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Raposo B, Klareskog L, Robinson WH, Malmström V, Grönwall C. The peculiar features, diversity and impact of citrulline-reactive autoantibodies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:399-416. [PMID: 38858604 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since entering the stage 25 years ago as a highly specific serological biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) have been a topic of extensive research. This hallmark B cell response arises years before disease onset, displays interpatient autoantigen variability, and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Technological and scientific advances have revealed broad clonal diversity and intriguing features including high levels of somatic hypermutation, variable-domain N-linked glycosylation, hapten-like peptide interactions, and clone-specific multireactivity to citrullinated, carbamylated and acetylated epitopes. ACPAs have been found in different isotypes and subclasses, in both circulation and tissue, and are secreted by both plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells. Notably, although some disease-promoting features have been reported, results now demonstrate that certain monoclonal ACPAs therapeutically block arthritis and inflammation in mouse models. A wealth of functional studies using patient-derived polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have provided evidence for pathogenic and protective effects of ACPAs in the context of arthritis. To understand the roles of ACPAs, one needs to consider their immunological properties by incorporating different facets such as rheumatoid arthritis B cell biology, environmental triggers and chronic antigen exposure. The emerging picture points to a complex role of citrulline-reactive autoantibodies, in which the diversity and dynamics of antibody clones could determine clinical progression and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Raposo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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James EA, Holers VM, Iyer R, Prideaux EB, Rao NL, Rims C, Muir VS, Posso SE, Bloom MS, Zia A, Elliott SE, Adamska JZ, Ai R, Brewer RC, Seifert JA, Moss L, Barzideh S, Demoruelle MK, Striebich CC, Okamoto Y, Sainbayar E, Crook AA, Peterson RA, Vanderlinden LA, Wang W, Boyle DL, Robinson WH, Buckner JH, Firestein GS, Deane KD. Multifaceted immune dysregulation characterizes individuals at-risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7637. [PMID: 37993439 PMCID: PMC10665556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers of autoimmunity, such as antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA), are detectable prior to inflammatory arthritis (IA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may define a state that is 'at-risk' for future RA. Here we present a cross-sectional comparative analysis among three groups that include ACPA positive individuals without IA (At-Risk), ACPA negative individuals and individuals with early, ACPA positive clinical RA (Early RA). Differential methylation analysis among the groups identifies non-specific dysregulation in peripheral B, memory and naïve T cells in At-Risk participants, with more specific immunological pathway abnormalities in Early RA. Tetramer studies show increased abundance of T cells recognizing citrullinated (cit) epitopes in At-Risk participants, including expansion of T cells reactive to citrullinated cartilage intermediate layer protein I (cit-CILP); these T cells have Th1, Th17, and T stem cell memory-like phenotypes. Antibody-antigen array analyses show that antibodies targeting cit-clusterin, cit-fibrinogen and cit-histone H4 are elevated in At-Risk and Early RA participants, with the highest levels of antibodies detected in those with Early RA. These findings indicate that an ACPA positive at-risk state is associated with multifaceted immune dysregulation that may represent a potential opportunity for targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - E Barton Prideaux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Navin L Rao
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle S Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Amin Zia
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Serra E Elliott
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Julia Z Adamska
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Rizi Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - R Camille Brewer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jennifer A Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - LauraKay Moss
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Saman Barzideh
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - M Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher C Striebich
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yuko Okamoto
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enkhtsogt Sainbayar
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alexandra A Crook
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan A Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lauren A Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David L Boyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - Gary S Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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3
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Trier NH, Houen G. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:895-911. [PMID: 37578277 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serological biomarker anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may have several functions but is especially important for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) along with clinical symptoms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of ACPAs, which are useful in RA diagnostics and may improve our understanding of disease etiology. PubMed was searched with combinations of words related to antibodies recognizing epitopes containing the post-translationally modified amino acid citrulline in combination with rheumatoid arthritis; cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP, anti-CCP, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA, citrullination, peptide/protein arginine deiminase, PAD, filaggrin, vimentin, keratin, collagen, perinuclear factor, EBNA1, EBNA2, and others. From this search, we made a qualitative extract of publications relevant to the discovery, characterization, and clinical use of these antibodies in relation to RA. We highlight significant findings and identify areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION ACPAs have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for RA and recognize citrullinated epitopes from several proteins. The best-performing single epitope originates from Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear antigen 2 and contains a central Cit-Gly motif, which is recognized by ACPAS when located in a flexible peptide structure. In addition, ACPAs may also have prognostic value, especially in relation to early treatment, although ACPAs' main function is to aid in the diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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4
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Yamada H. The Search for the Pathogenic T Cells in the Joint of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Which T-Cell Subset Drives Autoimmune Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086930. [PMID: 37108093 PMCID: PMC10138952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting systemic synovial tissues, leading to the destruction of multiple joints. Its etiology is still unknown, but T-cell-mediated autoimmunity has been thought to play critical roles, which is supported by experimental as well as clinical observations. Therefore, efforts have been made to elucidate the functions and antigen specificity of pathogenic autoreactive T cells, which could be a therapeutic target for disease treatment. Historically, T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells are hypothesized to be pathogenic T cells in RA joints; however, lines of evidence do not fully support this hypothesis, showing polyfunctionality of the T cells. Recent progress in single-cell analysis technology has led to the discovery of a novel helper T-cell subset, peripheral helper T cells, and attracted attention to the previously unappreciated T-cell subsets, such as cytotoxic CD4 and CD8 T cells, in RA joints. It also enables a comprehensive view of T-cell clonality and function. Furthermore, the antigen specificity of the expanded T-cell clones can be determined. Despite such progress, which T-cell subset drives inflammation is yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakata Yamada
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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5
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Curran AM, Girgis AA, Jang Y, Crawford JD, Thomas MA, Kawalerski R, Coller J, Bingham CO, Na CH, Darrah E. Citrullination modulates antigen processing and presentation by revealing cryptic epitopes in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1061. [PMID: 36828807 PMCID: PMC9958131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptic peptides, hidden from the immune system under physiologic conditions, are revealed by changes to MHC class II processing and hypothesized to drive the loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens in autoimmunity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune responses to citrullinated self-antigens, in which arginine residues are converted to citrullines. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that citrullination exposes cryptic peptides by modifying protein structure and proteolytic cleavage. We show that citrullination alters processing and presentation of autoantigens, resulting in the generation of a unique citrullination-dependent repertoire composed primarily of native sequences. This repertoire stimulates T cells from RA patients with anti-citrullinated protein antibodies more robustly than controls. The generation of this unique repertoire is achieved through altered protease cleavage and protein destabilization, rather than direct presentation of citrulline-containing epitopes, suggesting a novel paradigm for the role of protein citrullination in the breach of immune tolerance in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Curran
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander A Girgis
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yura Jang
- Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Crawford
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mekha A Thomas
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Kawalerski
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Coller
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Carlé C, Degboe Y, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Arleevskaya MI, Clavel C, Renaudineau Y. Characteristics of the (Auto)Reactive T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis According to the Immune Epitope Database. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054296. [PMID: 36901730 PMCID: PMC10001542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accordingly, and to better understand T cells' contribution to RA, a comprehensive review based on an analysis of the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) was conducted. An immune CD8+ T cell senescence response is reported in RA and inflammatory diseases, which is driven by active viral antigens from latent viruses and cryptic self-apoptotic peptides. RA-associated pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells are selected by MHC class II and immunodominant peptides, which are derived from molecular chaperones, host extra-cellular and cellular peptides that could be post-translationally modified (PTM), and bacterial cross-reactive peptides. A large panel of techniques have been used to characterize (auto)reactive T cells and RA-associated peptides with regards to their interaction with the MHC and TCR, capacity to enter the docking site of the shared epitope (DRB1-SE), capacity to induce T cell proliferation, capacity to select T cell subsets (Th1/Th17, Treg), and clinical contribution. Among docking DRB1-SE peptides, those with PTM expand autoreactive and high-affinity CD4+ memory T cells in RA patients with an active disease. Considering original therapeutic options in RA, mutated, or altered peptide ligands (APL) have been developed and are tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Carlé
- Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cytology, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Degboe
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Rheumatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marina I. Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Cyril Clavel
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cytology, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-561-776-245
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7
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San D, Lei J, Liu Y, Jing B, Ye X, Wei P, Paek C, Yang Y, Zhou J, Chen P, Wang H, Chen Y, Yin L. Structural basis of the TCR-pHLA complex provides insights into the unconventional recognition of CDR3β in TCR cross-reactivity and alloreactivity. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100076. [PMID: 37192909 PMCID: PMC10120306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that some class I human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are related to durable HIV controls. The T18A TCR, which has the alloreactivity between HLA-B∗42:01 and HLA-B∗81:01 and the cross-reactivity with different antigen mutants, can sustain long-term HIV controls. Here the structural basis of the T18A TCR binding to the immunodominant HIV epitope TL9 (TPQDLNTML180-188) presented by HLA-B∗42:01 was determined and compared to T18A TCR binding to the TL9 presented by the allo-HLA-B∗81:01. For differences between HLA-B∗42:01 and HLA-B∗81:01, the CDR1α and CDR3α loops adopt a small rearrangement to accommodate them. For different conformations of the TL9 presented by different HLA alleles, not like the conventional recognition of CDR3s to interact with peptide antigens, CDR3β of the T18A TCR shifts to avoid the peptide antigen but intensively recognizes the HLA only, which is different with other conventional TCR structures. Featured sequence pairs of CDR3β and HLA might account for this and were additionally found in multiple other diseases indicating the popularity of the unconventional recognition pattern which would give insights into the control of diseases with epitope mutating such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Baowei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chonil Paek
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Turcinov S, Af Klint E, Van Schoubroeck B, Kouwenhoven A, Mia S, Chemin K, Wils H, Van Hove C, De Bondt A, Keustermans K, Van Houdt J, Reumers J, Felix N, Rao NL, Peeters P, Stevenaert F, Klareskog L, McKinnon M, Baker D, Suri A, Malmström V. Diversity and Clonality of T Cell Receptor Repertoire and Antigen Specificities in Small Joints of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 75:673-684. [PMID: 36409582 DOI: 10.1002/art.42407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+ T cells are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathology from the strong association between RA and certain HLA class II gene variants. This study was undertaken to examine the synovial T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, T cell phenotypes, and T cell specificities in small joints of RA patients at time of diagnosis before therapeutic intervention. METHODS Sixteen patients, of whom 11 patients were anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and 5 patients were ACPA-, underwent ultrasound-guided synovial biopsy of a small joint (n = 13) or arthroscopic synovial biopsy of a large joint (n = 3), followed by direct sorting of single T cells for paired sequencing of the αβ TCR together with flow cytometry analysis. TCRs from expanded CD4+ T cell clones of 4 patients carrying an HLA-DRB1*04:01 allele were artificially reexpressed to study antigen specificity. RESULTS T cell analysis demonstrated CD4+ dominance and the presence of peripheral helper T-like cells in both patient groups. We identified >4,000 unique TCR sequences, as well as 225 clonal expansions. Additionally, T cells with double α-chains were a recurring feature. We identified a biased gene usage of the Vβ chain segment TRBV20-1 in CD4+ cells from ACPA+ patients. In vitro stimulation of T cell lines expressing selected TCRs with an extensive panel of citrullinated and viral peptides identified several different virus-specific TCRs (e.g., human cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 2). Still, the majority of clones remained orphans with unknown specificity. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive biopsies of the RA synovium allow for single-cell TCR sequencing and phenotyping. Clonally expanded, viral-reactive T cells account for part of the diverse CD4+ T cell repertoire. TRBV20-1 bias in ACPA+ patients suggests recognition of common antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Turcinov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, and Theme of Inflammation and Ageing, Medical Unit Gastro, Derma, Rheuma, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Af Klint
- Theme of Inflammation and Ageing, Medical Unit Gastro, Derma, Rheuma, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sohel Mia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karine Chemin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hans Wils
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - An De Bondt
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Joke Reumers
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nathan Felix
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Navin L Rao
- Janssen Research and Development, Horsham, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Baker
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Anish Suri
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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9
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Sonigra A, Nel HJ, Wehr P, Ramnoruth N, Patel S, van Schie KA, Bladen MW, Mehdi AM, Tesiram J, Talekar M, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Stuurman FE, Roberts H, Vecchio P, Gourley I, Rigby M, Becart S, Toes RE, Scherer HU, Lê Cao KA, Campbell K, Thomas R. Randomized phase I trial of antigen-specific tolerizing immunotherapy with peptide/calcitriol liposomes in ACPA+ rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160964. [PMID: 36278483 PMCID: PMC9714780 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDAntigen-specific regulation of autoimmune disease is a major goal. In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cell help to autoreactive B cells matures the citrullinated (Cit) antigen-specific immune response, generating RA-specific V domain glycosylated anti-Cit protein antibodies (ACPA VDG) before arthritis onset. Low or escalating antigen administration under "sub-immunogenic" conditions favors tolerance. We explored safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunological and clinical effects of s.c. DEN-181, comprising liposomes encapsulating self-peptide collagen II259-273 (CII) and NF-κB inhibitor 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.METHODSA double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory, single-ascending-dose, phase I trial assessed the impact of low, medium, and high DEN-181 doses on peripheral blood CII-specific and bystander Cit64vimentin59-71-specific (Cit-Vim-specific) autoreactive T cell responses, cytokines, and ACPA in 17 HLA-DRB1*04:01+ or *01:01+ ACPA+ RA patients on methotrexate.RESULTSDEN-181 was well tolerated. Relative to placebo and normalized to baseline values, Cit-Vim-specific T cells decreased in patients administered medium and high doses of DEN-181. Relative to placebo, percentage of CII-specific programmed cell death 1+ T cells increased within 28 days of DEN-181. Exploratory analysis in DEN-181-treated patients suggested improved RA disease activity was associated with expansion of CII-specific and Cit-Vim-specific T cells; reduction in ACPA VDG, memory B cells, and inflammatory myeloid populations; and enrichment in CCR7+ and naive T cells. Single-cell sequencing identified T cell transcripts associated with tolerogenic TCR signaling and exhaustion after low or medium doses of DEN-181.CONCLUSIONThe safety and immunomodulatory activity of low/medium DEN-181 doses provide rationale to further assess antigen-specific immunomodulatory therapy in ACPA+ RA.TRIAL REGISTRATIONAnzctr.org.au identifier ACTRN12617001482358, updated September 8, 2022.FUNDINGInnovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (grant agreement 777357), supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations; Arthritis Queensland; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Research Fellowship; and NHMRC grant 2008287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amee Sonigra
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hendrik J. Nel
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascale Wehr
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Swati Patel
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin A. van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maxwell W. Bladen
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed M. Mehdi
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Tesiram
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meghna Talekar
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh H. Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederik E. Stuurman
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Roberts
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Dendright Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phillip Vecchio
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Gourley
- Immunology Clinical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Rigby
- Immunology Clinical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephane Becart
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rene E.M. Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Campbell
- Immunology Translational Medicine, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Holers VM, Kuhn KA, Demoruelle MK, Norris JM, Firestein GS, James EA, Robinson WH, Buckner JH, Deane KD. Mechanism-driven strategies for prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. RHEUMATOLOGY & AUTOIMMUNITY 2022; 2:109-119. [PMID: 36312783 PMCID: PMC9610829 DOI: 10.1002/rai2.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the onset of clinically apparent inflammatory arthritis (IA) is typically preceded by a prolonged period of autoimmunity manifest by the presence of circulating autoantibodies that can include antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF). This period prior to clinical IA can be designated preclinical RA in those individuals who have progressed to a clinical diagnosis of RA, and an 'at-risk' status in those who have not developed IA but exhibit predictive biomarkers of future clinical RA. With the goal of developing RA prevention strategies, studies have characterized immune phenotypes of preclinical RA/at-risk states. From these studies, a model has emerged wherein mucosal inflammation and dysbiosis may lead first to local autoantibody production that should normally be transient, but instead is followed by systemic spread of the autoimmunity as manifest by serum autoantibody elevations, and ultimately drives the development of clinically identified joint inflammation. This model can be envisioned as the progression of disease development through serial 'checkpoints' that in principle should constrain or resolve autoimmunity; however, instead the checkpoints 'fail' and clinical RA develops. Herein we review the immune processes that are likely to be present at each step and the potential therapeutic strategies that could be envisioned to delay, diminish, halt or even reverse the progression to clinical RA. Notably, these prevention strategies could utilize existing therapies approved for clinical RA, therapies approved for other diseases that target relevant pathways in the preclinical/at-risk state, or approaches that target novel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristine A. Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - M. Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Sandalova T, Sala BM, Achour A. Structural aspects of chemical modifications in the MHC-restricted immunopeptidome; Implications for immune recognition. Front Chem 2022; 10:861609. [PMID: 36017166 PMCID: PMC9395651 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.861609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in mass-spectroscopy (MS) have made it possible to investigate the cellular immunopeptidome, a large collection of MHC-associated epitopes presented on the surface of healthy, stressed and infected cells. These approaches have hitherto allowed the unambiguous identification of large cohorts of epitope sequences that are restricted to specific MHC class I and II molecules, enhancing our understanding of the quantities, qualities and origins of these peptide populations. Most importantly these analyses provide essential information about the immunopeptidome in responses to pathogens, autoimmunity and cancer, and will hopefully allow for future tailored individual therapies. Protein post-translational modifications (PTM) play a key role in cellular functions, and are essential for both maintaining cellular homeostasis and increasing the diversity of the proteome. A significant proportion of proteins is post-translationally modified, and thus a deeper understanding of the importance of PTM epitopes in immunopeptidomes is essential for a thorough and stringent understanding of these peptide populations. The aim of the present review is to provide a structural insight into the impact of PTM peptides on stability of MHC/peptide complexes, and how these may alter/modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedetta Maria Sala
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Adnane Achour,
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12
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Sharkey P, Thomas R. Immune tolerance therapies for autoimmune diseases: Shifting the goalpost to cure. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 65:102242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Maggi J, Carrascal M, Soto L, Neira O, Cuéllar MC, Aravena O, James EA, Abian J, Jaraquemada D, Catalan D, Aguillón JC. Isolation of HLA-DR-naturally presented peptides identifies T-cell epitopes for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1096-1105. [PMID: 35459695 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immunopathogenesis revolves around the presentation of poorly characterised self-peptides by human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-class II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells to autoreactive CD4 +T cells. Here, we analysed the HLA-DR-associated peptidome of synovial tissue (ST) and of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with synovial fluid (SF) or ST, to identify potential T-cell epitopes for RA. METHODS HLA-DR/peptide complexes were isolated from RA ST samples (n=3) and monocyte-derived DCs, generated from healthy donors carrying RA-associated shared epitope positive HLA-DR molecules and pulsed with RA SF (n=7) or ST (n=2). Peptide sequencing was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The immunostimulatory capacity of selected peptides was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with RA (n=29) and healthy subjects (n=12) by flow cytometry. RESULTS We identified between 103 and 888 HLA-DR-naturally presented peptides per sample. We selected 37 native and six citrullinated (cit)-peptides for stimulation assays. Six of these peptides increased the expression of CD40L on CD4 +T cells patients with RA, and specifically triggered IFN-γ expression on RA CD4 +T cells compared with healthy subjects. Finally, the frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4 +T cells specific for a myeloperoxidase-derived peptide showed a positive correlation with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS We significantly expanded the peptide repertoire presented by HLA-DR molecules in a physiologically relevant context, identifying six new epitopes recognised by CD4 +T cells from patients with RA. This information is important for a better understanding of the disease immunopathology, as well as for designing tolerising antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaxaira Maggi
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics Group, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lilian Soto
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad del Dolor, Hospital Clinico de la Universidad de Chile Jose Joaquin Aguirre, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Neira
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C Cuéllar
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joaquin Abian
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics Group, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Jaraquemada
- Immunology Unit, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Catalan
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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14
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From risk to chronicity: evolution of autoreactive B cell and antibody responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:371-383. [PMID: 35606567 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disease-specific autoantibody responses and the efficacy of B cell-targeting therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) indicate a pivotal role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. Important advances have shaped our understanding of the involvement of autoantibodies and autoreactive B cells in the disease process. In RA, autoantibodies target antigens with a variety of post-translational modifications such as carbamylation, acetylation and citrullination. B cell responses against citrullinated antigens generate anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), which are themselves modified in the variable domains by abundant N-linked glycans. Insights into the induction of autoreactive B cells against antigens with post-translational modifications and the development of autoantibody features such as isotype usage, epitope recognition, avidity and glycosylation reveal their relationship to particular RA risk factors and clinical phenotypes. Glycosylation of the ACPA variable domain, for example, seems to predict RA onset in ACPA+ healthy individuals, possibly because it affects B cell receptor signalling. Moreover, ACPA-expressing B cells show dynamic phenotypic changes and develop a continuously proliferative and activated phenotype that can persist in patients who are in drug-induced clinical remission. Together, these findings can be integrated into a conceptual framework of immunological autoreactivity in RA, delineating how it develops and persists and why disease activity recurs when therapy is tapered or stopped.
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15
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Osoegawa K, Marsh SGE, Holdsworth R, Heidt S, Fischer G, Murphey C, Maiers M, Fernández Viňa MA. A new strategy for systematically classifying HLA alleles into serological specificities. HLA 2022; 100:193-231. [PMID: 35538616 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HLA serological specificities were defined by the reactivity of HLA molecules with sets of sera and monoclonal antibodies. Many recently identified alleles defined by molecular typing lack their serotype assignment. We surveyed the literature describing the correlation of the reactivity of serologic reagents with AA residues. 20 - 25 AA residues determining epitopes (DEP) that correlated with 82 WHO serologic specificities were identified for HLA class I loci. Thirteen DEP each located in the beta-1 domains that correlated with 24 WHO serologic specificities were identified for HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 loci. The designation of possible HLA-DPB1, -DQA1, -DPA1, and additional serological specificities that result from epitopes defined by residues located at both -DQA1 and -DQB1 subunits were also examined. HATS software was developed for automated serotype assignments to HLA alleles in one of the three hierarchical matching criteria: 1) all DEP (FULL); 2) selected DEP specific to each serological specificities (SEROTYPE); 3) one AA mismatch with one or more SEROTYPES (INCOMPLETE). Results were validated by evaluating the alleles whose serotypes do not correspond to the first field of the allele name listed in the HLA dictionary. Additional 85 and 21 DEP patterns that do not correspond to any WHO serologic specificities for common HLA class I and DRB1 alleles were identified, respectively. A comprehensive antibody identification panel would allow for accurate unacceptable antigen listing and compatibility predictions in solid organ transplantations. We propose that antibody-screening panels should include all serologic specificities identified in this study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Osoegawa
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Steven G E Marsh
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute & UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gottfried Fischer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cathi Murphey
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory at Southwest Immunodiagnostics, Inc, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin Maiers
- Innovation, National Marrow Donor Program, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marcelo A Fernández Viňa
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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16
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Marks KE, Rao DA. T peripheral helper cells in autoimmune diseases. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:191-202. [PMID: 35103314 PMCID: PMC9009135 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic T cell-B cell interactions underlie many autoimmune diseases. The T cells that help B cells in autoimmune diseases vary in phenotype and include T cells that lack typical features of T follicular helper cells, such as expression of CXCR5 and BCL6. A population of PD-1hi CXCR5- T peripheral helper (Tph) cells has now been recognized in multiple autoantibody-associated diseases. Tph cells display a distinctive set of features, merging the ability to provide B cell help with the capacity to migrate to inflamed peripheral tissues. Here, we review the scope of immune-related conditions in which Tph cells have been implicated and provide a perspective on their potential contributions to pathologic B cell activation in autoimmune diseases. We discuss Tph cells as a promising therapeutic strategy in autoimmunity and consider the utility of tracking Tph cells in blood as a biomarker to quantify aberrant T cell-B cell activation in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne E Marks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Patel S, Ramnoruth N, Wehr P, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Campbell K, Nel HJ, Thomas R. Evaluation of a fit-for-purpose assay to monitor antigen-specific functional CD4+ T-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis using flow cytometry-based peptide-MHC class-II tetramer staining. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:72-83. [PMID: 35020859 PMCID: PMC8802177 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells can serve as a response biomarker in non-clinical or clinical immunotherapy studies in autoimmune disease. There are protocols with optimized multimer staining methods to detect peptide (p)MHCII+ CD4+ T cells, and some qualified and validated protocols for pMHCI+ CD8+ T cells. However, no protocol is fully or partially qualified to enumerate and characterize antigen-specific pMHCII+ CD4+ T cells from patient samples. Implementing such an assay requires a desired level of specificity and precision, in terms of assay repeatability and reproducibility. In transgenic type II collagen (CII)-immunized HLA-DR1/DR4 humanized mouse models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), CII259-273-specific T cells dominantly expand. Therefore antigen-specific T cells recognizing this epitope presented by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated risk HLA-DR allomorphs are of interest to understand disease progression and responses to immunotherapy in RA patients. Using HLA-DRB1∗04:01 or ∗01:01-collagen type II (CII)259–273 tetramers, we evaluated parameters influencing precision and reproducibility of an optimized flow cytometry–based method for antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and eight specific subpopulations with and without tetramer positivity. We evaluated specificity, precision, and reproducibility for research environments and non-regulated laboratories. The assay has excellent overall precision with %CV<25% for intra-assay repeatability, inter-analyst precision, and inter-assay reproducibility. The precision of the assay correlated negatively with the cell viability after thawing, indicating that post-thaw viability is a critical parameter for reproducibility. This assay is suitable for longitudinal analysis of treatment response and disease activity outcome in RA patients, and adaptable for translational or immunotherapy clinical trial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascale Wehr
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Campbell
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA.,Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Perez MAS, Cuendet MA, Röhrig UF, Michielin O, Zoete V. Structural Prediction of Peptide-MHC Binding Modes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2405:245-282. [PMID: 35298818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1855-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is constantly protecting its host from the invasion of pathogens and the development of cancer cells. The specific CD8+ T-cell immune response against virus-infected cells and tumor cells is based on the T-cell receptor recognition of antigenic peptides bound to class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) at the surface of antigen presenting cells. Consequently, the peptide binding specificities of the highly polymorphic MHC have important implications for the design of vaccines, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Evidence-based machine-learning approaches have been successfully used for the prediction of peptide binders and are currently being developed for the prediction of peptide immunogenicity. However, understanding and modeling the structural details of peptide/MHC binding is crucial for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms triggering the immunological processes, estimating peptide/MHC affinity using universal physics-based approaches, and driving the design of novel peptide ligands. Unfortunately, due to the large diversity of MHC allotypes and possible peptides, the growing number of 3D structures of peptide/MHC (pMHC) complexes in the Protein Data Bank only covers a small fraction of the possibilities. Consequently, there is a growing need for rapid and efficient approaches to predict 3D structures of pMHC complexes. Here, we review the key characteristics of the 3D structure of pMHC complexes before listing databases and other sources of information on pMHC structures and MHC specificities. Finally, we discuss some of the most prominent pMHC docking software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A S Perez
- Computer-aided Molecular Engineering Group, Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modelling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel A Cuendet
- Molecular Modelling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Precision Oncology Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modelling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modelling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Precision Oncology Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Computer-aided Molecular Engineering Group, Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Molecular Modelling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Gonçalves LB, de França PP, Petry NA, de Souza Xavier MB, de Carvalho NS, Bicalho MDG, Boldt ABW, de Araujo-Souza PS. Inside the pocket: Critical elements of HLA-mediated susceptibility to cervical precancerous lesions. HLA 2021; 98:448-458. [PMID: 34505756 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause for cervical cancer (CC), but it also depends on genetic factors, such as HLA polymorphism. However, few reports addressed the role of amino acids residues at the HLA peptide-binding cleft in HPV-related cervical disease. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DRB1 polymorphism and amino acid residues composing the pockets of the peptide-binding cleft of the respective polypeptide chains with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II/III). HLA typing was performed by PCR-SSOP in 184 women with CIN II/III and 174 controls from South Brazil. Associations were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. FDR test was performed to correct the p-value for multiple comparisons. HLA-DRB1*13:01 was associated with protection against CIN II/III, while HLA-C*03:04 was associated with susceptibility. The amino acid residues isoleucine, tyrosine, and leucine at positions 95, 116, and 163 of HLA-C, respectively, were associated with CIN II/III susceptibility. In contrast, serine at positions 11 and 13 of HLA-DRB1 was associated with protection against the disease. Our results confirm previously reported associations between HLA and cervical diseases caused by HPV and suggest a role for amino acid residues at different positions of HLA-C and HLA-DRB1 in CIN II/III. This finding may be further explored to better understand the genetic risk and the influence of immune response to CC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Boslooper Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pinho de França
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natália Angelica Petry
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marina Bárbara de Souza Xavier
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Newton Sérgio de Carvalho
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Post Graduate Program of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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20
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Sarma VR, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Integrative immunoinformatics paradigm for predicting potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes as viable candidates for subunit vaccine design against COVID-19 virulence. Biomed J 2021; 44:447-460. [PMID: 34489196 PMCID: PMC8130595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in global mortality rates from SARS-COV2 (COVID-19) infection has been alarming thereby necessitating the continual search for viable therapeutic interventions. Due to minimal microbial components, subunit (peptide-based) vaccines have demonstrated improved efficacies in stimulating immunogenic responses by host B- and T-cells. Methods Integrative immunoinformatics algorithms were used to determine linear and discontinuous B-cell epitopes from the S-glycoprotein sequence. End-point selection of the most potential B-cell epitope was based on highly essential physicochemical attributes. NetCTL-I and NetMHC-II algorithms were used to predict probable MHC-I and II T-cell epitopes for globally frequent HLA-A∗O2:01, HLA-B∗35:01, HLA-B∗51:01 and HLA-DRB1∗15:02 molecules. Highly probable T-cell epitopes were selected based on their high propensities for C-terminal cleavage, transport protein (TAP) processing and MHC-I/II binding. Results Preferential epitope binding sites were further identified on the HLA molecules using a blind peptide-docking method. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relativity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV S-protein. LALHRSYLTPGDSSSGWTAGAA242→263 was the most probable B-cell epitope with optimal physicochemical attributes. MHC-I antigenic presentation pathway was highly favourable for YLQPRTFLL269-277 (HLA-A∗02:01), LPPAYTNSF24-32 (HLA-B∗35:01) and IPTNFTISV714-721 (HLA-B∗51:01). Also, LTDEMIAQYTSALLA865-881 exhibited the highest binding affinity to HLA-DR B1∗15:01 with core interactions mediated by IAQYTSALL870-878. COVID-19 YLQPRTFLL269-277 was preferentially bound to a previously undefined site on HLA-A∗02:01 suggestive of a novel site for MHC-I-mediated T-cell stimulation. Conclusion This study implemented combinatorial immunoinformatics methods to model B- and T-cell epitopes with high potentials to trigger immunogenic responses to the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavie R Sarma
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
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21
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Sonon P, Brito Ferreira ML, Santos Almeida R, Saloum Deghaide NH, Henrique Willcox G, Guimarães EL, da Purificação Júnior AF, Cordeiro MT, Antunes de Brito CA, de Albuquerque MDFM, Lins RD, Donadi EA, Lucena-Silva N. Differential Frequencies of HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 Alleles and Haplotypes Are Observed in the Arbovirus-Related Neurological Syndromes. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:517-525. [PMID: 33320259 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We took advantage of the 2015-2016 Brazilian arbovirus outbreak (Zika [ZIKV]/dengue/chikungunya viruses) associated with neurological complications to type HLA-DRB1/DQA1/DQB1 variants in patients exhibiting neurological complications and in bone marrow donors from the same endemic geographical region. METHODS DRB1/DQA1/DQB1 loci were typed using sequence-specific oligonucleotides. In silico studies were performed using X-ray resolved dimer constructions. RESULTS The DQA1*01, DQA1*05, DQB1*02, or DQB1*06 genotypes/haplotypes and DQA1/DQB1 haplotypes that encode the putative DQA1/DQB1 dimers were overrepresented in the whole group of patients and in patients exhibiting peripheral neurological spectrum disorders (PSD) or encephalitis spectrum disorders (ESD). The DRB1*04, DRB1*13, and DQA1*03 allele groups protected against arbovirus neurological manifestation, being underrepresented in whole group of patients and ESD and PSD groups. Genetic and in silico studies revealed that DQA1/DQB1 dimers (1) were primarily associated with susceptibility to arbovirus infections; (2) can bind to a broad range of ZIKV peptides (235 of 1878 peptides, primarily prM and NS2A); and (3) exhibited hydrophilic and highly positively charged grooves when compared to the DRA1/DRB1 cleft. The protective dimer (DRA1/DRB1*04) bound a limited number of ZIKV peptides (40 of 1878 peptides, primarily prM). CONCLUSION Protective haplotypes may recognize arbovirus peptides more specifically than susceptible haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulin Sonon
- Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Santos Almeida
- Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marli Tenório Cordeiro
- Virology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto D Lins
- Virology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norma Lucena-Silva
- Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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22
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Hensvold A, Klareskog L. Towards prevention of autoimmune diseases: The example of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1921-1933. [PMID: 34110013 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention is the ultimate aim for clinicians and scientists concerned with severe diseases, like many immune-mediated conditions. Here, we describe recent progress in the understanding of etiology and molecular pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which make this disease a potential prototype for prevention that may include both public health measures and targeted and personalized approaches that we call "personalized prevention." Critical components of this knowledge are (i) better understanding of the dynamics of the RA-associated autoimmunity that may begin many years before onset of joint inflammation; (ii) insights into how this immunity may be triggered at mucosal surfaces after distinct environmental challenges; (iii) better understanding of which features of the pre-existing immunity may cause symptoms that precede joint inflammation and predict a high risk for imminent arthritis development; and (iv) how molecular events occurring before onset of inflammation might be targeted by existing or future therapies, ultimately by specific targeting of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restricted and RA-specific immunity. Our main conclusion is that studies and interventions in the phase of autoimmunity preceding RA offer new opportunities to prevent the disease and thereby also understand the molecular pathogenesis of its different variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase Hensvold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital (Solna), Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital (Solna), Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology Section, Theme inflammation and Infection, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Christoffersson G, Bender C, von Herrath MG, Mallone R, Kent SC, James EA. Means, Motive, and Opportunity: Do Non-Islet-Reactive Infiltrating T Cells Contribute to Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes? Front Immunol 2021; 12:683091. [PMID: 34220832 PMCID: PMC8242234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In human type 1 diabetes and animal models of the disease, a diverse assortment of immune cells infiltrates the pancreatic islets. CD8+ T cells are well represented within infiltrates and HLA multimer staining of pancreas sections provides clear evidence that islet epitope reactive T cells are present within autoimmune lesions. These bona fide effectors have been a key research focus because these cells represent an intellectually attractive culprit for β cell destruction. However, T cell receptors are highly diverse in human insulitis. This suggests correspondingly broad antigen specificity, which includes a majority of T cells for which there is no evidence of islet-specific reactivity. The presence of “non-cognate” T cells in insulitis raises suspicion that their role could be beyond that of an innocent bystander. In this perspective, we consider the potential pathogenic contribution of non-islet-reactive T cells. Our intellectual framework will be that of a criminal investigation. Having arraigned islet-specific CD8+ T cells for the murder of pancreatic β cells, we then turn our attention to the non-target immune cells present in human insulitis and consider the possible regulatory, benign, or effector roles that they may play in disease. Considering available evidence, we overview the case that can be made that non-islet-reactive infiltrating T cells should be suspected as co-conspirators or accessories to the crime and suggest some possible routes forward for reaching a better understanding of their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Bender
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Type 1 Diabetes Center at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Type 1 Diabetes Center at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eddie A James
- Translatonal Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA, United States
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24
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity plays central roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as it is regarded as an autoimmune disease. Clinical investigations revealed infiltrations of B cells in the synovium, especially those with ectopic lymphoid neogenesis, associate with disease severity. While some B cells in the synovium differentiate into plasma cells producing autoantibodies such as anti-citrullinated protein antibody, others differentiate into effector B cells producing proinflammatory cytokines and expressing RANKL. Synovial B cells might also be important as antigen-presenting cells. Synovial T cells are implicated in the induction of antibody production as well as local inflammation. In the former, a recently identified CD4 T cell subset, peripheral helper T (Tph), which is characterized by the expression of PD-1 and production of CXCL13 and IL-21, is implicated, while the latter might be mediated by Th1-like CD4 T cell subsets that can produce multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, and express cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin, granzymes and granulysin. CD8 T cells in the synovium are able to produce large amount of IFN-γ. However, the involvement of those lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of RA still awaits verification. Their antigen-specificity also needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakata Yamada
- Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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25
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Wieber K, Zimmer CL, Hertl M. Detection of autoreactive CD4+ T cells by MHC class II multimers in HLA-linked human autoimmune diseases. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148674. [PMID: 33938450 DOI: 10.1172/jci148674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of self-peptides in association with distinct HLA class II alleles by autoreactive CD4+ T cells is central for loss of immunological tolerance leading to autoimmune disease. However, identifying immunodominant self-peptides and characterizing autoreactive T cells is challenging. In this issue of the JCI, Falta et al. identify a disease-associated complementarity-determining region 3β motif specific for beryllium-modified C-C motif ligand 4 (CCL4) and CCL3 self-peptides in patients with chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a granulomatous lung disorder with a known HLA class II allelic association. Detection of these antigen-specific CD4+ T cells by beryllium-pulsed HLA-DP2 tetramers presenting CCL4/CCL3 confirms these autoantigens in humans and mice and enables monitoring in the progress of disease. Detection of autoreactive CD4+ T cells by peptide-MHC class II multimers allows for the detailed characterization of disease-promoting T cells. This knowledge has profound implications for the monitoring and development of targeted therapies in human autoimmune disorders.
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26
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Lim JJ, Jones CM, Loh TJ, Ting YT, Zareie P, Loh KL, Felix NJ, Suri A, McKinnon M, Stevenaert F, Sharma RK, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Baker DG, Purcell AW, Reid HH, La Gruta NL, Rossjohn J. The shared susceptibility epitope of HLA-DR4 binds citrullinated self-antigens and the TCR. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/58/eabe0896. [PMID: 33863750 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals expressing HLA-DR4 bearing the shared susceptibility epitope (SE) have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Posttranslational modification of self-proteins via citrullination leads to the formation of neoantigens that can be presented by HLA-DR4 SE allomorphs. However, in T cell-mediated autoimmunity, the interplay between the HLA molecule, posttranslationally modified epitope(s), and the responding T cell repertoire remains unclear. In HLA-DR4 transgenic mice, we show that immunization with a Fibβ-74cit69-81 peptide led to a population of HLA-DR4Fibβ-74cit69-81 tetramer+ T cells that exhibited biased T cell receptor (TCR) β chain usage, which was attributable to selective clonal expansion from the preimmune repertoire. Crystal structures of pre- and postimmune TCRs showed that the SE of HLA-DR4 represented a main TCR contact zone. Immunization with a double citrullinated epitope (Fibβ-72,74cit69-81) altered the responding HLA-DR4 tetramer+ T cell repertoire, which was due to the P2-citrulline residue interacting with the TCR itself. We show that the SE of HLA-DR4 has dual functionality, namely, presentation and a direct TCR recognition determinant. Analogous biased TCR β chain usage toward the Fibβ-74cit69-81 peptide was observed in healthy HLA-DR4+ individuals and patients with HLA-DR4+ RA, thereby suggesting a link to human RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Pirooz Zareie
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Khai L Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nathan J Felix
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anish Suri
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, BE-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Murray McKinnon
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ravi K Sharma
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Baker
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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27
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Sakuragi T, Yamada H, Haraguchi A, Kai K, Fukushi JI, Ikemura S, Akasaki Y, Fujiwara T, Tsushima H, Tsutsui T, Kondo M, Yoshikai Y, Okada S, Nakashima Y. Autoreactivity of Peripheral Helper T Cells in the Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2045-2051. [PMID: 33846228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4 T cells are thought to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, a subset of CD4 T cells that express high levels of programmed death-1 (PD-1) but are distinct from follicular helper T cells have been identified in the joints of RA patients and named peripheral helper T (Tph) cells. Because PD-1 is expressed on T cells chronically stimulated with the Ags, we tested a hypothesis that Tph cells are the pathogenic autoreactive CD4 T cells in RA. We found that human Tph cells in RA joints produce proinflammatory effector cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, in addition to B cell-helping cytokines, such as IL-21 and CXCL13. Flow cytometric analysis showed different bias of TCR Vβ usage between PD-1high Tph cells and PD-1low/neg CD4 T cells, including Th1 cells, in the joint or memory CD4 T cells in the peripheral blood, whereas there was little difference between the latter two subsets. In line with this, deep sequencing of TCR demonstrated an overlap of expanded clones between peripheral blood memory CD4 T cells and PD-1low/neg CD4 T cells but not Tph cells in the joint. Interestingly, Tph cells preferentially exhibited autologous MLR in vitro, which required recognition of self-MHC class II and was pronounced by blocking PD-1 signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that Tph cells are the pathogenic autoreactive CD4 T cells in RA, which expand locally in the joints and are regulated by PD-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; .,Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Haraguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fukushi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikemura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoko Tsutsui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kondo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Song J, Schwenzer A, Wong A, Turcinov S, Rims C, Martinez LR, Arribas-Layton D, Gerstner C, Muir VS, Midwood KS, Malmström V, James EA, Buckner JH. Shared recognition of citrullinated tenascin-C peptides by T and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145217. [PMID: 33507879 PMCID: PMC8021118 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix protein that has proinflammatory properties, is a recently described antibody target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we utilized a systematic discovery process and identified 5 potentially novel citrullinated TNC (cit-TNC) T cell epitopes. CD4+ T cells specific for these epitopes were elevated in the peripheral blood of subjects with RA and showed signs of activation. Cit-TNC–specific T cells were also present among synovial fluid T cells and secreted IFN-γ. Two of these cit-TNC T cell epitopes were also recognized by antibodies within the serum and synovial fluid of individuals with RA. Detectable serum levels of cit-TNC–reactive antibodies were prevalent among subjects with RA and positively associated with cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) reactivity and the HLA shared epitope. Furthermore, cit-TNC–reactive antibodies were correlated with rheumatoid factor and elevated in subjects with a history of smoking. This work confirms cit-TNC as an autoantigen that is targeted by autoreactive CD4+ T cells and autoantibodies in patients with RA. Furthermore, our findings raise the possibility that coinciding epitopes recognized by both CD4+ T cells and B cells have the potential to amplify autoimmunity and promote the development and progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Wong
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Turcinov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cliff Rims
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lorena Rodriguez Martinez
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virginia S Muir
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim S Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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29
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Boddul SV, Sharma RK, Dubnovitsky A, Raposo B, Gerstner C, Shen Y, Iyer VS, Kasza Z, Kwok WW, Winkler AR, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Bettini M, Wermeling F. In vitro and ex vitro functional characterization of human HLA-DRB1∗04 restricted T cell receptors. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100087. [PMID: 33768201 PMCID: PMC7980064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies enable the generation of large-scale data sets of paired TCR sequences from patients with autoimmune disease. Methods to validate and characterize patient-derived TCR data are needed, as well as relevant model systems that can support the development of antigen-specific tolerance inducing drugs. We have generated a pipeline to allow streamlined generation of 'artificial' T cells in a robust and reasonably high throughput manner for in vitro and in vivo studies of antigen-specific and patient-derived immune responses. Hereby chimeric (mouse-human) TCR alpha and beta constructs are re-expressed in three different formats for further studies: (i) transiently in HEK cells for peptide-HLA tetramer validation experiments, (ii) stably in the TCR-negative 58 T cell line for functional readouts such as IL-2 production and NFAT-signaling, and lastly (iii) in human HLA-transgenic mice for studies of autoimmune disease and therapeutic interventions. As a proof of concept, we have used human HLA-DRB1∗04:01 restricted TCR sequences specific for a type I diabetes-associated GAD peptide, and an influenza-derived HA peptide. We show that the same chimeric TCR constructs can be used in each of the described assays facilitating sequential validation and prioritization steps leading to humanized animal models.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cells
- BM, bone marrow
- Ca2+, calcium
- Cell lines
- GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GWAS, Genome-wide association studies
- HA, Influenza hemagglutinin
- HLA
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Humanized animal models
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- RAG, Recombination-activating genes
- T1D, Type-1 diabetes
- TCR
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCRa, TCR alpha
- TCRb, TCR beta
- TMR, HLA tetramer
- Tolerance
- hCD4, human CD4
- hTCR, human TCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaykumar V Boddul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Raposo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunbing Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaishnavi Srinivasan Iyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zsolt Kasza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron R Winkler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nel HJ, Malmström V, Wraith DC, Thomas R. Autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis and the potential for antigen-specific tolerising immunotherapy. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e712-e723. [PMID: 38279365 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, develop and persist due to impaired immune self-tolerance, which has evolved to regulate inflammatory responses to injury or infection. After diagnosis, patients rarely achieve drug-free remission, and although at-risk individuals can be identified with genotyping, antibody tests, and symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis cannot yet be successfully prevented. Precision medicine is increasingly offering solutions to diseases that were previously considered to be incurable, and immunotherapy has begun to achieve this aim in cancer. Comparatively, modulating autoantigen-specific immune responses with immunotherapy for the cure of autoimmune diseases is at a relatively immature stage. Current treatments using non-specific immune or inflammatory suppression increase susceptibility to infection, and are rarely curative. However, early stage clinical trials suggesting that immunotherapy might allow extended duration of remission and even prevention of progression to disease suggest modulating tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis could be a promising opportunity for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Nel
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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31
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Szeto C, Bloom JI, Sloane H, Lobos CA, Fodor J, Jayasinghe D, Chatzileontiadou DSM, Grant EJ, Buckle AM, Gras S. Impact of HLA-DR Antigen Binding Cleft Rigidity on T Cell Recognition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197081. [PMID: 32992915 PMCID: PMC7582474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide (p)-Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complexes is the critical first step in determining T cell responses. X-ray crystallographic studies of pHLA in TCR-bound and free states provide a structural perspective that can help understand T cell activation. These structures represent a static “snapshot”, yet the nature of pHLAs and their interactions with TCRs are highly dynamic. This has been demonstrated for HLA class I molecules with in silico techniques showing that some interactions, thought to stabilise pHLA-I, are only transient and prone to high flexibility. Here, we investigated the dynamics of HLA class II molecules by focusing on three allomorphs (HLA-DR1, -DR11 and -DR15) that are able to present the same epitope and activate CD4+ T cells. A single TCR (F24) has been shown to recognise all three HLA-DR molecules, albeit with different affinities. Using molecular dynamics and crystallographic ensemble refinement, we investigate the molecular basis of these different affinities and uncover hidden roles for HLA polymorphic residues. These polymorphisms were responsible for the widening of the antigen binding cleft and disruption of pHLA-TCR interactions, underpinning the hierarchy of F24 TCR binding affinity, and ultimately T cell activation. We expanded this approach to all available pHLA-DR structures and discovered that all HLA-DR molecules were inherently rigid. Together with in vitro protein stability and peptide affinity measurements, our results suggest that HLA-DR1 possesses inherently high protein stability, and low HLA-DM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Szeto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Joseph I. Bloom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Hannah Sloane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Christian A. Lobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - James Fodor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Dhilshan Jayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Demetra S. M. Chatzileontiadou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Emma J. Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ashley M. Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.S.); (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (C.A.L.); (J.F.); (D.J.); (D.S.M.C.); (E.J.G.); (A.M.B.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Gerstner C, Turcinov S, Hensvold AH, Chemin K, Uchtenhagen H, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Dubnovitsky A, Kozhukh G, Rönnblom L, Kwok WW, Achour A, Catrina AI, van Baarsen LGM, Malmström V. Multi-HLA class II tetramer analyses of citrulline-reactive T cells and early treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 32423478 PMCID: PMC7236297 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA class II tetramers can be used for ex vivo enumeration and phenotypic characterisation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. They are increasingly applied in settings like allergy, vaccination and autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder for which many autoantigens have been described. RESULTS Using multi-parameter flow cytometry, we developed a multi-HLA class II tetramer approach to simultaneously study several antigen specificities in RA patient samples. We focused on previously described citrullinated HLA-DRB1*04:01-restricted T cell epitopes from α-enolase, fibrinogen-β, vimentin as well as cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP). First, we examined inter-assay variability and the sensitivity of the assay in peripheral blood from healthy donors (n = 7). Next, we confirmed the robustness and sensitivity in a cohort of RA patients with repeat blood draws (n = 14). We then applied our method in two different settings. We assessed lymphoid tissue from seropositive arthralgia (n = 5) and early RA patients (n = 5) and could demonstrate autoreactive T cells in individuals at risk of developing RA. Lastly, we studied peripheral blood from early RA patients (n = 10) and found that the group of patients achieving minimum disease activity (DAS28 < 2.6) at 6 months follow-up displayed a decrease in the frequency of citrulline-specific T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the development of a sensitive tetramer panel allowing simultaneous characterisation of antigen-specific T cells in ex vivo patient samples including RA 'at risk' subjects. This multi-tetramer approach can be useful for longitudinal immune-monitoring in any disease with known HLA-restriction element and several candidate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Turcinov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aase H Hensvold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Chemin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, (WA), USA
| | - Tamara H Ramwadhdoebe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Genadiy Kozhukh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, (WA), USA
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet & Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa G M van Baarsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Curran AM, Naik P, Giles JT, Darrah E. PAD enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic effectors and autoimmune targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:301-315. [PMID: 32341463 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) owing to their ability to generate citrullinated proteins - the hallmark autoantigens of RA. Of the five PAD enzyme isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most strongly implicated in RA at both genetic and cellular levels, and PAD inhibitors have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. PAD2 and PAD4 are additionally targeted by autoantibodies in distinct clinical subsets of patients with RA, suggesting anti-PAD antibodies as possible biomarkers for RA diagnosis and prognosis. This Review weighs the evidence that supports a pathogenic role for PAD enzymes in RA as both promoters and targets of the autoimmune response, as well as discussing the mechanistic and therapeutic implications of these findings in the wider context of RA pathogenesis. Understanding the origin and consequences of dysregulated PAD enzyme activity and immune responses against PAD enzymes will be important to fully comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease and for the development of novel strategies to treat and prevent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Curran
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jon T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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35
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Purcell AW, Sechi S, DiLorenzo TP. The Evolving Landscape of Autoantigen Discovery and Characterization in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:879-886. [PMID: 31010879 PMCID: PMC6477901 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is caused, in part, by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. High risk for disease, in those with genetic susceptibility, is predicted by the presence of two or more autoantibodies against insulin, the 65-kDa form of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8). Despite this knowledge, we still do not know what leads to the breakdown of tolerance to these autoantigens, and we have an incomplete understanding of T1D etiology and pathophysiology. Several new autoantibodies have recently been discovered using innovative technologies, but neither their potential utility in monitoring disease development and treatment nor their role in the pathophysiology and etiology of T1D has been explored. Moreover, neoantigen generation (through posttranslational modification, the formation of hybrid peptides containing two distinct regions of an antigen or antigens, alternative open reading frame usage, and translation of RNA splicing variants) has been reported, and autoreactive T cells that target these neoantigens have been identified. Collectively, these new studies provide a conceptual framework to understand the breakdown of self-tolerance, if such modifications occur in a tissue- or disease-specific context. A recent workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases brought together investigators who are using new methods and technologies to identify autoantigens and characterize immune responses toward these proteins. Researchers with diverse expertise shared ideas and identified resources to accelerate antigen discovery and the detection of autoimmune responses in T1D. The application of this knowledge will direct strategies for the identification of improved biomarkers for disease progression and treatment response monitoring and, ultimately, will form the foundation for novel antigen-specific therapeutics. This Perspective highlights the key issues that were addressed at the workshop and identifies areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore Sechi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Bitoun S, Roques P, Maillere B, Le Grand R, Mariette X. Valine 11 and phenylalanine 13 have a greater impact on the T-cell response to citrullinated peptides than the 70-74 shared epitope of the DRB1 molecule in macaques. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:917-921. [PMID: 31023654 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various rheumatoid arthritis (RA) HLA-DRB-1 risk haplotypes have been regrouped under the shared epitope (SE) in position 70-74. The presence of Valine in position 11 (Val11) and phenylalanine in position 13 (Phe13) are also associated with RA, but it is impossible to differentiate their role compared with the SE since they are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) in humans. Similar to humans, certain macaques express the SE (H6). We analysed the effect of various DRB1 haplotypes on T-cell response to citrullinated peptides (Cit-P) in macaques. METHODS Six H6 and six non-H6 macaques were immunized with four Cit-P. T-cell response was assessed using Interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot. RESULTS Animals developed a specific anti-Cit-P T-cell response. Surprisingly, H6 animals had a significantly lower T-cell response than non-H6. In macaques, the 70-74 SE and the Val11 are on separate haplotypes. Presence of Val11 was strongly associated with the anti-Cit-P T-cell response, whatever the 70-74 sequence was. This response was amplified in case of presence of Phe13. CONCLUSION The absence of LD between Val11 and SE in macaques allowed us to demonstrate that the most important HLA positions to induce a T-cell response against Cit-P were Val11 and Phe13 and not the 70-74 SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bitoun
- Rheumatology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud-Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud- CEA-INSERM U1184 'Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases', Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Bernard Maillere
- iBiTecS, Service d'Ingenierie Moleculaire des Proteines (SIMOPRO), Labex LERMIT, Labex VRI, CEA, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Rheumatology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud-Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud- CEA-INSERM U1184 'Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases', Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Faigle W, Cruciani C, Wolski W, Roschitzki B, Puthenparampil M, Tomas-Ojer P, Sellés-Moreno C, Zeis T, Jelcic I, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Sospedra M, Martin R. Brain Citrullination Patterns and T Cell Reactivity of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Derived CD4 + T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31024521 PMCID: PMC6467957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to citrullinated peptides have been described in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the post-translational modification (PTM), arginine to citrulline, in brain tissue of MS patients and controls (C) by proteomics and subsequently the cellular immune response of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-infiltrating T cells to citrullinated and unmodified peptides of myelin basic protein (MBP). Using specifically adapted tissue extraction- and combined data interpretation protocols we could establish a map of citrullinated proteins by identifying more than 80 proteins with two or more citrullinated peptides in human brain tissue. We report many of them for the first time. For the already described citrullinated proteins MBP, GFAP, and vimentin, we could identify additional citrullinated sites. The number of modified proteins in MS white matter was higher than control tissue. Citrullinated peptides are considered neoepitopes that may trigger autoreactivity. We used newly identified epitopes and previously reported immunodominant myelin peptides in their citrullinated and non-citrullinated form to address the recognition of CSF-infiltrating CD4+ T cells from 22 MS patients by measuring proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. We did not detect marked responses to citrullinated peptides, but slightly more strongly to the non-modified version. Based on these data, we conclude that citrullination does not appear to be an important activating factor of a T cell response, but could be the consequence of an immune- or inflammatory response. Our approach allowed us to perform a deep proteome analysis and opens new technical possibilities to analyze complex PTM patterns on minute quantities of rare tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Faigle
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Cruciani
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Puthenparampil
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paula Tomas-Ojer
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Sellés-Moreno
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zeis
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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