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Zhang Q, Chen G, Feng Y, Li M, Liu X, Ma L, Zhang J, Wang S. Association of chrononutrition patterns with biological aging: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Food Funct 2024; 15:7936-7950. [PMID: 38980112 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies mostly focused on the benefits of caloric restriction and fasting on longevity. However, whether the timing and frequency of eating affect aging remains unclear. Here, we investigated the associations between chrononutrition patterns and biological aging, and explored whether and to what extent dietary inflammation mediated this association. 16 531 adults aged 20 to 84 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were collected. Chrononutrition patterns were determined with two 24-hour dietary recalls. Phenotypic age was calculated to reflect the biological aging status. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was used to assess the dietary inflammation. After adjustment of the survey weight and multiple covariates including total energy intake, participants in the third tertile of the time of the first meal (mean 10 : 26) exhibited more advanced biological age (β 0.64; 95% CI, 0.26-1.00) and a higher incidence of accelerated aging (odds ratio (OR) 1.25; 95% CI, 1.06-1.47) compared to those of the first tertile (mean 6 : 14). Higher eating frequency was associated with delayed biological aging in both multivariable linear (β -0.31; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.19) and logistic regression model (OR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.95). Furthermore, we found that DII rather than metabolic factors mediated the inverse association between eating frequency and biological aging (mediation proportion 24.67%; 95% CI, 19.83%-32.00%). Our findings demonstrated the association between chrononutrition patterns and biological aging among the US general population and the potential role of dietary inflammation in this association, suggesting that modifying chrononutrition patterns may be a practical and cost-effective strategy for combating aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yanzhi Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lanfang Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guiyang Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Guizhou 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
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Phoi YY, Bonham MP, Rogers M, Dorrian J, Coates AM. Construct validity and test-retest reliability of a chrononutrition questionnaire for shift work and non-shift work populations. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:669-683. [PMID: 38666461 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2342937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The irregular eating patterns of both shift workers and evening chronotypes adversely affect cardiometabolic health. A tool that conveniently captures temporal patterns of eating alongside an indicator of circadian rhythm such as chronotype will enable researchers to explore relationships with diverse health outcome measures. We aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of a Chrononutrition Questionnaire (CNQ) that captures temporal patterns of eating and chronotype in the general population (non-shift workers, university students, retirees, unemployed individuals) and shift work population. Participants attended two face-to-face/virtual sessions and completed the CNQ and food/sleep/work diaries. Outcomes included subjective chronotype, wake/sleep/mid-sleep time, sleep duration, meal/snack regularity, meal/snack/total frequency, times of first/last/largest eating occasions (EO), main meal (MM) 1/2/3, and duration of eating window (DEW). 116 participants enrolled (44.5 ± 16.5 years, BMI: 27.3 ± 5.8 kg/m2, 73% female, 52% general population); 105 completed the study. Reliability was acceptable for chronotype, sleep, and all temporal eating patterns except on night shifts. Convergent validity was good for chronotype and sleep except for certain shift/shift-free days. Generally, meal/snack regularity and frequency, and times of first/last EO showed good validity for the general population but not shift workers. Validity was good for DEW (except work-free days and afternoon shifts) and times of MM 1/2/3 (except afternoon and night shifts), while time of largest EO had poor validity. The CNQ has good test-retest reliability and acceptable convergent validity for the general and shift work population, although it will benefit from further validation, especially regarding regularity, frequency, and times of first and last eating occasions across more days amongst a larger sample size of shift workers. Use of the CNQ by researchers will expand our current understanding of chrononutrition as relationships between timing of food intake and the multitude of health outcomes are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin Phoi
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Rogers
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Justice and Society, Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Manninen S, Tilles-Tirkkonen T, Aittola K, Männikkö R, Karhunen L, Kolehmainen M, Schwab U, Lindström J, Lakka T, Pihlajamäki J. Associations of Lifestyle Patterns with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Finnish Adults at Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300338. [PMID: 38308150 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Various lifestyle and sociodemographic factors have been associated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, their combined associations with T2D risk factors have been studied much less. MATERIALS AND RESULTS This study investigates cross-sectional associations of lifestyle patterns with T2D risk factors among 2925 adults at increased risk participating in the Stop Diabetes study. Lifestyle patterns are determined using principal component analysis (PCA) with several lifestyle and sociodemographic factors. The associations of lifestyle patterns with measures of glucose and lipid metabolism and serum metabolites analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are studied using linear regression analysis. "Healthy eating" pattern is associated with better glucose and insulin metabolism, more favorable lipoprotein and fatty acid profiles and lower serum concentrations of metabolites related to inflammation, insulin resistance, and T2D. "High socioeconomic status and low physical activity" pattern is associated with increased serum concentrations of branched-chain amino acids, as are "Meat and poultry" and "Sleeping hours" patterns. "Snacks" pattern is associated with lower serum concentrations of ketone bodies. CONCLUSIONS Our results show, in large scale primary care setting, that healthy eating is associated with better glucose and lipid metabolism and reveal novel associations of lifestyle patterns with metabolites related to glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Manninen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Tanja Tilles-Tirkkonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Kirsikka Aittola
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Reija Männikkö
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Leila Karhunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, KYS, 70029, Finland
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, KYS, 70029, Finland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, 70100, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, KYS, 70029, Finland
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Billingsley HE, St-Onge MP, Alonso WW, Kirkman DL, Kim Y, Carbone S. Time of eating and mortality in U.S. adults with heart failure: Analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:445-454. [PMID: 38155047 PMCID: PMC10966516 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Promising associations have been demonstrated between delayed last eating occasion and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with heart failure (HF), however, it is unknown if time of eating is associated with clinical endpoints such as mortality. This study aimed to examine associations between time of eating variables and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS AND RESULTS Participants self-disclosed HF diagnosis. Two dietary recalls were obtained and categorical variables were created based on mean time of first eating occasion (8:31 AM), last eating occasion (7:33 PM) and eating window (11.02 h). Mortality was obtained through linkage to the National Death Index. Covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were created examining the association between time of eating and mortality. Participants (n = 991) were 68 (95 % CI 67-69) years of age, 52.6 (95 % CI 49.0-56.3)% men and had a body mass index of 32.5 (95 % CI 31.8-33.2) kg/m2 with follow up time of 68.9 (95 % CI 64.8-72.9) person-months. When models were adjusted for time of eating variables and all other covariates, extending the eating window beyond 11.02 h was associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular (HR 0.36 [95 % CI 0.16-0.81]), but not all-cause mortality. Time of first and last eating occasions were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS In adults with HF, an extended eating window is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality. Randomized controlled trials should examine if extending the eating window can improve prognostic indicators such as cardiorespiratory fitness in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Billingsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Windy W Alonso
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Danielle L Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Salvatore Carbone
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Bennett G, O'Hara C, Bardon LA, Gibney ER. Comparison of Meal Patterns Across Common Racial Groups in the UK and the USA, Examining Associations with Weight Status and Diet Quality: a Secondary Analysis of NDNS and NHANES Datasets. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01890-1. [PMID: 38102513 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding diets of population subgroups is essential for monitoring health of diversifying populations, but currently, meal patterns of many population subgroups are not widely known. This paper aimed to identify meal patterns of racial groups in the UK and USA, considering if racial groups exhibit similar patterns of intake irrespective of location and relationships between meal patterns and health parameters. DESIGN Data were extracted from the UK (National Diet and Nutrition Survey) and the USA (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) national dietary surveys. Temporal and content meal patterns among racial groups in the UK and USA (White, Black, Asian and Other, n = 1780 and n = 4339, respectively) were examined. Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to understand differences across groups. Logistic regression models identified associations between meal patterns and body mass index and diet quality. RESULTS Black groups consumed fewer eating occasions than White and Other groups in both countries, while UK racial groups consumed significantly more snacks than USA groups. Food group contribution to eating occasion consumption was similar across countries where Asian groups in the USA and UK had the lowest meat intake at lunch and dinner. Meal frequency was positively associated with diet quality. CONCLUSIONS Overall, meal patterns differ across racial groups within a single country, and some differences were observed within groups of the same race across countries. Learnings from this research highlight the differences in consumption patterns across racial groups and the importance of considering a meal-based approach to dietary guidelines by racial group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bennett
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C O'Hara
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L A Bardon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - E R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Vöhringer J, Schroeder PA, Hütter M, Svaldi J. Does inhibitory control spill over to eating behaviors? Two preregistered studies of inhibitory spillover effects on food intake and reactions to food stimuli. Appetite 2023; 191:107083. [PMID: 37832723 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are worldwide conditions associated with detrimental medical and psychosocial outcomes. As inhibitory control deficits are thought to contribute to weight gain, they are a worthwhile target for new approaches. Previous research has shown that the execution of inhibitory control in one domain leads to a concurrent increase of inhibitory control in another domain, an effect denoted as inhibitory spillover effect (ISE). Therefore, we assumed that exertion of inhibitory control in a food-unrelated domain in overweight and normal weight individuals will decrease food intake in a simultaneous bogus taste test (BTT; study 1) as well as increase food-specific response inhibition ability in a stop signal task (SST; study 2). We assumed stronger effects in overweight individuals. In both studies ISE was induced via cognitive priming and compared to a neutral condition in a group of overweight (OW: n = 46 for study 1, n = 46 for study 2) and normal weight (NW: n = 46 for study 1, n = 46 for study 2) individuals. In the ISE condition with an inhibitory control priming task, participants had to learn and retain control-related words while simultaneously performing a BTT (study 1) or SST (study 2). In the neutral condition, participants followed the same protocol, albeit memorizing neutral (i.e., control-unrelated) words. There was no significant interaction of weight group × cognitive priming condition neither regarding food intake (study 1) nor regarding food-related response inhibition (study 2). Cognitive priming, as implemented in the present studies, does not instigate an ISE strong enough to improve inhibitory control during food intake or food-related response inhibition. Relevant practical and theoretical aspects as well as implications for future research on the ISE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Vöhringer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp A Schroeder
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mandy Hütter
- Department of Psychology, Social Cognition and Decision Sciences, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
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Barragán R, Zuraikat FM, Tam V, RoyChoudhury A, St-Onge MP. Changes in eating patterns in response to chronic insufficient sleep and their associations with diet quality: a randomized trial. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:1867-1875. [PMID: 37409467 PMCID: PMC10620656 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insufficient sleep leads to overconsumption, but the factors contributing to this effect are poorly understood. Therefore, we assessed the influence of prolonged curtailment of sleep on free-living eating patterns linked with overconsumption and explored associations of these eating patterns with diet quality under different sleep conditions. METHODS Sixty-five adults (47 females) participated in outpatient randomized crossover studies with two 6-week conditions: adequate sleep (7-9 h/night) and sleep restriction (-1.5 h/night relative to screening). Food records were collected over 3 nonconsecutive days, from which we ascertained data on eating frequency, midpoint, and window and intakes of energy and nutrients. Linear mixed models were used to assess the impact of sleep condition on change in eating pattern (sleep × week interaction) and the relation between eating patterns and dietary intakes (sleep × eating pattern interaction). RESULTS Sleep condition impacted the change in eating frequency across weeks, with eating frequency increasing in sleep restriction relative to adequate sleep (β = 0.3 ± 0.1; P = .046). Across conditions, eating more frequently tended to relate to higher energy intakes (β = 60.5 ± 34.6; P = .082). Sleep also influenced the relation of variability in eating midpoint with intakes of saturated fat (β = 6.0 ± 2.1; P = .005), polyunsaturated fat (β = -3.9 ± 2.0; P = .051), and added sugar (β = 17.3 ± 6.2; P = .006), with greater midpoint variability associated with more adverse changes in these diet quality components in sleep restriction vs adequate sleep. CONCLUSIONS Chronic short sleep increases eating frequency and adversely influences associations of variability in meal timing with components of diet quality. These findings help to explain how short sleep leads to overconsumption and obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Impact of Sleep Restriction in Women; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02835261; Identifier: NCT02835261 and Name: Impact of Sleep Restriction on Performance in Adults; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02960776; Identifier: NCT02960776. CITATION Barragán R, Zuraikat FM, Tam V, RoyChoudhury A, St-Onge M-P. Changes in eating patterns in response to chronic insufficient sleep and their associations with diet quality: a randomized trial. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(11):1867-1875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Barragán
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Faris M. Zuraikat
- Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Victoria Tam
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Arindam RoyChoudhury
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Tripicchio GL, Bailey RL, Davey A, Croce CM, Fisher JO. Snack frequency, size, and energy density are associated with diet quality among US adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2374-2382. [PMID: 37548183 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate snacking and diet quality among US adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis examined snack frequency (snacks/day), size (kcal/snack) and energy density (kcal/g/snack) as predictors of diet quality using the mean of two 24-h dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015, 0-100), a mean adequacy ratio (MAR, 0-100) for under-consumed nutrients (potassium, fibre, Ca, vitamin D) and mean percentage of recommended limits for over-consumed nutrients (added sugar, saturated fat, Na). Linear regression models examined total snacks, food only snacks and beverage only snacks, as predictors of diet quality adjusting for demographic characteristics and estimated energy reporting accuracy. SETTING 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents 12-19 years (n 4985). RESULTS Snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 (β = 0·7 (0·3), P < 0·05) but also with higher intake of over-consumed nutrients (β = 3·0 (0·8), P ≤ 0·001). Snack size was associated with lower HEI (β = -0·005 (0·001), P ≤ 0·001) and MAR (β = -0·005 (0·002), P < 0·05) and higher intake of over-consumed nutrients (β = 0·03 (0·005), P ≤ 0·001). Associations differed for food only and beverage only snacks. Food only snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 (β = 1·7 (0·03), P ≤ 0·001), while food only snack size (β = -0·006 (0·0009), P ≤ 0·001) and food only snack energy density (β = -1·1 (0·2), P ≤ 0·001) were associated with lower HEI-2015. Conversely, beverage only snack frequency (β = 4·4 (2·1) P < 0·05) and beverage only snack size (β = 0·03 (0·01), P ≤ 0·001) were associated with higher intake of over-consumed nutrients. CONCLUSIONS Smaller, frequent, less energy-dense food only snacks are associated with higher diet quality in adolescents; beverages consumed as snacks are associated with greater intake of over-consumed nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Tripicchio
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Regan L Bailey
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Adam Davey
- Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Christina M Croce
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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O'Kane N, Watson S, Kehoe L, O'Sullivan E, Muldoon A, Woodside J, Walton J, Nugent A. The patterns and position of snacking in children in aged 2-12 years: A scoping review. Appetite 2023:106974. [PMID: 37421978 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is associated with serious comorbidities during childhood and into adulthood. One potential risk factor for childhood obesity is consumption of unhealthy, energy-dense foods. This scoping review examines evidence on snacking in children aged 2-12years of age and presents the patterns and position of snacking in children's diets. METHODS A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase) for articles published from March 2011 to November 2022 was conducted. Articles providing insight into the position of snacking (e.g., energy contribution), or patterns (e.g., location, timing), in children aged 2-12years were included. A quality assessment was conducted and data was synthesised according to data source (nationally representative or other). RESULTS Twenty-one articles were included, most (n = 13) reporting nationally representative data. The average number of daily snacks was 3, with 92.9-100.0% of children consuming snacks. Most were consumed in the afternoon (75.2-84.0%) and at home (46.5-67.3%). Snacks frequently consumed were 'fruits and vegetables', 'baked desserts', 'sweets, candy and confectionery', and 'dairy products'. Snacks contributed 231-565 kcal daily, up to a third of daily carbohydrate intake, a quarter of fat intake, and a fifth of protein intake. Snacks provided up to one third of vitamin C intake, one quarter of vitamin E, potassium and magnesium intake, and a fifth of calcium, folic acid, vitamins D and B12, iron and sodium intake. DISCUSSION This scoping review provides insight into patterns and position of snacking within children's diets. Snacking plays a significant role in children's diets with multiple snacking occasions occurring throughout a child's day, the overconsumption of which has the potential to increase risk of childhood obesity. Further research is required into the role of snacking, particularly specific foods playing a role in micronutrient intake, and clear guidance for snacking intake in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh O'Kane
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland.
| | - Sinead Watson
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland
| | - Laura Kehoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland; School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emma O'Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aine Muldoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jayne Woodside
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne Nugent
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland
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Prapkree L, Uddin R, Jaafar JAA, Baghdadi M, Coccia C, Huffman F, Palacios C. Snacking behavior is associated with snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight among US college students. Nutr Res 2023; 114:41-49. [PMID: 37182440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Snacking behavior may affect snack quality, overall diet quality, and body weight; however, the associations between these variables have not been studied among college students. The objective of this study was to associate snacking behaviors with snack quality, diet quality, and weight status among college students with overweight and obesity. We hypothesized that a higher snacking frequency, accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks, and lack of knowledge would be associated with lower snack and diet quality, and higher weight. Participants (n = 140) completed a snack behavior questionnaire, three 24-hour dietary recalls to assess diet quality using Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), and snack score using an algorithm based on the US DA Smart Snack guidelines and reported weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI). Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation was used in the analyses. After adjusting for confounders, snack frequency was not associated with snack score, HEI-2015 score, or BMI, but evening snacks had a significantly lower snack score compared with late afternoon snacks (P = .017). Also, those with more accessibility and availability of unhealthy snacks had a lower snack score (P = .001), lower HEI-2015 score (P = .006), and higher BMI (P = .019). Snacking for pleasure was significantly associated with a lower snack score (P = .037). Snack score was positively correlated with HEI-2015 score but not with BMI. In conclusion, late snacking, unhealthy snack environment, and snacking for pleasure were associated with lower snack and diet quality. These findings could be used in future intervention strategies to improve snacking behaviors and the food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukkamol Prapkree
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rianna Uddin
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jafar Ali Ajaj Jaafar
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mohammed Baghdadi
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Coccia
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Fatma Huffman
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Cristina Palacios
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, FL, USA.
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Enriquez JP, Gollub E. Snacking Consumption among Adults in the United States: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071596. [PMID: 37049435 PMCID: PMC10097271 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Snacks are a staple of the American diet, contributing to approximately 20% of energy intake. Most U.S. adults consume one to three snacks/day, yet few reviews have focused on snacking among this population. This scoping review was conducted to characterize snacks and snacking occasions among U.S. adults to further inform healthy eating practices. The protocol was prepared following the PRISMA-Extension for Scoping Reviews. Three web databases were used to identify articles using snacking or eating occasions as primary or secondary outcomes among U.S. adults. A search strategy was developed using subject headings, truncation, and phrase searching in the title and abstract of articles published between 2010 and 2022. A two-stage, multi-step screening process identified 31 of 4795 publications as meeting the inclusion criteria. Findings included identification of snacking themes, e.g., cues and motivations; diet composition; and weight management. Food quality, time of consumption, and convenience emerged as characteristics of snacking; time of day was found to influence food choice. Snacks contribute to or detract from a healthy diet. Strategic selection of healthy snack options can improve diet quality. Applied to nutrition education, this information can help strengthen programs or policies, ultimately contributing to health and wellbeing.
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12
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Xie J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Feng W, Hu Y, Liu N, Liu Y. Association between daily eating frequency and mortality in people with diabetes: Findings from NHANES 1999-2014. Front Nutr 2023; 10:937771. [PMID: 36742423 PMCID: PMC9894317 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.937771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that increasing the frequency of eating is beneficial in terms of cardiovascular metabolic risk factors; however, limited evidence is available for the association between daily eating frequency and mortality, especially in people with diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association between eating frequency and long-term mortality in populations with diabetes. Methods We selected 4,924 individuals suffering from diabetes (mean age: 57.77 years; 51.3% men) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2014. Daily eating frequency was used as the exposure factor in this study. We extracted the mortality data from the National Death Index records and matched them with the population of NHANES. All participants were followed up from the date of getting enrolled in NHANES to 31 December 2015. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and restricted cubic spline were used to assess the associations between eating frequency and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with diabetes. Results During 34,950 person-years of follow-up, 1,121 deaths were documented, including 272 cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related deaths and 156 cancer-related deaths. After adjusting for confounding factors, the daily eating frequency was linearly inversely associated with all-cause and CVD-related mortality, and the HR (95% CIs) for per one-time increment of eating frequency was 0.88 (0.80-0.98) and 0.77 (0.63-0.93), respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed that the main results and statistical significance were still stable. Conclusion Higher eating frequency was independently related to lower all-cause and CVD-related mortality in people with diabetes, which can be used as a potential strategy for daily-diet management among populations suffering from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Information, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifang Hu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Naifeng Liu
- College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Naifeng Liu,
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Institute of Medical Informatics and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Yun Liu,
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13
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Bailey RL, Leidy HJ, Mattes RD, Heymsfield SB, Boushey CJ, Ahluwalia N, Cowan AE, Pannucci T, Moshfegh AJ, Goldman JD, Rhodes DG, Stoody EE, de Jesus J, Casavale KO. Frequency of Eating in the US Population: A Narrative Review of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac132. [PMID: 36110105 PMCID: PMC9469881 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A person's daily nutrient intake and overall nutritional status are determined by a complex interplay of the types and amounts of foods ingested in combination with the timing and frequency of eating. Objectives The aim was to summarize frequency of eating occasion data examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, the macronutrient contributions they provide, and meal frequency relative to dietary quality among the US population (≥2 y), with a focus on sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, and income. Methods Demographic and 24-h recall data from the 2013-2016 NHANES were examined. An eating occasion was defined as "any ingestive event (e.g., solid food, beverage, water) that is either energy yielding or non-energy yielding"; all eating occasions were further divided into discrete meals and snacks. Frequency of meals and snacks was defined as "the number of daily EOs [eating occasions]," respectively. Diet quality was assessed via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. Results Most Americans consume 2 (28%) to 3 (64%) meals on a given day and >90% consume 2 to 3 snacks on that day. Adult, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black and lower-income (<131% family poverty-to-income ratio) Americans had a lower frequency of eating than children or adolescents, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Asian Americans and higher-income Americans, respectively. Americans who reported 3 meals on a given day consumed a diet higher in dietary quality than Americans who consumed 2 meals on a given day (HEI-2015: 61.0 vs. 55.0), regardless of population subgroup. Conclusions The frequency of the types of eating occasions differs according to age, race and Hispanic origin, and income. Dietary quality is associated with the number of meals consumed. Healthy dietary patterns can be constructed in a variety of ways to suit different life stages, cultural practices, and income levels; improved diet quality and careful consideration of nutrient density when planning meals are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan L Bailey
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Carol J Boushey
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Namanjeet Ahluwalia
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra E Cowan
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - TusaRebecca Pannucci
- Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Food and Nutrition Services, US Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Alanna J Moshfegh
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph D Goldman
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Donna G Rhodes
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Eve E Stoody
- Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Food and Nutrition Services, US Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Janet de Jesus
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kellie O Casavale
- Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling, Center for Food Safety and Applies Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, College Park, MD, USA
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14
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Babaeer L, Stylianou M, Walker JL, Gomersall SR. Dietary intake and educational outcomes among Australian university students: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-15. [PMID: 36047050 PMCID: PMC9991678 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between dietary intake and educational outcomes (EO) in Australian first-year university students. DESIGN This cross-sectional and longitudinal study measured outcomes of interest at three points over 1 year. Measures included self-reported dietary patterns and dietary intake via a three-day estimated food record. Objective EO (corresponding semester grade point average (GPA), overall GPA and graduation status) variables were extracted from academic records. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were examined using regression models and generalised estimating equations, respectively. SETTING A large university in Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Participants (n 80) were first-year students who had completed high school in the previous year. RESULTS Some significant associations were found with semester GPA, including: (a) moderate positive associations between serves of vegetables and semester GPA at time point 2 and over time; and (b) a weak negative association between Na intake and semester GPA at time point 2. Although insignificant, meaningful negative associations were found between alcohol consumption and semester GPA at time point 1 and over time. Some significant associations were also found with graduation status, including: (a) a positive association between meeting Australian carbohydrate recommendations and graduation status; and (b) a negative association between Fe intake and graduation status, both at time point 1. CONCLUSIONS Both cross-sectional and longitudinal findings highlight positive associations between vegetable intake and EO and negative associations between alcohol consumption and EO. Further relevant work is needed with larger, more variable samples in demographic, dietary and EO characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Babaeer
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Therapies Annexes (84A), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Family Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Al-Zahir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Jacqueline L Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sjaan R Gomersall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Therapies Annexes (84A), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Australia
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Abstract
Dietary habits play an important role in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, evidence on association between diet frequency and type 2 diabetes was limited and inconclusive. We aimed to examine the association between meal frequency and risk of type 2 diabetes. The cohort study used data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study of 8874 community-dwelling people aged over 45 years. Participants were classified as eating two meals per day, three meals per day and four meals per day. Multiple Poisson regression models were used to examine risk of 4-year incident type 2 diabetes among people who ate more or less than three meals per day compared with people who ate three meals per day. We documented 706 type 2 diabetes cases during follow-up. After adjustment for known risk factors for type 2 diabetes, except for BMI, participants who ate four meals per day were at a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than those who ate three meals per day (relative risk(RR) = 0·73 (0·58, 0·92)). After further adjustment for baseline BMI, the association was slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant (RR = 0·76 (0·60, 0·97)). Subgroup analysis showed that the fully adjusted RR of type 2 diabetes for people eating four meals per day were 0·66 (0·48, 0·91) and 0·93 (0·65, 1·34) among those had a BMI < 25 and ≥ 25 kg/m2, respectively. Eating four meals per day, compared with eating three meals per day was associated with lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population, particularly in those with a BMI < 25 kg/m2.
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Matsumoto M, Okada E, Tajima R, Fujiwara A, Takimoto H. Association of daily nutrient intake with breakfast and snack consumption among young Japanese adults aged 20-39 years: data from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-11. [PMID: 35786418 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eating frequency has been associated with nutrient intake and diet quality. The aim of this study was to examine the association between daily nutrient and food group intake and consumption of breakfast and/or snacks among young Japanese adults, as secondary analysis of the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan involved 1420 men and 1659 women aged 20-39 years. Dietary intake data were collected using a one-day semi-weighed household dietary record. Participants were classified into four groups based their breakfast and snack consumption, defined as the consumption of any food or beverage that contained energy based on participant-defined eating occasions; both breakfast and snack consumption (B+S+), breakfast consumption without snacking (B+S-), breakfast skipping and snack consumption (B-S+) and breakfast skipping without snacking (B-S-). The proportion of breakfast skippers among men and women was 11·8 % and 6·6 %, whereas that of snack consumers among men and women was 55·3 % and 68·2 %, respectively. Energy, Mg potassium (in both sexes), vitamin B2, Ca, (only men) and folate and dietary fibre (only women) intakes were higher among breakfast and snack consumers than in the B+S- group. The nutrient intake level of the B+S- group was similar to that of the B-S+ group, whereas the B-S- group had lower energy (both sexes), Cu, dietary fibre and potassium (only women) intakes than the B+S- group. Snack consumption could supplement nutrients that may not be adequately consumed by three meals among young Japanese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Matsumoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8636, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8636, Japan
| | - Ryoko Tajima
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8636, Japan
| | - Aya Fujiwara
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8636, Japan
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidemi Takimoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8636, Japan
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Alosaimi N, Bernabé E. Amount and Frequency of Added Sugars Intake and Their Associations with Dental Caries in United States Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084511. [PMID: 35457376 PMCID: PMC9026961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of amount and frequency of sugars intake for caries development has been a matter of debate in recent years, yet only one study has formally evaluated this question among adults. The aims of this study were to explore the shape of the relationship between amount and frequency of added sugars intake and their associations with dental caries among adults. Cross-sectional data from 10,514 adults, aged 20+ years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2016 were analyzed. The amount (g/day) and frequency (items/day and episodes/day) of added sugars intake were derived from dietary recalls. Dental caries was indicated by the DMFS and DS scores. Fractional polynomials were used to characterize the relationship between amount and frequency of added sugars intake. Their associations with DMFS and DS were evaluated in negative binomial regression models adjusting for confounders. There was a logarithmic relationship between amount and frequency of added sugars intake. The amount of added sugars intake was positively associated with the DMFS (rate ratio: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07–1.15) and DS scores (1.43, 95% CI: 1.33–1.54). However, the estimates for frequency of added sugars intake varied depending on how it was expressed. When expressed in items/day, it was not associated with the DMFS (1.02, 95% CI: 0.99–1.04) or DS score (0.91, 95% CI: 0.81–1.02). When expressed in episodes/day, it was positively associated with the DMFS (1.43, 95% CI: 1.33–1.54) but not with the DS score (0.95, 95% CI: 0.86–1.04). This study found a curvilinear relationship between the amount and frequency of added sugars intake. Furthermore, the amount of added sugars intake was more consistently and strongly associated with dental caries than the frequency of intake.
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Eating Patterns during Pregnancy and Postpartum and Their Association with Diet Quality and Energy Intake. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061167. [PMID: 35334823 PMCID: PMC8949106 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between meal-specific eating patterns during pregnancy and postpartum with maternal diet quality and energy intake. Participants in a prospective cohort study completed 24-h dietary recalls three times throughout both pregnancy and 1 year postpartum (n = 420). Linear regressions estimated the associations of eating frequency (number of daily main meals and eating occasions), meal and energy regularity (meal skipping and variation of daily energy intake), and intake timing patterns (distribution of energy intake throughout the day, derived using principal component analysis) with daily energy intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, calculated daily and overall, across both pregnancy and postpartum). Eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake and daily diet quality. Irregular meals were associated with lower energy intake in pregnancy but not postpartum and with lower pregnancy and postpartum diet quality. Energy irregularity was not associated with energy intake or diet quality. Higher postpartum diet quality was associated with a morning energy intake pattern (versus late morning/early afternoon or evening). Differences in these associations between pregnancy and postpartum suggest that efforts to support optimal energy intake and diet quality by modifying eating patterns may require specific strategies for pregnancy and postpartum.
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Shune S, Barewal R. Redefining the value of snacks for nursing home residents: Bridging psychosocial and nutritional needs. Geriatr Nurs 2022; 44:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Characterisation of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in the Japanese context: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:689-701. [PMID: 33168120 PMCID: PMC9991704 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise different meal types by examining the contribution of specific meals to the total intakes and the nutritional quality of each meal. DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis was conducted based on dietary data collected using 4-d dietary record. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3. SETTING Japan. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 20-81 years (n 639). RESULTS Diet quality was, on average, highest for dinner, followed, in order, by lunch, breakfast and snacks. Breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks, on average, accounted for 21 %, 32 %, 40 % and 11 % of total energy intake, respectively. For many nutrients, the percentage contribution to total intake did not vary within each meal, broadly in line with that for energy: 18-24 % for breakfast, 26-35 % for lunch, 35-49 % for dinner and 4-15 % for snacks. However, intakes of many foods largely depended on one meal type. The foods mainly eaten at dinner were potatoes, pulses, total vegetables, fish, meat and alcoholic beverages (52-70 %), in contrast to noodles (58 %) at lunch and bread (71 %) and dairy products (50 %) at breakfast. The foods mainly eaten at snacks were confectioneries (79 %) and sugar-sweetened beverages (52 %). Conversely, rice and eggs were more evenly distributed across three main meals (19-41 % and 30-38 %, respectively), while fruit and non-energetic beverages were more evenly distributed across all meal types (17-30 % and 19-35 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the background information on each meal type in Japanese and may help inform the development of meal-based guidelines and public health messages.
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Chakradeo P, Rasmussen HE, Swanson GR, Swanson B, Fogg LF, Bishehsari F, Burgess HJ, Keshavarzian A. Psychometric Testing of a Food Timing Questionnaire and Food Timing Screener. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzab148. [PMID: 35198845 PMCID: PMC8856943 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms coordinate multiple biological processes, and time of eating is an important entrainer of peripheral circadian clocks, including those in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Whereas time of eating can be assessed through valid and reliable tools designed to measure nutrient intake (24-h recalls), currently there is no easily administered, valid, and reliable tool designed to specifically assess both time of food intake and sleep. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to test the validity and reliability of 2 questionnaires developed to measure food and sleep-wake timing, the Food Timing Questionnaire (FTQ) and Food Timing Screener (FTS), and the agreement between these 2 tools. METHODS The content validity of these tools was assessed by an expert panel of 10 registered dietitian nutritionists. Adult volunteers (n = 61) completed both tools to assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Criterion-related validity was determined through the association of FTQ and FTS with 2 valid instruments, the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour recall (ASA24®) Dietary Assessment tool and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Agreement between the FTQ and FTS was tested by calculating the Pearson's correlations for both food and sleep-wake timing. RESULTS The content validity indexes for both tools were >0.80, and internal consistency and test-retest reliability coefficients were >0.50 for all meals and sleep-wake times. Correlation coefficients were >0.40 between both tools and criterion measures of food intake and sleep except for snacks. Correlations between the FTQ and FTS for all eating events and sleep were >0.60 except for snack 1. CONCLUSIONS Both the FTQ and FTS are valid and reliable instruments for meal timing and sleep. However, further psychometric testing in a more expansive and diverse sample will improve the ability of these tools to accurately assess food timing and sleep and their impact on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Chakradeo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Garth R Swanson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara Swanson
- College of Nursing, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Louis F Fogg
- College of Nursing, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Faraz Bishehsari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen J Burgess
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Bayne D, Barewal R, Shune SE. Sensory-Enhanced, Fortified Snacks for Improved Nutritional Intake Among Nursing Home Residents. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 41:92-101. [PMID: 35023824 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2022.2025971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine if providing sensory-enhanced, fortified snacks changed nutrient consumption among nursing home residents. Nursing home residents were provided typical facility snacks or sensory-enhanced, fortified snacks across two separate 8-week time blocks. The enhanced snack supplements included quick-dissolving (transitional-state) crisps, puree dips, and dry soup blends that are intended to be accessible for individuals with a wide range of masticatory and swallowing abilities (e.g., oral frailty). Snacks were weighed before and after sessions using a food scale. Calories, fat, carbohydrates, protein, sodium, sugar, and fiber consumed were calculated daily. Despite consuming a smaller percentage of snack weight, participants consumed increased protein and fat, and fewer carbohydrates and sugar in the enhanced snack condition, with no significant difference in caloric intake. Sensory-enhanced, fortified snacks may be viable options for increasing the quality of nutritional intake among nursing home residents, particularly in light of decreased quantity of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bayne
- Communication Disorders and Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Samantha E Shune
- Communication Disorders and Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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23
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LEÃO GMMS, CRIVELLENTI LC, BRITO MFSF, SILVEIRA MF, PINHO LD. Quality of the diet of pregnant women in the scope of Primary Health Care. REV NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202235e210256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of the diet of the pregnant women monitored by the Family Health Strategy teams and associated factors. Methods This is a population-based cross-sectional study, carried out with 1244 pregnant women between 2018 and 2019. The Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnant Women was used to measure the quality of the diet and associate it with risk factors (sociodemographic, obstetric, clinical, behavioral, nutritional status) during the pregnancy. A hierarchical model composed of three blocks was used. A multinomial logistic regression was applied. Results The general average of this Diet Quality Index was 72.75 points, the average of the 1st tercile was 56.06 points, the average of the 2nd tercile was 73.71 points and the average of the 3rd was 88.51 points. The worst diet quality was related to pregnant women with lower education (OR=2.36; 95% CI=1.39-4.01), sedentary women (OR=1.37; 95% CI=1.17-2, 61), those who had a negative self-perception of food (OR=2.00; 95% CI=1.45-2.76) and who had 3 to 5 meals a day (OR=1.83; 95% CI=1.26-2.77), and less than 3 (OR=2.64; 95% CI=1.13-6.18). Conclusion The present study identified that pregnant women with less education, sedentary, and with inadequate nutritional characteristics presented worse diet qualities.
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Zeballos E, Chelius C. The effects of grazing on daily caloric intake and dietary quality. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:163. [PMID: 34922578 PMCID: PMC8684066 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The duration and frequency of eating occasions has been identified as a factor contributing to poor dietary quality among U.S. adults. The objective of this study is to examine whether grazing, defined as eating more than three times a day, affects total daily caloric intake and dietary quality measured by the 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015). Methods We used a multivariate individual fixed-effects model to compare the caloric intake and dietary quality of individuals who grazed on 1 day but not another. This allowed us to control for differences in individual food intake and diet quality preferences among study participants. We use the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2018, and include data for adults aged 18 years or older who reported 2 days of dietary intake and were not pregnant or lactating (n = 27,775). Results Grazing increased total daily caloric intake by 205 cal and increased the daily HEI score by 0.59 points. Grazing increased HEI component scores for total fruit, whole fruit, and refined grains, and decreased HEI component scores for saturated fats. Morning grazing increased total daily caloric intake by 159 cal and increased the daily HEI score by 0.87 points — primarily by increasing component scores for total fruit, whole fruit, whole grains, total dairy, seafood and plant proteins, and sodium. Evening grazing increased daily caloric intake by 76 cal and decreased the daily HEI score by 0.41 points — primarily by decreasing the component scores for total fruit, whole grains, fatty acids, and saturated fats. Evening grazing increased HEI component scores for sodium and refined grains. Conclusions Grazing increases daily caloric intake and can decrease dietary quality (particularly when grazing in the evening).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Zeballos
- USDA Economic Research Service, Food Economics Division, Washington, D.C., USA.
| | - Carolyn Chelius
- USDA Economic Research Service, Food Economics Division, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Sebastian RS, Wilkinson Enns C, Goldman JD, Murayi T, Moshfegh AJ. Late Evening Eating Patterns among US Adults Vary in Their Associations With, and Impact on, Energy Intake and Diet Quality: Evidence from What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:932-948.e3. [PMID: 34800696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evening eating has been associated with higher energy intake and lower nutrient density. However, these qualities may not characterize all late evening (LE) eating patterns. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize US adults' LE eating patterns on a given day and identify differences, if any, in pattern-specific associations with, and impact on, daily energy intake and total diet quality. DESIGN LE eating patterns, energy intakes, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were identified using Day-1 dietary recall data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The sample included adults aged ≥ 20 years (n = 9,861). LE reporters were respondents who consumed foods/beverages between 20:00 and 23:59 on the intake day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Energy intake and HEI-2015 scores by LE status/pattern and the impact of LE consumption on these measures. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Cluster analysis assigned individuals to LE eating patterns based on the LE energy contribution of food/beverage groups. Regression models estimated energy intake and HEI-2015 scores; estimates were compared between LE reporters and nonreporters. Similarly, LE's contribution to total energy and the difference in total HEI inclusive vs exclusive of LE consumption were estimated and compared among patterns. RESULTS Among US adults, 64.4% were LE reporters. Eleven LE patterns were identified; the six most prevalent patterns (representing 89% of LE reporters) were further analyzed. Daily energy intake in all prevalent patterns except the fruit pattern exceeded that of nonreporters by ≥ 268 kcal (unadjusted; P < 0.001), varying by pattern. Conversely, total HEI score did not differ from that of nonreporters (51.0) in any pattern except the fruit pattern, where it was higher (57.4, unadjusted; P < 0.001). Generally, LE consumption's impact on energy was high and its impact on HEI scores was low. CONCLUSIONS Late evening food/beverage consumption is common among US adults, and LE patterns are not monolithic in their associations with, and impact on, total energy intake and dietary quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda S Sebastian
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland.
| | - Cecilia Wilkinson Enns
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Joseph D Goldman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Theophile Murayi
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Alanna J Moshfegh
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
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Abstract
The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association of daily irregularity in energy intake and diet quality among apparently healthy adults in Iran. The research was conducted on 850 adult men and women (age range: 20-59 years) who attended health care centres in Tehran. Dietary intake was assessed by three, 24-h dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed using the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet score and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). An irregularity score of daily energy intake was calculated based on the deviation from the 3-d mean energy intake, with a higher score indicating more fluctuations in daily energy intake. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of irregularity score of daily energy intake with food group intakes and DASH diet score and HEI-2015, controlling for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, education level and occupation status. The range of irregularity score was 0·55-133·3 (22·4 (sd 19·0)). Higher irregularity score of daily energy intake was significantly associated with a lower consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, low-fat dairy products and poultry, higher consumption of soft drinks, processed meat and nuts, and lower overall DASH diet score and HEI-2015. Overall, our findings showed that more day-to-day variations in energy intake may be correlated with a lower diet quality. More research is needed to confirm the associations observed in the present study and to clarify potential mechanisms explaining these associations.
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27
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Kobayashi T, Zhao W, Ukawa S, Wakai K, Tsushita K, Kawamura T, Ando M, Tamakoshi A. Association between frequency of snacking and all-cause mortality among community-dwelling young-old adults: An age-specific prospective cohort study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21:697-704. [PMID: 34173313 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to clarify whether snacking habits decrease the risk of all-cause mortality in an older Japanese population. METHODS The study participants were 64- or 65-year-old community-dwelling residents recruited each survey year from 1996 through 2005. Data on the frequency of snacking and other lifestyle factors were obtained during the baseline survey using self-administered questionnaires, and the participants were followed up annually until the end of 2017. In total, 2943 participants (1484 men and 1459 women) were eligible. All-cause mortality was compared among participants grouped by frequency of snacking (no snacking, one to four times/week, or every day). RESULTS The number of deaths recorded over the study period of 43 204 person-years was 357 (24.1%) for men and 173 (11.9%) for women. The mean ± standard deviations for the follow-up period were 14.2 ± 4.9 years in men and 15.2 ± 4.5 years in women. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed that after adjusting for potential confounding factors, the hazard ratios for women were 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.94) in the group that had a habit of snacking one to four times/week, and 0.93 (95% CI 0.63-1.36) in the group that had a habit of snacking every day compared with those in the no snacking group. These associations were not observed among men. CONCLUSIONS A moderate frequency of snacking slightly decreases the risk of all-cause mortality among women. Our findings might be useful for improving the nutrition statuses in older female adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 697-704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ukawa
- Research Unit of Advanced Interdisciplinary Care Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Tsushita
- Comprehensive Health Science Center, Aichi Health Promotion Foundation, Higashiura-Cho, Japan
| | | | - Masahiko Ando
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Park SJ, Yang JW, Song YJ. The Effect of Four Weeks Dietary Intervention with 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072164. [PMID: 34202475 PMCID: PMC8308397 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, intermittent fasting, also known as time-restricted eating (TRE), has become a popular diet trend. Compared to animal studies, there have been few studies and inconclusive findings investigating the effects of TRE in humans. In this study, we examined the effects of 8 h TRE on body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults who were mainly active at night. A total of 33 young adults completed the 8 h TRE for 4 weeks. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and every 2 weeks, and blood samples were collected at baseline and week 4. Daily dietary records were logged throughout the intervention period. Participants experienced significant changes in body weight (−1.0 ± 1.4 kg), body mass index (−0.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2), and body fat (−0.4 ± 1.9%) after 4 weeks of TRE. When participants were divided into weight loss/gain groups based on their weight change in week 4, fat mass reduction was significantly higher in the weight loss group than in the weight gain group. Regarding cardiometabolic risk factors, levels of fasting insulin and insulin resistance improved in the weight loss group after intervention, but not in the weight gain group. All subjects showed late-shifted sleeping patterns, but no significant differences in sleep duration, sleep quality, or psychological measures between the two groups. When meal frequency and energy proportion were evaluated, the average meal frequency was 2.8 ± 0.5 and energy proportions of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks were 4.5, 39.2, 37.6, and 18.5%, respectively; there were no significant differences between the two groups. However, the saturated fat intake at dinner was lower in the weight loss group (3.1 ± 3.2%, 6.0 ± 2.5% respectively). In conclusion, 8 h TRE can be applied as a lifestyle strategy to manage body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors among young adults with late chronotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Park
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi 14662, Korea;
| | - Jae-Won Yang
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi 14662, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Ju Song
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi 14662, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Almoraie NM, Saqaan R, Alharthi R, Alamoudi A, Badh L, Shatwan IM. Snacking patterns throughout the life span: potential implications on health. Nutr Res 2021; 91:81-94. [PMID: 34144310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eating outside the three main meals - in other words, snacking - is a part of the dietary pattern of individuals in all stages of life. The quality and pattern of snacking have an impact on health during the life span. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate various patterns and health outcomes of the snacking habits of different demographical groups, from children to the elderly, throughout their life span. We discuss the snacking pattern among children and adolescents, which is characterized by consuming high energy foods with low nutrient value, and which is associated with increased risk of obesity. During university years, study stress and lack of time were obstacles to a healthy dietary pattern involving nutritious snacks, although awareness of the importance of healthy snacks was higher in this group than among younger age groups. Employment status and skipping regular meals were important factors affecting snacking quality and patterns in adulthood. Unhealthy snacks, high in energy, sugar, and salt and low in nutrients, were demonstrated to have a negative impact on individuals' health, such as oral health, blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. In conclusion, encouraging individuals to consume healthy snacks that are high in nutrients through education to help them plan for their snacks is important to enhance health and reduce disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Almoraie
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rula Saqaan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Alharthi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alamoudi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain Badh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israa M Shatwan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Garcidueñas-Fimbres TE, Paz-Graniel I, Nishi SK, Salas-Salvadó J, Babio N. Eating Speed, Eating Frequency, and Their Relationships with Diet Quality, Adiposity, and Metabolic Syndrome, or Its Components. Nutrients 2021; 13:1687. [PMID: 34063439 PMCID: PMC8156274 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is a major global health concern, particularly due to its associated increased health risks. Several strategies have been proposed to prevent overweight and obesity onset. In the past decade, it has been suggested that eating speed/rate and eating frequency might be related to obesity. The main aim of this narrative review was to summarize existing evidence regarding the impact of eating speed/rate and eating frequency on adiposity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), or diet quality (DQ). For this purpose, a literature search of observational and interventional trials was conducted between June and September 2020 in PubMed and Web of Sciences databases, without any data filters and no limitations for publication date. Results suggest that children and adults with a faster eating speed/rate may be associated with a higher risk of developing adiposity, MetS or its components. Furthermore, a higher eating frequency could be associated with diet quality improvement, lower adiposity, and lower risk of developing MetS or its components. Further interventional trials are warranted to clarify the mechanism by which these eating behaviors might have a potential impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tany E. Garcidueñas-Fimbres
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, 43201 Reus, Spain; (T.E.G.-F.); (I.P.-G.); (S.K.N.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Indira Paz-Graniel
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, 43201 Reus, Spain; (T.E.G.-F.); (I.P.-G.); (S.K.N.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie K. Nishi
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, 43201 Reus, Spain; (T.E.G.-F.); (I.P.-G.); (S.K.N.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, 43201 Reus, Spain; (T.E.G.-F.); (I.P.-G.); (S.K.N.)
| | - Nancy Babio
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, 43201 Reus, Spain; (T.E.G.-F.); (I.P.-G.); (S.K.N.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Snacking may improve dietary fiber density and is associated with a lower body mass index in postmenopausal women. Nutrition 2020; 83:111063. [PMID: 33352354 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the relationship between eating frequency (EF), meal frequency, and snacking frequency (SF), and the body weight status of postmenopausal women. We tested how meal frequency and SF were related with macronutrient intake, and how different definitions of snacking affected the study results. METHODS Dietary intake was assessed using a 3-d food diary in 302 women age 45 to 65 y. Body weight, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was computed. Women were classified as overweight-to-obese or of normal weight. Eating occasions that provided at least 50 kcal were classified as meals or snacks based on three definitions: Contribution to total energy intake (EI; ≥15% as a meal, <15% as a snack), self-reported, and based on time. RESULTS When adjusted for confounders and the EI:estimated energy requirement, a negative association was seen between EF, self-reported SF, and BMI. EF and self-reported SF were negatively associated with EI. Differences in the dietary composition of the snacks between the groups were seen when identified by participants themselves. Specifically, the percentage energy from total sugar and alcohol in self-reported snacks was significantly lower, but dietary fiber density was significantly higher among normal-weight compared with overweight-to-obese women. CONCLUSIONS Higher EF and self-reported SF, independently of the EI:estimated energy requirement, is associated with lower BMI values and EI in postmenopausal women. Snacking may improve the dietary fiber density of the diet. An objective definition of snacking needs to be used in nutritional studies.
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Ziesemer K, König LM, Boushey CJ, Villinger K, Wahl DR, Butscher S, Müller J, Reiterer H, Schupp HT, Renner B. Occurrence of and Reasons for "Missing Events" in Mobile Dietary Assessments: Results From Three Event-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e15430. [PMID: 33052123 PMCID: PMC7593856 DOI: 10.2196/15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing a methodology for assessing nutritional behavior comprehensively and accurately poses a great challenge. Mobile technologies such as mobile image-based food recording apps enable eating events to be assessed in the moment in real time, thereby reducing memory biases inherent in retrospective food records. However, users might find it challenging to take images of the food they consume at every eating event over an extended period, which might lead to incomplete records of eating events (missing events). Objective Analyzing data from 3 studies that used mobile image-based food recording apps and varied in their technical enrichment, this study aims to assess how often eating events (meals and snacks) were missed over a period of 8 days in a naturalistic setting by comparing the number of recorded events with the number of normative expected events, over time, and with recollections of missing events. Methods Participants in 3 event-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies using mobile image-based dietary assessments were asked to record all eating events (study 1, N=38, 1070 eating events; study 2, N=35, 934 eating events; study 3, N=110, 3469 eating events). Study 1 used a basic app; study 2 included 1 fixed reminder and the possibility to add meals after the actual eating events occurred instead of in the moment (addendum); and study 3 included 2 fixed reminders, an addendum feature, and the option to record skipped meals. The number of recalled missed events and their reasons were assessed by semistructured interviews after the EMA period (studies 1 and 2) and daily questionnaires (study 3). Results Overall, 183 participants reported 5473 eating events. Although the momentary adherence rate as indexed by a comparison with normative expected events was generally high across all 3 studies, a differential pattern of results emerged with a higher rate of logged meals in the more technically intensive study 3. Multilevel models for the logging trajectories of reported meals in all 3 studies showed a significant, albeit small, decline over time (b=−.11 to −.14, Ps<.001, pseudo-R²=0.04-0.06), mainly because of a drop in reported snacks between days 1 and 2. Intraclass coefficients indicated that 38% or less of the observed variance was because of individual differences. The most common reasons for missing events were competing activities and technical issues, whereas situational barriers were less important. Conclusions Three different indicators (normative, time stability, and recalled missing events) consistently indicated missing events. However, given the intensive nature of diet EMA protocols, the effect sizes were rather small and the logging trajectories over time were remarkably stable. Moreover, the individual’s actual state and context seemed to exert a greater influence on adherence rates than stable individual differences, which emphasizes the need for a more nuanced understanding of the factors that affect momentary adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ziesemer
- Psychological Assessment & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura Maria König
- Psychological Assessment & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Carol Jo Boushey
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Karoline Villinger
- Psychological Assessment & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Deborah Ronja Wahl
- Psychological Assessment & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Butscher
- Human-Computer Interaction Group, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jens Müller
- Human-Computer Interaction Group, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald Reiterer
- Human-Computer Interaction Group, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald Thomas Schupp
- General Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Psychological Assessment & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Food group intake at self-reported eating occasions across the day: secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition Survey 2011-2012. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:3067-3080. [PMID: 32690125 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine core and discretionary food and beverage intake at eating occasions, and to explore the variation in consumption by age and gender in Australian adults and children. DESIGN The study utilised one 24-h dietary recall with self-reported eating occasions from a nationally representative sample of Australians. Average servings of each food group for age and gender subpopulations were compared with the Australian Dietary Guidelines. The percentage contribution of each eating occasion to total daily food group intake and typical composition of eating occasions were described. Frequently consumed discretionary foods were reported for eating occasions by age and gender. SETTING 2011-2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. PARTICIPANTS 12 153 Australian people aged 2 years and above. RESULTS Grains were consumed in equal proportions throughout the day across all age and gender subgroups, while remaining core food groups were unequally distributed, featuring more prominently at specific eating occasions. Children consumed two-thirds of their fruit intake as snacks, and up to three quarters of adults' vegetable and meat intake was consumed at dinner. Children consumed more of their discretionary intake at mid-meals, while adults consumed a greater proportion as part of a main meal. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a detailed understanding about when food groups are consumed, the 'typical' meal composition across the day, and how consumption patterns and compliance with dietary guidelines differ by age group and gender. These findings can assist in developing more specific nutrition messages which may help to achieve greater improvements in population dietary intake.
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Meal and snack frequency in relation to diet quality in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study using different definitions of meals and snacks. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1219-1228. [PMID: 32594916 PMCID: PMC7653514 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the association between eating frequency and overall diet quality does not represent a consistent picture. This cross-sectional study examined the associations of meal frequency and snack frequency with diet quality, using different definitions of meals and snacks. Based on 4-d weighed dietary record data obtained from 639 Japanese adults aged 20-81 years, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on either the participant-identified or time-of-day definitions. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3 (NRF9.3). One additional meal per d increased the HEI-2015 total score by 3·6 and 1·3 points based on the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, respectively. A higher meal frequency was also associated with higher values of some of the HEI-2015 component scores (total vegetables, greens and beans, and total protein foods), irrespective of how meals were defined. Additionally, one additional participant-identified snack per d increased the HEI-2015 total score by 0·7 points. The frequency of participant-identified snacks also showed positive associations with some of the HEI-2015 component scores (total fruits, whole fruits, total vegetables, greens and beans, dairy products, and Na). However, the frequency of time-of-day defined snacks was not associated with the total scores of HEI-2015, although there were some associations for its components. Similar findings were obtained when the NRF9.3 was used. In conclusion, higher meal frequency was consistently associated with higher diet quality, while associations between snack frequency and diet quality varied depending on the definition of snacks.
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Cowan AE, Higgins KA, Fisher JO, Tripicchio GL, Mattes RD, Zou P, Bailey RL. Examination of different definitions of snacking frequency and associations with weight status among U.S. adults. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234355. [PMID: 32555712 PMCID: PMC7299329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Snacks, while widely consumed in the United States (U.S.), do not have a standard definition, complicating research to understand associations, if any, with weight status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and weight status using various snacking definitions that exist in the scientific literature among U.S. adults (NHANES 2013–2016; ≥20y n = 9,711). Four event-based snacking definitions were operationalized including participant-defined snacks, eating events outside of meals, and operationally defined snacks based on absolute thresholds of energy consumed (>50 kcal). Weight status was examined using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter risk. Logistic regression models examined snacking frequency and associations with weight status. Outcomes varied by the definition of a snack employed, but the majority of findings were null. Mean energy from snacks was significantly higher among women with obesity compared to women with normal weight when a snack was defined as any event outside of a typical mealtime (i.e. other than breakfast, lunch, dinner, super, brunch), regardless of whether or not it contributed ≥50 kcal. Further investigation into ingestive behaviors that may influence the relationship between snacking frequency and weight status is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Cowan
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer O. Fisher
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gina L. Tripicchio
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Peishan Zou
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Regan L. Bailey
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether skipping breakfast or lunch increased the next meal's energy content and changed total daily energy content and the quality of food intake measured by the 2010 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010). DESIGN Means were compared across intake days and meal patterns. Multivariate individual fixed-effects model was used to account for individual food intake and diet quality preferences. SETTING National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 18 years or older who reported 2 d (24-h periods) of dietary intake and were not pregnant or lactating (n 23 488). RESULTS Adults consumed 193 more kJ at lunch after skipping breakfast and 783 more kJ at dinner after skipping breakfast and lunch. Skipping at least one meal reduced total daily intake between 1053 (breakfast) and 1464 (dinner) kJ and reduced the daily HEI score. Skipping breakfast or skipping lunch reduced the HEI component scores for fruit, whole grains, dairy and empty energy; skipping lunch reduced the component scores for fruit, vegetables, whole grain, dairy, seafood and plant protein, and empty energy. Skipping dinner reduced component scores for vegetables, greens and beans, dairy, protein food, seafood and plant proteins, and empty energy. Skipping one or more meals increased component scores for total vegetables (breakfast), whole grains (dinner), Na (lunch or dinner) and refined grains (breakfast, lunch or dinner). CONCLUSIONS Skipping meals (particularly dinner) reduces daily energy intake, but the reduction in daily diet quality (particularly when skipping breakfast) may impact health negatively over time.
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Hayashi AP, de Capitani MD, Dias SF, de Souza Gonçalves L, Fernandes AL, Jambassi-Filho JC, de Santana DA, Lixandrão M, Tavares dos Santos Pereira R, Riani L, Hevia-Larraín V, Pereira RMR, Gualano B, Roschel H. Number of high-protein containing meals correlates with muscle mass in pre-frail and frail elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1047-1053. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight among Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010167. [PMID: 31936076 PMCID: PMC7019740 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behaviors, including unhealthy snacking or excessive snacking leading to excess calorie consumption, may contribute to obesity among adolescents. Socioeconomic status (SES) also significantly influences eating behaviors, and low SES is associated with increased risk for obesity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between snacking behavior and SES among adolescents and how this may contribute to obesity-related outcomes. The primary objective of this scoping review was to review the literature to assess and characterize the relationship between SES and snacking in adolescents. The secondary objective was to assess weight-related outcomes and their relation to snacking habits. Included articles were published between January 2000 and May 2019; written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; and focused on adolescents (13-17 years). In total, 14 bibliographic databases were searched, and seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Preliminary evidence from the seven included studies suggests a weak but potential link between SES and snacking. Additionally, these dietary patterns seemed to differ by sex and income type of country. Finally, only three of the included studies addressed weight-related outcomes, but the overall available evidence suggests that snacking does not significantly affect weight-related outcomes. Due to the small number of included studies, results should be interpreted with caution.
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Pries AM, Ferguson EL, Sharma N, Upadhyay A, Filteau S. Exploratory Analysis of Nutritional Quality and Metrics of Snack Consumption among Nepali Children during the Complementary Feeding Period. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2962. [PMID: 31817203 PMCID: PMC6950298 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends feeding snacks between meals to young children. This study explored nutritional quality of snacks consumed between meals and consumption metrics (% total energy intakes (%TEI) and amount of kcal from snacks) to understand correlations with dietary outcomes (total energy intakes and dietary adequacy) and body-mass-index-for-age z-scores (BMIZ). Data used were 24-h dietary recalls and anthropometric measurements among a representative sample (n = 679) of one-year-olds in Nepal. Nepali meal patterns for young children were identified through formative research and all foods/beverages consumed outside of meals were categorized as snacks. A nutrient profiling model was used to categorize snacks as healthy or unhealthy, based on positive and negative nutrient content. Snacks consumed between meals provided half of all energy consumed, and were associated with increased energy and nutrient intakes. The positive effect of snacks between meals on dietary adequacy was greater when these snacks were healthy, while increasing %TEI from unhealthy snacks consumed between meals was negatively associated with dietary adequacy. Consumption of snacks between meals was not associated with mean BMIZ among the children. These findings indicate that the provision of and nutritional quality of snacks are important considerations to communicate to caregivers. Discouragement of unhealthy, nutrient-poor snacks is critical for complementary feeding dietary guidelines in contexts experiencing nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa M. Pries
- Helen Keller International USA, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, Floor 2, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Elaine L. Ferguson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (E.L.F.); (S.F.)
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Helen Keller International Nepal, Green Block, Ward No 10, Chakupat, Patandhoka Road, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal; (N.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Atul Upadhyay
- Helen Keller International Nepal, Green Block, Ward No 10, Chakupat, Patandhoka Road, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal; (N.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (E.L.F.); (S.F.)
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The impact of a higher eating frequency on the diet quality and nutritional status of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:410-418. [PMID: 31762435 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between eating frequency (EF), diet quality and nutritional status of fifty-five women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT), with three follow-ups, before the first cycle (T0), after the intermediate cycle (T1) and after the last cycle of CT (T2). Dietary data were obtained by nine 24-h dietary recalls (24HR), and the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R) was used for qualitative analysis of diet. The average EF was established by adding the number of daily eating episodes in the three 24HR of each time. Anthropometric variables were obtained at three times. Women who reported higher EF (equal to or above median value (T0 and T1: 4·67; T2: 4·33 eating episodes)) presented better anthropometric parameters, in T0 and T1, as well as higher scores for BHEI-R specific groups and BHEI-R Total score in T1 and T2. In generalised linear models, the continuous variable EF was negatively associated with all the anthropometric variables in T0 and with the waist:height ratio in T1. There were positive associations for the BHEI-R groups at the three times: Total Fruit; Whole Fruit; Total Vegetables; Dark Green and Orange Vegetables and Legumes. At T1 and T2 the EF was positively associated with the BHEI-R Total score, and also with Whole Grains in T1. The results suggest that a higher EF was associated with a better diet quality during CT in women with BC. In contrast, an inverse association was observed between EF and anthropometric parameters before the first cycle of treatment.
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Development of a Food-Based Diet Quality Score from a Short FFQ and Associations with Obesity Measures, Eating Styles and Nutrient Intakes in Finnish Twins. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112561. [PMID: 31652865 PMCID: PMC6893528 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a food-based diet quality score (DQS) and examined its association with obesity measures, eating styles and nutrient intakes. Participants were 3592 individuals (764 dizygotic [DZ] and 430 monozygotic [MZ] twin pairs) from the FinnTwin16 study. The DQS (0–12 points) was constructed from a short 14 item food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measures and eating styles were self-reported. Nutrient intakes were calculated from food diaries completed in a subsample of 249 individuals (45 same-sex DZ and 60 MZ twin pairs). Twins were analyzed both as individuals and as twin pairs. The DQS was inversely associated with body mass index (β = −0.12, per one-unit increase in DQS, p < 0.001), waist circumference (β = −0.34, p < 0.001), obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95, p = 0.004) and abdominal obesity (OR: 0.88, p < 0.001), independent of sex, age, physical activity and education. A higher DQS was associated with health-conscious eating, having breakfast, less snacking, fewer evening meals, and a higher frequency and regularity of eating. The DQS was positively correlated with the intakes of protein, fiber and magnesium and negatively correlated with the intakes of total fat, saturated fat and sucrose. Within twin pairs, most of the associations between the DQS with eating styles and some nutrients remained, but the DQS was not associated with obesity measures within twin pairs. The DQS is an easy-to-use tool for ranking adults according to diet quality and shows an association with obesity measures, eating styles and key nutrients in the expected direction.
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Barrington WE, Beresford SAA. Eating Occasions, Obesity and Related Behaviors in Working Adults: Does it Matter When You Snack? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102320. [PMID: 31581416 PMCID: PMC6835708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported relationships between frequency, type, and timing of eating occasions and obesity-risk among adults are mixed while associations with obesogenic eating behaviors remain unexplored. The Physical Activity and Changes in Eating (PACE) study was a group-randomized controlled trial to prevent weight gain among 34 small worksites in Seattle from 2005-2009. Baseline surveys assessed body mass index (BMI), obesogenic eating behaviors (e.g., fast food and distracted-eating), and eating occasions (i.e., snacks and meals) among 2265 employees. BMI and waist circumference were measured on a subset (n = 567). Time-periods for analyses included: morning (12:00 a.m. to 10:59 a.m.), mid-day (11:00 a.m. to 4:29 p.m.), and evening (4:30 p.m. to 11:59 p.m.). Multilevel linear models estimated associations between snack timing, obesity, and related behaviors while adjusting for meal timing, gender, and worksite random effects. Greater morning snacking was associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption, while greater evening snacking was associated with higher BMI, higher obesogenic dietary index (intake of fast food, French fries, and soft drinks), and higher percent time eating while distracted. Associations with mid-day snacking were mixed. Patterns of association were consistent across repeated and objective measures. Findings suggest that evening snacking is more detrimental to healthy weight compared to snacking at other times of day. Reducing evening snacks may be an important and simple message for population-level obesity prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Barrington
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Shirley A A Beresford
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Nutrient Intakes from Meals and Snacks Differ with Age in Middle-Aged and Older Americans. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061301. [PMID: 31181765 PMCID: PMC6627320 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the meal patterns across demographic characteristics in middle-aged and older US adults. Study participants were noninstitutionalized participants from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, an observational cross-sectional study. Data from 17,361 adults were categorized into 45–59 years (n = 7366), 60–70 years (n = 5348), and 71+ years (n = 4647) to compare demographics, nutrient intakes, and meal patterns. Dietary recalls were collected using the multiple-pass method. Data analyses were weighted to create a nationally representative sample. Two-thirds of adults reported consuming three meals on the day of intake. Lunch was the most often skipped meal across all age groups. A greater proportion of adults over 70 years reported consuming breakfast, while a smaller proportion reported consuming snacks. Significant differences were observed in total energy and nutrient intakes and proportion of the day’s intakes by meal. Grain, milk, and dairy food group intakes were highest at breakfast, while the protein food group intakes were highest at lunch and dinner. Age-related differences in meal consumption and composition provide valuable formative data to support targeted nutritional education and intervention opportunities to promote and encourage healthy food choices.
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Mitsopoulou AV, Magriplis E, Dimakopoulos I, Karageorgou D, Bakogianni I, Micha R, Michas G, Chourdakis M, Ntouroupi T, Tsaniklidou SM, Argyri K, Panagiotakos DB, Zampelas A. Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32:455-467. [PMID: 31020750 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to examine how different meal and snack patterns are associated with micronutrient intakes and diet quality among a nationally representative sample of Greek children and adolescents aged 1-19 years from the cross-sectional Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (n = 598). METHODS Meal and snack patterns were derived using 24-h dietary recalls. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was used as an overall measure of diet quality. Multiple linear regression adjusted for covariates was conducted to examine associations between eating patterns, nutrient intakes and MAR. RESULTS Four most frequently reported eating schemes were identified including breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D) and two snacks (S) (20.9%); B, L, D and 1S (16.2%); B, L, D and 3S (10.8%); and B, L and D (7.9%). Based on these schemes, the daily consumption of all main meals from the majority of the sample was highlighted. In children and adolescents aged 4-19 years, increasing snack frequency was positively associated with intakes of vitamin D, vitamin K, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folate, magnesium, copper and selenium. An inverse association was recorded for vitamin E, vitamin B6 , calcium and iron. Among children aged 1-3 years, only niacin and copper were significantly associated with number of snacks, with the group of 'B-L-D-2S' presenting the highest intake. As for the overall diet quality, among all participants, there was no significant association of MAR with the type of meal and snack pattern, and thus the snack frequency. CONCLUSIONS Snacking behaviour is a common practice among children and adolescents. Modifying current snack foods with nutrient-rich choices could lead to an improvement of their diet's nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-V Mitsopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Magriplis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Dimakopoulos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Karageorgou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Bakogianni
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R Micha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Michas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Cardiology, 'Elpis' General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Chourdakis
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Ntouroupi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S-M Tsaniklidou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Argyri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - A Zampelas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Malek AM, Hunt KJ, DellaValle DM, Greenberg D, St. Peter JV, Marriott BP. Reported Consumption of Low-Calorie Sweetener in Foods, Beverages, and Food and Beverage Additions by US Adults: NHANES 2007-2012. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy054. [PMID: 30283913 PMCID: PMC6163106 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs), artificial sweeteners, or high-intensity sweeteners are incorporated into foods, beverages, and food and beverage additions (FBAs). Many prior studies have focused on LCS beverage consumption, but not included LCS consumption from foods or FBAs. OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe the prevalence of LCS consumption by US adults, and to examine the relation between intake of products containing LCSs and macronutrients. METHODS Two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls from NHANES 2007-2012 and the National Cancer Institute usual intake method were used to estimate prevalence of LCS intake from foods, beverages, and FBAs, and macronutrients among US adults aged ≥19 y (n = 14,098, weighted n = 218,391,752) in a cross-sectional study. The prevalence of LCS consumption from reported foods, beverages, and FBAs among US adults was examined by sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression estimated ORs and 95% CIs for associations between sociodemographic characteristics and LCS use (overall and in foods, beverages, and FBAs). RESULTS Among adults, 47.8% reported intake of ≥1 food, beverage, or FBA containing LCSs over 2 d. Intake was higher among: women non-Hispanic whites, college graduates or higher, and those with higher income and obese BMIs (P < 0.001). Intake of beverages containing LCSs was higher for ages 51-70 y than 19-30 y and those with overweight and obese BMIs (P < 0.001) than for normal-weight individuals. Calories, carbohydrate, and sugar intake were lower and fiber was higher in LCS-consumers than in nonconsumers. Specifically, calories from beverages were lower in those who reported LCS intake. CONCLUSIONS Individuals reporting LCS consumption demonstrated lower total energy intake than did individuals without LCS intake. Although the main source of LCSs in the US adult diet was beverages (31.9%), we found that FBAs also present a significant contribution (25.2%), surpassing food (9.3%). This enables targeted understanding of national consumption of these products as well as dietary education and intervention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Malek
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kelly J Hunt
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Diane M DellaValle
- Departments of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | - Bernadette P Marriott
- Departments of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Departments of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Snacking: A cause for concern. Physiol Behav 2018; 193:279-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Park MK, Freisling H, Huseinovic E, Winkvist A, Huybrechts I, Crispim SP, de Vries JHM, Geelen A, Niekerk M, van Rossum C, Slimani N. Comparison of meal patterns across five European countries using standardized 24-h recall (GloboDiet) data from the EFCOVAL project. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:1045-1057. [PMID: 28275868 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine meal patterns in terms of frequency and circadian timing of eating in five European countries participating in the EFCOVAL project. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 559 men and women, aged 44-65 years, were recruited in Belgium, the Czech Republic, France (Southern part), The Netherlands, and Norway. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using standardized computerised 24-h recalls (GloboDiet). Means ± SE of (1) eating frequency, (2) overnight fasting, and (3) time between eating occasions were estimated by country using means from 2 days of 24-h recalls. We also estimated the frequency of eating occasions per hour by country as well as the proportional energy intake of meals/snacks by country compared to the mean energy intake of all countries. RESULTS Mean eating frequency ranged from 4.3 times/day in France to 7.1 times/day in The Netherlands (p < 0.05). Mean overnight fasting was shortest in the Netherlands (9.2 h) and longest in Czech Republic (10.9 h) (p < 0.05). Mean time between single eating occasions was shortest in The Netherlands (2.4 h) and longest in France (4.3 h) (p < 0.05). Different patterns of energy intake by meals and snacks throughout the day were observed across the five countries. CONCLUSIONS We observed distinct differences in meal patterns across the five European countries included in the current study in terms of frequency and circadian timing of eating, and the proportion of energy intake from eating occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Park
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Heinz Freisling
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Ena Huseinovic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Winkvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Patricia Crispim
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Parana, Avenida Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Jeanne H M de Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Geelen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maryse Niekerk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Rossum
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France.
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48
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Si Hassen W, Castetbon K, Péneau S, Tichit C, Nechba A, Lampuré A, Bellisle F, Hercberg S, Méjean C. Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with snacking behavior in a large sample of French adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 29544552 PMCID: PMC5856366 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have specifically focused on demographic and socio-economic characteristics associated with snacking in adults, whereas their identification could be useful for defining effective public health measures. The aim of our study was to assess the associations of these factors with daily snacking behavior and its dietary quality. Methods This cross-sectional study included 84,692 women and 23,491 men from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Occurrence of snacking, energy intake from snacks, snack nutrient, and energy densities were assessed using 24-h dietary records of weekdays at baseline. Associations between socio-economic and demographic factors (age, presence of children in the household, education, income, occupation), and snacking behavior were examined using multivariable logistic regression and analysis of covariance, stratified by sex and adjusted for total daily energy intake. Results Older individuals were more likely to snack during the day in both sexes while individuals with primary education (OR = 0.79 (0.71;0.87) in women; OR = 0.71 (0.60;0.83) in men), female employees (OR = 0.94 (0.89;0.99), and self-employed women were less likely to snack during the day. Older individuals, in particular middle-aged subjects, had higher snack nutrient density, and lower energy intake and density from snacks compared with younger adults. Presence of a child in the household was associated with higher energy density, lower nutrient density (in women), and lower energy intake from snacks (in men), compared with those who lived without a child in household. In low income individuals and manual workers, snacks had lower nutrient density and higher energy content than in higher socioeconomic categories. At last, energy intake from daily snacking occasions was higher in women with low education level. Conclusions Although snacking was less prevalent in low socioeconomic categories and young adults, their snacks had higher energy content and were of poorer nutrient density. Such findings provide useful information on mechanisms of social disparities in dietary behavior. Trial registration This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm No0000388FWA00005831) and the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No.908450 and No.909216). Clinical Trial no. NCT03335644 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12966-018-0655-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Si Hassen
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.
| | - Katia Castetbon
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé publique, Route de Lennik 808 - CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Tichit
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - UR 1303 Alimentation et Sciences Sociales ALISS, 65 boulevard de Brandebourg, F-94025, Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Anouar Nechba
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Aurélie Lampuré
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - France Bellisle
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.,Département de santé publique, Hôpital Avicenne, 125 rue de Stalingrad, F-93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Caroline Méjean
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.,MOISA, INRA, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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49
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Potter M, Vlassopoulos A, Lehmann U. Snacking Recommendations Worldwide: A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:86-98. [PMID: 29659681 PMCID: PMC5962965 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the globe, dietary habits include the consumption of foods and drinks between main meals. Although often described as "snacks" or "snacking," there is no scientific consensus of what constitutes a snack, either as an eating occasion or as a snack food. Nonetheless, food-based dietary guidelines, compiled at national or regional levels by governments, learned societies, and health organizations, frequently refer to snacking habits and desirable or undesirable snack food choices. This review aims to provide a comprehensive snapshot of snacking recommendations worldwide. From a search of 207 countries and organizations, 49 countries and 7 regional or global organizations were identified that referred to snacks, snack foods, or snacking. A total of 136 snacking-specific recommendations or examples were identified, which varied in nature whereby some provided advice on the quality of the snack food choice and others focused on the frequency or energy and nutrient composition of such snacks. Guidelines varied in terms of the detail of foods and drinks identified, wherein some recommendations focused only on foods or food categories to include (e.g., fruit or dairy) or to exclude (e.g., processed foods), whereas other recommendations made reference to both. Both individual foods (e.g., apples) and food categories (e.g., fruit) were mentioned. Reasons or rationales to support the snacking choices were less frequently identified and varied across regions. It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate discussion on the need for a consensus in the scientific community and beyond with regard to snacking. An agreed-upon definition of snacks, snacking, and snack foods could be used to inform a number of stakeholders and ultimately help consumers adhere to healthful diets as defined locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Potter
- Nutrient Profiling, Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonis Vlassopoulos
- Nutrient Profiling, Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Undine Lehmann
- Nutrient Profiling, Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Murakami K. Associations between nutritional quality of meals and snacks assessed by the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system and overall diet quality and adiposity measures in British children and adolescents. Nutrition 2018; 49:57-65. [PMID: 29499494 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined how the nutritional quality of meals and snacks was associated with overall diet quality and adiposity measures. METHODS Based on 7-d weighed dietary record data, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on time (meals: 06:00-09:00 h, 12:00-14:00 h, and 17:00-20:00 h; snacks: others) or contribution to energy intake (meals: ≥15%; snacks: <15%) in British children aged 4-10 (n = 808) and adolescents aged 11-18 (n = 809). The nutritional quality of meals and snacks was assessed as the arithmetical energy intake-weighted means of the Food Standards Agency (FSA) nutrient profiling system score of each food and beverage consumed, based on the contents of energy, saturated fatty acid, total sugar, sodium, fruits/vegetables/nuts, dietary fiber, and protein. RESULTS Regardless of the definition of meals and snacks, higher FSA score (lower nutritional quality) of meals was inversely associated with overall diet quality assessed by the Mediterranean diet score in both children and adolescents (P <0.0001), whereas the inverse associations for the FSA score of snacks did not reach statistical significance. The FSA score of meals based on time was inversely associated with body mass index z-score only in children, whereas that of snacks based on time showed a positive association. CONCLUSION Lower nutritional quality of meals, but not snacks, assessed by the FSA score was associated with lower overall diet quality, whereas no consistent associations were observed with regard to adiposity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Murakami
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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