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Weiss T, Koslitz S, Nöllenheidt C, Caumanns C, Hedtmann J, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds and organophosphorus flame retardands in commercial aircrews after "fume and smell events". Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114381. [PMID: 38652941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Health risks to humans after "fume and smell events", short-term incidents on aircrafts that are accompanied by unpleasant odour or visible smoke, remain a subject of controversy. We assessed exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organophosphorus compounds (OPC) by biomonitoring in 375 aircrew members after self-reported "fume and smell events" and in 88 persons of the general population. A total of 20 parameters were analysed in blood and urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Median levels of acetone in blood and urine and 2-propanol in blood were elevated in aircrews compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Additionally, elevated peak exposures, best estimated by the 95th percentiles, were observed in aircrews for n-heptane and n-octane in blood, and acetone, 2,5-hexanedione and o-cresol in urine. Only the maximum observed levels of 2,5-hexandione in urine (768 μg/L) and toluene in blood (77 μg/L) in aircrew members were higher than the current biological exposure indices (BEI® levels) (500 and 20 μg/L, respectively) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (US-ACGIH) for workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane and toluene, two well-accepted human neurotoxicants. Low-level exposures to n-hexane and toluene could be also observed in controls. The majority of OPC parameters in urine, including those of neurotoxic ortho-isomers of tricresylphosphate, were below the limit of quantitation in both aircrews and controls. Our comparative VOC and OPC analyses in biological samples of a large number of aircrew members and controls suggest that exposures are similar in both groups and generally low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Nöllenheidt
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Caumanns
- Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication (BG Verkehr), Ottenser Hauptstraße 54, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hedtmann
- Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication (BG Verkehr), Ottenser Hauptstraße 54, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
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Abdollahi Aghdam A, Chamanara M, Laripour R, Ebrahimi M. Micro-extraction, pre-concentration, and microfluidic-based separation of organophosphate insecticides followed by the miniaturized electrochemical detection system. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 14:25288. [PMID: 38938753 PMCID: PMC11199932 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.25288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Introduction A new analytical method based on the coupling of microextraction and microfluidics was developed and investigated for the pre-concentration, separation, and electrochemical detection of fenitrothion (FT) and parathion (PA) at the sub-ppm concentrations. Methods In the first step, the microchip capillary electrophoresis technique was used to serve as a separation and detection system. Analytes were injected in the 40 mm long microchannel with 10 mm sidearms. Then, they were separated by applying a direct electrical field (+1800 V) between the buffer and detection reservoirs. 2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (20 mM, pH 5) was used as a running buffer. The electrochemical detection was performed using three Pt microelectrodes with the width of working, counter, and reference electrodes (50, 250, and 250 µm, respectively) in the out-channel approach. Results The system was devised to have the optimum detection potential equal to -1.2 V vs. pseudo-reference electrode. The dimensions of the SU-8 channel have 20 µm depth and 50 µm width. In the second step, an air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique was used to extract and preconcentration of analytes from human blood plasma. Then, 1, 2 di-bromoethan was used as extractant solvent, the analytes were preconcentrated, and the sedimented solvent (50 µL) was evaporated in a 60 ˚C water bath followed by substitution of running buffer containing 10% ethanol. The optimal extraction cycles were found to be 8 with adding 1% NaCl to the aqueous phase. Analyzing time of the mentioned analytes was less than 100s, the precision range was 3.3 - 8.2 with a linear range of 0.8-100 ppm and 1.2-100 ppm for FT and PA, respectively. The extraction recoveries were about 91% and 87% for FT and PA, respectively. The detection limits for FT and PA were 240 and 360 ppb, respectively. Finally, the reliability of the method was investigated by GC-FID. Conclusion The proposed method and device were validated and can be used as in situ and portable detection systems for detecting fenitrothion and parathion insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Abdollahi Aghdam
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Laripour
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Song J, Xiong X, Yin H, Xiong Y, Fang S. Distribution and pollution characteristics of organophosphate esters: reflected by tree rings of arbor species. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3805-3816. [PMID: 36577857 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging pollutants. Currently, research on OPEs in tree rings is still limited. In this study, tree rings of five arbor species from Sichuan Province, China, were sampled to study the occurrence and distribution of six OPEs, which were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of OPEs in all samples ranged from 189.79 (Fir species) to 341.23 ng/g (Toona sinensis), with average concentration of 284.77 ± 46.66 ng/g. So, arbor could be used as good passive samplers for OPEs. The levels of OPEs among five arbor species showed no significant difference (p = 0.668 > 0.05), suggesting that the pollution status of OPEs in a region or country could be roughly assessed by any arbor tree species. In this study area, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was the dominant OPEs followed by tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) showed relatively stable concentrations in each arbor species, while the other four OPEs including TBEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and TCEP had significantly different concentrations. Interestingly, the absorption and accumulation of OPEs by tree rings of arbor species were quite different from that of inorganic elements reported by other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China.
| | - Yuanming Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
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Choo G, Ekpe OD, Kim DH, Oh JE. Human exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins and organophosphate flame retardants in relation to paired multiple sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162681. [PMID: 36889397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels and distributions of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 10-88 aged human serum/hair and their paired multiple exposure sources, including one-day composite food, drinking water, and house dust. The average concentration of SCCPs and OPFRs were respectively 6313 and 176 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in serum, 1008 and 108 ng/g dry weight (dw) in hair, 1131 and 27.2 ng/g dw in food, not detected and 45.1 ng/L in drinking water, and 2405 and 864 ng/g in house dust. The levels of SCCPs in serum of adults were significantly higher than those of juvenile (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05), whereas gender showed no statistically significant difference in SCCPs and OPFRs levels. In addition, there were significant relationships of OPFR concentrations between serum and drinking water as well as hair and food using the multiple linear regression analysis, whereas no correlation was observed for SCCPs. Based on the estimated daily intake, the major exposure pathway for SCCPs was food, while for OPFRs, it was food and drinking water with three order magnitude safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Determination of Organophosphate Ester Metabolites in Seafood Species by QuEChERS-SPE Followed by LC-HRMS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238635. [PMID: 36500728 PMCID: PMC9736538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters are compounds widely used in industries and are ubiquitous in the environment, where they can be transformed into organophosphate diesters. Some organophosphate diesters are also used by industry. Several studies suggest organophosphate diesters can have toxic effects for reproduction, and hazardous and mutagenic properties. Due to the impact these compounds can have on marine biota and human beings through the consumption of fish and shellfish, it is necessary to study their presence in widely consumed seafood species. We therefore developed an analytical method for determining six of the most common organophosphate diesters in seafood. The procedure is based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe extraction method and a solid phase extraction clean-up, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was optimised and validated for seafood with different lipid content, providing satisfactory relative recoveries (from 89 to 138%) and limits of detection (1.0-50 ng g-1 dry weight), as well as repeatability values (RSD% (n = 5, 100 ng g-1 (dry weight)) lower than 15%. Eight seafood species were analysed using this method and two organophosphate diesters were detected and quantified in all the samples, demonstrating the suitability of the method.
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Guo Y, Liang C, Zeng MX, Wei GL, Zeng LX, Liu LY, Zeng EY. An overview of organophosphate esters and their metabolites in humans: Analytical methods, occurrence, and biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157669. [PMID: 35926632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have aroused due to their extensive distribution in the environment and humans, as well as their potential toxicities. Recent studies have demonstrated that some organophosphate di-esters are even more toxic than their respective tri-esters. This review summarized the current state of knowledge on the analytical methodologies (including sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and the feasibility of each potential human matrix), as well as the occurrences of OPEs and/or their metabolites (m-OPEs) in various human matrices. Organophosphate esters are readily metabolized in human thus only limited studies reported their occurrences in blood and breast milk, whereas abundant studies are available regarding the occurrences of m-OPEs rather than OPEs in urine. Since none of the matrix is suitable all the time, appropriate matrix should be selected depending on the aims of biomonitoring studies, e.g., high throughput screening or body burden estimation. Biomonitoring with non-invasive matrices such as hair and/or nail is useful to screen specific populations that might be under high exposure risks while urine is more suitable to provide valuable information on body burden. In terms of urinary monitoring, specific biomarkers have been identified for some OPE compounds, including tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Further studies are required to identify suitable urinary biomarkers for other OPE compounds, especially the emerging ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gao-Ling Wei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Managements, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Li-Xi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Yan Z, Feng C, Jin X, Wang F, Liu C, Li N, Qiao Y, Bai Y, Wu F, Giesy JP. Organophosphate esters cause thyroid dysfunction via multiple signaling pathways in zebrafish brain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 12:100198. [PMID: 36157343 PMCID: PMC9500371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread in various environmental media, and can disrupt thyroid endocrine signaling pathways. Mechanisms by which OPEs disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) signal transduction are not fully understood. Here, we present in vivo-in vitro-in silico evidence establishing OPEs as environmental THs competitively entering the brain to inhibit growth of zebrafish via multiple signaling pathways. OPEs can bind to transthyretin (TTR) and thyroxine-binding globulin, thereby affecting the transport of TH in the blood, and to the brain by TTR through the blood-brain barrier. When GH3 cells were exposed to OPEs, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited given that OPEs are competitive inhibitors of TH. Cresyl diphenyl phosphate was shown to be an effective antagonist of TH. Chronic exposure to OPEs significantly inhibited the growth of zebrafish by interfering with thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin to inhibit TH synthesis. Based on comparisons of modulations of gene expression with the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, signaling pathways related to thyroid endocrine functions, such as receptor-ligand binding and regulation of hormone levels, were identified as being affected by exposure to OPEs. Effects were also associated with the biosynthesis and metabolism of lipids, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which OPEs disrupt thyroid pathways in zebrafish.
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Key Words
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BCF, bioconcentration factor
- BFR, brominated flame retardant
- CD-FBS, charcoal-dextran-treated fetal bovine serum
- CDP, cresyl diphenyl phosphate
- Competitive inhibition assay
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- DKA, β-diketone antibiotic
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EAS, estrogen
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HPLC-MS/MS, high-performance liquid chromatograph interfaced with a mass spectrometer
- HPT, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid
- HS, horse serum
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- Molecular docking simulation
- NIS, Na+/I− symporter
- OD490, optical density
- OPE, organophosphate ester
- OPFR, organophosphate flame retardant
- Organophosphate ester
- P/S, penicillin–streptomycin
- PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RIC20/50, concentration inhibiting 20%/50%
- T4, thyroxin
- TBG, thyroxine-binding globulin
- TCIPP, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate
- TDCIPP, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP)
- TDCIPP-d15, tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate-D15
- TG, thyroglobulin
- TH, thyroid hormone
- THR, thyroid hormone receptor
- TIPP, tris(isopropyl) phosphate
- TPHP, triphenyl phosphate
- TPO, thyroperoxidase
- TRβ, thyroid hormone receptor β
- TTR, transthyretin
- Thyroid endocrine function
- Transcriptome sequencing
- androgen, and steroidogenesis
- cga, glycoprotein hormone
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- tshβa, thyroid-stimulating hormone beta subunit a
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - John P. Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Liang J, Shalaby N, Rigling M, Wagner T, Heimbach J, Fries A, Kohlus R, Zhang Y. Characterization of Hay-like Off-Odor in Basil Samples after Various Processing and Strategies for Reducing the Off-Odor. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chupeau Z, Mercier F, Rouxel E, Le Bot B, Chauvet G, Siméon T, Bonvallot N, Zaros C, Chevrier C, Glorennec P. Pre- and post-natal exposure of children to organophosphate flame retardants: A nationwide survey in France. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107435. [PMID: 35994798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has been on the rise ever since many brominated flame retardants were banned, back in the 2000 s. The objectives of this study are to describe the pre- and post-natal exposure of children to OPFRs, and to explore their possible determinants. A total of 259 children aged 3.5 years and 388 mothers from the French ELFE mother-child cohort were included. Both pre- and post-natal exposure to OPFRs were assessed, using OPFR concentrations in the hair of pregnant women (in 2011) and their 3.5-year-old children (in 2014-2015) for 15 OPFRs, of which 9 were detected in > 20 % hair samples. The highest geometric means for pre-natal exposure were 272 ng/g for tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), 69.7 ng/g for ng/g for triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and 54.4 ng/g for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). The highest geometric means for post-natal exposure were 249.6 ng/g for TCPP, 85.3 ng/g for TDCPP and 83.8 ng/g for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). Correlations were found between both pre-natal exposures, and between pre-and post-natal exposures. No correlation was however found between pre-and post-natal exposures for any given OPFR. Pre-natal exposure to the 9 OPFRs was associated with pre-natal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers 209 (BDE209), and 47 (BDE47). Maternal BMI was associated with pre-natal exposure to OPFRs other than TBEP. Home renovation work prior to birth was also associated with pre-natal exposure to OPFRs, with the exception of EHDPP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). Determinants of post-natal exposure appeared more disparate across OPFRs; although both the type of flooring in children's rooms and pre-natal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers seem to be associated with post-natal exposure. Lastly, higher socioeconomic status appeared to be associated with lower exposure for several (though not all) OPFRs. The high prevalence of exposure to OPFRs suggests the need for studies to assess the health effects of OPFRs exposure, particularly on children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chupeau
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Mercier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - E Rouxel
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - G Chauvet
- Ensai (Irmar), Campus de Ker Lann, Bruz, France
| | | | - N Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - C Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - P Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Lei M, Ge F, Wu T, Duan X, Shi Z, Zheng H. A stable Cd-MOF as a dual-responsive luminescent biosensor for the determination of urinary diphenyl phosphate and hippuric acid as biomarkers for human triphenyl phosphate and toluene poisoning. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14924-14929. [PMID: 36106946 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate determination of biomarkers of human poisoning in real urine is of great significance for the assessment of health status. Herein, a luminescent urea-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF), {[Cd(L)0.5(bpbix)]·x(solv)}n (1) (H4L = 5,5'-(((naphthalene-1,5-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(carbonyl))bis(azanediyl))diisophthalic acid; bpbix = 4,4'-bis((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)biphenyl), has been successfully synthesized, and exhibits good stability in aqueous solutions in the normal urinary pH range and real urine. Complex 1 can serve as a dual-responsive luminescent biosensor for the detection of diphenyl phosphate (DPP) and hippuric acid (HA) as biomarkers of flame retardant triphenyl phosphate and toluene poisoning, and shows the advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, good anti-interference capability, and reversibility. More significantly, complex 1 is successfully applied to the sensitive and accurate detection of DPP and HA in real urine with satisfactory recoveries. This work presents a dual-responsive luminescent MOF-based biosensor for simple, rapid, accurate, and reversible determination of urinary DPP and HA, which has promising application potential for the diagnosis of diseases related to triphenyl phosphate and toluene poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Fayuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xinde Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Hegen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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11
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Development of magnetic molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and selective determination of urinary diphenyl phosphate of college students. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463344. [PMID: 35872539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), known as novel alternative flame retardants, are a class of environmental endocrine disruptors. Long-term exposure to OPEs may bring a non-negligible health risk to human. Urinary OPE metabolites (mOPEs) are generally used as biomarkers to evaluate the internal exposure to OPEs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the main metabolite of aryl-OPEs, exhibited high detection rates and concentrations in urine samples. To establish a selective and simple analytical method for biomonitoring urinary DPHP, a specific magnetic molecular imprinted polymer (MMIP) was fabricated via a sol-gel method. Under optimum magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) conditions, the resultant MMIP exhibited selective recognition ability, ideal adsorption capacity and good reusability on urinary DPHP enrichment. The developed MSPE method coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS/MS) exhibited good precision and accuracy (spiked recoveries of 85.8%-109% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 5.1%-13%), low detection limit of 0.035 ng/mL, and negligible matrix inhibition. Then we used this proposed method to detect urinary DPHP levels of recruited 30 college students and investigate the time variability and potential determinants. All urine samples revealed the presence of DPHP at a median concentration of 0.56 μg/g Creatinine (Cr). Moderate reproducibility of DPHP level was observed in first morning urine samples (ICC>0.40). Significant correlations were found between urinary DPHP levels and gender (β=0.72; 95% CI: 0.48∼0.96), sampling time (β=0.36; 95% CI: 0.08∼0.65) as well as the frequency for take-out food (β=0.45; 95% CI: 0.07∼0.74) (p< 0.05). Hence, a fast and sensitive MSPE-U-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully built to quantify urinary DPHP.
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He PX, Ling Y, Yong W, Yao MY, Zhang YJ, Feng XS, Zhang Y, Zhang F. Determination of 22 alternative plasticizers in wrap film by solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Yin H, Liu L, Liu Q, Song J, Fang S, Liu X. Levels and Distribution of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Typical Megacity Wetland Park Landscape Water Bodies in Southwest China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:11-20. [PMID: 34709437 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have led to the release of organophosphate esters (OPEs) into the environment. This study aims to investigate the levels and partitioning of OPEs in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of landscape waters across eleven parks in the city of Chengdu, a megacity in Southwest China. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in the SPM samples (median: 2.94 × 103 ng/L, 6.88 × 104 ng/g dry weight) was 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than that in the surface water (median: 359 ng/L) and sediment (median: 82.8 ng/g) samples. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCIPP) were the primary OPE pollutants in the surface water and SPM samples, while TnBP, tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) predominated the sediment samples. The higher log Koc values of OPEs in park landscape water bodies estimated in the present study relative to previous studies could be explained by the environmental conditions, such as the sources of the inputs and the hydraulic retention times in these surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liya Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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14
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Ma H, Ishida K, Xu C, Takahashi K, Li Y, Zhang C, Kang Q, Jia Y, Hu W, Matsumaru D, Nakanishi T, Hu J. Triphenyl phosphate delayed pubertal timing and induced decline of ovarian reserve in mice as an estrogen receptor antagonist. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118096. [PMID: 34488164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although concerns have been raised about the adverse effects of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) on female fertility, its risk to ovarian functioning remains unknown. In this study, female C57BL/6 mice at postnatal day 21 were exposed on a daily basis to TPhP dose of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg for 40 days. A significant delay in pubertal timing was observed in the mice exposed to 50 mg/kg of TPhP. An estrogen-responsive reporter transgenic mice assay demonstrated that TPhP significantly downregulated the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling by 45.1% in the whole body in the 50 mg/kg group, and by 14.7-43.7% in the uterus for all exposure groups compared with the control. This strong antagonistic activity of TPhP toward ER explained the delay in pubertal timing. A significant reduction in the number of follicles in all stages was observed in mice after being exposed to TPhP for 40 days at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/kg, resulting in a decline of the ovarian reserve. The elevation of the follicle-stimulating hormone concentration may have contributed to this phenomenon, as controlled by the antagonistic activity of TPhP toward ER in the brain. The toxic effects of TPhP on ovarian functioning highlight this chemical as a potential risk factor for female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojia Ma
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Chenke Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kyosuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Liu Y, Gong S, Ye L, Li J, Liu C, Chen D, Fang M, Letcher RJ, Su G. Organophosphate (OP) diesters and a review of sources, chemical properties, environmental occurrence, adverse effects, and future directions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106691. [PMID: 34146766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of the continual phase-outs of toxic halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), there has been an increasing demand for organophosphate esters (OPEs) in global FR markets. OPE-FRs have largely been identified as OP triesters, which have a basic chemical structure of O = P(OR)3. In addition to OP triesters, OPEs can refer to another class of related substances, namely, OP diesters that have a typical chemical structure of O = P(OR)2(OH)). OP diesters are known as biotic or abiotic degradation products of OP triesters. In recent years, environmental scientists have proven that OP diesters widely exist in a variety of environmental matrices and biotic samples around the world, implying the potential risks from OP diester exposure to biota and humans in the environment. Here, we have reviewed the scientific literature for studies involving OP diesters and up to the end of 2020. The aim of the present review is to assess the present understanding of the physicochemical properties, sources (industrial production and degradation), environmental occurrence of OP diesters, and adverse effects to exposed organisms. Based on the literature in the Web of Science core collection, we found that at least 23 OP diesters have been reported as contaminants in various environments or as degradation products of OP triesters. The physicochemical properties of OP diesters vary depending on their specific chemical structures. OP diesters containing halogen atoms and aryl groups seem to be more persistent (with greater estimated half-life (t1/2) values) in environmental matrices. There were multiple sources of OP diesters, including industrial production and biotic or abiotic degradation from OP triesters. Specifically, we found that ten OP diesters are produced somewhere in the world, and the total annual output was estimated to be 17,050 metric tons (this number is underestimated due to the limitation of the available information). In addition, the wide application of OP triesters worldwide makes the degradation of OP triesters another critical source of OP diesters to the environment and to organisms. Current monitoring studies have demonstrated that some OP diesters were detectable in the human body (via both blood and urine samples), indoor dust, wastewater, or sewage sludge worldwide. The highest concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in human urine have been reported as high as 727 ng/mL (children (aged 0-5 years) urine samples from Australia). In addition, adverse effects following direct or indirect exposure to 11 OP diesters in organisms (including animals, bacteria, and algae) have been reported, and the recorded adverse outcomes following exposure to OP diesters included developmental toxicity, alteration of gene expression, and disturbance of nuclear receptor activity. Biomonitoring studies regarding human samples have frequently reported statistically significant associations between the concentrations of OP diesters and markers of human health (mainly related to reproductive toxicity). Finally, on the basis of current knowledge on OP diesters, we propose prospects for related research directions in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Giroud B, Buleté A, Spinner L, Deverchère J, Payen-Gay L, Vigneron A, Vulliet E. Quantification of the organophosphate flame retardant triphenylphosphate and its main metabolite in whole blood by liquid–liquid micro-extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Wasonga MO, Maingi J, Omwoyo O. Effects of Contamination of Freshwater Habitat With Common Heavy Metals and Anions on the Prevalence of Human Adenoviruses and Enteroviruses. Front Public Health 2021; 8:603217. [PMID: 33553093 PMCID: PMC7855706 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.603217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and survival of enteric viruses in open surface waters can be impacted by a host of factors including fecal emission levels, seasonal variations, virus stability and the physicochemical parameters. In this research, we aimed to document the association between contaminations of water samples with human enteric viruses (adenoviruses and enteroviruses) from a freshwater lake with variations in chemical contaminants. We collected 216 water samples from October 2010 to April 2012, from a 4 km stretch along Lake Victoria (LV) basin in Homa Bay town located in the western region of Kenya. The samples were analyzed for the existence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human enteroviruses (HEV), using the nested PCR (nPCR). We also assessed in the water samples the levels of twelve chemical contaminants consisting of six heavy metal elements and six anions. About 8.3 % of the samples were found to be contaminated with the enteric viruses. The concentrations of the 12 chemical contaminants were found to be largely within the WHO suggested limits. Most of the chemical contaminants were not related to the detection rates of the viruses from the statistical analysis. However, some positive and negative associations between the viral genome's detection and the chemical concentrations were established for only three metals (Fe, Pb, Cd) and the PO43− Radical. Cd had a weak positive significant relationship with HAdV (rho = 0.146, p = 0.032) while Pb and Fe had a weak positive significant relationship with HEV genome detection (rho = 0.156, p = 0.022) and (rho = 0.148 and p = 0.029) respectively. There was a modest negative relationship between phosphate ions and HEV (rho = −0.174, p = 0.010). The results of our study do not provide support for the hypothesis of an association between the presence of human enteric viruses and the levels of twelve chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Opere Wasonga
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Maingi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ombori Omwoyo
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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18
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Zhang X, Tang X, Yang Y, Sun Z, Ma W, Tong X, Wang C, Zhang X. Responses of the reproduction, population growth and metabolome of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to tributyl phosphate (TnBP). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116462. [PMID: 33497947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The typical alkyl organophosphorus flame retardant tributyl phosphate (TnBP) can leak from common products into the marine environment, with potential negative effects on marine organisms. However, risk assessments for TnBP regarding zooplankton are lacking. In this study, a marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, was used to analyze the effect of TnBP (0.1 μg/L, environmental concentration; 1 and 6 mg/L) on reproduction, population growth, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and metabolomics. Mortality increased as the TnBP concentration rose; the 24-h LC50 value was 12.45 mg/L. All tested TnBP concentrations inhibited B. plicatilis population growth, with reproductive toxicity at the higher levels. Microstructural imaging showed ovary injury, the direct cause of reproductive toxicity. Despite elevated glutathione reductase activities, levels of reactive oxygen species and malonyldialdehyde increased under TnBP stress, indicating oxidative imbalance. TnBP induced mitochondrial malformation and activity suppression; the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine alleviated this inhibition, suggesting an internal connection. Nontargeted metabolomics revealed 398 and 583 differentially expressed metabolites in the 0.1 μg/L and 6 mg/L treatments relative to control, respectively, which were enriched in the pathways such as biosynthesis of amino acids, purine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. According to metabolic pathway analysis, oxidative stress from purine degradation, mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbed lipid metabolism and elevated protein synthesis were jointly responsible for reproduction and population growth changes. This study echoes the results previously found in rotifer on trade-off among different life processes in response to environmental stress. Our systematic study uncovers the TnBP toxic mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenqian Ma
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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19
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Vorkamp K, Castaño A, Antignac JP, Boada LD, Cequier E, Covaci A, Esteban López M, Haug LS, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Pérez Luzardo O, Osīte A, Rambaud L, Pinorini MT, Sabbioni G, Thomsen C. Biomarkers, matrices and analytical methods targeting human exposure to chemicals selected for a European human biomonitoring initiative. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106082. [PMID: 33227583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The major purpose of human biomonitoring is the mapping and assessment of human exposure to chemicals. The European initiative HBM4EU has prioritized seven substance groups and two metals relevant for human exposure: Phthalates and substitutes (1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, DINCH), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), halogenated and organophosphorous flame retardants (HFRs and OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arylamines, cadmium and chromium. As a first step towards comparable European-wide data, the most suitable biomarkers, human matrices and analytical methods for each substance group or metal were selected from the scientific literature, based on a set of selection criteria. The biomarkers included parent compounds of PFASs and HFRs in serum, of bisphenols and arylamines in urine, metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine as well as metals in blood and urine, with a preference to measure Cr in erythrocytes representing Cr (VI) exposure. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the method of choice for bisphenols, PFASs, the HFR hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), phenolic HFRs as well as the metabolites of phthalates, DINCH, OPFRs and PAHs in urine. Gas chromatographic (GC) methods were selected for the remaining compounds, e.g. GC-low resolution MS with electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) for HFRs. Both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS were suitable for arylamines. New developments towards increased applications of GC-MS/MS may offer alternatives to GC-MS or LC-MS/MS approaches, e.g. for bisphenols. The metals were best determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS, with the particular challenge of avoiding interferences in the Cd determination in urine. The evaluation process revealed research needs towards higher sensitivity and non-invasive sampling as well as a need for more stringent quality assurance/quality control applications and assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Denmark.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
| | | | - Luis D Boada
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Spain.
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Belgium.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain.
| | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University, Germany.
| | - Octavio Pérez Luzardo
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Institute for Biomedical and Health Research, Spain.
| | - Agnese Osīte
- University of Latvia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Latvia.
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, France.
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Qu XL, Yan B. Cd-Based Metal-Organic Framework Containing Uncoordinated Carbonyl Groups as Lanthanide Postsynthetic Modification Sites and Chemical Sensing of Diphenyl Phosphate as a Flame-Retardant Biomarker. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15088-15100. [PMID: 33006286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the judicious selection of an appropriate semirigid polycarboxylate, 2,5-bis(3',5'-dicarboxylphenyl)benzoic acid (H5bdba), and an inorganic metal ion, a novel anionic framework, {[NH2(CH3)2]2·[Cd3.5(bdba)(Hbdba)(H2O)1.5]}n (Cd-MOF), has been synthesized solvothermally. Single-crystal measurement results show that the prepared Cd-MOF features a three-dimensional structure containing two types of one-dimensional channels, and as we expected, there exist accessible uncoordinated -COOH groups on Hbdba pointing toward the rhombus channels. Powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis measurements were performed for the thermal and chemical stability analysis of Cd-MOF. In addition, the lanthanide(III)-functionalized hybrids, Ln(III)@Cd-MOF, were initially prepared by coordinated postsynthetic modification to incorporate luminescent Ln(III) ions into the structure. The luminescence properties of the hybrids are studied, and the results show notable and specialized fluorescent sensitization of Cd-MOF to Tb(III) ions. Moreover, the Tb(III)@Cd-MOF hybrid with outstanding fluorescence properties was developed as a highly sensitive and selective luminescent probe for the biomarker diphenyl phosphate (DPP) based on multiquenching effects. Tb(III)@Cd-MOF is the first case to realize the detection of urinary DPP through lanthanide metal-organic framework fluorescence spectrometry and shows practical detection potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Qu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Organophosphorus Flame Retardants: A Global Review of Indoor Contamination and Human Exposure in Europe and Epidemiological Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186713. [PMID: 32942622 PMCID: PMC7558007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify high-priority organophosphorus flame retardants for action and research. We thus critically reviewed literature between 2000 and 2019 investigating organophosphorus flame retardants' presence indoors and human exposure in Europe, as well as epidemiological evidence of human effects. The most concentrated compounds indoors were tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). TBOEP and TCIPP were the most consistently detected compounds in humans' urine, hair or breast milk as well as tris (butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPHP). Notably, epidemiological evidence concerned reprotoxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory effects and eczema risk for TDCIPP, eczema increase for TBOEP, and neurodevelopmental outcomes for Isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers (ITPs). Given the ubiquitous presence indoors and the prevalence of exposure, the growing health concern seems justified. TDCIPP and TPHP seem to be of particular concern due to a high prevalence of exposure and epidemiological evidence. TBOEP and TNBP require epidemiological studies regarding outcomes other than respiratory or dermal ones.
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Yang Y, Lin M, Tang J, Ma S, Yu Y. Derivatization gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace organic pollutants and their metabolites in human biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6679-6690. [PMID: 32556566 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) is a preferred instrumental approach for the trace and ultra-trace analysis of various toxic organics and their metabolites in human biological fluids. Specifically, the method has played an important role in the highly sensitive and specific quantitative detection of persistent highly halogenated compounds in environmental matrices and biota during the past few decades. However, for the analysis of toxic metabolites with active hydrogen atoms, such as acids, alcohols, and phenolic compounds, from biological matrixes or organics without electronegative atoms or groups, a derivatization step is often needed prior to GC analysis. Such derivatization aims to change the properties of targets to improve their separation, increase their volatility, and enhance the sensitivity of instrumental detection. This review summarizes three derivatization strategies commonly used for GC methods, i.e., alkylation, silylation, and acylation, together with their application combined with GC-NCI-MS for the high sensitivity analysis of toxic organic metabolites in the human body. The advantages and disadvantages of each derivatization method and potential directions for future applications are discussed. Given the broad variety of applications as well as the compound-specific sensitivity for the ultra-trace analysis of target xenobiotics in human biological fluids, subsequent studies are required to develop convenient, faster derivatization procedures and reagents better suited for routine analysis. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China. .,Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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23
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Zhang Q, Yu C, Fu L, Gu S, Wang C. New Insights in the Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Three Primary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4465-4474. [PMID: 32150676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) metabolites in the biota, the endocrine disrupting potency has not been well examined. Herein, we chose three primary metabolites of OPFRs (BCIPP, BDCIPP, and DPHP) to investigate their potential endocrine disrupting effects by in vitro, in vivo, and in silico assays. Three metabolites were agonistic to rat estrogenic receptor alpha (ERα) and antagonists to human mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). BCIPP exerted endocrine disrupting effect contrasting to the negative response of its parental compound. It also poses the strongest binding capacity to ERα among the tested compounds. Both BCIPP and BDCIPP upregulated the genes encoded for estrogenic synthesis enzymes in H295R cells, including 17βHSD and CYP19. All three compounds stimulated the transcription of CYP11B1, whereas BCIPP and DPHP also triggered CYP11B2, encoding for corticoid production. BDCIPP inhibits genes for progesterone synthesis including CYP11A1, STAR, and 3-βHSD. The induction of mortality and low hatchability of zebrafish embryo were ranked as BCIPP ≥ BDCIPP > DPHP. All compounds lead to malformation of zebrafish larvae. Both of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes were disrupted, with the highest impact by BCIPP. Altogether, the data clarified OPFRs metabolites may produce comparable or even higher endocrine disrupting effects than OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Sijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Cui Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Davis Z, Vidal M, Calafat AM, Ospina M. Quantification of 16 urinary biomarkers of exposure to flame retardants, plasticizers, and organophosphate insecticides for biomonitoring studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:481-491. [PMID: 31272008 PMCID: PMC6960943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated alkyl and non-chlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and some brominated flame retardants (FR) were introduced as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) after PBDEs phase-out in 2004 and 2013. Organophosphorous (OP) insecticides are mainly used in agricultural settings since the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 phased-out most residential uses of OP insecticides in the United States. Urinary metabolites of FRs and OPs are known exposure biomarkers to FRs and OP insecticides, respectively. For large population-based studies, concurrent quantification of these metabolites using a small urine volume is desirable, but until now was not possible. We developed an analytical approach to quantify in 0.2 mL urine 10 FRs and six OP insecticide metabolites: diphenyl phosphate, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, dicresyl phosphates, dibutyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, 2-((isopropyl)phenyl)phenyl phosphate, 4-((tert-butyl)phenyl)phenyl phosphate, dimethyl phosphate, diethyl phosphate, dimethyl thiophosphate, dimethyl dithiophosphate, diethyl thiophosphate, and diethyl dithiophosphate. The method relies on enzymatic deconjugation, automated off-line solid phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 ng mL-1, accuracy from 89 to 118%, and imprecision was <10%. . This method is the first to quantify simultaneously trace levels of 16 biomarkers of FRs and OP insecticides in only four drops of urine. We confirmed the method suitability for use in large epidemiological studies to assess background and occupational exposures to these classes of environmental pollutants by analyzing 303 samples collected from the general population and a group of firefighters. FR metabolite and DAPs concentrations in the general population group were lower than in the firefighters group, and within the ranges reported in the U.S. general population and other non-occupationally exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana K Jayatilaka
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Paula Restrepo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Zachary Davis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; CDC Foundation, 600 Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
| | - Meghan Vidal
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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25
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Hu L, Tao Y, Luo D, Feng J, Wang L, Yu M, Li Y, Covaci A, Mei S. Simultaneous biomonitoring of 15 organophosphate flame retardants metabolites in urine samples by solvent induced phase transition extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:724-732. [PMID: 31200132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPFRs) are widely additives in consumer products and building materials. They are frequently detected in environmental media, including indoor air, water, soil, and dust. To provide a low-cost and multi-target tool for monitoring individual exposure to OPFRs, a high-throughput method for simultaneous detection of 15 urinary OFPR metabolites was established using solvent induced phase transition extraction (SIPTE) technique for sample pretreatment and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for target quantification. SIPTE is implemented by adding a hydrophobic solvent (methyl tert-butyl ether, used as the phase transition solution) to the homogeneous acetonitrile (ACN) aqueous solution for phase separation. Method performance was validated based on the evaluation indicators. The linear range of this present method was between 0.1 and 50 ng/mL for 15 urinary OPFR metabolites. The limits of detection (LODs) were from 0.012 to 0.25 ng/mL, and the spiked recoveries ranged of 71.3-117.6%, with corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 4.8 to 25.6%. Unlike most studies only focused on the determination of dialkyl and diaryl phosphate esters (DAPs), our analytical method also covered hydroxylated OPFRs metabolites (OH-OPFRs). Seven DAPs with detection frequencies (DF) more than 60% were detected in a small pilot study (n = 15). Besides, 4-hydroxy diphenyl phosphate (4-HO-DPHP) could be also detected in urine samples. Overall, this newly developed high-throughput analytical method could simultaneously determine 15 urinary OPFRs metabolites and screen these biomarkers of human exposure to OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Hospital Management Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jingwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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26
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Castro V, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R, Sánchez-Fernández L, González-Mariño I. Determination of human metabolites of chlorinated phosphorous flame retardants in wastewater by N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide-derivatization and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:450-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Lai NLS, Kwok KY, Wang XH, Yamashita N, Liu G, Leung KMY, Lam PKS, Lam JCW. Assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in aquatic environments of China (Pearl River Delta, South China Sea, Yellow River Estuary) and Japan (Tokyo Bay). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:288-294. [PMID: 30856439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distribution of 14 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers were studied in aquatic environments of China, namely, the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China Sea (SCS) and Yellow River Estuary (YRE), as well as Tokyo Bay (TB) in Japan. These locations were characterized by different levels of socioeconomic development and human activities. The spatial pattern of OPFRs revealed their ubiquity along the coasts of China and Japan; the concentrations ranged from 15 to 1790, 1 to 147, 253 to 1720, and 107 to 284 ng L-1 in the PRD, SCS, YRE and TB, respectively. The most frequently detected OPFR was triethyl phosphate (TEP), followed by triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). A positive relationship (R2 = 0.668, p = 0.004) was observed between OPFR contamination and socioeconomic activity, measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, for the studied cities in China and Japan. The results suggest that an increase in manufacturing and construction activities in the studied areas may aggravate coastal contamination with OPFRs. The potential threat to aquatic organisms from exposure to TCEP, a suspected carcinogen, was revealed by the hazard quotient (HQ) and probabilistic assessments. Further investigation of OPFR exposure in the aquatic environment of China is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L S Lai
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Guijian Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Yin H, Wu D, You J, Li S, Deng X, Luo Y, Zheng W. Occurrence, Distribution, and Exposure Risk of Organophosphate Esters in Street Dust from Chengdu, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:617-629. [PMID: 30840114 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Street dust samples were collected from 31 sampling sites in urban area of Chengdu. The distribution characters of OPEs were analyzed in line with functional districts and industrial layout of the city. The results showed that the detection frequency was tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) (100%) > tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (93.5%) > tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) (83.9%) > tridichloropropyl phosphate (TDCPP) (74.2%). The ∑7OPEs concentrations ranged from 94.0 to 1484.6 ng/g (mean 512.9 ± 417.5 ng/g), and TBEP was the predominant pollutant, accounting for 27.9% of the ∑7OPEs. The highest concentrations were observed in the center, west, and northwest sides of the city. Besides, compared with outer area, the higher concentration in the 1st Ring Road reflected that emissions of OPEs might be associated with the population and consumption of commercial products. The correlations between monomers were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for TnBP/TCPP (p = 0.002), TCEP/TCPP (p = 0.026), and TCEP/TPhP (p = 0.033). The exposure level in adults was 0.11 ng/(kg bw day), and in children was 0.20 ng/(kg bw day) while hand-to-mouth was the primary mode of transmission. The Risk Quotients (RQs) of OPEs were 5.35 × 10-10-1.46 × 10-5 and 4.99 × 10-10-2.82 × 10-5 for adults and children respectively, with no potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Di Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie You
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiping Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanqing Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24 Xuefu Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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29
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Li J, Dong Z, Wang Y, Bao J, Yan Y, Jin J. Different organophosphate flame retardant and metabolite concentrations in urine from male and female university students in Beijing and an assessment of exposure via indoor dust. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:760-768. [PMID: 30657202 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been found in human samples and associated with adverse health effects. In the present study, OPFR and dialkyl and diaryl phosphate (DAP) concentrations in human urine were determined and differences in the concentrations in urine from males and females were investigated. Urine samples from 22 male and 26 female university students, paired dust samples from the dormitories (13 each for males and females), and 10 dust samples from university teaching buildings were analyzed. The tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), tri-p-cresyl phosphate (TPCP), and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP) concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.049, 0.023, and 0.027, respectively) in urine from the female students than in urine from the male students. Similar differences were found between males and females in terms of OPFR exposure and OPFR concentrations in urine for three-fourths of the OPFRs. Questionnaire answers and calculations indicated that disparities in OPFR concentrations in urine were mainly caused by females spending much more time than males in dormitories. Organophosphate flame retardants may pose degrees of health risk similar to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and this must be considered when making decisions about controlling flame retardants. We are not aware of any previous studies that simultaneously monitor OPFRs and DAPs in human urine in China. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:760-768. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, China
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30
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Collins BJ, Slade D, Ryan K, Mathias R, Shan A, Algaier J, Aillon K, Waidyanatha S. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method to Quantitate Tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate in Rat and Mouse Plasma using Gas Chromatography with Flame Photometric Detection. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:36-44. [PMID: 30060005 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) and plasticizer increasingly used in consumer products and as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. Commercially available TCPP is a mixture of four structural isomers the most abundant of which is tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP-1). Although there is a widespread use of TCPP and potential for human exposure, there is limited data on the safety or toxicity of TCPP. The National Toxicology Program is conducting long-term studies to examine the toxicity of the TCPP in rats after lifetime exposure, including perinatal oral exposure. Quantitative estimates of internal dose are essential to interpret toxicological findings in rodents. To aid in this, a method was fully validated to quantitate the most abundant isomer, TCPP-1, in female Harlan Sprague Dawley (HSD) rat and B6C3F1 mouse plasma with partial validation in male rat plasma, and male and female mouse plasma. The method used protein precipitation using trichloroacetic acid followed by the extraction with toluene, and analysis by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The performance of the method was evaluated over 5-70 ng TCPP-1/mL plasma. The method was linear (r ≥ 0.99), accurate (inter-day relative error: ≤ ± -7.2) and precise (inter-batch relative standard deviation: ≤27.5%). The validated method has lower limits of quantitation and detection of ~5 and 0.9 ng/mL, respectively, in female HSD rat plasma and can be used on samples as small as 50 μL demonstrating the applicability to plasma samples from toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D Slade
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - K Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R Mathias
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - A Shan
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - J Algaier
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - K Aillon
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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31
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Zhang T, Bai XY, Lu SY, Zhang B, Xie L, Zheng HC, Jiang YC, Zhou MZ, Zhou ZQ, Song SM, He Y, Gui MW, Ouyang JP, Huang HB, Kannan K. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in China: Health risk from tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1363-1371. [PMID: 30420131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPs) are substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. China is the largest producer of OPs globally, with the production rate increasing at 15% annually. Since some OPs are neurodevelopmental and/or carcinogenic toxicants, human exposure is a concern. In this study, concentrations of eight OP metabolites (mOPs) were measured in human urine samples collected from 13 cities located in Northern, Eastern, Southern, and Southwestern China. All target mOPs were frequently detected with detection rates of 50% to 100%, indicating widespread human exposure to OPs. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP; median: 0.68 ng/mL), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP; 0.30 ng/mL), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP; 0.30 ng/mL), and dibutyl phosphate (DBP; 0.29 ng/mL) were the dominant mOPs across all participants. Regional differences in concentrations (ΣmOPs varied from 0.86 to 3.7 ng/mL) and composition profiles (contribution of chlorinated mOPs to ΣmOPs varied from 35% to 95%) of mOPs were observed within China. In comparison to the concentrations reported worldwide, urinary DPHP and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) levels in China were lower, whereas BCEP and DBP levels were comparable or higher. The total daily intake (TDI) of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were estimated from daily urine excretion rate and the fraction of OP metabolized in human liver microsomes (TDIHLM) or S9 fraction (TDIS9). The intake estimates showed that Chinese residents were exposed to TCEP from 96.9 to 46,700 (or 52.2 to 25,200) ng/kg bw/day. Depending on the reference dose, we found that approximately 5% of the individuals exceeded the limit (i.e., 2200 ng/kg bw/day) for TCEP intake. To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide baseline survey to determine urinary levels of mOPs in Chinese residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xue-Yuan Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shao-You Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hang-Cong Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong-Chen Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mei-Zhou Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zi-Qing Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shi-Ming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ming-Wei Gui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ji-Ping Ouyang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai-Bao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Saillenfait AM, Ndaw S, Robert A, Sabaté JP. Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2749-2778. [PMID: 30097699 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Alain Robert
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Sabaté
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
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Zhang Y, Li M, Li S, Wang Q, Zhu G, Su G, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate for Two generations decreases fecundity of zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:178-187. [PMID: 29775925 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP significantly decreased the number of cumulative eggs in zebrafish, but effects on the quantity of eggs and sperms remained unknown. Therefore, in this study, effects of TDCIPP on yolk diameter, surface morphology of eggs, sperm density and total motility were evaluated. First generation (F0) zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0, 50, 500 or 5000 ng/L tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) from 14 days post fertilization (dpf) to 120 dpf. The F0 generation of zebrafish were paired and F1 generation of embryos were collected and continuously exposed to the same concentrations of TDCIPP until 150 dpf. TDCIPP bioconcentration in the whole body as well as effects on survival and fecundity were evaluated in F1 generation. Exposure to TDCIPP resulted in an accumulation of the chemical and decreased survival of F1 generation of zebrafish. TDCIPP decreased cumulative production and changed surface morphology of eggs in females. In males, TDCIPP decreased total motility of sperm but did not affect sperm density. These effects on quality of egg and sperm might be responsible for the decreased hatching rates observed in cross mating experiments. Furthermore, TDCIPP exposure resulted in down-regulated gene expression related to gonadal development and maturation of germ cells in females or/and males, and the down-regulation was correlated to decreased fecundity. Taken together, the results suggested that exposure to TDCIPP could decrease the quantity of eggs and sperms by down-regulating the expression of genes related to gonadal development and maturation of germ cells in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China.
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Mokra K, Bukowski K, Woźniak K. Effects of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate on cell viability and morphological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study). Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1336-1345. [PMID: 29945461 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118783529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are a group of chemicals widely used in various everyday use products. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) are one of the commonly used chemicals belonging to this group. Due to the need of limitation of the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as retardants, the share of the compounds tested in our experiments in chemicals production systematically increases. There is limited information about the influence of halogenated OPFRs on living cells, especially on the immune system cells. That is why the aim of this study was to assess the impact of TCEP and TCPP on viability and morphological alterations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The cells were incubated with selected flame retardants in the concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 mM for 24 h. It was found that TCEP at 1 mM and TCPP at 0.5 mM decreased viability of PBMCs, while only TCPP induced morphological alterations in the incubated cells. The results of our experiments suggest that TCPP is more cytotoxic than TCEP, which can be explained by the presence of methyl groups in the molecule of this compound. Similar to other studies, our data also suggest that OPFRs are suitable replacements for PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mokra
- 1 Department of Biophysics Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - K Bukowski
- 2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - K Woźniak
- 2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Yan X, Zheng X, Wang M, Zheng J, Xu R, Zhuang X, Lin Y, Ren M. Urinary metabolites of phosphate flame retardants in workers occupied with e-waste recycling and incineration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:569-575. [PMID: 29505929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urinary metabolites of phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were determined in workers from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site and an incineration plant, in order to assess the PFR exposure risks of workers occupied with e-waste recycling and incineration. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the most frequently detected chemicals (82-93%). The median concentrations of BCEP, BDCIPP, and DPHP were 1.77, 0.23, and 0.70 ng/mL, and 1.44, 0.22, and 0.11 ng/mL in samples from the e-waste site and the incineration plant, respectively. Dibutyl phosphate (DBP) was detected in all samples from the incineration plant, with a median level of 0.30 ng/mL. The concentrations of BDCIPP (r = -0.31, p < 0.05) were significantly correlated with the occupational exposure time rather than age in workers from the e-waste site. Negative and significant correlations were also observed between the concentrations of BCEP (r = -0.42, p < 0.05), BDCIPP (r = -0.37, p < 0.05), and DPHP (r = -0.37, p < 0.05) and occupational exposure time rather than age in workers from the incineration plant. No gender differences were observed in levels of PFR metabolites in urine samples (p > 0.05). Concentrations of BDCIPP in female were significantly correlated with occupational exposure time (r = -0.507, p < 0.01). Concentrations of PFR metabolites in male were not significantly correlated with age or occupational exposure time (p > 0.05). Overall, the workers with occupational exposure to PFRs had different profiles of urinary PFR metabolites. The age, occupational exposure time, and gender seemed not to be main factors mediating the exposure to PFRs for workers occupied with e-waste recycling and incineration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meihuan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Rongfa Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xi Zhuang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Mingzhong Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G, Covaci A. Concentration and spatial distribution of organophosphate esters in the soil-sediment profile of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Implication for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:502-512. [PMID: 28923753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that soil and sediments, which act as a sink or potential source of organic pollutants, have been polluted with organophosphate esters (OPEs) around the globe, extremely constrained data is accessible on environmental concentration and fate of OPEs in solid matrices in whole of the South Asia particularly if there should be an occurrence in Nepal. In this study, surface soil (N=19) and sediments samples (N=20) were analyzed for eight different OPE in Kathmandu Valley during October 2014. The concentration of ∑8OPE measured in sediments samples was 12 times higher than soil and ranged 983-7460ng/g dw (median 2210ng/g dw) and 65-27,500ng/g dw (186ng/g dw), respectively. TMPP was most abundant in soil followed by TCIPP, TEHP and EHDPHP and ranged 17-25,300ng/g dw (41.3ng/g dw), 11.2-911ng/g dw (31.7ng/g dw), 8.52-858ng/g dw (26.1ng/g dw) and 10.2-114ng/g dw (25.6ng/g dw), respectively. TEHP was most prevalent in sediments followed by TMPP and EHDPHP and were in the range of 657-3020ng/g dw (median 1140ng/g dw), 267-2630ng/g dw (median 815g/g dw), 34-418ng/g (median 131ng/g dw), respectively. The sources of the high level of OPEs in soil was related to the end point use of consumer materials, traffic emission, and close proximity to commercial and industrial areas; while domestic sewage discharges and effluents from carpet industry were identified as the possible entry of OPE in sediments. Total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) content in soil were moderately and positively correlated with ∑8OPE indicating more or less influence of soil organic carbon. The health risk assessment suggested dermal absorption of OPEs via soil is the primary pathway of human exposure to the general population. The significantly high-risk quotient (RQ) estimated for ∑8OPEs especially TMPP and TPHP suggested significant potential adverse risk for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Hill KL, Hamers T, Kamstra JH, Willmore WG, Letcher RJ. Organophosphate triesters and selected metabolites enhance binding of thyroxine to human transthyretin in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:87-93. [PMID: 29306024 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological properties of organophosphate (OP) triesters that are used as flame retardants and plasticizers are currently not well understood, though increasing evidence suggests they can affect the thyroid system. Perturbation of thyroid hormone (TH) transport is one mechanism of action that may affect thyroid function. The present study applied an in vitro competitive protein binding assay with thyroxine (T4) and human transthyretin (hTTR) transport protein to determine the potential for the OP triesters, TDCIPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), TBOEP (tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate), TEP (triethyl phosphate), TPHP (triphenyl phosphate), p-OH-TPHP (para-hydroxy triphenyl phosphate), and the OP diester DPHP (diphenyl phosphate), to competitively displace T4 from hTTR. Enhancement of T4 binding to hTTR, rather than the hypothesized competition, was observed for the six OP esters and in a concentration-dependent manner. For example, T4-hTTR binding was significantly increased at concentrations of TBOEP as low as 64 nM, and up to 184% of controls at 5000 nM. A plausible explanation of these results, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported, may be allosteric interactions of the OP esters with hTTR allowing T4 to access the second site of the TH binding pocket. These in vitro results suggest a novel mechanism of OP ester toxicity via T4 binding enhancement, and possible dysregulation of T4-hTTR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Hill
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Intrinsik Corp., Ottawa, Canada
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, CoE CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, 0033, Norway
| | | | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
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Du L, Wang X, Wu J. Degradation of tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate by a microwave enhanced heterogeneous Fenton process using iron oxide containing waste. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18139-18145. [PMID: 35542106 PMCID: PMC9080577 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate was degraded by a microwave enhanced heterogeneous Fenton process using iron oxide containing waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Du
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Xianli Wang
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology
- Pingdingshan
- China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology
- Pingdingshan
- China
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Determination of Seven Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Esters using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Silvério ACP, Machado SC, Azevedo L, Nogueira DA, de Castro Graciano MM, Simões JS, Viana ALM, Martins I. Assessment of exposure to pesticides in rural workers in southern of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 55:99-106. [PMID: 28843102 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess of occupational exposure to pesticides in rural workers using genotoxicity test, bioindicators and clinical evaluation. Blood, urine and buccal samples from persons, rural workers exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides with organophosphates (n=94) and without organophosphates (n=94) were collected to compare the activities of cholinesterases, the levels of urinary dialkyl phosphates, genotoxicity data, from a cytome assay. Biomarkers were analysed by traditional/published methods Control group consisted of 50 other persons, non- occupationally exposed to pesticides from the city of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. All subjects underwent a clinical evaluation. In the group exposed to organophosphates, the activity of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and total cholinesterase was lower by 63.8%, 12.8%, and 14.8%, respectively, and 92.6% of the group had dialkyl phosphates present in their urine. The cytome assay was used to measure biomarkers of DNA damage (micronuclei and/or elimination of nuclear material by budding), cytokinetic defects (binucleated cells), and proliferative potential (basal cell) and/or cell death (condensed chromatin, karyorrhectic, pyknotic, and karyolytic cells). The group exposed to organophosphates showed significant changes in all these parameters compared to the control group and showed significant changes in budding, condensed chromatin and karyolytic cells compared with the group non-exposed to organophosphates. Data from the clinical evaluation showed significant changes in the central nervous, respiratory and auditory systems. The studied biomarkers are able to distinguish occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides and the data showed hazardous exposure to organophosphates and afforded valuable data to estimate the risk to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cristina Pupin Silvério
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Caetani Machado
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Laboratory Nutritional and Toxicological Analysis in vivo - LANTIN, Faculty of Nutrion, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Denismar Alves Nogueira
- Institute of Exact Sciences- ICEX- Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Savioli Simões
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Machado Viana
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis- LACEN, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Isarita Martins
- Laboratory of Toxicants and Drugs Analysis - LATF, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva street, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhu J, Liu J, Zhao M. Potential Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Effects of Nine Organophosphate Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5803-5810. [PMID: 28430429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as alternatives of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been frequently detected in the environment and biota, and could pose adverse effects on organisms. However, information on the potential endocrine disruption of OPFRs, especially their effects on steroid hormone receptors, such as glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR/MR), is limited. In this study, the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay via GR/MR and a H295R steroidogenesis assay were employed to evaluate the endocrine disruption of nine OPFRs. We found TMPP, TPHP, and TDBPP exhibited both GR and MR antagonistic activities, while TNBP and TDCIPP only showed MR antagonistic property within a concentration range of 10-8 to 10-5 mol/L(M). In the H295R steroidogenesis assay, the fold changes of eight steroidogenic genes in response to OPFRs were further studied. We found CYP17,CYP21, and CYP11B1 expression were significantly down-regulated following TMPP, TPHP, or TDBPP exposure at a concentration of 2 × 10-6 M. Meanwhile TMPP decreased the production of cortisol and TDBPP down-regulated the secretion of aldosterone. Our results indicate that some OPFRs can interact with GR and MR, and have the potential to disturb steroidogenesis. Data provided here will be helpful to comprehensively understand the potential endocrine disruption of OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Landmark Center West, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Landmark Center West, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Guo J, Venier M, Salamova A, Hites RA. Bioaccumulation of Dechloranes, organophosphate esters, and other flame retardants in Great Lakes fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:1-9. [PMID: 28110879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 60 flame retardants (and related compounds) in fish samples collected in the Great Lakes basin. These analytes include dechlorane-related compounds (Decs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Composite lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) or walleye (Sander vitreus, from Lake Erie) samples were collected (N=3 for each lake) in 2010 from each of the five Great Lakes (a total of 15 samples). Among the dechlorane-related compounds, Dechlorane, Dechlorane Plus, Dechlorane-602, Dechlorane-603, and Dechlorane-604 (with zero to three bromines and with four chlorines) were detected in >73% of the fish samples. The concentrations of some of these dechlorane-related compounds were 3-10 times higher in Lake Ontario trout than in fish from the other four lakes. Tris(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tri-n-butylphosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate were found in >50% of the fish samples. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the most abundant of the flame retardants in fish, with a mean concentration of 250ng/g lipid. Our findings suggest that the Decs and BFRs with 3-6 bromines are more bioaccumulative in the fish than the OPEs and high molecular weight BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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Lu SY, Li YX, Zhang T, Cai D, Ruan JJ, Huang MZ, Wang L, Zhang JQ, Qiu RL. Effect of E-waste Recycling on Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Plasticizers and Their Association with Oxidative Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2427-2437. [PMID: 28094923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three chlorinated (Cl-mOPs) and five nonchlorinated (NCl-mOPs) organophosphate metabolites were determined in urine samples collected from participants living in an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area (n = 175) and two reference areas (rural, n = 29 and urban, n = 17) in southern China. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate [BCEP, geometric mean (GM): 0.72 ng/mL] was the most abundant Cl-mOP, and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, 0.55 ng/mL) was the most abundant NCl-mOP. The GM concentrations of mOPs in the e-waste dismantling sites were higher than those in the rural control site. These differences were significant for BCEP (p < 0.05) and DPHP (p < 0.01). Results suggested that e-waste dismantling activities contributed to human exposure to OPs. In the e-waste sites, the urinary concentrations of bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (r = 0.484, p < 0.01), BCEP (r = 0.504, p < 0.01), dibutyl phosphate (r = 0.214, p < 0.05), and DPHP (r = 0.440, p < 0.01) were significantly increased as the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of DNA oxidative stress, increased. Our results also suggested that human exposure to OPs might be correlated with DNA oxidative stress for residents in e-waste dismantling areas. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the urinary levels of mOPs in China and examine the association between OP exposure and 8-OHdG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-You Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055, PR China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Xi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ju-Jun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Huang
- School of Geograghy and Planning, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Rong-Liang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University) , Guangzhou 510275, China
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Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Williams L, Ospina M, Valentin-Blasini L, Calafat AM. Quantification of three chlorinated dialkyl phosphates, diphenyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, and four other organophosphates in human urine by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:1323-1332. [PMID: 27838756 PMCID: PMC5576356 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), produced as flame retardants worldwide, have been phased-out in many countries, and chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates and non-PBDE brominated formulations (e.g., Firemaster 550 (FM550)) have entered the consumers' market. Recent studies show that components of organophosphate esters and FM550 are frequently detected in many products common to human environments. Therefore, urinary metabolites of these compounds can be used as human exposure biomarkers. We developed a method to quantify nine compounds in 0.4 mL urine: diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate, di-p-cresylphosphate, di-o-cresylphosphate (DoCP), di-n-butyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid. The method relies on an enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary conjugates of the target analytes, automated off-line solid phase extraction, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography separation, and isotope dilution-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry detection. The method is high-throughput (96 samples/day) with detection limits ranging from 0.05 to 0.16 ng mL-1. Spiked recoveries were 90-113 %, and interday imprecision was 2-8 %. We assessed the suitability of the method by analyzing urine samples collected from a convenience sample of adults (n = 76) and from a group of firefighters (n = 146). DPhP (median, 0.89; range, 0.26-5.6 ng mL-1) and BDCPP (median, 0.69; range, 0.31-6.8 ng mL-1) were detected in all of the non-occupationally exposed adult samples and all of the firefighter samples (DPhP [median, 2.9; range, 0.24-28 ng mL-1], BDCPP [median, 3.4; range, 0.30-44 ng mL-1]); DBzP and DoCP were not detected in any samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana K Jayatilaka
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Paula Restrepo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - LaTasha Williams
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Schettgen T, Bertram J, Kraus T. Quantification of N -methylmalonamic acid in urine as metabolite of the biocides methylisothiazolinone and chloromethylisothiazolinone using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1044-1045:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Butt CM, Hoffman K, Chen A, Lorenzo A, Congleton J, Stapleton HM. Regional comparison of organophosphate flame retardant (PFR) urinary metabolites and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) in mother-toddler pairs from California and New Jersey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:627-634. [PMID: 27397928 PMCID: PMC4980246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative chemical flame retardants in consumer products is increasing as the result of the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Today, the most commonly detected alternatives in residential furniture include the organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and the Firemaster (R) 550 mixture (FM550). Urinary levels of dialkyl and diaryl phosphate esters, and 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) have been used as biomarkers of human exposure to PFRs and FM550, respectively. In a previous study, we demonstrated that toddlers had significantly higher levels of PFRs relative to their mothers in a cohort from New Jersey; however, it is unclear if there are regional differences in exposure. It is possible that exposure to PFRs may be higher in California relative to other US States due to the California flammability standard, as was seen previously observed for PBDEs. In the current study, we examined urinary levels of PFR metabolites and TBBA in 28 mother-child pairs from California, USA, collected in 2015, and compared them with levels measured in our previous study from New Jersey. Urine samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of mother and child urine samples, while bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), tert-butyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) and TBBA were detected in < 50% of samples. Interestingly, BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of the urine samples, suggesting ubiquitous exposure to the parent compound, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP). The current study found significantly higher BDCIPP levels in California toddlers and higher and ip-PPP levels in mothers as compared to the New Jersey cohort, which may be reflective of California's furniture flammability standard. For example, BDCIPP levels in California children were 2.4 times higher than those in New Jersey children. Consistent with our previous work, the current study showed higher PFR and EH-TBB exposure in children, likely due to increased hand-mouth behavior. Children's DPHP and BDCIPP levels, on average, were 5.9 times and 15 times those of their mothers. Positive correlations between paired mothers and their children were shown for DPHP and BCIPHIPP conjugates but not BDCIPP or ip-PPP. In the children, several predictors of hand-mouth behavior were associated with BDCIPP, DPHP and ip-PPP urine levels, but no associations were observed with BCIPHIPP conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | | | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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Hou R, Xu Y, Wang Z. Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:78-90. [PMID: 27010170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are commonly detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants. Considering the adverse effects of OPFRs, many researchers have paid their attention on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. In this article, we first review the diverse absorption routes of OPFRs by animals and humans (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption and gill absorption). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials of OPFRs in different types of organisms and food webs are also summarized, based on quite limited available data and results. For metabolism, we review the Phase-I and Phase-II metabolic processes for each type of OPFRs (chlorinated OPFRs, alkyl-OPFRs and aryl-OPFRs) in the animals and humans, as well as toxicokinetic information and putative exposure biomarkers on OPFRs. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge and critical directions for future internal exposure studies of OPFRs in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Guo X, Mu T, Xian Y, Luo D, Wang C. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid simultaneous analysis of nine organophosphate esters in milk powder. Food Chem 2016; 196:673-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of primary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants on transcriptional activity via human nuclear receptors. Toxicol Lett 2016; 245:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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