and associated clinical and cognitive deficits in psychiatric populations is therefore becoming increasingly evident. In this article, the authors review TMS-EEG studies in schizophrenia and mood disorders, as most TMS-EEG studies to date have focused on individuals with these disorders. The authors present the evidence on the efficacy of repetitive TMS (rTMS) and theta burst stimulation (TBS), when targeting specific cortical areas, in modulating neural circuits and ameliorating symptoms and abnormal behaviors in individuals with psychiatric disorders, especially when informed by resting-state and task-related neuroimaging measures. Examples of how the combination of TMS-EEG assessments and rTMS and TBS paradigms can be utilized to both characterize and modulate neural circuit alterations in individuals with psychiatric disorders are also provided. This approach, along with the evaluation of the behavioral effects of TMS-related neuromodulation, has the potential to lead to the development of more effective and personalized interventions for individuals with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Mary Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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24
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Lai CH. Fronto-limbic neuroimaging biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of treatment responses in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110234. [PMID: 33370569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroimaging is an important tool for understanding the biomarkers and predicting treatment responses in major depressive disorder (MDD). The potential biomarkers and prediction of treatment response in MDD will be addressed in the review article. The brain regions of cognitive control and emotion regulation, such as the frontal and limbic regions, might represent the potential targets for MDD biomarkers. The potential targets of frontal lobes might include anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). For the limbic system, hippocampus and amygdala might be the potentially promising targets for MDD. The potential targets of fronto-limbic regions have been found in the studies of several major neuroimaging modalities, such as the magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, electroencephalography, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography. Additional regions, such as brainstem and midbrain, might also play a part in the MDD biomarkers. For the prediction of treatment response, the gray matter volumes, white matter tracts, functional representations and receptor bindings of ACC, DLPFC, OFC, amygdala, and hippocampus might play a role in the prediction of antidepressant responses in MDD. For the response prediction of psychotherapies, the fronto-limbic, reward regions, and insula will be the potential targets. For the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, the DLPFC, ACC, limbic, and visuospatial regions might represent the predictive targets for treatment. The neuroimaging targets of MDD might be focused in the fronto-limbic regions. However, the neuroimaging targets for the prediction of treatment responses might be inconclusive and beyond the fronto-limbic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Lai
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; PhD Psychiatry & Neuroscience Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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25
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Czéh B, Simon M. Benefits of animal models to understand the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110049. [PMID: 32735913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a potentially life-threatening mental disorder imposing severe social and economic burden worldwide. Despite the existence of effective antidepressant treatment strategies the exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown. Large number of animal models of MDD have been developed over the years, but all of them suffer from significant shortcomings. Despite their limitations these models have been extensively used in academic research and drug development. The aim of this review is to highlight the benefits of animal models of MDD. We focus here on recent experimental data where animal models were used to examine current theories of this complex disease. We argue, that despite their evident imperfections, these models provide invaluable help to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of MDD. Furthermore, animal models are utilized in research to find clinically useful biomarkers. We discuss recent neuroimaging and microRNA studies since these investigations yielded promising candidates for biomarkers. Finally, we briefly summarize recent progresses in drug development, i.e. the FDA approval of two novel antidepressant drugs: S-ketamine and brexanolone (allopregnanolone). Deeper understanding of the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms of action responsible for the antidepressant efficacy of these rapid acting drugs could aid us to design further compounds with similar effectiveness, but less side effects. Animal studies are likely to provide valuable help in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Maria Simon
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
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26
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Sarawagi A, Soni ND, Patel AB. Glutamate and GABA Homeostasis and Neurometabolism in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:637863. [PMID: 33986699 PMCID: PMC8110820 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.637863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of distress, disability, and suicides. As per the latest WHO report, MDD affects more than 260 million people worldwide. Despite decades of research, the underlying etiology of depression is not fully understood. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively, in the matured central nervous system. Imbalance in the levels of these neurotransmitters has been implicated in different neurological and psychiatric disorders including MDD. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful non-invasive method to study neurometabolites homeostasis in vivo. Additionally, 13C-NMR spectroscopy together with an intravenous administration of non-radioactive 13C-labeled glucose or acetate provides a measure of neural functions. In this review, we provide an overview of NMR-based measurements of glutamate and GABA homeostasis, neurometabolic activity, and neurotransmitter cycling in MDD. Finally, we highlight the impact of recent advancements in treatment strategies against a depressive disorder that target glutamate and GABA pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sarawagi
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Narayan Datt Soni
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anant Bahadur Patel
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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