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Kim ES, Park SH, Kinney CA, Olejar KJ, Corredor-Perilla IC. Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16411. [PMID: 39013926 PMCID: PMC11252385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies with secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts of the CBD-rich hemp strain, Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine', were conducted to compare the decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between two groups. The secretory cavity contents acquired from the capitate-stalked glandular trichomes by glass microcapillaries, and inflorescence samples air-dried for 15 days of storage in darkness at room temperature were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The ratio of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was ranging from 0.5% to 2.4% lower in the air-dried inflorescence samples compared to the secretory cavity samples as follows. In the secretory cavity content, the percentage of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was measured as 86.4% cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 6.5% tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), 4.3% cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), 1.4% cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and 0.6% cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), respectively. In the air-dried inflorescence, however, the acidic cannabinoids were detected with 84% CBDA, 4.8% THCA, 3.3% CBCA, 0.8% CBGA, and 0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA), respectively. The ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was close to 1:99 (w/w) in secretory cavity contents, however, it was roughly 1:20 (w/w) in the air-dried inflorescence. In addition, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) were only detected in the air-dried inflorescence sample, and the ratio of Δ9-THCV to Δ9-THCVA was about 1:20 (w/w). Besides, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) was only observed in the secretory cavity content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Soo Kim
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA.
| | - Sang-Hyuck Park
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Chad A Kinney
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Kenneth J Olejar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
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Desaulniers Brousseau V, Goldstein BP, Sedlock C, Lefsrud M. Environmental Impact of Outdoor Cannabis Production. ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 4:690-699. [PMID: 39027629 PMCID: PMC11253875 DOI: 10.1021/acsagscitech.4c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Environmental impacts of cannabis production are of increasing concern because it is a newly legal and growing industry. Although a handful of studies have quantified the impacts of indoor production, very little is known about the impact of outdoor cannabis agriculture. Outdoor production typically uses little direct energy but can require significant fertilizer and other inputs due to dissipative losses via runoff and mineralization. Conversely, fertilizer high in nitrogen can be counterproductive, as it produces flowers with decreased cannabinoid content. This study has two aims: (1) To identify reduced-fertilizer regimes that provide optimal cannabis flower yields with reduced inputs and (2) to quantify how this shifts greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion (fossil and metal), terrestrial acidification, and the eutrophication potential of outdoor cannabis production. Primary data from a fertilizer response trial are incorporated into a life-cycle assessment model. Results show that outdoor cannabis agriculture can be 50 times less carbon-emitting than indoor production. Dissemination of this knowledge is of utmost importance for producers, consumers, and government officials in nations that have either legalized or will legalize cannabis production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desaulniers Brousseau
- Department
of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Goldstein
- Department
of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Charlotte Sedlock
- School
for Environment and Sustainability, University
of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department
of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue H9X 3 V9, Canada
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Lamontagne HR, Cranston RR, Comeau ZJ, Harris CS, Shuhendler AJ, Lessard BH. Axial Phenoxylation of Aluminum Phthalocyanines for Improved Cannabinoid Sensitivity in OTFT Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305515. [PMID: 38641886 PMCID: PMC11251552 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis producers, consumers, and regulators need fast, accurate, point-of-use sensors to detect Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) from both liquid and vapor source samples, and phthalocyanine-based organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) provide a cost-effective solution. Chloro aluminum phthalocyanine (Cl-AlPc) has emerged as a promising material due to its unique coordinating interactions with cannabinoids, allowing for superior sensitivity. This work explores the molecular engineering of AlPc to tune and enhance these interactions, where a series of novel phenxoylated R-AlPcs are synthesized and integrated into OTFTs, which are then exposed to THC and CBD solution and vapor samples. While the R-AlPc substituted molecules have a comparable baseline device performance to Cl-AlPc, their new crystal structures and weakened intermolecular interactions increase sensitivity to THC. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to investigate this film restructuring, where a significant shift in the crystal structure, grain size, and film roughness is detected for the R-AlPc molecules that do not occur with Cl-AlPc. This significant crystal reorganization and film restructuring are the driving force behind the improved sensitivity to cannabinoids relative to Cl-AlPc and demonstrate that analyte-semiconductor interactions can be enhanced through chemical modification to create more responsive OTFT sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halynne R. Lamontagne
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa161 Louis PasteurOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa150 Louis PasteurOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Rosemary R. Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa161 Louis PasteurOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Zachary J. Comeau
- Advanced Electronics and DevicesNational Research Council Canada1200 Montreal RdOttawaONK1A 0R6Canada
| | - Cory S. Harris
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa30 Marie CurieOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Adam J. Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa150 Louis PasteurOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Ottawa30 Marie CurieOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute40 Ruskin StOttawaONK1Y 4W7Canada
| | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa161 Louis PasteurOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of Ottawa800 King Edward AveOttawaONK1N 6N5Canada
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Pittiglio MK, Ramirez GA, Tesfatsion TT, Ray KP, Cruces W. HPLC Method for Better Separation of THC Isomers to Ensure Safety and Compliance in the Hemp Market. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25390-25394. [PMID: 38882159 PMCID: PMC11170730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The 2018 Farm Bill dictates that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations must not exceed 0.3% in hemp and hemp-derived products in order to be "compliant." This narrow margin of error necessitates very precise testing methods throughout every facet of the hemp industry. Though gas chromatography has become the industry's gold standard, many hemp laboratories still use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify cannabinoids, and thus there exists a need for HPLC methods that can separate delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) and Δ9-THC-a notoriously difficult task. This article details one such method, while simultaneously acknowledging the inevitable limits of using HPLC to separate cannabinoids. The method was also used to test Δ8-THC samples that were marketed as compliant, and it was found that all of the samples contained well over 0.3% Δ9-THC. The use of refined testing methodologies is crucial for hemp companies to ensure compliance, prevent adverse health effects, and provide consumers with accurate cannabinoid profiles of the products that they purchase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Pittiglio
- Colorado Chromatography Laboratories, 10505 S Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Giovanni A Ramirez
- Colorado Chromatography Laboratories, 10505 S Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Tesfay T Tesfatsion
- Colorado Chromatography Laboratories, 10505 S Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Kyle P Ray
- Colorado Chromatography Laboratories, 10505 S Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Westley Cruces
- Colorado Chromatography Laboratories, 10505 S Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
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Keivani N, Piccolo V, Marzocchi A, Maisto M, Tenore GC, Summa V. Optimization and Validation of Procyanidins Extraction and Phytochemical Profiling of Seven Herbal Matrices of Nutraceutical Interest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:586. [PMID: 38790691 PMCID: PMC11117784 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Several medicinal herbal plants are extensively used as sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial effects on human health. This study assessed the procyanidin and polyphenol profiles together with the antioxidant potential of seven herbal medical matrices. To achieve this aim, procyanidin extraction from grape pomace was optimized and validated by monitoring monomeric-trimeric procyanidins. The proposed quantification method was applied to the seven medical herbs, and it proved to be a very efficient protocol for procyanidin-rich extracts analysis. In addition, the Paullinia cupana Kunth. seed was identified as a very rich source of procyanidins (about 5 mg/g dry matrix of each dimeric and about 3 mg/g dry matrix trimeric) with high antioxidant properties. The polyphenolic profile was assessed by HPLC-HESI-MS/MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay to explore the antioxidant properties of the extracts, which were substantially higher in Peumus boldus Molina leaves extracts (935.23 ± 169 μmol of Trolox equivalent/g of dry weight) concerning the other matrices. Moreover, a high Pearson coefficient value was observed between the total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH in comparison with the total polyphenol content (TPC) and DPPH, indicating flavonoids as the principal bioactive with antioxidant activity in the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (N.K.); (V.P.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.C.T.)
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Caprari C, Ferri E, Vandelli MA, Citti C, Cannazza G. An emerging trend in Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPSs): designer THC. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:21. [PMID: 38702834 PMCID: PMC11067227 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery as one of the main components of cannabis and its affinity towards the cannabinoid receptor CB1, serving as a means to exert its psychoactivity, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) has inspired medicinal chemists throughout history to create more potent derivatives. Initially, the goal was to synthesize chemical probes for investigating the molecular mechanisms behind the pharmacology of Δ9-THC and finding potential medical applications. The unintended consequence of this noble intent has been the proliferation of these compounds for recreational use. This review comprehensively covers the most exhaustive number of THC-like cannabinoids circulating on the recreational market. It provides information on the chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, analytical assessment, and experiences related to the psychoactive effects reported by recreational users on online forums. Some of these compounds can be found in natural cannabis, albeit in trace amounts, while others are entirely artificial. Moreover, to circumvent legal issues, many manufacturers resort to semi-synthetic processes starting from legal products extracted from hemp, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Despite the aim to encompass all known THC-like molecules, new species emerge on the drug users' pipeline each month. Beyond posing a significantly high public health risk due to unpredictable and unknown side effects, scientific research consistently lags behind the rapidly evolving recreational market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Caprari
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Elena Ferri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy.
- Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy.
- Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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7
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Moreno S, Trouten-Ebert A, Richards-Waugh LL, Quiñones R. An evaluation of the cannabinoid content of the liquid and thermal degradation analysis of cannabis-labeled vape liquids. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:905-918. [PMID: 38491781 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) vape pen usage has been on the rise given the changing political and scientific climate as well as the promotion of these delivery systems as a more accessible and lower-risk option for consumers. Despite being marketed as a safer way to use cannabis, CBD vape liquids are sold without restrictions or meticulous quality control procedures such as toxicological and clinical assessment, standards for product preservation, or investigative degradation analyses. Nine CBD-labeled vape liquid samples purchased and manufactured in the United States were evaluated and assessed for cannabinoid content. Quantification and validation of cannabinoids and matrix components was accomplished using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) following liquid-liquid extraction with methanol. Samples degraded by temperature (analyzed by GC-MS) showed a greater disparity from the labeled CBD content compared with samples analyzed as purchased (by LC-MS/MS). Thermal degradation of the vape liquids showed increased levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Also, extended time and temperature degradation were evaluated in vape liquids by storing them for 15 months and then varying temperature conditions before analysis, which indicated CBD transformed into other cannabinoids leading to different cannabinoid content within the vape samples. Evaluation conducted on these vape liquids indicated the route of exposure, storage conditions, and length of storage could expose consumers to unintended cannabinoids and showed a concerning level of disagreement between the products' labeled cannabinoid content and the results generated by these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moreno
- Chemistry Department, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
- Forensic Science, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Rosalynn Quiñones
- Chemistry Department, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
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8
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Yu C, Long R, Cao F, Zhao X, Lan T, Xu D. Development of Pure Certified Reference Material of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2024; 29:921. [PMID: 38474433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major functional component in hemp and has a broad range of pharmacological applications, such as analgesic, anti-epileptic, anti-anxiety, etc. Currently, CBD is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. To ensure the quality and safety of the products containing CBD, more and more related sample testing is being conducted, and the demand for CBD-certified reference material (CRM) has also sharply increased. However, there is currently a lack of relevant reference materials. In this paper, a simple method for preparing CBD CRM was established based on preparative liquid chromatography using crude hemp extract as a raw material. A qualitative analysis of CBD was performed using techniques such as ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the homogeneity and stability tests, and the data were analyzed using an F-test and a T-test, respectively. Then, eight qualified laboratories were chosen for the determination of a certified value using HPLC. The results show that the CBD CRM had excellent homogeneity and good stability for 18 months. The certified value was 99.57%, with an expanded uncertainty of 0.24% (p = 0.95, k = 2). The developed CBD CRM can be used for the detection and quality control of cannabidiol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yu
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruihan Long
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313009, China
| | - Xinying Zhao
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tao Lan
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dunming Xu
- Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China
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Uziel A, Milay L, Procaccia S, Cohen R, Burstein A, Sulimani L, Shreiber-Livne I, Lewitus D, Meiri D. Solid-State Microwave Drying for Medical Cannabis Inflorescences: A Rapid and Controlled Alternative to Traditional Drying. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:397-408. [PMID: 35944268 PMCID: PMC10874826 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: As the medical use of Cannabis is evolving there is a greater demand for high-quality products for patients. One of the main steps in the manufacturing process of medical Cannabis is drying. Most current drying methods in the Cannabis industry are relatively slow and inefficient processes. Materials and Methods: This article presents a drying method based on solid-state microwave (MW) that provides fast and uniform drying, and examines its efficiency for drying Cannabis inflorescences compared with the traditional drying method. We assessed 67 cannabinoids and 36 terpenoids in the plant in a range of drying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 80°C). The identification and quantification of these secondary metabolites were done by chromatography methods. Results: This method resulted in a considerable reduction of drying time, from several days to a few hours. The multiple frequency-phase combination states of the system allowed control and prediction of moisture levels during drying, thus preventing overdrying. A drying temperature of 50°C provided the most effective results in terms of both short drying time and preservation of the composition of the secondary metabolites compared with traditional drying. At 50°C, the chemical profile of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids was best kept to that of the original plant before drying, suggesting less degradation by chemical reactions such as decarboxylation. The fast-drying time also reduced the susceptibility of the plant to microbial contamination. Conclusion: Our results support solid-state MW drying as an effective postharvest step to quickly dry the plant material for improved downstream processing with a minimal negative impact on product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almog Uziel
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Shiri Procaccia
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Inbar Shreiber-Livne
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dan Lewitus
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Raslan-Jaramillo JJ, Ríos-Gajardo GA, Avello MA, de Diego MG. Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa Oil and Infused Ice Cream by LC-DAD Method. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:140-145. [PMID: 37819769 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis sativa is known to produce a class of terpenophenolic compounds named cannabinoids. The two main ones are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which have therapeutic properties. In the development of cannabis-based preparations, it is important to have suitable analytical methods for the analysis of the principal cannabinoids. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and rapid HPLC method with photodiode array detection for determination of CBD and THC in Cannabis sativa oil extract and infused ice cream, including a stability study. METHOD Chromatographic separation of CBD and THC was performed with a C18 column, with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water with formic acid (80 + 20 v/v) in isocratic elution mode, with detection at 208 nm for CBD and 280 nm for THC and 1.0 mL/min flow rate. RESULTS The method was linear over a range of 1-5 µg/mL for CBD, and 20-100 µg/mL for THC; the relative standard deviation was <3.6%, the recovery ranged between 98.8 and 102.5% for oil and between 84 and 94% for ice cream, QL was 0.33 µg/mL for CBD and 2.30 µg/mL for THC, and the assay demonstrated adequate selectivity. CBD and THC were stable for at least 28 days under light protection at 22°C, 4°C, and -20°C in the oil and for at least 60 days at -20°C in the ice cream. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the method was suitable for quantitative determination of CBD and THC in Cannabis sativa oil extract and infused ice cream, and it is useful for quality control purposes. HIGHLIGHTS The method is simple and fast, and it is useful for the quality control of a new product corresponding to an ice cream based on a Cannabis sativa oil extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefree J Raslan-Jaramillo
- Universidad de Concepción, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 237, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Gisela A Ríos-Gajardo
- Universidad de Concepción, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Food Science and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Marcia A Avello
- Universidad de Concepción, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 237, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Marta G de Diego
- Universidad de Concepción, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 237, Concepción 4030000, Chile
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11
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Pereira IF, Santos Oliveira AM, Santos AM, de Melo Soares D, Serafini MR, Almeida Alves I. A Descriptive Review of Cannabis sativa Patents for Cancer Treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:137-145. [PMID: 36788702 DOI: 10.2174/1574892818666230213095717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use for tumor treatment has been explored in several areas, and its potential for tumor remission is currently being studied after the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to conduct a critical patent review to identify and explore the latest advances and therapeutic strategies using Cannabis to treat cancer. METHODS The research was carried out in the free and online database Espacenet, using the descriptors "cancer" and "Cannabis or cannabidiol" in the title or abstract. A total of 95 patents were identified for preliminary evaluation in the database. Six duplicate patents were excluded, 12 referring to traditional Chinese medicine and 36 with a title in disagreement with the scope of this review. In addition the final selection involved 21 patents that were in line with the objective of the study. RESULTS As observed in the reading of patents, the interest of pharmaceutical industries and researchers and the development of new products to fight cancer have increased in recent years. The main cannabinoids present in the patents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and hemp. Moreover, the patents were classified and the main applicant countries were the United States followed by Japan, with a higher filing rate in 2019 and, mainly by the industry. CONCLUSION In conclusion we can say that, the importance of parliamentary approval in the cultivation and investments that, in addition to bringing innovation to the industrial sector, enriches research in the area, contributing to the creation of new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Santos Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Mendonça Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Denis de Melo Soares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Izabel Almeida Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the State of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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12
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Lee S, Kim EJ, Kwon E, Oh SJ, Cho M, Kim CM, Lee W, Hong J. Identification of Terpene Compositions in the Leaves and Inflorescences of Hybrid Cannabis Species Using Headspace-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:8082. [PMID: 38138572 PMCID: PMC10745826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in Cannabis species exert their pharmacological effects via the endocannabinoid system, it is believed that other phytochemicals, particularly terpenes, can modulate therapeutic outcomes through the entourage effect. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the pharmacological effects of Cannabis, obtaining information on phytochemical compositions, including mono-, di-, and sesqui-terpenes in Cannabis species is essential. Applying a sophisticated analytical method is indispensable. In this study, headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) was employed to identify major terpenes in the leaves and inflorescences of hybrid Cannabis species. The incubation time and temperature conditions for HS-GC/MS were optimized. This method was successfully applied to the leaves (n = 9) and inflorescences (n = 7) of hybrid Cannabis species. A total of 26 terpenes in Cannabis species were detected, and six major components, such as α-pinene (9.8-2270 μg/g), β-pinene (2.6-930 μg/g), myrcene (0.7-17,400 μg/g), limonene (1.3-300 μg/g), β-caryophyllene (60-3300 μg/g), and α-humulene (40-870 μg/g), were quantified. Each sample showed different terpene compositions, but six major terpenes among all the terpenes detected were consistently found in both the leaves and inflorescences of hybrid Cannabis species. In this study, the six major terpenes' potential in hybrid Cannabis species was evaluated as biomarkers to distinguish hybrid Cannabis species samples. This study contributes to a better understanding of the entourage effect of Cannabis-based botanical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Eun Jae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Eunjeong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Seo Jeong Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Mansoo Cho
- Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wonwoong Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (E.J.K.)
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13
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Deenin W, Wenninger N, Schmid MG, Kalcher K, Ortner A, Chaiyo S. Rapid electrochemical lateral flow device for the detection of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341768. [PMID: 37827668 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a plant that is harmful and beneficial because it contains more than 400 bioactive compounds, and the main compounds are Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Currently, cannabis extracts are used in medicine, but the amount of THC as a main psychoactive component is strictly regulated. Therefore, the ability to rapidly and accurately detect THC is important. Herein, we developed a sensitive electrochemical method combining a rapid lateral flow assay (LFA) to detect THC rapidly. An electrochemical LFA device was constructed by attaching a screen-printed electrode inside a lateral-flow device to exploit the remarkable binding of THC to the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor in the test zone. The ferrocene carboxylic acid attached to the monoclonal THC antibody acts as an electroactive species when it binds to the THC in the sample before it flows continuously to the CB2 receptor region on the electrode. Under optimal conditions, the detection time is within 6 min and the devise shows excellent performance with a detection limit of 1.30 ng/mL. Additionally, the device could be applied to detect THC in hemp extract samples. The results obtained from this sensor are similar to the standard method (HPLC) for detecting THC. Therefore, this proposed device is useful as an alternative device for the on-site determination of THC because it is inexpensive, portable, and exhibits high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Deenin
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nadine Wenninger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Martin G Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Kurt Kalcher
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Astrid Ortner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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14
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Elhendawy MA, Radwan MM, Ibrahim EA, Wanas AS, Chandra S, Godfrey M, ElSohly MA. Validation and Quantitation of Fifteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Marketed Products Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet/Photodiode Array Method. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37797227 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis sativa is a psychoactive plant indigenous to Central and South Asia, traditionally used both for recreational and religious purposes, in addition to folk medicine. Cannabis is a rich source of natural compounds, the most important of which are commonly known as cannabinoids that cause a variety of effects through interaction with the endocannabinoid system. Materials and Methods: In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array (PDA) method was developed and validated for the analysis of 15 cannabinoids in cannabis plant materials and cannabis-based marketed products. These cannabinoids are cannabidivarinic acid, cannabidivarin, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, cannabigerol, cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, cannabinol, delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol, delta-8-tetrahyrocannabinol, cannabicyclol, cannabichromene, delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinolic acid A, and cannabichromenic acid. The separation was carried out using a reversed-phase Luna® C18(2) column and a mobile phase consisting of 75% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. A PDA detector was used, and data were extracted at λ=220 nm. Principal component analysis of cannabis four varieties was performed. Results: The method was linear over the calibration range of 5-75 μg/mL with R2>0.999 for all cannabinoids. This method was sensitive and gave good baseline separation of all examined cannabinoids with limits of detection ranging between 0.2 and 1.6 μg/mL and limits of quantification ranging between 0.6 and 4.8 μg/mL. The average recoveries for all cannabinoids were between 81% and 104%. The measured repeatability and intermediate precisions (% relative standard deviation) in all varieties ranged from 0.35% to 9.84% and 1.11% to 5.26%, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed method is sensitive, selective, reproducible, and accurate. It can be applied for the simultaneous determination of these cannabinoids in the C. sativa biomass and cannabis-derived marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Elhendawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elsayed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Murrell Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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15
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Gilmore AM, Elhendawy MA, Radwan MM, Kidder LH, Wanas AS, Godfrey M, Hildreth JB, Robinson AE, ElSohly MA. Absorbance-Transmittance Excitation Emission Matrix Method for Quantification of Major Cannabinoids and Corresponding Acids: A Rapid Alternative to Chromatography for Rapid Chemotype Discrimination of Cannabis sativa Varieties. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:911-922. [PMID: 35486823 PMCID: PMC10589469 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phytocannabinoids naturally occur in the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) predominate. There is a need for rapid inexpensive methods to quantify total THC (for statutory definition) and THC-CBD ratio (for classification into three chemotypes). This study explores the capabilities of a spectroscopic technique that combines ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence, absorbance-transmittance excitation emission matrix (A-TEEM). Methods: The A-TEEM technique classifies 49 dry flower extracts into three C. sativa chemotypes, and quantifies the total THC-CBD ratio, using validated gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization (FID) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods for reference. Multivariate methods used are principal components analysis for a chemotype classification, extreme gradient boost (XGB) discriminant analysis (DA) to classify unknown samples by chemotype, and XGB regression to quantify total THC and CBD content using GC-FID and HPLC data on the same samples. Results: The A-TEEM technique provides robust classification of C. sativa samples, predicting chemotype classification, defined by THC-CBD content, of unknown samples with 100% accuracy. In addition, A-TEEM can quantify total THC and CBD levels relevant to statutory determination, with limit of quantifications (LOQs) of 0.061% (THC) and 0.059% (CBD), and high cross-validation (>0.99) and prediction (>0.99), using a GC-FID method for reference data; and LOQs of 0.026% (THC) and 0.080% (CBD) with high cross-validation (>0.98) and prediction (>0.98), using an HPLC method for reference data. A-TEEM is highly predictive in separately quantifying acid and neutral forms of THC and CBD with HPLC reference data. Conclusions: The A-TEEM technique provides a sensitive method for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the major cannabinoids in solution, with LOQs comparable with GC-FID and HPLC, and high values of cross-validation and prediction. As a spectroscopic technique, it is rapid, with data acquisition <45 sec per measurement; sample preparation is simple, requiring only solvent extraction. A-TEEM has the sensitivity to resolve and quantify cannabinoids in solution based on their unique spectral characteristics. Discrimination of legal and illegal chemotypes can be rapidly verified using XGB DA, and quantitation of statutory levels of total THC and total CBD comparable with GC-FID and HPLC can be obtained using XBD regression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa A. Elhendawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Murrell Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | | | | | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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16
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Kobtrakul K, Rani D, Binalee A, Udomlarp P, Srichai T, De-Eknamkul W, Vimolmangkang S. Elicitation enhances the production of friedelin and epifriedelanol in hairy root cultures of Cannabis sativa L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242584. [PMID: 37636107 PMCID: PMC10451078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) has a global distribution and social impact, and it is widely used as a medicinal plant, food ingredient, and textile fiber. Its roots have received less attention than other parts, especially the inflorescence, leaves, and shoots. Triterpenoids, including friedelin and epifriedelanol, have been found in hemp roots, and their anti-inflammatory effects have been reported. In this study, the potential enhancement of triterpenoid accumulation in the roots of C. sativa by elicitation was examined. Hairy roots were successfully established, and they contained 2.02-fold higher triterpenoid levels than natural roots. Furthermore, hairy roots treated with 75 μM salicylic acid had 1.95-fold higher friedelin levels (0.963 mg/g DW) and 1.4-fold higher epifriedelanol levels (0.685 mg/g DW) than untreated hairy roots. These results suggested that the elucidation of hairy root cultures using an optimized elicitor could represent an alternative strategy to produce the valuable triterpenoids friedelin and epifriedelanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khwanlada Kobtrakul
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dolly Rani
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asma Binalee
- Herbal and Phytochemical Testing Laboratory Center (HPTLC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapol Udomlarp
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatiya Srichai
- Research Cluster for Cannabis and its Natural Substances, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbal and Phytochemical Testing Laboratory Center (HPTLC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Cluster for Cannabis and its Natural Substances, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Duzan A, Reinken D, Basti MM. Quality Control of 11 Cannabinoids by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 2023:3753083. [PMID: 37600560 PMCID: PMC10435299 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3753083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cannabinoid extraction from Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) for nonmedical purposes has become popular in the United States. Concerns, however, have been raised regarding the accuracy of the labels for cannabinoid levels in the commercial products. Methods In this study, we developed rapid, sensitive, selective, accurate, and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of cannabinoids. The methods are for determining 11 cannabinoids in cannabis (hemp) extracted in oil form, and we investigated the accuracy of the labeling and thermal stability regarding the cannabinoids on 17 oil cannabis samples. Results In the UPLC chromatogram, we see a good resolution and there is no matrix effect and the accuracy were 98.2% to 102.6%, and the precision was 0.52%-8.18%. The linearity of the calibration curves in methanol was with a regression r2 ≥ 0.99. The lowest of detection (LOD) was 5-25 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10-50 ng/mL. The study showed that only 30% of the commercial samples were within the acceptable range of +/-10% compared to the labeled ingredient concentrations. The thermal stability test profile showed a change in the concentration of cannabinoids in each sample at 37°C for one week, with an average loss of cannabinoids up to 15%. Conclusion The validated method proved to be selective, accurate, and precise, with acceptable linearity within the calibration range with no matrix effect. The stability profile data indicated that high temperatures could change the quality of commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Duzan
- Wingate University School of Pharmacy, Wingate University, Wingate, NC, USA
- Applied Science and Technology Department, North Carolina State University of Agriculture and Technology, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Desiree Reinken
- University of Colorado College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mufeed M. Basti
- Applied Science and Technology Department, North Carolina State University of Agriculture and Technology, Greensboro, NC, USA
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18
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Hassan SS, Kamel AH, Awwad NS, Aboterika AH. Characterization of Some "Hashish" Samples in the Egyptian Illicit Trafficking Market Using a Thermal Separation Probe and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25378-25384. [PMID: 37483228 PMCID: PMC10357578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that are illegal have long been a part of Egyptian society. The most widely misused form of narcotic is marijuana, also known as "bango", and other cannabis-related products like "hashish". The chemical profile of some available "hashish" in the local Egyptian illegal market and its possible country of origin are investigated using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique in conjunction with a thermal separation probe (TSP/GC/MS). The TSP/GC/MS method reveals the presence of 23 different terpenes, of which caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol, isoaromadendrene epoxide, caryophyllene, and alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) are detected in high relative proportions. Ten cannabinoid components are also detected. These are cannabiorcochromene (CBC-C1), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), exo-THC, cannabichromene, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabielsoin (CBE), dronabinol (delta-9-THC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN). Phenotypic index (THC % + CBN %)/CBD %) is measured for the test samples to identify both the nature of the samples (fiber- or drug-type cannabis) and the country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S.M. Hassan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Kamel
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Bahrain, Zallaq P.O.
Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Nasser S. Awwad
- Department
of Chemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaad H.A. Aboterika
- Central
Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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19
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Mano-Sousa BJ, Alves BC, Pedrosa AM, Lima PL, Andrade FPD, Duarte-Almeida JM. Validation of analytical method of cannabinoids: Novel approach using turbo-extraction. Talanta 2023; 254:124108. [PMID: 36459874 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of simple, efficient, and low-cost analytical methods is essential for the evaluation and monitoring of the main cannabinoids in Cannabis-based products. In this sense, the objectives of this study were to develop and validate an analytical method for obtaining and determining cannabinoids in a pool sample. Two extraction techniques were used, ultrasound and turbo-extraction, and two system-solvents, methanol:chloroform (9:1 v:v) and ethanol. The analytical method used and validated was carried out in High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diodes Array Detector. The cannabidiol standard was characterized by a nuclear magnetic resonance. The use of the proposed method makes it possible to identify cannabinoids, both in the acid form and in the neutral form, in 7 min of analysis. The results confirmed high precision and accuracy. The detection and quantification limits were 0.19 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL, respectively. The method developed proved to be selective and robust for the evaluation of cannabinoids. It is hoped that the methods developed can be used to obtain and analyze cannabinoids, both for medicinal purposes and for forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Cristina Alves
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Lamounier Lima
- Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Posto de Perícia Integrado, 7° Departamento de Polícia Civil de Minas Gerais (PCMG), Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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20
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Kosalková K, Barreiro C, Sánchez-Orejas IC, Cueto L, García-Estrada C. Biotechnological Fungal Platforms for the Production of Biosynthetic Cannabinoids. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020234. [PMID: 36836348 PMCID: PMC9963667 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are bioactive meroterpenoids comprising prenylated polyketide molecules that can modulate a wide range of physiological processes. Cannabinoids have been shown to possess various medical/therapeutic effects, such as anti-convulsive, anti-anxiety, anti-psychotic, antinausea, and anti-microbial properties. The increasing interest in their beneficial effects and application as clinically useful drugs has promoted the development of heterologous biosynthetic platforms for the industrial production of these compounds. This approach can help circumvent the drawbacks associated with extraction from naturally occurring plants or chemical synthesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the fungal platforms developed by genetic engineering for the biosynthetic production of cannabinoids. Different yeast species, such as Komagataella phaffii (formerly P. pastoris) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been genetically modified to include the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway and to improve metabolic fluxes in order to increase cannabinoid titers. In addition, we engineered the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum for the first time as a host microorganism for the production of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid from intermediates (cannabigerolic acid and olivetolic acid), thereby showing the potential of filamentous fungi as alternative platforms for cannabinoid biosynthesis upon optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kosalková
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | | | - Laura Cueto
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-293-693
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21
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Sedan D, Vaccarini C, Demetrio P, Morante M, Montiel R, Saurí A, Andrinolo D. Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Flowers and Homemade Cannabis-Based Products Used for Therapeutic Purposes in Argentina. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:197-206. [PMID: 33998894 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A recent law (DCTO-2020-883-APN-PTE-Law No. 27,350. Regulation) passed in Argentina put an end to the ban imposed for the last 60 years on cannabis cultivation within the country. The law permits restricted access to cannabis derivatives for medicinal, therapeutic, and palliative use by individuals and communities, allowing self- and community-based cannabis production. This is cause for concern in view of the lack of quality controls for cannabis derivatives. The several varieties of cannabis grown in Argentina have different chemical profiles and are processed in a variety of ways-mostly by alcohol extraction or maceration at different temperatures and for different amounts of times-making the cannabinoid content of these preparations highly variable. Determining the characteristics of home- and community-grown cannabis products will facilitate the implementation of public policies conducive to their safety and improvement. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the cannabinoid chemotypes used for therapeutic purposes in Argentina and evaluate whether the cannabinoids present in homemade derivatives are comparable to those in commercially available products. Materials and Methods: High performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and diode array detector (HPLC/UV-DAD) analysis of 436 samples (oils, resins, and inflorescences) was carried out to determine the identity and concentration of five cannabinoids: tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). From three different sources, the samples represent the type of medical cannabis preparations to which patients have access. Results: The results indicate that the medium-to-low cannabinoid concentration in a significant number of homemade oil samples is similar to that found in commercial products. Most of the samples have a THC/CBD ratio >1 or only contain THC. Acidic cannabinoids were detected in homemade preparations, but were not reported in package inserts of commercial products. Conclusions: Our results indicate that despite their considerable variability, homemade preparations as a whole show cannabinoid levels and profiles equivalent to the commercially available products commonly used for medicinal, therapeutic, and palliative purposes in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sedan
- Environmental Research Center, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research CIM UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristian Vaccarini
- Environmental Research Center, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research CIM UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Demetrio
- Environmental Research Center, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research CIM UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Morante
- Medicine School of La Plata National University UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Romina Montiel
- Palliative Care Service of the Oncology Institute Angel H. Roffo IOAR, National University of Buenos Aires, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Saurí
- Palliative Care Service of the Oncology Institute Angel H. Roffo IOAR, National University of Buenos Aires, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Andrinolo
- Environmental Research Center, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research CIM UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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22
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Araujo dos Santos N, Kerpel dos Santos M, Almirall J, Romão W. Cannabinomics studies – A review from colorimetric tests to modern analytical techniques: Part II. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Antunes M, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2312. [PMID: 36767678 PMCID: PMC9915035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences. For this reason, the development and optimization of sensitive analytical methods that allow the determination of these compounds in different biological specimens is important, involving relevant efforts from laboratories. This paper will discuss cannabis consumption; toxicokinetics, the most detected compounds in biological samples; and characteristics of the latter. In addition, a comprehensive review of extraction methods and analytical tools available for cannabinoid detection in selected biological specimens will be reviewed. Important issues such as pitfalls and cut-off values will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Antunes
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
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Morello V, Brousseau VD, Wu N, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Lefsrud M. Light Quality Impacts Vertical Growth Rate, Phytochemical Yield and Cannabinoid Production Efficiency in Cannabis sativa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2982. [PMID: 36365435 PMCID: PMC9659141 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Light is one of the most crucial parameters for enclosed cannabis (Cannabis sativa) production, as it highly influences growth, secondary metabolite production, and operational costs. The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the impact of six light spectra on C. sativa ('Babbas Erkle Cookies' accession) growth traits and secondary metabolite (cannabinoid and terpene) profiles. The light spectra evaluated included blue (430 nm), red (630 nm), rose (430 + 630 nm, ratio 1:10), purple (430 + 630 nm, ratio 2:1), and amber (595 nm) LED treatments, in addition to a high-pressure sodium (HPS, amber-rich light) treatment as a control. All the LED light treatments had lower fresh mean inflorescence mass than the control (HPS, 133.59 g plant-1), and monochromatic blue light yielded the least fresh inflorescence mass (76.39 g plant-1). Measurement of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration (%) and total yield (g plant-1) showed how inflorescence mass and THC concentration need to be analyzed conjointly. Blue treatment resulted in the highest THC concentration (10.17% m/m), yet the lowest THC concentration per plant (1.44 g plant-1). The highest THC concentration per plant was achieved with HPS (2.54 g plant-1). As with THC, blue light increased cannabigerol (CBG) and terpene concentration. Conversely, blue light had a lesser impact on cannabidiol (CBD) biosynthesis in this C. sativa chemotype. As the combined effects of the light spectrum on both growth traits and secondary metabolites have important ramifications for the industry, the inappropriate spectral design could cause a reduction in cannabinoid production (20-40%). These findings show promise in helping producers choose spectral designs that meet specific C. sativa production goals.
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25
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Song W, Yin H, Zhong Y, Wang D, Xu W, Deng Y. Regional differentiation based on volatile compounds via HS-SPME/GC-MS and chemical compositions comparison of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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de Souza MR, Koetz M, Limberger RP, Henriques AT. DoE-assisted development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of five cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. based on analytical quality by design (AQbD) concept. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:999-1017. [PMID: 35733081 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical uses of Cannabis sativa L. have gained interest in recent decades, which highlights the need for defining appropriate quality specifications for Cannabis-based products. However, the complexity of plant matrices and structural similarity between cannabinoids make analytical development a challenging task. Thus, the application of analytical quality by design (AQbD)-driven approaches can favour the development of fit-for-purpose methods. OBJECTIVES To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous quantification of cannabidiol, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and cannabinol in C. sativa by applying an AQbD-driven approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Critical method attributes (CMA) were established following the analytical target profile. Critical method variables (CMV) were categorised based on risk assessment and literature review. Selected CMV regarding sample preparation and chromatographic conditions were optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). The working point was estimated by multiple response optimisation using Deringer's desirability function. The validity of the optimal conditions was confirmed experimentally. Method validation was performed according to ANVISA and ICH guidelines. Relative response factors (RRFs) were also determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Baseline resolution of 12 major cannabinoids was achieved in a 35 min chromatographic analysis. All experimental responses obtained during confirmatory analyses were within the prediction intervals (PI95% ). Method's selectivity, linearity (10-100 μg/mL), precision, bias, extraction recovery, and ruggedness were satisfactorily demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The application of an AQbD-driven approach allowed for a better understanding of the effects of the ensemble of CMV on the analyte's behaviour, enabling the definition of appropriate conditions to ensure consistent achievement of the intended method's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Ribeiro de Souza
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana Koetz
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amélia Teresinha Henriques
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Llewellyn D, Golem S, Foley E, Dinka S, Jones AMP, Zheng Y. Indoor grown cannabis yield increased proportionally with light intensity, but ultraviolet radiation did not affect yield or cannabinoid content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:974018. [PMID: 36237501 PMCID: PMC9551646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.974018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flourishes under high light intensities (LI); making it an expensive commodity to grow in controlled environments, despite its high market value. It is commonly believed that cannabis secondary metabolite levels may be enhanced both by increasing LI and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV). However, the sparse scientific evidence is insufficient to guide cultivators for optimizing their lighting protocols. We explored the effects of LI and UV exposure on yield and secondary metabolite composition of a high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis cultivar 'Meridian'. Plants were grown under short day conditions for 45 days under average canopy photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD, 400-700 nm) of 600, 800, and 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1, provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs). Plants exposed to UV had PPFD of 600 μmol m-2 s-1 plus either (1) UVA; 50 μmol m-2 s-1 of UVA (315-400 nm) from 385 nm peak LEDs from 06:30 to 18:30 HR for 45 days or (2) UVA + UVB; a photon flux ratio of ≈1:1 of UVA and UVB (280-315 nm) from a fluorescent source at a photon flux density of 3.0 μmol m-2 s-1, provided daily from 13:30 to 18:30 HR during the last 20 days of the trial. All aboveground biomass metrics were 1.3-1.5 times higher in the highest vs. lowest PPFD treatments, except inflorescence dry weight - the most economically relevant parameter - which was 1.6 times higher. Plants in the highest vs. lowest PPFD treatment also allocated relatively more biomass to inflorescence tissues with a 7% higher harvest index. There were no UV treatment effects on aboveground biomass metrics. There were also no intensity or UV treatment effects on inflorescence cannabinoid concentrations. Sugar leaves (i.e., small leaves associated with inflorescences) of plants in the UVA + UVB treatment had ≈30% higher THC concentrations; however, UV did not have any effect on the total THC in thesefoliar tissues. Overall, high PPFD levels can substantially increase cannabis yield, but we found no commercially relevant benefits of adding UV to indoor cannabis production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Llewellyn
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Youbin Zheng
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Harpaz D, Bernstein N, Namdar D, Eltzov E. Portable biosensors for rapid on-site determination of cannabinoids in cannabis, a review. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108031. [PMID: 36058440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the therapeutic virtues of cannabidiol (CBD). Furthermore, due to their molecular enriched profiles, cannabis inflorescences are biologically superior to a single cannabinoid for the treatment of various health conditions. Thus, there is flourishing demand for Cannabis sativa varieties containing high levels of CBD. Additionally, legal regulations around the world restrict the cultivation and consumption of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabis plants for their psychotropic effects. Therefore, the use of cannabis varieties that are high in CBD is permitted as long as their THC content does not exceed a low threshold of 0.3%-0.5%, depending on the jurisdiction. These chemovars are legally termed 'hemp'. This controlled cannabinoid requirement highlights the need to detect low levels of THC, already in the field. In this review, cannabis profiling and the existing methods used for the detection of cannabinoids are firstly evaluated. Then, selected valuable biosensor technologies are discussed, which suggest portable, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable methods for on-site identification of cannabinoids levels, mainly THC. Recent cutting-edge techniques of promising potential usage for both cannabis and hemp analysis are identified, as part of the future cultivation and agricultural improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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La Maida N, Di Giorgi A, Pichini S, Busardò FP, Huestis MA. Recent challenges and trends in forensic analysis: Δ9-THC isomers pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:114987. [PMID: 35985136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) isomers, especially Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), are increasing in foods, beverages, and e-cigarettes liquids. A major factor is passage of the Agriculture Improvement Act (AIA) that removed hemp containing less than 0.3 % Δ9-THC from the definition of "marijuana" or cannabis. CBD-rich hemp flooded the market resulting in excess product that could be subjected to CBD cyclization to produce Δ8-THC. This process utilizes strong acid and yields toxic byproducts that frequently are not removed prior to sale and are currently inadequately studied. Pharmacological activity is qualitatively similar for Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC, but most preclinical studies in mice, rats, and monkeys documented greater ∆9-THC potency. Both isomers caused graded dose-response effects on euphoria, blurred vision, mental confusion and lethargy, although Δ8-THC was at least 25 % less potent. The most common analytical methodologies providing baseline resolution of ∆8-THC and ∆9-THC in non-biological matrices are liquid-chromatography coupled to diode-array detection (LC-DAD or LC-PDA), while liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is preferred for biological matrices. Other available analytical methods are gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (QNMR). Current knowledge on the pharmacology of ∆8-THC and other ∆9-THC isomers are reviewed to raise awareness of the activity of these isomers in cannabis products, as well as analytical methods to discriminate ∆9-THC qualitatively, and quantitatively and ∆8-THC in biological and non-biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia La Maida
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Università la Sapienza, V. Le Regina Elena 366, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Giorgi
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 10/a, 60124, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V. Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Science and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 10/a, 60124, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Analytical method validation for assay determination of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp oil infused products by RP-HPLC. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12453. [PMID: 35864137 PMCID: PMC9304360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple quantitative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for assay determination of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp oil infused products. The RP-HPLC method was developed and optimized for the mobile phase composition, flow rate, column selection and detector wavelength. An isocratic elution of samples were performed on SOLAS 100 Å C18 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column with a mobile phase containing 75/25 acetonitrile/water v/v, with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min by using an ultraviolet–visible (UV/Vis) detector operating at 214 nm. The RP-HPLC method was validated to meet regulatory requirements which covers specificity, accuracy, range, linearity, precision, system suitability and robustness. The validated assay test method was applied successfully to quantify cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in commercial hemp oil infused products such as tablets, soft gel capsules, plant extract oils, oral drops, tincture, and beverage enhancers. All the test results were found acceptable as per ICH guidelines, and this confirmed the feasibility of this method for its intended use in regular quality control and assay of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp oil infused products.
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31
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Ribeiro de Souza M, Limberger RP, Henriques AT. DoE-assisted development and validation of a thin layer chromatography method for optimized separation of major cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2086566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Ribeiro de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amélia Teresinha Henriques
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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32
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Fei T, Wang T. Comparative extraction of cannabinoids and terpenoids from
Cannabis Sativa L
. using three solvents. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fei
- Department of Food Science The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Food Science The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
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Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H- 1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092965. [PMID: 35566314 PMCID: PMC9103933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of phytocannabinoids or cannabis extracts as ingredients in numerous types of products, in combination with the legal restrictions on THC content, has created a need for the development of new, rapid, and universal analytical methods for their quantitation that ideally could be applied without separation and standards. Based on previously described qNMR studies, we developed an expanded 1H qNMR method and a novel 2D-COSY qNMR method for the rapid quantitation of ten major phytocannabinoids in cannabis plant extracts and cannabis-based products. The 1H qNMR method was successfully developed for the quantitation of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabielsoin (CBE), and cannabidivarin (CBDV). Moreover, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) can be distinguished from CBDA and Δ9-THCA respectively, while cannabigerovarin (CBGV) and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ8-THCV) present the same 1H-spectra as CBG and Δ8-THC, respectively. The COSY qNMR method was applied for the quantitation of CBD, CBDA, CBN, CBG/CBGA, and THC/THCA. The two methods were applied for the analysis of hemp plants; cannabis extracts; edible cannabis medium-chain triglycerides (MCT); and hemp seed oils and cosmetic products with cannabinoids. The 1H-NMR method does not require the use of reference compounds, and it requires only a short time for analysis. However, complex extracts in 1H-NMR may have a lot of signals, and quantitation with this method is often hampered by peak overlap, with 2D NMR providing a solution to this obstacle. The most important advantage of the COSY NMR quantitation method was the determination of the legality of cannabis plants, extracts, and edible oils based on their THC/THCA content, particularly in the cases of some samples for which the determination of THC/THCA content by 1H qNMR was not feasible.
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Song L, Valenzuela G, Carlson S, Dodson Z, Adisa M. Potency testing of up to twenty cannabinoids by liquid chromatography diode array detector with optional electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Procaccia S, Lewitus GM, Lipson Feder C, Shapira A, Berman P, Meiri D. Cannabis for Medical Use: Versatile Plant Rather Than a Single Drug. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:894960. [PMID: 35548332 PMCID: PMC9081504 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.894960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical Cannabis and its major cannabinoids (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are gaining momentum for various medical purposes as their therapeutic qualities are becoming better established. However, studies regarding their efficacy are oftentimes inconclusive. This is chiefly because Cannabis is a versatile plant rather than a single drug and its effects do not depend only on the amount of THC and CBD. Hundreds of Cannabis cultivars and hybrids exist worldwide, each with a unique and distinct chemical profile. Most studies focus on THC and CBD, but these are just two of over 140 phytocannabinoids found in the plant in addition to a milieu of terpenoids, flavonoids and other compounds with potential therapeutic activities. Different plants contain a very different array of these metabolites in varying relative ratios, and it is the interplay between these molecules from the plant and the endocannabinoid system in the body that determines the ultimate therapeutic response and associated adverse effects. Here, we discuss how phytocannabinoid profiles differ between plants depending on the chemovar types, review the major factors that affect secondary metabolite accumulation in the plant including the genotype, growth conditions, processing, storage and the delivery route; and highlight how these factors make Cannabis treatment highly complex.
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36
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Hall DR, Sinclair JS, Bhuyan DJ, Khoo C, Li CG, Sarris J, Low M. Quality control of cannabis inflorescence and oil products: response factors for the cost-efficient determination of ten cannabinoids by HPLC. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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37
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Omotola EO, Oluwole AO, Oladoye PO, Olatunji OS. Occurrence, detection and ecotoxicity studies of selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous ecosystems- a systematic appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103831. [PMID: 35151848 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) have globally emerged as a significant group of environmental contaminants due to the constant detection of their residues in the environment. The main scope of this review is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the African occurrence of selected PCs in environmental matrices in comparison with those outside Africa and their respective toxic actions on both aquatic and non-aquatic biota through ecotoxicity bioassays. To achieve this objective, the study focused on commonly used and detected pharmaceutical drugs (residues). Based on the conducted literature survey, Africa has the highest levels of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, lamivudine, acetaminophen, and diclofenac while Europe has the lowest of all these PC residues in her physical environments. For ecotoxicity bioassays, the few data available are mostly on individual groups of pharmaceuticals whereas there is sparsely available data on their combined forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oyinkansola Omotola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode PMB 2118, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Peter Olusakin Oladoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, United States
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Piani B, Ferfuia C, Bortolomeazzi R, Verardo G, Baldini M. Development and Optimization of an HPLC-PDA Method for the Determination of Major Cannabinoids in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Essential Oil Obtained by Hydrodistillation. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) essential oil (EO) has shown a significant increase in interest and use during recent years. In this work, a new and simple reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode-array (PDA) detector method has been developed and optimized for the detection and quantification of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). The cannabinoids were extracted from the EO by partition with n-hexane and water, followed by sonication, evaporation to dryness under nitrogen, and reconstitution with methanol:chloroform (9:1, v/v) before HPLC-PDA analysis. The method shows good selectivity and robustness, linearity in the range 0.5–100 mg L−1 with R2 higher than 0.999 for all cannabinoids analyzed, LOD of 0.11–0.16 mg L−1, and LOQ of 0.35–0.48 mg L−1. The recovery was between 78 and 100% and the intra-day and intermediate precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was < 4% and 4–10%, respectively.
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Development of a validated method for rapid quantification of up to sixteen cannabinoids using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector with optional electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products-A Comprehensive Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030975. [PMID: 35164240 PMCID: PMC8838193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980–2021). The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.
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Non-psychoactive cannabinoids identification by linear retention index approach applied to a hand-portable capillary liquid chromatography platform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6341-6353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mostafaei Dehnavi M, Ebadi A, Peirovi A, Taylor G, Salami SA. THC and CBD Fingerprinting of an Elite Cannabis Collection from Iran: Quantifying Diversity to Underpin Future Cannabis Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11010129. [PMID: 35009133 PMCID: PMC8747537 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has a rich history of human use, and the therapeutic importance of compounds produced by this species is recognized by the medical community. The active constituents of cannabis, collectively called cannabinoids, encompass hundreds of distinct molecules, the most well-characterized of which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which have been used for centuries as recreational drugs and medicinal agents. As a first step to establish a cannabis breeding program, we initiated this study to describe the HPLC-measured quantity of THC and CBD biochemistry profiles of 161 feral pistillate cannabis plants from 20 geographical regions of Iran. Our data showed that Iran can be considered a new region of high potential for distribution of cannabis landraces with diverse THC and CBD content, predominantly falling into three groups, as Type I = THC-predominant, Type II = approximately equal proportions of THC and CBD (both CBD and THC in a ratio close to the unity), and Type III = CBD-predominant. Correlation analysis among two target cannabinoids and environmental and geographical variables indicated that both THC and CBD contents were strongly influenced by several environmental-geographical factors, such that THC and CBD contents were positively correlated with mean, min and max annual temperature and negatively correlated with latitude, elevation, and humidity. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between THC and CBD concentrations, suggesting that further studies to unravel these genotype × environment interactions (G × E interactions) are warranted. The results of this study provide important pre-breeding information on a collection of cannabis that will underpin future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Mostafaei Dehnavi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran; (M.M.D.); (A.E.)
| | - Ali Ebadi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran; (M.M.D.); (A.E.)
| | - Afshin Peirovi
- CIAN Diagnostics, 5330 Spectrum Drive, Suite I, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - Gail Taylor
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.A.S.); Tel.: +1-530-752-9165 (G.T.); +98-2632248721 (S.A.S.)
| | - Seyed Alireza Salami
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran; (M.M.D.); (A.E.)
- Industrial and Medical Cannabis Research Institute (IMCRI), Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.A.S.); Tel.: +1-530-752-9165 (G.T.); +98-2632248721 (S.A.S.)
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OUP accepted manuscript. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1205-1218. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Goldman S, Bramante J, Vrdoljak G, Guo W, Wang Y, Marjanovic O, Orlowicz S, Di Lorenzo R, Noestheden M. The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1996390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Bramante
- Cannabis Sciences Program, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gordon Vrdoljak
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Weihong Guo
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Olivera Marjanovic
- Department of Cannabis Control, Cannabis Testing Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Noestheden
- SCIEX, Concord, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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Forensic laboratory backlog: The impact of inconclusive results of marijuana analysis and the implication on analytical routine. Sci Justice 2021; 61:755-760. [PMID: 34802649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Forensic laboratories worldwide are struggling to keep up with the increasing number of cases submitted for analysis, regardless of the reasons, backlog of controlled substances cases is a reality in many countries. In this paper we analyse the number of petitioned examinations (from 2016 to 2020) and the data from 11,655 marijuana TLC results from the Forensic Laboratory in the Federal District Civil Police in Brazil. Data demonstrates that backlog increases inconclusive results, with storage and light playing a crucial role in the process. Additionally we explored the repercussions of delayed forensic results for controlled substances and propose an approach to overcome waiting time in this context.
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Kanabus J, Bryła M, Roszko M, Modrzewska M, Pierzgalski A. Cannabinoids-Characteristics and Potential for Use in Food Production. Molecules 2021; 26:6723. [PMID: 34771132 PMCID: PMC8588477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific demonstrations of the beneficial effects of non-psychoactive cannabinoids on the human body have increased the interest in foods containing hemp components. This review systematizes the latest discoveries relating to the characteristics of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa, it also presents a characterization of the mentioned plant. In this review, we present data on the opportunities and limitations of cannabinoids in food production. This article systematizes the data on the legal aspects, mainly the limits of Δ9-THC in food, the most popular analytical techniques (LC-MS and GC-MS) applied to assay cannabinoids in finished products, and the available data on the stability of cannabinoids during heating, storage, and access to light and oxygen. This may constitute a major challenge to their common use in food processing, as well as the potential formation of undesirable degradation products. Hemp-containing foods have great potential to become commercially popular among functional foods, provided that our understanding of cannabinoid stability in different food matrices and cannabinoid interactions with particular food ingredients are expanded. There remains a need for more data on the effects of technological processes and storage on cannabinoid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kanabus
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
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Duchateau C, Canfyn M, Desmedt B, Kauffmann JM, Stévigny C, De Braekeleer K, Deconinck E. CBD oils on the Belgian market: A validated MRM GC-MS/MS method for routine quality control using QuEChERS sample clean up. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114344. [PMID: 34492452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quality control of CBD oils on the Belgium market showed that the CBD content not always corresponds to the label claim. There is a pressing need to develop new analytical methods specifically developed to the assay of such oily samples. Analytical issues are, however, encountered for routine analyses due to the matrix complexity, high cost of cannabinoid standards and low Δ9-THC concentrations. An oily matrix could cause technical damages to analytical instruments and reduce the lifetime of the chromatographic columns. This paper proposes a procedure combining a sample cleanup by QuEChERS, removing the oily matrix, followed by a validated MRM GC-MS/MS method for the routine analysis of CBD oil samples. Eighteen CBD samples were selected on the Belgium market for analysis. This method allows the quantification of CBD, the legality check for the Δ9-THC content by a CBN standard and the screening of seven other cannabinoids namely CBN, CBDV, CBT, CBC, Δ8-THC, THCV and CBG. The method was validated at three concentration levels (0.5-1-2% (w/v)) for CBD and (0.05-0.1-0.2% (w/v)) for CBN. The detection limits for CBT, CBD, CBC, Δ8-THC, CBN and for the other cannabinoids of interest, were 10 and 14 ng/mL respectively. The accuracy profile values for CBD and CBN showed that the β-expectation tolerance intervals did not exceed the acceptance limits of ± 20%, meaning that 90% of future measurements will be included within this error range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Duchateau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - Faculty of Pharmacy, RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/6, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Sciensano, Scientific Direction Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Medicines and Health Products, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Canfyn
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Medicines and Health Products, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Desmedt
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Medicines and Health Products, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Kauffmann
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - Faculty of Pharmacy, RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/6, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - Faculty of Pharmacy, RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/6, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Braekeleer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - Faculty of Pharmacy, RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/6, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - Faculty of Pharmacy, RD3, Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/6, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Sciensano, Scientific Direction Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Medicines and Health Products, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abdollahi M, Sefidkon F, Peirovi A, Calagari M, Mousavi A. Assessment of the Cannabinoid Content from Different Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. during the Growth Stages in Three Regions. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100247. [PMID: 34597470 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It is very rich in chemical constituents, especially the cannabinoids which has not been reported in any other plant, and has broad pharmacological properties. Hemp as a multi-purpose crop is a good source of fibers, seed, fixed and volatile oil. It is known that the cannabinoid content of hemp is related to genetic factors, as well as plant's growth stages and environmental factors such as latitude, altitude, weather, particularly moisture availability and nutrient supply during the growing season. The present study was designed to produce hemp that contains allowable concentration of THC (<3 %) by comparing different varieties of hemp, different stages of plant growth, and different geographical locations where it was planted. To achieve this, seeds of two native populations from Iran (Fars and Yazd Provinces) and one foreign variety from France (Fedora17, as an industrial hemp cultivar) with its progenies (Fedora17-2) were cultivated in 3 research fields (Gilan, Golestan and Alborz provinces) in Iran. The following plant materials were extracted with methanol/chloroform and analyzed by HPLC: foliage in the vegetative stage, inflorescent in the flowering stage, inflorescent of seeds in the seeding stage and the mature seed. The THC concentration of Fedora17 (Fed17) in all three geographical locations was found to be under 0.03 % or even non-detectable. Same result was also observed in its progenies (Fed17-2), indicating stability of the trait in this cultivar. The THC concentration of the Yazd variety that was planted in Alborz and Gilan regions was less than 0.080 % in all growth stages. The female flowers planted in Golestan, showed a THC concentration of 1.029 % which was more than the allowed THC concentration of <3 %. The THC concentration in all growth stages of all of the different varieties planted varied from 0 to 1.392 %. The above results indicates that the type of cannabinoid produced depends on the difference in genetic prosperities of the different seed types as well as the growth stage in which the plant material was extracted. On the other hand, the climate and the region in which the seeds were planted had little influence on the THC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Abdollahi
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sefidkon
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box, 13185-116, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Peirovi
- CIAN Diagnostics, 5330 Spectrum Drive, Suite I, Frederick, MD 21703
| | - Mohsen Calagari
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box, 13185-116, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mousavi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Ataş HB, Cenk M, Bozkurt ENN. A proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure and its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110974. [PMID: 34482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performing a detailed qualitative validation, which is carried out by many laboratories in the forensic community, has been the main goal of this study. In this study, a proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure was proposed, and its application was shown on the analysis of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) related compounds in organic samples. All validation steps were described in detail. The study was carried out in pump oil and dichloromethane (DCM). The limit of detection values were determined for each compound and were found in the range of 0.5-2.0 µg mL-1 in pump oil and 0.08-1.5 µg mL-1 in DCM. The validation parameters were calculated, such as the rates of sensitivity, selectivity, false-negative, false-positive, also accordance and concordance. The predicted and obtained results were compared by using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Test, and the compatibility of the results was found as "very good". After the validation procedure, all of the validation results were evaluated, and the proposed method was confirmed as appropriate for the analysis of CWC-related compounds in organic samples. The applicability of the validated method was proved by determining the CWC-related compounds in organic samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during proficiency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bekiroğlu Ataş
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Cenk
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edibe Nurzen Namlı Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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Madden O, Walshe J, Kishore Patnala P, Barron J, Meaney C, Murray P. Phytocannabinoids - An Overview of the Analytical Methodologies for Detection and Quantification of Therapeutically and Recreationally Relevant Cannabis Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:211-231. [PMID: 34328047 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1949694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The legalization of the cultivation of low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and high cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis Sativa plants is gaining momentum around the world due to increasing demand for CBD-containing products. In many countries where CBD oils, extracts and CBD-infused foods and beverages are being sold in health shops and supermarkets, appropriate testing of these products is a legal requirement. Normally this involves determining the total Δ9-THC and CBD and their precursor tetrahydrocannabinolic acids (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). As our knowledge of the other relevant cannabinoids expands, it is likely so too will the demand for them as additives in many consumer products ensuring a necessity for quantification methods and protocols for their identification. This paper discusses therapeutically relevant cannabinoids found in Cannabis plant, the applicability and efficiency of existing extraction and analytical techniques as well as the legal requirements for these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Madden
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jessica Walshe
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Applied Science, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Prem Kishore Patnala
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Claire Meaney
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
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