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Lunardi M, Sakugawa RL, Furtado FE, Sampaio LT, Diefenthaeler F. Morphological characteristics of the patellar tendon in runners, cyclists, triathletes, and physically active individuals. J Ultrasound 2024; 27:527-535. [PMID: 38393454 PMCID: PMC11333667 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-023-00865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare measurements of length, thickness, and cross-section area (CSA) of the patellar tendon (PT) among cyclists, runners, triathletes, and physically active individuals (control group). Forty healthy individuals (10 cyclists, 10 runners, 10 triathletes, and 10 physically active individuals) aged between 18 and 45 years (30.3 ± 8.6 years) participated in the study. PT was measured by a B-mode ultrasound system. To measure the length and thickness (in 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm of the PT length) the probe was positioned parallel to the tendon and to measure the CSA the probe was positioned perpendicularly in 25, 50, and 75% of the PT length. PT length data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA to compare between groups and PT CSA and thickness were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (group vs. position) to compare the variables among the groups with the post-hoc Tukey test. All statistical analyses were performed considering p < 0.05. We observed a significant difference, where cyclists had smaller PT thickness (regardless of the location measured) compared to the group of triathletes (p = 0.001) and the physically active group (p = 0.043). All other variables (length, thickness, and CSA) and interactions (local and position) were not significant. We concluded that regardless of the position where PT thickness is measured, cyclists have smaller PT thickness compared to triathletes and physically active individuals but similar when compared to runners. And no differences in the length and CSA of the PT between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Lunardi
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Luiz Sakugawa
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Franklin Everaldo Furtado
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tavares Sampaio
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil.
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Létocart AJ, Svensson RB, Mabesoone F, Charleux F, Marin F, Dermigny Q, Magnusson SP, Couppé C, Grosset JF. Structure and function of Achilles and patellar tendons following moderate slow resistance training in young and old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2707-2723. [PMID: 38649478 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging and resistance training with a moderate load on the size and mechanical properties of the patellar (PT) and Achilles tendon (AT) and their associated aponeuroses; medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL). Young (Y55; 24.8 ± 3.8 yrs, n = 11) and old men (O55; 70.0 ± 4.6 yrs, n = 13) were assigned to undergo a training program (12 weeks; 3 times/week) of moderate slow resistance training [55% of one repetition maximum (RM)] of the triceps surae and quadriceps muscles. Tendon dimensions were assessed using 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging before and after 12 weeks. AT and PT cross sectional area (CSA) were determined every 10% of tendon length. Mechanical properties of the free AT, MG aponeurosis, PT, and VL aponeurosis were assessed using ultrasonography (deformation) and tendon force measurements. CSA of the AT but not PT was greater in O55 compared with Y55. At baseline, mechanical properties were generally lower in O55 than Y55 for AT, MG aponeurosis and VL aponeurosis (Young's modulus) but not for PT. CSA of the AT and PT increased equally in both groups following training. Further, for a given force, stiffness and Young's modulus also increased equally for VL aponeurosis and AT, for boths groups. The present study highlights that except for the PT, older men have lower tendon (AT, MG aponeurosis, and VL aponeurosis) mechanical properties than young men and 12-weeks of moderate slow resistance training appears sufficient to improve tendon size and mechanical adaptations in both young and older men. New and Noteworthy: These novel findings suggest that short-term moderate slow resistance training induces equal improvements in tendon size and mechanics regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien J Létocart
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - René B Svensson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Quentin Dermigny
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Grosset
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Wearing SC, Hooper SL, Langton CM, Keiner M, Horstmann T, Crevier-Denoix N, Pourcelot P. The Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Tissues during Activities of Daily Living: Dynamic Assessment Using Quantitative Transmission-Mode Ultrasound Techniques. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1254. [PMID: 38998789 PMCID: PMC11241410 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12131254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The measurement of musculoskeletal tissue properties and loading patterns during physical activity is important for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of tissues such as bone, tendon, and muscle tissues, particularly with injury and repair. Although the properties and loading of these connective tissues have been quantified using direct measurement techniques, these methods are highly invasive and often prevent or interfere with normal activity patterns. Indirect biomechanical methods, such as estimates based on electromyography, ultrasound, and inverse dynamics, are used more widely but are known to yield different parameter values than direct measurements. Through a series of literature searches of electronic databases, including Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and IEEE Explore, this paper reviews current methods used for the in vivo measurement of human musculoskeletal tissue and describes the operating principals, application, and emerging research findings gained from the use of quantitative transmission-mode ultrasound measurement techniques to non-invasively characterize human bone, tendon, and muscle properties at rest and during activities of daily living. In contrast to standard ultrasound imaging approaches, these techniques assess the interaction between ultrasound compression waves and connective tissues to provide quantifiable parameters associated with the structure, instantaneous elastic modulus, and density of tissues. By taking advantage of the physical relationship between the axial velocity of ultrasound compression waves and the instantaneous modulus of the propagation material, these techniques can also be used to estimate the in vivo loading environment of relatively superficial soft connective tissues during sports and activities of daily living. This paper highlights key findings from clinical studies in which quantitative transmission-mode ultrasound has been used to measure the properties and loading of bone, tendon, and muscle tissue during common physical activities in healthy and pathological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Wearing
- School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sue L. Hooper
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Christian M. Langton
- Griffith Centre of Rehabilitation Engineering, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Exercise and Training Science, German University of Health and Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Pourcelot
- INRAE, BPLC Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Weidlich K, Domroes T, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Mersmann F. Addressing muscle-tendon imbalances in adult male athletes with personalized exercise prescription based on tendon strain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05525-z. [PMID: 38842575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imbalances of muscle strength and tendon stiffness can increase the operating strain of tendons and risk of injury. Here, we used a new approach to identify muscle-tendon imbalances and personalize exercise prescription based on tendon strain during maximum voluntary contractions (εmax) to mitigate musculotendinous imbalances in male adult volleyball athletes. METHODS Four times over a season, we measured knee extensor strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties using dynamometry and ultrasonography. Tendon micromorphology was evaluated through an ultrasound peak spatial frequency (PSF) analysis. While a control group (n = 12) continued their regular training, an intervention group (n = 10) performed exercises (3 × /week) with personalized loads to elicit tendon strains that promote tendon adaptation (i.e., 4.5-6.5%). RESULTS Based on a linear mixed model, εmax increased significantly in the control group over the 9 months of observation (pCon = 0.010), while there was no systematic change in the intervention group (pInt = 0.575). The model residuals of εmax, as a measure of imbalances in muscle-tendon adaptation, demonstrated a significant reduction over time exclusively in the intervention group (pInt = 0.007). While knee extensor muscle strength increased in both groups by ~ 8% (pCon < 0.001, pInt = 0.064), only the intervention group showed a trend toward increased normalized tendon stiffness (pCon = 0.824, pInt = 0.051). PSF values did not change significantly in either group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that personalized exercise prescription can reduce muscle-tendon imbalances in athletes and could provide new opportunities for tendon injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Tsai MS, Domroes T, Pentidis N, Koschinski S, Schroll A, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Mersmann F. Effect of the temporal coordination and volume of cyclic mechanical loading on human Achilles tendon adaptation in men. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6875. [PMID: 38519507 PMCID: PMC10960029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human tendons adapt to mechanical loading, yet there is little information on the effect of the temporal coordination of loading and recovery or the dose-response relationship. For this reason, we assigned adult men to either a control or intervention group. In the intervention group, the two legs were randomly assigned to one of five high-intensity Achilles tendon (AT) loading protocols (i.e., 90% maximum voluntary contraction and approximately 4.5 to 6.5% tendon strain) that were systematically modified in terms of loading frequency (i.e., sessions per week) and overall loading volume (i.e., total time under loading). Before, at mid-term (8 weeks) and after completion of the 16 weeks intervention, AT mechanical properties were determined using a combination of inverse dynamics and ultrasonography. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and length of the free AT were measured using magnetic resonance imaging pre- and post-intervention. The data analysis with a linear mixed model showed significant increases in muscle strength, rest length-normalized AT stiffness, and CSA of the free AT in the intervention group (p < 0.05), yet with no marked differences between protocols. No systematic effects were found considering the temporal coordination of loading and overall loading volume. In all protocols, the major changes in normalized AT stiffness occurred within the first 8 weeks and were mostly due to material rather than morphological changes. Our findings suggest that-in the range of 2.5-5 sessions per week and 180-300 s total high strain loading-the temporal coordination of loading and recovery and overall loading volume is rather secondary for tendon adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shiuan Tsai
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Koschinski
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany.
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Domroes T, Weidlich K, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Personalized tendon loading reduces muscle-tendon imbalances in male adolescent elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14555. [PMID: 38268075 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
An imbalanced adaptation of muscle strength and tendon stiffness in response to training may increase tendon strain (i.e., the mechanical demand on the tendon) and consequently tendon injury risk. This study investigated if personalized tendon loading inducing tendon strain within the effective range for adaptation (4.5%-6.5%) can reduce musculotendinous imbalances in male adolescent handball athletes (15-16 years). At four measurement time points during a competitive season, we assessed knee extensor muscle strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties using dynamometry and ultrasonography and estimated the tendon's structural integrity with a peak spatial frequency (PSF) analysis of proximal tendon ultrasound scans. A control group (n = 13) followed their usual training routine, an intervention group (n = 13) integrated tendon exercises into their training (3x/week for ~31 weeks) with a personalized intensity corresponding to an average of ~6.2% tendon strain. We found a significant time by group interaction (p < 0.005) for knee extensor muscle strength and normalized patellar tendon stiffness with significant increases over time only in the intervention group (p < 0.001). There were no group differences or time-dependent changes in patellar tendon strain during maximum voluntary contractions or PSF. At the individual level, the intervention group demonstrated lower fluctuations of maximum patellar tendon strain during the season (p = 0.005) and a descriptively lower frequency of athletes with high-level tendon strain (≥9%). The findings suggest that the personalized tendon loading program reduced muscle-tendon imbalances in male adolescent athletes, which may provide new opportunities for tendon injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kolja Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Domroes T, Weidlich K, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Mersmann F. Effect of sex on muscle-tendon imbalances and tendon micromorphology in adolescent athletes-A longitudinal consideration. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2561-2572. [PMID: 37697699 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Imbalances between muscle strength and tendon stiffness may cause high-level tendon strain during maximum effort muscle contractions and lead to tendon structural impairments and an increased risk for tendinopathy in adolescent athletes. However, it remains unclear whether the development of musculotendinous imbalances is influenced by sex. At four measurement time points during a competitive season, we measured quadriceps femoris muscle strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties in 15 female (14.3 ± 0.7 years) and 13 male (16.0 ± 0.6 years) elite handball players of similar maturity using dynamometry and ultrasonography. To estimate the tendon's structural integrity, the peak spatial frequency (PSF) of proximal tendon ultrasound scans was determined. Females demonstrated significantly lower muscle strength (p < 0.001) and patellar tendon stiffness (p < 0.001) than males with no significant changes over time (p > 0.05). Tendon strain during isometric maximum voluntary contractions and PSF neither differed between sexes nor changed significantly over time (p > 0.05). We found lower fluctuations in muscle strength (p < 0.001) in females during the season but no differences in the fluctuations of tendon strain, stiffness, and PSF (p > 0.05). Descriptively, there was a similar frequency (~40%) of athletes with high-level tendon strain (>9%) in both sexes. These findings suggest that the lower strength capacity of female athletes is paralleled by lower tendon stiffness. Thereby, muscle-tendon imbalances occur to a similar extent in both sexes leading to increased strain levels during the season, which indicates the need for specific tendon training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kolja Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Balshaw TG, Funnell MP, McDermott EJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Massey GJ, Abela S, Quteishat B, Edsey M, James LJ, Folland JP. The Effect of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Tendon Remodeling during 15 wk of Lower Body Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2083-2095. [PMID: 37436929 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Collagen peptide supplementation has been reported to enhance synthesis rates or growth in a range of musculoskeletal tissues and could enhance tendinous tissue adaptations to resistance training (RT). This double-blind placebo-controlled study aimed to determine if tendinous tissue adaptations, size (patellar tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and vastus lateralis (VL) aponeurosis area), and mechanical properties (patellar tendon), after 15 wk of RT, could be augmented with collagen peptide (CP) versus placebo (PLA) supplementation. METHODS Young healthy recreationally active men were randomized to consume either 15 g of CP ( n = 19) or PLA ( n = 20) once every day during a standardized program of lower-body RT (3 times a week). Measurements pre- and post-RT included patellar tendon CSA and VL aponeurosis area (via magnetic resonance imaging), and patellar tendon mechanical properties during isometric knee extension ramp contractions. RESULTS No between-group differences were detected for any of the tendinous tissue adaptations to RT (ANOVA group-time, 0.365 ≤ P ≤ 0.877). There were within-group increases in VL aponeurosis area (CP, +10.0%; PLA, +9.4%), patellar tendon stiffness (CP, +17.3%; PLA, +20.9%) and Young's modulus (CP, +17.8%; PLA, +20.6%) in both groups (paired t -tests (all), P ≤ 0.007). There were also within-group decreases in patellar tendon elongation (CP, -10.8%; PLA, -9.6%) and strain (CP, -10.6%; PLA, -8.9%) in both groups (paired t -tests (all), P ≤ 0.006). Although no within-group changes in patellar tendon CSA (mean or regional) occurred for CP or PLA, a modest overall time effect ( n = 39) was observed for mean (+1.4%) and proximal region (+2.4%) patellar tendon CSA (ANOVA, 0.017 ≤ P ≤ 0.048). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CP supplementation did not enhance RT-induced tendinous tissue remodeling (either size or mechanical properties) compared with PLA within a population of healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mark P Funnell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Emmet J McDermott
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Sean Abela
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Btool Quteishat
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Max Edsey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
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Nemska S, Serio S, Larcher V, Beltrame G, Portinaro NM, Bang ML. Whole Genome Expression Profiling of Semitendinosus Tendons from Children with Diplegic and Tetraplegic Cerebral Palsy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2918. [PMID: 38001919 PMCID: PMC10669597 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common movement disorder in children, with a prevalence ranging from 1.5 to 4 per 1000 live births. CP is caused by a non-progressive lesion of the developing brain, leading to progressive alterations of the musculoskeletal system, including spasticity, often leading to the development of fixed contractures, necessitating tendon lengthening surgery. Total RNA-sequencing analysis was performed on semitendinosus tendons from diplegic and tetraplegic CP patients subjected to tendon lengthening surgery compared to control patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Tetraplegic CP patients showed increased expression of genes implicated in collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, while only minor changes were observed in diplegic CP patients. In addition, tendons from tetraplegic CP patients showed an enrichment for upregulated genes involved in vesicle-mediated transport and downregulated genes involved in cytokine and apoptotic signaling. Overall, our results indicate increased ECM turnover with increased net synthesis of collagen in tetraplegic CP patients without activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, similar to observations in athletes where ECM remodeling results in increased tendon stiffness and tensile strength. Nevertheless, the resulting increased tendon stiffness is an important issue in clinical practice, where surgery is often required to restore joint mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nemska
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.N.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Serio
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.N.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Larcher
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Giulia Beltrame
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Marie-Louise Bang
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.N.); (S.S.)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Pratt S, Seto J, Scott A, Merry K, Mitchell CJ, Waugh CM. Validation of a bluetooth-enabled load cell for objective and accessible assessment of lower extremity strength. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1263-1270. [PMID: 37880983 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2266266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
High magnitude loading from performing resistance-based exercise has been found to improve tendon strength and reduce symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy (AT) but is difficult to quantify without specialist equipment. Here, we assess the validity and reliability of a novel AT rehabilitation tool (the "PhysViz" system) compared to a "gold-standard" dynamometer for assessing plantarflexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). 41 participants aged 18-60 completed the study. A within-subject test-retest study design was used to examine and compare the validity and reliability of the two systems during plantarflexion MVICs. Test - retest reliability of the two methods were determined by calculating intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% confidence intervals. Method agreement was assessed with Bland - Altman Limits of Agreement (LoA) analysis. The PhysViz demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability; ICC, SEM and MDC were numerically comparable to the dynamometer (ICC 0.93 vs. 0.92; SEM 2.01 vs. 2.95 kg and MDC 5.58 vs. 8.18 kg, respectively), indicating that the novel system is valid and reliable for measuring plantarflexor MVICs. Future studies should address its utility in monitoring AT rehabilitative loading remotely over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Pratt
- Centre for Ageing SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joshua Seto
- Centre for Ageing SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alex Scott
- Centre for Ageing SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kohle Merry
- Centre for Ageing SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Charlie M Waugh
- Centre for Ageing SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Adam NC, Smith CR, Herzog W, Amis AA, Arampatzis A, Taylor WR. In Vivo Strain Patterns in the Achilles Tendon During Dynamic Activities: A Comprehensive Survey of the Literature. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:60. [PMID: 37466866 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Achilles' tendon (AT) injuries such as ruptures and tendinopathies have experienced a dramatic rise in the mid- to older-aged population. Given that the AT plays a key role at all stages of locomotion, unsuccessful rehabilitation after injury often leads to long-term, deleterious health consequences. Understanding healthy in vivo strains as well as the complex muscle-tendon unit interactions will improve access to the underlying aetiology of injuries and how their functionality can be effectively restored post-injury. The goals of this survey of the literature with a systematic search were to provide a benchmark of healthy AT strains measured in vivo during functional activities and identify the sources of variability observed in the results. Two databases were searched, and all articles that provided measured in vivo peak strains or the change in strain with respect to time were included. In total, 107 articles that reported subjects over the age of 18 years with no prior AT injury and measured while performing functional activities such as voluntary contractions, walking, running, jumping, or jump landing were included in this review. In general, unclear anatomical definitions of the sub-tendon and aponeurosis structures have led to considerable confusion in the literature. MRI, ultrasound, and motion capture were the predominant approaches, sometimes coupled with modelling. The measured peak strains increased from 4% to over 10% from contractions, to walking, running, and jumping, in that order. Importantly, measured AT strains were heavily dependent on measurement location, measurement method, measurement protocol, individual AT geometry, and mechanical properties, as well as instantaneous kinematics and kinetics of the studied activity. Through a comprehensive review of approaches and results, this survey of the literature therefore converges to a united terminology of the structures and their common underlying characteristics and presents the state-of-knowledge on their functional strain patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Adam
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin R Smith
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrew A Amis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - William R Taylor
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Faria A, Gabriel R, Brás R, Moreira H, Soares M, Ditroilo M. Free-oscillation technique: The effect of the magnitude of the impulse applied on muscle and tendon stiffness around the ankle. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286847. [PMID: 37327246 PMCID: PMC10275422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the muscle-tendon complex in sport and for activities of everyday living is well recognised. The free oscillation technique is frequently used to determine the musculo-articular "apparent" stiffness (obtained from vertical ground reaction force) and other parameters. However, an in-depth understanding of the muscle-tendon complex can be gained by separating the muscle (soleus) and the tendon (Achilles tendon) components and studying the "true" stiffness for each of these components (by considering the ankle joint moment arms), which can be valuable in improving our understanding of training, injury prevention, and recovery programs. Hence, this study aimed to investigate if muscle and tendon stiffness (i.e., "true" stiffness) are similarly affected by different impulse magnitudes when using the free-oscillation technique. Three impulse magnitudes (impulse 1, 2 and 3), corresponding to peak forces of 100, 150 and 200 N, were used to estimate the stiffness of the ankle joint in 27 males, using multiple loads (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 kg). A significant decrease (p < 0.0005) was found in musculo-articular "apparent" stiffness (29224 ± 5087 N.m-1; 27839 ± 4914 N.m-1; 26835 ± 4880 N.m-1) between impulses 1, 2 and 3 respectively, when loads were collapsed across groups. However, significant differences (p < 0.001) were only found between the median (Mdn) of impulse 1 (Mdn = 564.31 (kN/m)/kN) and 2 (Mdn = 468.88 (kN/m)/kN) and between impulse 1 (Mdn = 564.31 (kN/m)/kN) and 3 (Mdn = 422.19 (kN/m)/kN), for "true" muscle stiffness, but not for "true" tendon stiffness (Mdn = 197.35 kN/m; Mdn = 210.26 kN/m; Mdn = 201.60 kN/m). The results suggest that the musculo-articular "apparent" stiffness around the ankle joint is influenced by the magnitude of the impulse applied. Interestingly, this is driven by muscle stiffness, whereas tendon stiffness appears to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélio Faria
- Department of Sport Sciences, CIDESD, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ronaldo Gabriel
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health – CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Brás
- Department of Sport Sciences, CIDESD, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Helena Moreira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health - CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Márcio Soares
- Department of Sport Sciences, CIDESD, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Kruse A, Habersack A, Weide G, Jaspers RT, Svehlik M, Tilp M. Eight weeks of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching and static stretching do not affect muscle-tendon properties, muscle strength, and joint function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 107:106011. [PMID: 37329655 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the effect of static stretching for individuals with cerebral palsy is questionable, recent results suggest that the combination with activation seems promising to improve muscle-tendon properties and function. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of 8-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on the gastrocnemius medialis muscle-tendon properties, muscle strength, and the ankle joint in children with spastic cerebral palsy in comparison to static stretching. METHODS Initially, 24 children with spastic cerebral palsy were randomly assigned to a static stretching (10.7 ± 1.8 years) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching group (10.9 ± 2.6 years). Plantar flexors were manually stretched at home for 300 s and ∼ 250-270 s per day four times a week for eight weeks, respectively. Assessments of ankle joint function (e.g., range of motion), muscle-tendon properties, and isometric muscle strength were conducted using 3D motion capture, 2D ultrasound, dynamometry, and electromyography. A mixed analysis of variance was used for the statistical analysis. FINDINGS Stretching adherence was high in the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (93.1%) and static stretching group (94.4%). No significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in ankle joint function, muscle-tendon properties, and isometric muscle strength after both interventions. Moreover, no differences (p > 0.05) were found between the stretching techniques. INTERPRETATION The findings support the idea that manual stretching (neither proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching nor static stretching) performed in isolation for eight weeks may not be appropriate to evoke significant changes in muscle-tendon properties, voluntary muscle strength, or joint function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04570358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Habersack
- Department of Biomechanics, Training and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Othopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Weide
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Svehlik
- Department of Othopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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14
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Vila-Dieguez O, Heindel MD, Awokuse D, Kulig K, Michener LA. Exercise for rotator cuff tendinopathy: Proposed mechanisms of recovery. Shoulder Elbow 2023; 15:233-249. [PMID: 37325389 PMCID: PMC10268139 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231172166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is a common recurrent cause of shoulder pain, and resistance exercise is the first-line recommended intervention. Proposed causal mechanisms of resistance exercise for patients with RC tendinopathy consist of four domains: tendon structure, neuromuscular factors, pain and sensorimotor processing, and psychosocial factors. Tendon structure plays a role in RC tendinopathy, with decreased stiffness, increased thickness, and collagen disorganization. Neuromuscular performance deficits of altered kinematics, muscle activation, and force are present in RC tendinopathy, but advanced methods of assessing muscle performance are needed to fully assess these factors. Psychological factors of depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, treatment expectations, and self-efficacy are present and predict patient-reported outcomes. Central nervous system dysfunctions also exist, specifically altered pain and sensorimotor processing. Resisted exercise may normalize these factors, but limited evidence exists to explain the relationship of the four proposed domains to trajectory of recovery and defining persistent deficits limiting outcomes. Clinicians and researchers can use this model to understand how exercise mediates change in patient outcomes, develop subgroups to deliver patient-specific approach for treatment and define metrics to track recovery over time. Supporting evidence is limited, indicating the need for future studies characterizing mechanisms of recovery with exercise for RC tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Vila-Dieguez
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D. Heindel
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Awokuse
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kornelia Kulig
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lori A. Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Weidlich K, Mersmann F, Domroes T, Schroll A, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Quantification of patellar tendon strain and opportunities for personalized tendon loading during back squats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8661. [PMID: 37248376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon strain during exercise is a critical regulatory factor in tendon adaptive responses and there are indications for an optimal range of strain that promotes tendon adaptation. Back squats are used to improve patellar tendon properties in sport and clinical settings. To date, the operating patellar tendon strain during back squats is unknown and current recommendations for individual exercise loading are based on the one repetition maximum (1RM). Here, we quantified patellar tendon strain during loaded back squats at 40, 60 and 80% of the 1RM and during maximum isometric knee extension contractions (MVC) using ultrasonography. Kinematics, ground reaction forces and muscle electromyographic activity were also recorded. Additionally, maximum tendon strain during the MVC and the percentage of 1RM were used as explanatory variables to estimate the individual patellar tendon strain during the squats. Strain increased with increasing 1RM loading (4.7 to 8.2%), indicating that already medium-loading back squats may provide a sufficient stimulus for tendon adaptation. The individual variability was, however, too high to generalize these findings. Yet, there was a high agreement between the individually estimated and measured patellar tendon strain (R2 = 0.858) during back squats. We argue that this approach may provide new opportunities for personalized tendon exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Finni T, Vanwanseele B. Towards modern understanding of the Achilles tendon properties in human movement research. J Biomech 2023; 152:111583. [PMID: 37086579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest tendon in humans, yet it often suffers from injury. The mechanical properties of the AT afford efficient movement, power amplification and power attenuation during locomotor tasks. The properties and the unique structure of the AT as a common tendon for three muscles have been studied frequently in humans using in vivo methods since 1990's. As a part of the celebration of 50 years history of the International Society of Biomechanics, this paper reviews the history of the AT research focusing on its mechanical properties in humans. The questions addressed are: What are the most important mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon, how are they studied, what is their significance to human movement, and how do they adapt? We foresee that the ongoing developments in experimental methods and modeling can provide ways to advance knowledge of the complex three-dimensional structure and properties of the Achilles tendon in vivo, and to enable monitoring of the loading and recovery for optimizing individual adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Moran J, Liew B, Ramirez-Campillo R, Granacher U, Negra Y, Chaabene H. The effects of plyometric jump training on lower-limb stiffness in healthy individuals: A meta-analytical comparison. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:236-245. [PMID: 34033984 PMCID: PMC10105022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on lower-limb stiffness. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Study participants included healthy males and females who undertook a PJT programme isolated from any other training type. RESULTS There was a small effect size (ES) of PJT on lower-limb stiffness (ES = 0.33, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.07-0.60, z = 2.47, p = 0.01). Untrained individuals exhibited a larger ES (ES = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.08-0.84, p = 0.02) than trained individuals (ES = 0.15, 95%CI: ‒0.23 to 0.53, p = 0.45). Interventions lasting a greater number of weeks (>7 weeks) had a larger ES (ES = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.06-0.88, p = 0.03) than those lasting fewer weeks (ES = 0.22, 95%CI: ‒0.12 to 0.55, p = 0.20). Programmes with ≤2 sessions per week exhibited a larger ES (ES = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.01-0.77, p = 0.04) than programmes that incorporated >2 sessions per week (ES = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.10 to 0.50, p = 0.18). Programmes with <250 jumps per week (ES = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.02-0.97, p = 0.04) showed a larger effect than programmes with 250-500 jumps per week (ES = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.00-0.72, p = 0.05). Programmes with >500 jumps per week had negative effects (ES = -0.22, 95%CI: -1.10 to 0.67, p = 0.63). Programmes with >7.5 jumps per set showed larger effect sizes (ES = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.02-1.08, p = 0.04) than those with <7.5 jumps per set (ES = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.01-0.62, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION PJT enhances lower-body stiffness, which can be optimised with lower volumes (<250 jumps per week) over a relatively long period of time (>7 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK.
| | - Bernard Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd University of Manouba, Tunis 2037, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba 8189 , Tunisia
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18
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Radovanović G, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Legerlotz K. In Achilles Tendinopathy the Symptomatic Tendon Differs from the Asymptomatic Tendon While Exercise Therapy Has Little Effect on Asymmetries-An Ancillary Analysis of Data from a Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 12:1102. [PMID: 36769750 PMCID: PMC9918090 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As inter-limb asymmetries can be associated with higher injury risk, we aimed to investigate their role in Achilles tendinopathy patients. METHODS In Achilles tendinopathy patients (n = 41), we assessed inter-limb asymmetries of mechanical, material, and morphological musculoskeletal properties and function and how those were affected by 12 weeks of exercise intervention (high-load protocol, n = 13; Alfredson protocol, n = 11). Moreover, we assessed whether asymmetry reductions correlated with improved Patient-Reported Outcomes (VISA-A score). RESULTS At baseline, tendinopathic tendons demonstrated lower tendon force (p = 0.017), lower tendon stress (p < 0.0001), larger tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) (p < 0.001), and increased intratendinous (p = 0.042) and tendon overall (p = 0.021) vascularization. For the high-load group, PRE-to-POST asymmetry comparisons revealed an asymmetry increase for the counter-movement jump (CMJ) (p = 0.034) and PRE-to-POST VISA-A score improvements correlated with CSA asymmetry reductions (p = 0.024). Within the Alfredson group, PRE-to-POST VISA-A score improvements correlated with CMJ asymmetry reductions (p = 0.044) and tendon stiffness asymmetry increases (p = 0.037). POST-to-POST in-between group comparisons revealed lower asymmetry in the high-load group for tendon elongation (p = 0.021) and tendon strain (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS The tendinopathic limb differs from the asymptomatic limb while therapeutic exercise interventions have little effect on asymmetries. Asymmetry reductions are not necessarily associated with tendon health improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Radovanović
- Movement Biomechanics, Institute of Sports Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School Hamburg—University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School Hamburg—University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- Movement Biomechanics, Institute of Sports Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Radovanović G, Bohm S, Peper KK, Arampatzis A, Legerlotz K. Evidence-Based High-Loading Tendon Exercise for 12 Weeks Leads to Increased Tendon Stiffness and Cross-Sectional Area in Achilles Tendinopathy: A Controlled Clinical Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:149. [PMID: 36538166 PMCID: PMC9768072 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assuming that the mechanisms inducing adaptation in healthy tendons yield similar responses in tendinopathic tendons, we hypothesized that a high-loading exercise protocol that increases tendon stiffness and cross-sectional area in male healthy Achilles tendons may also induce comparable beneficial adaptations in male tendinopathic Achilles tendons in addition to improving pain and function. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effectiveness of high-loading exercise in Achilles tendinopathy in terms of inducing mechanical (tendon stiffness, maximum strain), material (Young's modulus), morphological (tendon cross-sectional area (CSA)), maximum voluntary isometric plantar flexor strength (MVC) as well as clinical adaptations (Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) score and pain (numerical rating scale (NRS))) as the primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes, drop (DJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) height and intratendinous vascularity were assessed. METHODS We conducted a controlled clinical trial with a 3-month intervention phase. Eligibility criteria were assessed by researchers and medical doctors. Inclusion criteria were male sex, aged between 20 and 55 years, chronic Achilles tendinopathy confirmed by a medical doctor via ultrasound-assisted assessment, and a severity level of less than 80 points on the VISA-A score. Thirty-nine patients were assigned by sequential allocation to one of three parallel arms: a high-loading intervention (training at ~ 90% of the MVC) (n = 15), eccentric exercise (according to the Alfredson protocol) as the standard therapy (n = 15) and passive therapy (n = 14). Parameters were assessed pre- and-post-intervention. Data analysis was blinded. RESULTS Primary outcomes: Plantar flexor MVC, tendon stiffness, mean CSA and maximum tendon strain improved only in the high-loading intervention group by 7.2 ± 9.9% (p = 0.045), 20.1 ± 20.5% (p = 0.049), 8.98 ± 5.8% (p < 0.001) and -12.4 ± 10.3% (p = 0.001), respectively. Stiffness decreased in the passive therapy group (-7.7 ± 21.2%; p = 0.042). There was no change in Young's modulus in either group (p > 0.05). The VISA-A score increased in all groups on average by 19.8 ± 15.3 points (p < 0.001), while pain (NRS) dropped by -0.55 ± 0.9 points (p < 0.001). SECONDARY OUTCOMES CMJ height decreased for all groups (-0.63 ± 4.07 cm; p = 0.005). There was no change in DJ height and vascularity (p > 0.05) in either group. CONCLUSION Despite an overall clinical improvement, it was exclusively the high-loading intervention that induced significant mechanical and morphological adaptations of the plantar flexor muscle-tendon unit. This might contribute to protecting the tendon from strain-induced injury. Thus, we recommend the high-loading intervention as an effective (alternative) therapeutic protocol in Achilles tendinopathy rehabilitation management in males. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02732782.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Radovanović
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Sports Sciences, Movement Biomechanics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany ,grid.11500.350000 0000 8919 8412Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Medical School Hamburg, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany ,grid.11500.350000 0000 8919 8412Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Kristin Peper
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Technische Universität München, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Institute of Sports Sciences, Movement Biomechanics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Lazarczuk SL, Maniar N, Opar DA, Duhig SJ, Shield A, Barrett RS, Bourne MN. Mechanical, Material and Morphological Adaptations of Healthy Lower Limb Tendons to Mechanical Loading: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2405-2429. [PMID: 35657492 PMCID: PMC9474511 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to increased mechanical loading during physical training can lead to increased tendon stiffness. However, the loading regimen that maximises tendon adaptation and the extent to which adaptation is driven by changes in tendon material properties or tendon geometry is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the effect of mechanical loading on tendon stiffness, modulus and cross-sectional area (CSA); (2) whether adaptations in stiffness are driven primarily by changes in CSA or modulus; (3) the effect of training type and associated loading parameters (relative intensity; localised strain, load duration, load volume and contraction mode) on stiffness, modulus or CSA; and (4) whether the magnitude of adaptation in tendon properties differs between age groups. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE) were searched for studies detailing load-induced adaptations in tendon morphological, material or mechanical properties. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and data were pooled using a random effects model to estimate variance. Meta regression was used to examine the moderating effects of changes in tendon CSA and modulus on tendon stiffness. RESULTS Sixty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The total number of participants in the included studies was 763. The Achilles tendon (33 studies) and the patella tendon (24 studies) were the most commonly studied regions. Resistance training was the main type of intervention (49 studies). Mechanical loading produced moderate increases in stiffness (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.86), large increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.58-1.07), and small increases in CSA (SMD 0.22; 95% CI 0.12-0.33). Meta-regression revealed that the main moderator of increased stiffness was modulus. Resistance training interventions induced greater increases in modulus than other training types (SMD 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.15) and higher strain resistance training protocols induced greater increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.44-1.20; p = 0.009) and stiffness (SMD 1.04; 95% CI 0.65-1.43; p = 0.007) than low-strain protocols. The magnitude of stiffness and modulus differences were greater in adult participants. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading leads to positive adaptation in lower limb tendon stiffness, modulus and CSA. Studies to date indicate that the main mechanism of increased tendon stiffness due to physical training is increased tendon modulus, and that resistance training performed at high compared to low localised tendon strains is associated with the greatest positive tendon adaptation. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019141299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Lazarczuk
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nirav Maniar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven J Duhig
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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21
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Merry K, Napier C, Waugh CM, Scott A. Foundational Principles and Adaptation of the Healthy and Pathological Achilles Tendon in Response to Resistance Exercise: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4722. [PMID: 36012960 PMCID: PMC9410084 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic exercise is widely considered a first line fundamental treatment option for managing tendinopathies. As the Achilles tendon is critical for locomotion, chronic Achilles tendinopathy can have a substantial impact on an individual's ability to work and on their participation in physical activity or sport and overall quality of life. The recalcitrant nature of Achilles tendinopathy coupled with substantial variation in clinician-prescribed therapeutic exercises may contribute to suboptimal outcomes. Further, loading the Achilles tendon with sufficiently high loads to elicit positive tendon adaptation (and therefore promote symptom alleviation) is challenging, and few works have explored tissue loading optimization for individuals with tendinopathy. The mechanism of therapeutic benefit that exercise therapy exerts on Achilles tendinopathy is also a subject of ongoing debate. Resultingly, many factors that may contribute to an optimal therapeutic exercise protocol for Achilles tendinopathy are not well described. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the principles of tendon remodeling under resistance-based exercise in both healthy and pathologic tissues, and to review the biomechanical principles of Achilles tendon loading mechanics which may impact an optimized therapeutic exercise prescription for Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohle Merry
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Charlie M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alex Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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22
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Martínez F, Abián P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. The Effects of Eccentric Contraction Execution Time on the Properties of the Patellar Tendon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159296. [PMID: 35954651 PMCID: PMC9367933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of eccentric contraction execution time on the morphological and elastic properties of the patellar tendon (PT) in a six-week, single-leg decline squat (SLDS) exercise training program. In addition, the effects of a six-week detraining period on the same variables were evaluated. Fifty participants were randomized into the control group (CG; n = 15), experimental group 1 (EG6s; n = 17; eccentric contraction execution time = 6 s) and experimental group 2 (EG3s; n = 18; eccentric contraction execution time = 3 s). The thickness and elastographic index (EI) in different regions of interest (ROIs) in the PT were measured after 6 weeks of eccentric training using the single-leg decline squat exercise (three sessions per week, 80% of the eccentric one-repetition maximum) and after 6 weeks of detraining. There was an increase in the thickness of the PT in the different ROIs analyzed in both experimental groups at the end of the training period. Especially worth noting was the increase in the thickness of the PT at the proximal level in EG3s (p = 0.001), and the increase at the distal level in EG6s (p = 0.001). On the other hand, there was a reduction in EI in EG6S at the end of the intervention program (p = 0.021), and both experimental groups increased EI in the three regions of interest analyzed after the detraining period (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the execution time of the eccentric contraction in the SLDS exercise determines the anatomical level of the morphological adaptations in the PT. These morphological adaptations are lost after 6 weeks of detraining, producing an increase in tendon stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
| | - Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925268800 (ext. 5522)
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23
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McMahon G. No Strain, No Gain? The Role of Strain and Load Magnitude in Human Tendon Responses and Adaptation to Loading. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2950-2956. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Mansur H, de Noronha M, Marqueti RDC, Durigan JLQ. Acute lateral ankle sprain alters muscle and tendon properties: Case series. Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 28:402-408. [PMID: 34034977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is the most prevalent acute sports trauma. Ankle muscle atrophy and tendon volume decrease have not been analyzed concomitantly with functional impairment and pain following LAS. The objective of the present study was to investigate muscle cross-section area (CSA), tendon CSA and volume, ankle function, and pain in individuals who suffered an acute LAS. METHODS A series of cases, cross-sectional study with 20 participants who suffered moderate (grade II) and severe (grade III) acute LAS was undertaken. CSA for muscles (Tibialis Posterior, Fibularis, and Soleus) and tendons (Tibialis Anterior, Tibialis posterior, Fibularis, and Achilles), and volume were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) less than 48 h (baseline) and 6-weeks after the acute LAS. Ankle function (Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool [CAIT] and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score [FAOS]), ankle mechanical instability (Anterior Drawer Test [ADT]), and pain were also assessed. RESULTS All tendons and muscles showed a significant reduction in CSA and volume between baseline and 6-weeks (P < .001). A significant decrease in ankle function was observed 6 weeks after the LAS, along with a reduction in pain and mechanical instability (P = .001). Regarding sprain magnitude, the only difference observed was greater atrophy in muscle CSA in participants with grade III ankle sprain. CONCLUSION Patients with acute LAS showed atrophy of ankle muscles and decreased tendon volume and CSA, followed by function impairments at 6-week follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV, Case series study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Mansur
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Federal District, Brazil.
| | - Marcos de Noronha
- La Trobe University - Rural Health School, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Federal District, Brazil; Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Federal District, Brazil
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25
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Mansur H, Estanislau G, Noronha MD, Marqueti RDC, Fachin-Martins E, Durigan JLQ. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the cross-sectional area of ankle tendons assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol 2022; 63:481-488. [PMID: 34247515 DOI: 10.1177/02841851211003284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cross-sectional area (CSA) records make an essential measurement for determining the mechanical properties of tendons, such as stress and strength. However, there is no consensus regarding the best method to record the CSA from different tendons. PURPOSE To determine intra- and inter-rater reliability for CSA measures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the following tendons: tibialis anterior; tibialis posterior; fibularis longus and brevis; and Achilles. MATERIAL AND METHODS We designed an observational study with repeated measures taken from a convenience sample of 20 participants diagnosed with acute or chronic ankle sprain. Two independent raters took three separate records from the CSA of ankle tendon images of each MRI slice. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) defined the quality (associations) and magnitude (differences), respectively, of intra- and inter-rater reliability on the measures plotted by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS Data showed very high intra- and inter-rater correlations for measures taken from all tendons analyzed (ICC 0.952-0.999). It also revealed an excellent agreement between raters (0.12%-2.3%), with bias no higher than 2 mm2 and LoA in the range of 4.4-7.9 mm2. The differences between repeated measures recorded from the thinnest tendons (fibularis longus and brevis) revealed the lowest bias and narrowest 95% LoA. CONCLUSION Reliability for the CSA of ankle tendons measured from MRI taken by independent rates was very high, with the smallest differences between raters observed when the thinnest tendon was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Mansur
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital das Forças Armadas (HFA), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Brazil
| | - Emerson Fachin-Martins
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Ceilândia, Brazil
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26
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Hunter S, Werth J, James D, Lambrianides Y, Smith K, Karamanidis K, Epro G. Reliability and Accuracy of a Time-Efficient Method for the Assessment of Achilles Tendon Mechanical Properties by Ultrasonography. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072549. [PMID: 35408164 PMCID: PMC9002634 DOI: 10.3390/s22072549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of the force-length relationship under mechanical loading is widely used to evaluate the mechanical properties of tendons and to gain information about their adaptation, function, and injury. This study aimed to provide a time-efficient ultrasound method for assessing Achilles tendon mechanical properties. On two days, eleven healthy young non-active adults performed eight maximal voluntary isometric ankle plantarflexion contractions on a dynamometer with simultaneous ultrasonographic recording. Maximal tendon elongation was assessed by digitizing ultrasound images at rest and at maximal tendon force. Achilles tendon stiffness index was calculated from the ratio of tendon force-to-strain. No within- and between-day differences were detected between the proposed method and manual frame by frame tracking in Achilles tendon maximal force, maximal elongation, maximal strain, and stiffness index. The overall coefficient of variation between trials ranged from 3.4% to 10.3% and average difference in tendon tracking between methods was less than 0.6% strain. Furthermore, an additional assessment demonstrated significant differences between elite athletes, healthy young, and older adults in Achilles tendon force and stiffness index. Hence, the analysis has the potential to reliably and accurately monitor changes in Achilles tendon mechanical properties due to aging and altered mechanical loading in a time-efficient manner.
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27
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Devaprakash D, Graham DF, Barrett RS, Lloyd DG, Obst SJ, Kennedy B, Adams KL, Kiely RJ, Hunter A, Vlahovich N, Pease DL, Shim VB, Besier TF, Zheng M, Cook JL, Pizzolato C. Free Achilles tendon strain during selected rehabilitation, locomotor, jumping, and landing tasks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:956-965. [PMID: 35142563 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the strains experienced by the Achilles tendon during commonly prescribed exercises and locomotor tasks is needed to improve efficacy of Achilles tendon training and rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study was to estimate in vivo free Achilles tendon strain during selected rehabilitation, locomotor, jumping, and landing tasks. Sixteen trained runners with no symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy participated in this study. Personalised free Achilles tendon moment arm and force-strain curve were obtained from imaging data and used in conjunction with motion capture and surface electromyography to estimate free Achilles tendon strain using electromyogram-informed neuromusculoskeletal modelling. There was a strong correspondence between Achilles tendon force estimates from the present study and experimental data reported in the literature (R2 > 0.85). The average tendon strain was highest for maximal hop landing (8.8±1.6%), lowest for walking at 1.4 m/s (3.1±0.8%) and increased with locomotor speed during running (run 3.0 m/s: 6.5±1.6%; run 5.0 m/s: 7.9±1.7%) and during heel rise exercise with added mass (BW: 5.8±1.3%; 1.2 BW: 6.9±1.7%). The peak tendon strain was highest during running (5 m/s: 13.7±2.5%) and lowest during walking (1.4 m/s: 7±1.8%). Overall findings provide a preliminary evidence base for exercise selection to maximise anabolic tendon remodelling during training and rehabilitation of the Achilles tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Devaprakash
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, and Advanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute (ADAPT), Griffith University, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia
| | - David F Graham
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia.,Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Rod S Barrett
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, and Advanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute (ADAPT), Griffith University, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia
| | - David G Lloyd
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, and Advanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute (ADAPT), Griffith University, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Steven J Obst
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia.,School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia
| | - Ben Kennedy
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia.,Mermaid Beach Radiology, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kahlee L Adams
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ryan J Kiely
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicole Vlahovich
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David L Pease
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vickie B Shim
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thor F Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudio Pizzolato
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, and Advanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute (ADAPT), Griffith University, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia
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28
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Exercise Effects on the Biomechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon—A Narrative Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020172. [PMID: 35205039 PMCID: PMC8869522 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Achilles tendon influences the running economy because of its ability to store and release strain energy, and it remains one of the most vulnerable tendons among athletes and recreational runners. Exercised-related mechanical loading appears to induce changes in the Achilles tendon morphology and mechanical material properties. Both acute and relatively long-term exercise induces tendon adaptation, although biomechanical changes, e.g., cross-sectional area, plantarflexion moment, Young’s modulus, and stiffness, in response to exercise duration, type, and loading-regimes differ widely. Furthermore, a strong Achilles tendon can be developed by chronic exposure to habitual mechanical loading from daily exercise, which is associated with greater energy storage, release and overall health. Abstract The morphological and mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness, stress, and force) of the Achilles tendon (AT) are generally associated with its tendinosis and ruptures, particularly amongst runners. Interest in potential approaches to reduce or prevent the risk of AT injuries has grown exponentially as tendon mechanics have been efficiently improving. The following review aims to discuss the effect of different types of exercise on the AT properties. In this review article, we review literature showing the possibility to influence the mechanical properties of the AT from the perspective of acute exercise and long-term training interventions, and we discuss the reasons for inconsistent results. Finally, we review the role of the habitual state in the AT properties. The findings of the included studies suggest that physical exercise could efficiently improve the AT mechanical properties. In particular, relatively long-term and low-intensity eccentric training may be a useful adjunct to enhance the mechanical loading of the AT.
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29
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Kharazi M, Theodorakis C, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A, Bohm S. A Simplified Method for Considering Achilles Tendon Curvature in the Assessment of Tendon Elongation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217387. [PMID: 34770691 PMCID: PMC8588279 DOI: 10.3390/s21217387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The consideration of the Achilles tendon (AT) curvature is crucial for the precise determination of AT length and strain. We previously established an ultrasound-kinematic-based method to quantify the curvature, using a line of reflective foil skin markers covering the AT from origin to insertion. The current study aimed to simplify the method by reducing the number of markers while maintaining high accuracy. Eleven participants walked (1.4 m/s) and ran (2.5, 3.5 m/s) on a treadmill, and the AT curvature was quantified using reflective foil markers aligned with the AT between the origin on the gastrocnemius myotendinous-junction (tracked by ultrasound) and a marker on the calcaneal insertion. Foil markers were then systematically removed, and the introduced error on the assessment of AT length and strain was calculated. We found a significant main effect of marker number on the measurement error of AT length and strain (p<0.001). Using more than 30% of the full marker-set for walking and 50% for running, the R2 of the AT length error saturated, corresponding to average errors of <0.1 mm and <0.15% strain. Therefore, a substantially reduced marker-set, associated with a marginal error, can be recommended for considering the AT curvature in the determination of AT length and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadreza Kharazi
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos Theodorakis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (A.A.)
- Berlin School of Movement Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-2093-46010
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30
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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31
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Drakonaki EE, Gataa KG, Szaro P. The anatomical variant of high soleus muscle may predispose to tendinopathy: a preliminary MR study. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43:1681-1689. [PMID: 34032901 PMCID: PMC8455493 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-021-02768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the anatomic variations at the level of the distal soleus musculotendinous junction and the possible association between the length of the free tendon and the development of symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy. METHODS We retrospectively assessed 72 ankle MRI studies with findings of Achilles tendinopathy (study group, 26 females/46 males, mean age 52.6 ± 10.5 years, 30 right/42 left) and 72 ankle MRI studies with normal Achilles tendon (control group, 32 females/40 males, mean age 35.7 ± 13.7 years, 42 right/30 left side). We measured the distance from the lowest outline of the soleus myotendinous junction to the proximal outline of the Achilles tendon insertion (length of the free tendon, diameter a) and to the distal outline of the insertion (distance B). We also measured the maximum thickness of the free tendon (diameter c) and the distance between the levels of maximum thickness to the proximal outline of the Achilles tendon insertion (distance D). All measurements were assessed twice. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t test. RESULTS Distances A and B were significantly larger in tendinopathic tendons (59.7 and 83.4 mm, respectively) than normal Achilles tendons (38.5 and 60.8 mm, respectively) (p = 0.001). Mean distance C was larger in tendinopathic than normal tendons (11.2 versus 4.9 mm). Distances C and D were significantly larger in males than females. There was no significant difference in the measurements between sides. CONCLUSION There is wide anatomical variation in the length of the free Achilles tendon. Tendinopathy may be associated with the thicker free part of the Achilles tendon. The anatomical variant of the high soleus musculotendinous junction resulting in a longer free Achilles tendon may be a predisposing factor to the development of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaldun Ghali Gataa
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborgsvägen 31, 431 80, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Szaro
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborgsvägen 31, 431 80, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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32
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McSweeney SC, Grävare Silbernagel K, Gruber AH, Heiderscheit BC, Krabak BJ, Rauh MJ, Tenforde AS, Wearing SC, Zech A, Hollander K. Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:689846. [PMID: 34514384 PMCID: PMC8432296 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.689846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Global participation in running continues to increase, especially amongst adolescents. Consequently, the number of running-related injuries (RRI) in adolescents is rising. Emerging evidence now suggests that overuse type injuries involving growing bone (e.g., bone stress injuries) and soft tissues (e.g., tendinopathies) predominate in adolescents that participate in running-related sports. Associations between running biomechanics and overuse injuries have been widely studied in adults, however, relatively little research has comparatively targeted running biomechanics in adolescents. Moreover, available literature on injury prevention and rehabilitation for adolescent runners is limited, and there is a tendency to generalize adult literature to adolescent populations despite pertinent considerations regarding growth-related changes unique to these athletes. This perspective article provides commentary and expert opinion surrounding the state of knowledge and future directions for research in adolescent running biomechanics, injury prevention and supplemental training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. McSweeney
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Allison H. Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health – Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Bryan C. Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian J. Krabak
- Department of Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Childrens Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mitchell J. Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Adam S. Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott C. Wearing
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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33
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Skovlund SV, Jensen JK, Eriksen CS, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Nybing JD, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Habitual side-specific loading leads to structural, mechanical and compositional changes in the patellar tendon of young and senior life-long male athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1187-1199. [PMID: 34382838 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of life-long physical activity on tendon function have been investigated in cross-sectional studies, but these are at risk of "survivorship" bias. Here, we investigate if life-long side-specific loading is associated with greater cross-sectional area (CSA), mechanical properties, cell density (DNA content) and collagen cross-link composition of the male human patellar tendon (PT), in vivo. Nine seniors and six young male life-long elite badminton players and fencers were included. CSA of the PT obtained by 3-tesla MRI, and ultrasonography-based bilateral PT mechanics were assessed. Collagen fibril characteristics, enzymatic cross-links, non-enzymatic glycation (autofluorescence), collagen and DNA content were measured biochemically in PT biopsies. The elite athletes had a ≥15% side-to-side difference in maximal knee extensor strength, reflecting chronic unilateral sport-specific loading patterns. The PT CSA was greater on the lead extremity compared with the non-lead extremity (17 %, p=0.0001). Furthermore, greater tendon stiffness (18 %, p=0.0404) together with lower tendon stress (22 %, p=0.0005) and tendon strain (18 %, p=0.0433) were observed on the lead extremity. No effects were demonstrated from side-to-side for glycation, enzymatic cross-link, collagen, and DNA content (50%, p=0.1160). Moreover, tendon fibril density was 87±28 fibrils/μm2 on the lead extremity and 68±26 fibrils/μm2 on the non-lead extremity (28%, p=0.0544). Tendon fibril diameter was 86±14 nm on the lead extremity and 94±14 nm on the non-lead extremity (-9%, p=0.1076). These novel data suggest that life-long side-specific loading in males yields greater patellar tendon size and stiffness possibly with concomitant greater fibril density but without changes of collagen cross-link composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Sebastian V Skovlund
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Janus Damm Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
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34
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Radovanović G, Kunz J, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Legerlotz K. Reliable and effective novel home-based training set-up for application of an evidence-based high-loading stimulus to improve triceps surae function. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2786-2795. [PMID: 34378493 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1959981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High-loading interventions aiming for muscle-tendon adaptations were so far implemented in on-site facilities. To make this evidence-based stimulus more accessible, we developed an easy-to-use sling-based training set-up for home-based Achilles tendon and triceps surae muscle strength training and assessed its reliability and effectiveness in healthy men. To assess reliability (n=11), intra-class correlation (ICC) and root mean square (RMS) differences of isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the plantar flexors were used. Effectiveness was tested in a controlled intervention trial (n=12), applying one-legged high-loading intervention for 3 months with our mobile set-up, while the contralateral/untrained leg served as control, and assessing plantar flexor MVC, drop (DJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Reliability was excellent between (ICCB=0.935) and within session (ICCWs=0.940-0.967). The mean RMS difference between and within sessions was 5.3% and 4.7%, respectively. MVCs of the trained/intervention leg increased by 10.2±7% (P=0.004) (dynamometry) and 30.2±22.5% (mobile set-up) (P=0.012). MVC of the untrained/control leg did not change (P>0.05). DJ height increased (P=0.025; Dz=2.13) by 2.37±2.9cm. CMJ height (P>0.05) did not change. We recommend the evidence-based high-loading application with our novel home-based training set-up as reliable and effective improving strength and jump performance of the plantar flexor muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Radovanović
- Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Institute of Sport Sciences, Movement Biomechanics, Berlin, Germany.,Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jona Kunz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Institute of Sport Sciences, Movement Biomechanics, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Mersmann F, Domroes T, Pentidis N, Tsai MS, Bohm S, Schroll A, Arampatzis A. Prevention of strain-induced impairments of patellar tendon micromorphology in adolescent athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1708-1718. [PMID: 33909297 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High-level patellar tendon strain may cause impairments of the tendon's micromorphological integrity in growing athletes and increase the risk for tendinopathy. This study investigated if an evidence-based tendon exercise intervention prevents high-level patellar tendon strain, impairments of micromorphology and pain in adolescent basketball players (male, 13-15 years). At three time points over a season (M1-3), tendon mechanical properties were measured using ultrasound and dynamometry, proximal tendon micromorphology with a spatial frequency analysis and pain and disability using VISA-P scores. The control group (CON, n = 19) followed the usual strength training plan, including sprint and change-of-direction drills. In the intervention group (INT, n = 14), three sessions per week with functional exercises were integrated into the training, providing repetitive high-magnitude tendon loading for at least 3 s per repetition. The frequency of high-level strain (ie, ≥9%) continuously decreased in INT, while tending to increase in CON since tendon force increased in both (p < 0.001), yet tendon stiffness only in INT (p = 0.004). In CON, tendon strain was inversely associated with tendon peak spatial frequency at all time points (p < 0.05), indicating impairments of tendon micromorphological integrity with higher strain, but not at M2 and M3 in INT. Descriptively, the fraction of asymptomatic athletes at baseline was similar in both groups (~70%) and increased to 100% in M3 in INT, while remaining unchanged in CON. We suggest that functional high-load tendon exercises could reduce the prevalence of high-level patellar tendon strain and associated impairments of its micromorphology in adolescent athletes, providing new opportunities for tendinopathy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meng-Shiuan Tsai
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Merza E, Pearson S, Lichtwark G, Garofolini A, Malliaras P. Reliability of Human Achilles Tendon Stiffness Measures Using Freehand 3-D Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:973-981. [PMID: 33487471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness is an important property of both human locomotor performance and injury mechanics. Freehand 3-D ultrasound (3-DUS) is a promising method for measuring stiffness of the Achilles tendon, particularly the free AT (2-6 cm proximal to calcaneus), which is commonly injured. The aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of freehand 3-DUS in measuring free AT stiffness in humans. The free Achilles tendon length of healthy participants (n = 10) was scanned on the same day on two consecutive occasions (1 h apart) during rest and isometric plantar flexion contractions at 20%, 40% and 60% of maximum force. The slope of the force-elongation curve over these force levels represented individual stiffness (N/mm). Relative reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and absolute reliability was estimated with the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change. Systematic bias in stiffness measures was explored by comparing test and retest distributions and Bland-Altman plots. The test-retest reliability of free AT stiffness measured using freehand 3-DUS was excellent [ICC = 0.994, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.978-0.999)]. The mean stiffness values at test (361.83 N/mm [170.77]) and retest (364.98 N/mm [168.57]) did not significantly differ (p = 0.72), and the smallest detectable change was 52.14 N/mm. The Bland-Altman plot indicated the absence of systematic bias (95% CI: -22.18 to 15.88). Freehand 3-DUS provides reliable and precise measures of tendon stiffness and can be used to detect small changes in free AT stiffness in response to load or tendon pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Merza
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Pearson
- Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Lichtwark
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Peter Malliaras
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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37
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Szaro P, Ghali Gataa K. The correlations between dimensions of the normal tendon and tendinopathy changed Achilles tendon in routine magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6131. [PMID: 33731785 PMCID: PMC7969943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This comparative study aimed to investigate how tendinopathy-related lesions change correlations in the dimensions of the Achilles tendon. Our experimental group included 74 patients. The mean age was 52.9 ± 10.4 years. The control group included 81 patients with a mean age was 35.2 ± 13.6 years, p < .001. The most significant difference in correlation was the thickness of the tendon and the midportion's width, which was more significant in the tendinopathy (r = .49 vs. r = .01, p < .001). The correlation was positive between width and length of the insertion but negative in normal tendons (r = .21 vs. r = − .23, p < .001). The correlation was between the midportions width in tendinopathy and the tendon's length but negative in the normal tendon (r = .16 vs. r = − .23, p < .001). The average thickness of the midportion in tendinopathy was 11.2 ± 3.3 mm, and 4.9 ± 0.5 mm in the control group, p < .001. The average width of the midportion and insertion was more extensive in the experimental group, 17.2 ± 3.1 mm vs. 14.7 ± 1.8 mm for the midportion and 31.0 ± 3.9 mm vs. 25.7 ± 3.0 mm for insertion, respectively, p < .001. The tendon's average length was longer in tendinopathy (83.5 ± 19.3 mm vs. 61.5 ± 14.4 mm, p < .001). The dimensions correlations in normal Achilles tendon and tendinopathic tendon differ significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Szaro
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborgsvägen 31, 431 80, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Khaldun Ghali Gataa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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38
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Quantifying mechanical loading and elastic strain energy of the human Achilles tendon during walking and running. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5830. [PMID: 33712639 PMCID: PMC7955091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess in vivo Achilles tendon (AT) mechanical loading and strain energy during locomotion. We measured AT length considering its curve-path shape. Eleven participants walked at 1.4 m/s and ran at 2.5 m/s and 3.5 m/s on a treadmill. The AT length was defined as the distance between its origin at the gastrocnemius medialis myotendinous junction (MTJ) and the calcaneal insertion. The MTJ was tracked using ultrasonography and projected to the reconstructed skin surface to account for its misalignment. Skin-to-bone displacements were assessed during a passive rotation (5°/s) of the ankle joint. Force and strain energy of the AT during locomotion were calculated by fitting a quadratic function to the experimentally measured tendon force-length curve obtained from maximum voluntary isometric contractions. The maximum AT strain and force were affected by speed (p < 0.05, ranging from 4.0 to 4.9% strain and 1.989 to 2.556 kN), yet insufficient in magnitude to be considered as an effective stimulus for tendon adaptation. Besides the important tendon energy recoil during the propulsion phase (7.8 to 11.3 J), we found a recoil of elastic strain energy at the beginning of the stance phase of running (70-77 ms after touch down) between 1.7 ± 0.6 and 1.9 ± 1.1 J, which might be functionally relevant for running efficiency.
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39
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Mersmann F, Laube G, Marzilger R, Bohm S, Schroll A, Arampatzis A. A Functional High-Load Exercise Intervention for the Patellar Tendon Reduces Tendon Pain Prevalence During a Competitive Season in Adolescent Handball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626225. [PMID: 33776790 PMCID: PMC7987778 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalances of muscle strength and tendon stiffness may increase the risk for patellar tendinopathy in growing athletes. The present study investigated if a functional high-load exercise intervention, designed to facilitate tendon adaptation and reduce muscle-tendon imbalances, may prevent patellar tendon pain in adolescent male handball players (12–14 years). Tendon pain prevalence (using VISA-P scores), knee extensor strength, vastus lateralis (VL) architecture and patellar tendon mechanical properties were measured at four measurement time points (M1–M4) over a season. The control group (CON; n = 18; age 13.1 ± 0.7 yrs, height 170 ± 8 cm, mass 58 ± 10 kg) followed the usual strength training plan, including muscular endurance and explosive strength components. In the experimental group (EXP; n = 16; 13.1 ± 0.6 yrs, 169 ± 11 cm, 58 ± 16 kg), two sessions per week with functional high-load exercises for the patellar tendon were integrated in the strength training schedule, aiming to provide repetitive high-intensity loading of at least 3 s loading duration per repetition. While in the control group 30% of the athletes reported a clinically significant aggravation of symptoms, all players in the experimental group remained or became pain-free at M2 until the end of the season. There was a similar increase of strength (normalized to body mass; CON: 3.1%, d = 0.22; EXP: 6.8%, d = 0.47; p = 0.04) and VL thickness (CON: 4.8%, d = 0.28; EXP: 5.7%, d = 0.32; p < 0.001) in both groups, but no significant changes of tendon stiffness or maximum tendon strain. Further, both groups demonstrated similar fluctuations of tendon strain over time. We conclude that functional high-load exercises can reduce the prevalence of patellar tendon pain in adolescent athletes even without a reduction of tendon strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Laube
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Epro G, König M, James D, Lambrianides Y, Werth J, Hunter S, Karamanidis K. Evidence that ageing does not influence the uniformity of the muscle-tendon unit adaptation in master sprinters. J Biomech 2021; 120:110364. [PMID: 33743395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the adaptation processes between muscle and tendon in response to mechanical loading can lead to non-uniform mechanical properties within the muscle-tendon unit (MTU), potentially increasing injury risk. The current study analysed the mechanical properties of the triceps surae (TS) MTU in 10 young (YS; 22 ± 3 yrs) and 10 older (OS; age 65 ± 8 yrs; i.e. master) (inter)national level sprinters and 11 young recreationally active adults (YC; 23 ± 3 yrs) to detect possible non-uniformities in muscle and tendon adaptation due to habitual mechanical loading and ageing. Triceps surae muscle strength, tendon stiffness and maximal tendon strain were assessed in both legs during maximal voluntary isometric plantarflexion contractions via dynamometry and ultrasonography. Irrespective of the leg, OS and YC in comparison to YS demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) lower TS muscle strength and tendon stiffness, with no differences between OS and YC. Furthermore, no group differences were detected in the maximal tendon strain (average of both legs: OS 3.7 ± 0.8%, YC 4.4 ± 0.8% and YS 4.3 ± 0.9%) as well as in the inter-limb symmetry indexes in muscle strength, tendon stiffness and maximal tendon strain (range across groups: -5.8 to 4.9%; negative value reflects higher value for the non-preferred leg). Thus, the findings provide no clear evidence for a disruption in the TS MTU uniformity in master sprinters, demonstrating that ageing tendons can maintain their integrity to meet the increased functional demand due to elite sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom.
| | - M König
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - D James
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - Y Lambrianides
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - J Werth
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - S Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - K Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom
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Merza E, Pearson S, Lichtwark G, Ollason M, Malliaras P. Immediate and long-term effects of mechanical loading on Achilles tendon volume: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Biomech 2021; 118:110289. [PMID: 33556887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Achilles tendon (AT) may experience changes in dimensions related to fluid flow under load. The extent to which fluid flow involves redistribution within or flow out of the tendon is not known and could be determined by investigating volume changes. This study aimed to synthesize data on immediate and long-term effects of loading on tendon volume among people with a healthy AT and midportion Achilles tendinopathy (MAT). A secondary aim was to synthesise data from the included studies investigating parallel change in cross-sectional area and length. Systematic electronic search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, and Scopus from inception until May 2020. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for intervention-induced changes from baseline for all outcomes. Methodological quality was assessed using modified version of Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Twelve studies were included in meta-analysis. For healthy AT, there were negligible to small changes in volume following cross-country running (-0.33 [95% CI = -1.11 to 0.45] (P = 0.41)) and isometric exercise (0.01 [95% CI = -0.54 to 0.55] (P = 0.98)) and a large increase at the short-term with 12-week isometric protocol (0.88 [95% CI = -0.10 to1.86] (P = 0.08)). For MAT, there was an immediate large reduction in volume with isometric exercise (-1.24 [95% CI = -1.93 to -0.55] (P = 0.0004)), small increase with eccentric exercise (0.41 [95% CI = -0.18 to 1.01](P = 0.18)) and small reduction at the short-term with long-term interventions (-0.46 [95% CI = -0.87 to -0.05] (P = 0.03)). This meta-analysis suggests that healthy AT remain isovolumetric with acute interventions while MAT exhibit immediate and short-term volume reductions in response to different interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Merza
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Frankston, Vic 3199, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Stephen Pearson
- Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
| | - Glen Lichtwark
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Meg Ollason
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Frankston, Vic 3199, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abián P, Martínez F, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Eccentric Single-Leg Decline Squat Exercise on the Morphological and Structural Properties of the Vastus Lateralis and Patellar Tendon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249410. [PMID: 33333987 PMCID: PMC7765369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the effect of 6-week eccentric single-leg decline squat (SLDSe) training with two technical execution times (3 s or 6 s) on changes related to the structural properties of the vastus lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon (PT). Thirty-six physical active volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG, n = 13, age = 20.8 ± 1.9 years, no intervention program), experimental group 1 (EG1, n = 11, age = 21.6 ± 2.5 years, execution time = 6 s) and experimental group 2 (EG2, n = 12, 21.1 ± 1.2 years, execution time = 3 s). Participants completed a 6-week SLDSe training program (80% of 1-RM) three days a week. The structural characteristics of the VL and the PT were measured with ultrasonography before and after 6-week SLDSe training and after 6 weeks of de-training. Our results indicate that EG1 increased ≈21.8% the thickness of the PT and EG2 increased ≈15.7% the thickness of the VL after the 6-week intervention program. EG1 and EG2 showed greater values (p < 0.05) of lean mass and lower values (p < 0.05) of fat percentage on the thigh after the intervention program. In conclusion, the SLDSe training carried out with the execution time of 6 s had greater effects on the structural and elastic properties of the PT, and the exercise with the execution time of 3 s caused greater structural adaptations in the VL musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (F.M.); (F.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925268800 (ext. 5522)
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Chang TT, Li Z, Wang XQ, Zhang ZJ. Stiffness of the Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Complex Between Amateur Basketball Players and the Non-athletic General Population. Front Physiol 2020; 11:606706. [PMID: 33362580 PMCID: PMC7758317 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.606706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle and tendon stiffness are related to sports performance, tendinopathy, and tendon degeneration. However, the effects of habitual loading on muscle and tendon mechanical properties are unclear. Using amateur basketball players as examples, we investigated the effects of mechanical loading on the stiffness of the gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon (AT) complex in non-dominant and dominant lower limbs. Then, we evaluated the correlation between gastrocnemius and AT stiffness. Forty participants (20 amateur basketball players; 20 normal non-athletic persons) were recruited for this study. Stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex was assessed using MyotonPRO at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint in participants from amateur basketball players and the non-athletic general population. Our results showed a greater stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex in amateur basketball players than that in healthy non-athletic subjects at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05). No significant difference in stiffness was found between the non-dominant and dominant lower limbs either in amateur basketball players or in generally healthy subjects (P > 0.05). A significant positive correlation was obtained between stiffness of the AT and medial gastrocnemius (MG) in amateur basketball players (neutral position: r = 0.726 and P = 0.001; dorsiflexion 10°: r = 0.687 and P = 0.001). The amateur basketball players exhibit significantly higher stiffness value in Achilles and gastrocnemius. This is possibly caused by repeated training effects. The symmetric stiffness of the AT and gastrocnemius exists both in amateur basketball players and generally healthy subjects. A significant correlation between the AT and the MG was found in amateur basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Chang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
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44
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Létocart A, Grosset JF. Achilles Tendon Adaptation to Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: Morphological and Mechanical Changes. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:651-661. [PMID: 33285575 DOI: 10.1055/a-1270-7568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation can induce sufficient tendon stress to lead to tendon adaptations. Thus, we investigated the effect of such a training program on the triceps surae muscle following the morphological and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. Eight men participated in a 12-week high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation training program of the triceps surae muscle under isometric conditions. Ultrasonography was used pre- and post-intervention to quantify cross-sectional area, free length, and total length of the Achilles tendon, as well as the myotendinous junction elongation during a maximal isometric ramp contraction under plantar flexion. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training does not lead to changes in Achilles tendon free and total length, cross-sectional area, or maximal elongation capacity. However, a significant increase was evidenced in maximal tendon force post-training (+25.2%). Hence, Young's Modulus and maximal stress were significantly greater after training (+12.4% and +23.4%, respectively). High-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation training induces repeated stress sufficient to lead to adaptations of mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon. Thus, this training technique may be of particular interest as a new rehabilitation method in tendinopathy management or to counteract the effect of hypo-activity.
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Lindemann I, Coombes BK, Tucker K, Hug F, Dick TJ. Age-related differences in gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon mechanical properties in vivo. J Biomech 2020; 112:110067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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46
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Taberner M, Haddad FS, Dunn A, Newall A, Parker L, Betancur E, Cohen DD. Managing the return to sport of the elite footballer following semimembranosus reconstruction. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000898. [PMID: 33178446 PMCID: PMC7640780 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strains are the most common injury in elite football and typically occur during high-speed running. Despite its important contribution to power production in the late swing phase, injury to the semimembranosus (SM) is less common than to the biceps femoris, but may involve the free tendon and depending on the degree of retraction, warrant surgical repair. Few case reports detail clinical reasoning, supported by objective data during rehabilitation in elite footballers, and none have described the return to sport (RTS) process following this type of hamstring injury. In this article, we outline the management and RTS of an English Premier League (EPL) footballer who suffered a high-grade SM proximal tendon tear during training. Due to the degree of retraction of the free tendon, the player underwent surgical reconstruction at the recommendation of an orthopaedic surgeon. Early physiotherapy care, nutritional support, on- and off-pitch injury-specific reconditioning and global athletic development are outlined, alongside strength and power diagnostic and global positioning systems data, assessment of pain, player feedback and MRI informed clinical reasoning and shared decision-making during the RTS process. 18 weeks post-surgery the player returned to team training, transferring to a new club 3 weeks later. 2.5 years post RTS, the player remains free of re-injury playing regularly in the EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | - Andy Dunn
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
- The OrthTeam, Spire Healthcare Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Newall
- Medical Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lloyd Parker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Nutrition Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Esteban Betancur
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
- Masira Research Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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47
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Zhang X, Deng L, Yang Y, Li L, Fu W. Acute shoe effects on Achilles tendon loading in runners with habitual rearfoot strike pattern. Gait Posture 2020; 82:322-328. [PMID: 33022565 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the overuse injury rate of the Achilles tendon (AT) for running is high, the effect of shoe conditions on AT loading remains unclear. Hence, this study aims to determine the mechanical properties of AT during running under different shoe conditions (minimalist vs. conventional shoes). DESIGN This work is a controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixteen healthy male rearfoot strike runners were recruited to complete over ground running trials at 3.33 m/s (±5%) under two shoe conditions (minimalist shoes: INOV-8 Bare-XF 210; conventional shoes: NIKE AIR ZOOM PEGASUS 34). Sagittal plane ankle kinematics and ground reaction forces were simultaneously recorded. Ankle joint mechanics (ankle joint angle and moment) and the mechanical properties (peak force, impulse, stress, strain, and their corresponding peak rate) of the AT were calculated. RESULTS In comparison with conventional shoes, wearing minimalist shoes showed significant changes (p < 0.05): (1) decreased strike angle (48.92 ± 9.01 vs. 41.04 ± 8.69°); (2) increased ankle moment (2.34 ± 0.44 vs. 2.55 ± 0.46 Nm/kg); (3) increased peak AT force (5.85 ± 1.22 vs. 6.24 ± 1.13 BW), AT force impulse (0.65 ± 0.13 vs. 0.70 ± 0.13 BW·s), peak AT loading rate (109.94 ± 9.33 vs. 118.84 ± 26.62 BW/s), and average loading rate (48.42 ± 15.64 vs. 54.90 ± 17.47 BW/s); (4) decreased time to peak AT force (126.31 ± 20.68 vs. 117.77 ± 17.62 ms); (5) increased AT stress (66.96 ± 14.59 vs. 71.89 ± 14.74 MPa), strain (8.19 ± 1.77 vs. 8.78 ± 1.80 %), peak AT stress rate (66.96 ± 14.59 vs. 71.89 ± 14.74 MPa/s), and strain rate (148.71 ± 48.52 vs. 167.28 ± 42.82 %/s). CONCLUSION Increased AT force, loading rate, and stress were observed in runners who habitually wear conventional shoes with rearfoot strike patterns when they wore minimalist shoes. Hence, we recommend a gradual transition to minimalist shoes for runners who habitually wear conventional shoes with rearfoot strike patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liqin Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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48
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Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Effects of long-term athletic training on muscle morphology and tendon stiffness in preadolescence: association with jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2715-2727. [PMID: 32930859 PMCID: PMC7674345 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Evidence on training-induced muscle hypertrophy during preadolescence is limited and inconsistent. Possible associations of muscle strength and tendon stiffness with jumping performance are also not investigated. We investigated the thickness and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM), as indicators for potential muscle hypertrophy in preadolescent athletes. Further, we examined the association of triceps surae muscle–tendon properties with jumping performance. Methods Eleven untrained children (9 years) and 21 similar-aged artistic gymnastic athletes participated in the study. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the GM were measured at rest and muscle strength of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon stiffness during maximum isometric contractions. Jumping height in squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) was examined using a force plate. We evaluated the influence of normalised muscle strength and tendon stiffness on jumping performance with a linear regression model. Results Muscle thickness and pennation angle did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. In athletes, muscle strength was greater by 25% and jumping heights by 36% (SJ) and 43% (CMJ), but Achilles tendon stiffness did not differ between the two groups. The significant predictor for both jump heights was tendon stiffness in athletes and normalised muscle strength for the CMJ height in non-athletes. Conclusion Long-term artistic gymnastics training during preadolescence seems to be associated with increased muscle strength and jumping performance but not with training-induced muscle hypertrophy or altered tendon stiffness in the plantar flexors. Athletes benefit more from tendon stiffness and non-athletes more from muscle strength for increased jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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49
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Katugam K, Cox SM, Salzano MQ, De Boef A, Hast MW, Neuberger T, Ryan TM, Piazza SJ, Rubenson J. Altering the Mechanical Load Environment During Growth Does Not Affect Adult Achilles Tendon Properties in an Avian Bipedal Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:994. [PMID: 32984280 PMCID: PMC7492247 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon mechanical properties respond to altered load in adults, but how load history during growth affects adult tendon properties remains unclear. To address this question, we adopted an avian model in which we altered the mechanical load environment across the growth span. Animals were divided at 2 weeks of age into three groups: (1) an exercise control group given the opportunity to perform high-acceleration movements (EXE, n = 8); (2) a sedentary group restricted from high-intensity exercise (RES, n = 8); and (3) a sedentary group also restricted from high-intensity exercise and in which the gastrocnemius muscles were partially paralyzed using repeated bouts of botulinum toxin-A injections (RES-BTX, n = 8). Video analysis of bird movement confirmed the restrictions eliminated high-intensity exercise and did not alter time spent walking and sitting between groups. At skeletal maturity (33-35 weeks) animals were sacrificed for analysis, consisting of high-field MRI and material load testing, of both the entire free Achilles tendon and the tendon at the bone-tendon junction. Free tendon stiffness, modulus, and hysteresis were unaffected by variation in load environment. Further, the bone-tendon junction cross-sectional area, stress, and strain were also unaffected by variations in load environment. These results suggest that: (a) a baseline level of low-intensity activity (standing and walking) may be sufficient to maintain tendon growth; and (b) if this lower threshold of tendon load is met, non-mechanical mediated tendon growth may override the load-induced mechanotransduction signal attributed to tendon remodeling in adults of the same species. These results are important for understanding of musculoskeletal function and tendon health in growing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Katugam
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Cox
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Q. Salzano
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Adam De Boef
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Michael W. Hast
- Biedermann Lab for Orthopaedic Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Neuberger
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Stephen J. Piazza
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jonas Rubenson
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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50
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Devaprakash D, Obst SJ, Lloyd DG, Barrett RS, Kennedy B, Ball I, Adams KL, Collings TJ, Davico G, Hunter A, Vlahovich N, Pease DL, Pizzolato C. The Free Achilles Tendon Is Shorter, Stiffer, Has Larger Cross-Sectional Area and Longer T2 * Relaxation Time in Trained Middle-Distance Runners Compared to Healthy Controls. Front Physiol 2020; 11:965. [PMID: 32973544 PMCID: PMC7482361 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon geometry and tissue properties are important determinants of tendon function and injury risk and are altered in response to ageing, disease, and physical activity levels. The purpose of this study was to compare free Achilles tendon geometry and mechanical properties between trained elite/sub-elite middle-distance runners and a healthy control group. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure free Achilles tendon volume, length, average cross-sectional area (CSA), regional CSA, moment arm, and T2* relaxation time at rest, while freehand three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) was used to quantify free Achilles tendon mechanical stiffness, Young’s modulus, and length normalised mechanical stiffness. The free Achilles tendon in trained runners was significantly shorter and the average and regional CSA (distal end) were significantly larger compared to the control group. Mechanical stiffness of the free Achilles tendon was also significantly higher in trained runners compared to controls, which was explained by the group differences in tendon CSA and length. T2* relaxation time was significantly longer in trained middle-distance runners when compared to healthy controls. There was no relationship between T2* relaxation time and Young’s modulus. The longer T2* relaxation time in trained runners may be indicative of accumulated damage, disorganised collagen, and increased water content in the free Achilles tendon. A short free Achilles tendon with large CSA and higher mechanical stiffness may enable trained runners to rapidly transfer high muscle forces and possibly reduce the risk of tendon damage from mechanical fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Devaprakash
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven J Obst
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - David G Lloyd
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Kennedy
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,QSCAN Radiology Clinics, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Iain Ball
- Philips Healthcare, Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Tyler J Collings
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Giorgio Davico
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Medical Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adam Hunter
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - David L Pease
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Claudio Pizzolato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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