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Medrouh B, Abdelli A, Belkessa S, Ouinten Y, Brahimi M, Hakem A, Kernif T, Singer SM, Ziam H, Tsaousis AD, Jokelainen P, Savini G, Pasolli E. Seroprevalence and risk factors of bluetongue virus in domestic cattle, sheep, goats and camels in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-12. [PMID: 39210745 PMCID: PMC11370698 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2396118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants in many parts of the world. Although bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread in ungulates in Africa, available epidemiological information on BT in this continent is limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of BTV and summarize information on associated risk factors in domestic ruminants and camels in Africa. Systematic searches were conducted from the inception of the database to November 2022 on PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google/Google Scholar. Forty-four eligible publications were identified, published in the range from 1973 to 2020, and statistically analyzed. The pooled overall seroprevalence of BTV was 45.02% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.00-54.00%). The pooled seroprevalence was 49.70% (95% CI: 34.50-65.00%) in cattle, 47.00% (95% CI: 29.90-64.50%) in goats, 40.80% (95% CI: 19.60-63.90%) in camels, and 36.30% (95% CI: 29.00-44.90%) in sheep. The pooled seroprevalence decreased after 1990 and increased again after 2010. The highest pooled overall seroprevalence was found in the southeastern region, and the highest pooled overall seroprevalence was obtained by Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Finally, the seroprevalence in females (53.30%, 95% CI: 34.80-71.00%) was significantly higher than in males (28.10%, 95% CI: 17.40-40.30%) (p < 0.05). We showed that antibodies against BTV were common in African ruminants and camels. Monitoring the seroprevalence of BTV, as well as systematic and continuous surveillance of the Culicoides population, are encouraged to prevent and control the spread of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amine Abdelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Salem Belkessa
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria
| | | | | | - Ahcène Hakem
- Research Centre for Agropastoralism, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Tahar Kernif
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-epidemiology and Population Genetics, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Dely-Brahim, Algeria
| | - Steven M. Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hocine Ziam
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness and One Health, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
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Santman-Berends IMGA, van den Brink KMJA, Dijkstra E, van Schaik G, Spierenburg MAH, van den Brom R. The impact of the bluetongue serotype 3 outbreak on sheep and goat mortality in the Netherlands in 2023. Prev Vet Med 2024; 231:106289. [PMID: 39126984 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
In September 2023, bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) emerged in the Netherlands, infecting over five thousand livestock farms. In sheep, high morbidity and mortality rates were reported that were unlike previously described bluetongue outbreaks. This study aimed to quantify the impact of BTV-3 in the small ruminant population in the Netherlands in 2023. Sheep and goat movement census data and BTV-3 notification data were available from 2020 until the end of 2023. Data were aggregated to farm and week level and mortality indicators were calculated for lambs (<1 year) and adult animals (≥1 year). Population averaged GEE models with a Negative-binomial distribution and a log-link function correcting for repeated measures per farm in time were used to quantify the association between BTV-3 and mortality. In 2023, 2994 sheep farmers and 89 goat farmers notified clinical signs of BTV-3 to the NVWA. During this BTV-3 outbreak period, an additional 55,000 sheep died compared to the same period in 2020-2022. At flock level a high variety in mortality was observed, with a clear increase in mortality in both flocks that were not notified but that were located in infected areas and in flocks of which the farmer notified clinical signs. During the BTV-3 outbreak period, mortality in infected areas increased 4.2 (95 % CI: 4.0-4.3) times in sheep lambs (<1 year) and 4.6 (95 % CI: 4.4-4.8) times in sheep (≥1 year) compared to BTV-3 free areas. Flocks with a confirmed BTV-3 infection that were notified in September showed a 12.8 (95 % CI: 11.4-14.3) times higher mortality in lambs and a 15.1 (95 % CI: 13.7-16.6) times higher mortality in sheep compared to flocks in BTV-3 areas. In flocks of which the farmer notified clinical signs after September, mortality was 4.6 (95 % CI: 4.2-5.0) and 5.6 (95 % CI: 5.1-6.0) times higher in lambs and sheep compared BTV-3 areas respectively. In goats, around 4000 additional deaths were recorded during the BTV-3 outbreak period. In farms that were notified, mortality of goats (≥1 year) was 1.8 (95 % CI: 1.2-2.8) times higher compared to BTV-3 free areas. Since May 2024, multiple BTV-3 vaccines are available in the Netherlands. In June 2024, the first new infections of BTV-3 were confirmed in Dutch sheep flocks. Hopes are that with the possibility to vaccinate, the spread and impact of BTV-3 in the Netherlands will rapidly decline and that losses as observed in 2023 will no longer be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E Dijkstra
- Department of Small Ruminant Health, Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - G van Schaik
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M A H Spierenburg
- Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R van den Brom
- Department of Small Ruminant Health, Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Drolet BS, Reister-Hendricks L, Mayo C, Rodgers C, Molik DC, McVey DS. Increased Virulence of Culicoides Midge Cell-Derived Bluetongue Virus in IFNAR Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:1474. [PMID: 39339950 PMCID: PMC11437402 DOI: 10.3390/v16091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a Culicoides midge-borne hemorrhagic disease affecting cervids and ruminant livestock species, resulting in significant economic losses from animal production and trade restrictions. Experimental animal infections using the α/β interferon receptor knockout IFNAR mouse model and susceptible target species are critical for understanding viral pathogenesis, virulence, and evaluating vaccines. However, conducting experimental vector-borne transmission studies with the vector itself are logistically difficult and experimentally problematic. Therefore, experimental infections are induced by hypodermic injection with virus typically derived from baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Unfortunately, for many U.S. BTV serotypes, it is difficult to replicate the severity of the disease seen in natural, midge-transmitted infections by injecting BHK-derived virus into target host animals. Using the IFNAR BTV murine model, we compared the virulence of traditional BHK cell-derived BTV-17 with C. sonorensis midge (W8) cell-derived BTV-17 to determine whether using cells of the transmission vector would provide an in vitro virulence aspect of vector-transmitted virus. At both low and high doses, mice inoculated with W8-BTV-17 had an earlier onset of viremia, earlier onset and peak of clinical signs, and significantly higher mortality compared to mice inoculated with BHK-BTV-17. Our results suggest using a Culicoides W8 cell-derived inoculum may provide an in vitro vector-enhanced infection to more closely represent disease levels seen in natural midge-transmitted infections while avoiding the logistical and experimental complexity of working with live midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S. Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.R.-H.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Lindsey Reister-Hendricks
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.R.-H.); (D.C.M.)
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (C.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (C.M.); (C.R.)
| | - David C. Molik
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.R.-H.); (D.C.M.)
| | - David Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830905, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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van den Brink KMJA, Santman-Berends IMGA, Harkema L, Scherpenzeel CGM, Dijkstra E, Bisschop PIH, Peterson K, van de Burgwal NS, Waldeck HWF, Dijkstra T, Holwerda M, Spierenburg MAH, van den Brom R. Bluetongue virus serotype 3 in ruminants in the Netherlands: Clinical signs, seroprevalence and pathological findings. Vet Rec 2024; 195:e4533. [PMID: 39148262 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) outbreak in the Netherlands in 2023 caused severe clinical signs in ruminants. The clinical and pathological signs in ruminants and their spread during the outbreak in 2023 are described. METHODS Data from the Dutch monitoring and surveillance system were available to describe clinical signs and pathological findings related to BTV-3 in sheep, cattle and goats. During the outbreak, 13 farms (five sheep, five cattle and three dairy goats) were closely monitored. RESULTS In 2023, BTV-3 infections were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in sheep flocks (n = 1807), cattle herds (n = 1864), goat herds (n = 62), alpaca and/or llama herds (n = 15) and one dog. Sheep exhibited the most severe clinical signs and had the highest mortality. In other animal species, a large variation in both occurrence and severity of clinical signs was observed. LIMITATION Only 13 farms were closely monitored. CONCLUSIONS The clinical signs observed in affected animals during the 2023 BTV-3 outbreak seem to be more severe than those observed during the BTV-8 outbreak between 2006 and 2008. It seems likely that BTV-3 will overwinter, similar to BTV-8. Therefore, the availability of an effective and safe vaccine is crucial to limit the future impact of BTV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Melle Holwerda
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Herder V, Caporale M, MacLean OA, Pintus D, Huang X, Nomikou K, Palmalux N, Nichols J, Scivoli R, Boutell C, Taggart A, Allan J, Malik H, Ilia G, Gu Q, Ronchi GF, Furnon W, Zientara S, Bréard E, Antonucci D, Capista S, Giansante D, Cocco A, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M, Da Silva Filipe A, Puggioni G, Sevilla N, Stewart ME, Ligios C, Palmarini M. Correlates of disease severity in bluetongue as a model of acute arbovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012466. [PMID: 39150989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Most viral diseases display a variable clinical outcome due to differences in virus strain virulence and/or individual host susceptibility to infection. Understanding the biological mechanisms differentiating a viral infection displaying severe clinical manifestations from its milder forms can provide the intellectual framework toward therapies and early prognostic markers. This is especially true in arbovirus infections, where most clinical cases are present as mild febrile illness. Here, we used a naturally occurring vector-borne viral disease of ruminants, bluetongue, as an experimental system to uncover the fundamental mechanisms of virus-host interactions resulting in distinct clinical outcomes. As with most viral diseases, clinical symptoms in bluetongue can vary dramatically. We reproduced experimentally distinct clinical forms of bluetongue infection in sheep using three bluetongue virus (BTV) strains (BTV-1IT2006, BTV-1IT2013 and BTV-8FRA2017). Infected animals displayed clinical signs varying from clinically unapparent, to mild and severe disease. We collected and integrated clinical, haematological, virological, and histopathological data resulting in the analyses of 332 individual parameters from each infected and uninfected control animal. We subsequently used machine learning to select the key viral and host processes associated with disease pathogenesis. We identified and experimentally validated five different fundamental processes affecting the severity of bluetongue: (i) virus load and replication in target organs, (ii) modulation of the host type-I IFN response, (iii) pro-inflammatory responses, (iv) vascular damage, and (v) immunosuppression. Overall, we showed that an agnostic machine learning approach can be used to prioritise the different pathogenetic mechanisms affecting the disease outcome of an arbovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Herder
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Oscar A MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xinyi Huang
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Palmalux
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Allan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Haris Malik
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Ilia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Zientara
- Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Daniela Antonucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Sara Capista
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniele Giansante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cocco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell' Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Noemi Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC). Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meredith E Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Davis SK, Jia F, Wright QG, Islam MT, Bean A, Layton D, Williams DT, Lynch SE. Defining correlates of protection for mammalian livestock vaccines against high-priority viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397780. [PMID: 39100679 PMCID: PMC11294087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing livestock biosecurity is critical to safeguard the livelihoods of farmers, global and local economies, and food security. Vaccination is fundamental to the control and prevention of exotic and endemic high-priority infectious livestock diseases. Successful implementation of vaccination in a biosecurity plan is underpinned by a strong understanding of correlates of protection-those elements of the immune response that can reliably predict the level of protection from viral challenge. While correlates of protection have been successfully characterized for many human viral vaccines, for many high-priority livestock viral diseases, including African swine fever and foot and mouth disease, they remain largely uncharacterized. Current literature provides insights into potential correlates of protection that should be assessed during vaccine development for these high-priority mammalian livestock viral diseases. Establishment of correlates of protection for biosecurity purposes enables immune surveillance, rationale for vaccine development, and successful implementation of livestock vaccines as part of a biosecurity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Davis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Calvo-Pinilla E, Lorenzo G, Illescas-Amo M, Benavides J, Moreno S, Marín-López A, Nogales A, Ortego J. Co-expression of VP2, NS1 and NS2-Nt proteins by an MVA viral vector induces complete protection against bluetongue virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1440407. [PMID: 39072326 PMCID: PMC11272488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1440407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bluetongue (BT), caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), is an important arthropod-borne livestock disease listed by the World Organization for Animal Health. Live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines have permitted to control BT but they do not simultaneously protect against the myriad of BTV serotypes. Recently, we identified the highly conserved BTV nonstructural protein NS1 and the N-terminal region of NS2 as antigens capable of conferring multiserotype protection against BTV. Methods Here, we designed Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors that expressed BTV-4 proteins VP2 or VP7 along with NS1 and NS2-Nt as well as MVAs that expressed proteins VP2, VP7 or NS1 and NS2-Nt. Results Immunization of IFNAR(-/-) mice with two doses of MVA-NS1-2A-NS2-Nt protected mice from BTV-4M infection by the induction of an antigen-specific T cell immune response. Despite rMVA expressing VP7 alone were not protective in the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model, inclusion of VP7 in the vaccine formulation amplified the cell-mediated response induced by NS1 and NS2-Nt. Expression of VP2 elicited protective non-cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in immunized animals and improved the protection observed in the MVA-NS1-2A-NS2-Nt immunized mice when these three BTV antigens were co-expressed. Moreover, vaccines candidates co-expressing VP2 or VP7 along with NS1 and NS2-Nt provided multiserotype protection. We assessed protective efficacy of both vaccine candidates in sheep against virulent challenge with BTV-4M. Discussion Immunization with MVA-VP7-NS1-2A-NS2-Nt partially dumped viral replication and clinical disease whereas administration of MVA-VP2-NS1-2A-NS2-Nt promoted a complete protection, preventing viraemia and the pathology produced by BTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Illescas-Amo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Akwongo CJ, Byaruhanga C. Epidemiology of Anaplasma species amongst cattle in Africa from 1970 to 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106214. [PMID: 38733736 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens of the genus Anaplasma cause anaplasmosis in livestock and humans, impacting health and livelihoods, particularly in Africa. A comprehensive review on the epidemiology of Anaplasma species is important to guide further research and for implementation of control approaches. We reviewed observational studies concerning Anaplasma species amongst cattle in Africa. Peer-reviewed studies published in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science - from database inception to 2022 - were searched. The quality of individual studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool and the pooled prevalences by diagnostic method were estimated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity across the studies was tested and quantified using the Cochran's Q statistic and the I2 statistic. Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated by subgroup analysis. A total of 1117 records were retrieved and at the end of the screening, 149 records (155 studies) were eligible for this meta-analysis. The occurrence of Anaplasma species was reported in 31/54 countries in all regions. Seven recognised species (A. marginale, A. centrale, A. phagocytophilum, A. platys, A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis) and nine uncharacterised genotypes (Anaplasma sp. Hadesa; Anaplasma sp. Saso; Anaplasma sp. Dedessa; Anaplasma sp. Mymensingh; Anaplasma sp. Lambwe-1; Candidatus Anaplasma africae; Anaplasma sp.; Candidatus Anaplasma boleense) were reported in African cattle. Anaplasma marginale was the most frequently reported (n=144/155 studies) and the most prevalent species (serology methods 56.1%, 45.9-66.1; direct detection methods 19.9%, 15.4-24.7), followed by A. centrale (n=26 studies) with a prevalence of 8.0% (95% CI: 4.8-11.9) and A. platys (n=19 studies) with prevalence of 9.7% (95% CI: 5.4-15.2). Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and A. platys were reported in all Africa's regions, while A. ovis and A. capra were reported only in the northern and central regions. The uncharacterised Anaplasma taxa were mostly detected in the eastern and southern regions. Subgroup analysis showed that significant determinants for A. marginale exposure (serology) were geographical region (p=0.0219), and longitude (p=0.0336), while the technique employed influenced (p<0.0001) prevalence in direct detection approaches. Temperature was the only significant variable (p=0.0269) for A. centrale. These findings show that various Anaplasma species, including those that are zoonotic, circulate in African cattle. There is need for more genetic and genome data, especially for unrecognised species, to facilitate effective identification, improve livestock and minimise the health risk in human populations. Additional epidemiological data including pathogen occurrence, tick vectors and host range, as well as pathogenicity are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Julie Akwongo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, Napoli 80137, Italy
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; National Agricultural Research Organisation, P.O. Box 259, Entebbe, Uganda
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Mansfield KL, Schilling M, Sanders C, Holding M, Johnson N. Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Human and Animal Importance: Overwintering in Temperate Regions of Europe during an Era of Climate Change. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1307. [PMID: 39065076 PMCID: PMC11278640 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The past three decades have seen an increasing number of emerging arthropod-borne viruses in temperate regions This process is ongoing, driven by human activities such as inter-continental travel, combined with the parallel emergence of invasive arthropods and an underlying change in climate that can increase the risk of virus transmission and persistence. In addition, natural events such as bird migration can introduce viruses to new regions. Despite the apparent regularity of virus emergence, arthropod-borne viruses circulating in temperate regions face the challenge of the late autumn and winter months where the arthropod vector is inactive. Viruses therefore need mechanisms to overwinter or they will fail to establish in temperate zones. Prolonged survival of arthropod-borne viruses within the environment, outside of both vertebrate host and arthropod vector, is not thought to occur and therefore is unlikely to contribute to overwintering in temperate zones. One potential mechanism is continued infection of a vertebrate host. However, infection is generally acute, with the host either dying or producing an effective immune response that rapidly clears the virus. There are few exceptions to this, although prolonged infection associated with orbiviruses such as bluetongue virus occurs in certain mammals, and viraemic vertebrate hosts therefore can, in certain circumstances, provide a route for long-term viral persistence in the absence of active vectors. Alternatively, a virus can persist in the arthropod vector as a mechanism for overwintering. However, this is entirely dependent on the ecology of the vector itself and can be influenced by changes in the climate during the winter months. This review considers the mechanisms for virus overwintering in several key arthropod vectors in temperate areas. We also consider how this will be influenced in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Mansfield
- Vector Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (K.L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirjam Schilling
- Vector Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (K.L.M.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Maya Holding
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK;
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (K.L.M.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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10
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Mestre F, Pereira AL, Araújo MB. Climate correlates of bluetongue incidence in southern Portugal. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39031652 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Model forecasts of the spatiotemporal occurrence dynamics of diseases are necessary and can help understand and thus manage future disease outbreaks. In our study, we used ecological niche modelling to assess the impact of climate on the vector suitability for bluetongue disease, a disease affecting livestock production with important economic consequences. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between the occurrence of bluetongue outbreaks and the environmental suitability of each of the four vector species studied. We found that the main vector for bluetongue disease, Culicoides imicola, a typically tropical and subtropical species, was a strong predictor for disease outbreak occurrence in a region of southern Portugal from 2004 to 2021. The results highlight the importance of understanding the climatic factors that might influence vector presence to help manage infectious disease impacts. When diseases impact economically relevant species, the impacts go beyond mortality and have important economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Mestre
- 'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (CHANGE), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel B Araújo
- 'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (CHANGE), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Utrilla-Trigo S, Jiménez-Cabello L, Marín-López A, Illescas-Amo M, Andrés G, Calvo-Pinilla E, Lorenzo G, van Rijn PA, Ortego J, Nogales A. Engineering recombinant replication-competent bluetongue viruses expressing reporter genes for in vitro and non-invasive in vivo studies. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0249323. [PMID: 38353566 PMCID: PMC10923215 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02493-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of the important livestock disease bluetongue (BT), which is transmitted via Culicoides bites. BT causes severe economic losses associated with its considerable impact on health and trade of animals. By reverse genetics, we have designed and rescued reporter-expressing recombinant (r)BTV expressing NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) or Venus fluorescent protein. To generate these viruses, we custom synthesized a modified viral segment 5 encoding NS1 protein with the reporter genes located downstream and linked by the Porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) 2A autoproteolytic cleavage site. Therefore, fluorescent signal or luciferase activity is only detected after virus replication and expression of non-structural proteins. Fluorescence or luminescence signals were detected in cells infected with rBTV/Venus or rBTV/NLuc, respectively. Moreover, the marking of NS2 protein confirmed that reporter genes were only expressed in BTV-infected cells. Growth kinetics of rBTV/NLuc and rBTV/Venus in Vero cells showed replication rates similar to those of wild-type and rBTV. Infectivity studies of these recombinant viruses in IFNAR(-/-) mice showed a higher lethal dose for rBTV/NLuc and rBTV/Venus than for rBTV indicating that viruses expressing the reporter genes are attenuated in vivo. Interestingly, luciferase activity was detected in the plasma of viraemic mice infected with rBTV/NLuc. Furthermore, luciferase activity quantitatively correlated with RNAemia levels of infected mice throughout the infection. In addition, we have investigated the in vivo replication and dissemination of BTV in IFNAR (-/-) mice using BTV/NLuc and non-invasive in vivo imaging systems.IMPORTANCEThe use of replication-competent viruses that encode a traceable fluorescent or luciferase reporter protein has significantly contributed to the in vitro and in vivo study of viral infections and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this work, we have generated rBTV that express fluorescent or luminescence proteins to track BTV infection both in vitro and in vivo. Despite the availability of vaccines, BTV and other related orbivirus are still associated with a significant impact on animal health and have important economic consequences worldwide. Our studies may contribute to the advance in orbivirus research and pave the way for the rapid development of new treatments, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Miguel Illescas-Amo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Andrés
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Caixeta EA, Pinheiro MA, Lucchesi VS, Oliveira AGG, Galinari GCF, Tinoco HP, Coelho CM, Lobato ZIP. The Study of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) Circulation and Vectors at the Municipal Parks and Zoobotanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (FPMZB-BH). Viruses 2024; 16:293. [PMID: 38400068 PMCID: PMC10892844 DOI: 10.3390/v16020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) are Orbiviruses primarily transmitted by their biological vector, Culicoides spp. Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). These viruses can infect a diverse range of vertebrate hosts, leading to disease outbreaks in domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. This study, conducted at the Belo Horizonte Municipal Parks and Zoobotany Foundation (FPMZB-BH), Minas Gerais, Brazil, focused on Orbivirus and its vectors. Collections of Culicoides spp. were carried out at the FPMZB-BH from 9 December 2021 to 18 November 2022. A higher prevalence of these insects was observed during the summer months, especially in February. Factors such as elevated temperatures, high humidity, fecal accumulation, and proximity to large animals, like camels and elephants, were associated with increased Culicoides capture. Among the identified Culicoides spp. species, Culicoides insignis Lutz, 1913, constituted 75%, and Culicoides pusillus Lutz, 1913, 6% of the collected midges, both described as competent vectors for Orbivirus transmission. Additionally, a previously unreported species in Minas Gerais, Culicoides debilipalpis Lutz, 1913, was identified, also suspected of being a transmitter of these Orbiviruses. The feeding preferences of some Culicoides species were analyzed, revealing that C. insignis feeds on deer, Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and European fallow deer (Dama dama). Different Culicoides spp. were also identified feeding on humans, raising concerns about the potential transmission of arboviruses at the site. In parallel, 72 serum samples from 14 susceptible species, including various Cervids, collected between 2012 and 2022 from the FPMZB-BH serum bank, underwent Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) testing for BTV and EHDV. The results showed 75% seropositivity for BTV and 19% for EHDV. Post-testing analysis revealed variations in antibody presence against BTV in a tapir and a fallow deer and against EHDV in a gemsbok across different years. These studies confirm the presence of BTV and EHDV vectors, along with potential virus circulation in the zoo. Consequently, implementing control measures is essential to prevent susceptible species from becoming infected and developing clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alves Caixeta
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (M.A.P.); (V.S.L.); (A.G.G.O.); (G.C.F.G.)
| | - Mariana Andrioli Pinheiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (M.A.P.); (V.S.L.); (A.G.G.O.); (G.C.F.G.)
| | - Victoria Souza Lucchesi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (M.A.P.); (V.S.L.); (A.G.G.O.); (G.C.F.G.)
| | - Anna Gabriella Guimarães Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (M.A.P.); (V.S.L.); (A.G.G.O.); (G.C.F.G.)
| | - Grazielle Cossenzo Florentino Galinari
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (M.A.P.); (V.S.L.); (A.G.G.O.); (G.C.F.G.)
| | - Herlandes Penha Tinoco
- Belo Horizonte Municipal Parks and Zoobotany Foundation (FPMZB-BH), Belo Horizonte 31365-450, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (H.P.T.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Carlyle Mendes Coelho
- Belo Horizonte Municipal Parks and Zoobotany Foundation (FPMZB-BH), Belo Horizonte 31365-450, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (H.P.T.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Zélia Inês Portela Lobato
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (E.A.C.); (M.A.P.); (V.S.L.); (A.G.G.O.); (G.C.F.G.)
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13
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Gestier S, Finlaison DS, Parrish K, Kirkland PD. The potential for bluetongue virus serotype 16 to cause disease in sheep in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:510-521. [PMID: 37772318 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 16 DETECTION IN NSW: In coastal New South Wales (NSW), bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1 and 21 are endemic and transmitted in most years without evidence of disease. However, serotype 16 (BTV-16) infection was detected for the first time in NSW in November 2016 in cattle undergoing testing for export. Retrospective testing of blood samples collected from sentinel cattle as part of the National Arbovirus Monitoring Program (NAMP) established that the first detected transmission of BTV-16 in NSW occurred in April 2016 in sentinel cattle on the NSW North Coast. Subsequently, until 2022, BTV-16 has been transmitted in most years and was the predominant serotype in the 2018-2019 transmission season. The data available suggests that BTV-16 may have become endemic in NSW. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: During experimental infection studies with BTV-16, all sheep were febrile, with the peak of viremia occurring 6-10 days after inoculation. There was nasal and oral hyperaemia in most sheep with several animals developing a nasal discharge and nasal oedema. All sheep developed coronitis of varying severity, with most also developing haemorrhages along the coronary band. There was a high incidence of haemorrhage in the pulmonary artery, epicardial petechiae, extensive pericardial haemorrhages and moderate body cavity effusions including pericardial effusions. CONCLUSION: Overall, experimental pathogenicity findings suggest moderate disease may occur in sheep in the field. These findings, when combined with climatic variability that could result in an expansion of the range of Culicoides brevitarsis into major sheep-producing areas of the state, suggest that there is an increasing risk of bluetongue disease in NSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gestier
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Parrish
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Guimerà Busquets M, Brown FV, Carpenter ST, Darpel KE, Sanders CJ. Visualisation of Bluetongue Virus in the Salivary Apparatus of Culicoides Biting Midges Highlights the Accessory Glands as a Primary Arboviral Infection Site. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:27. [PMID: 37932658 PMCID: PMC10626815 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropods transmit a wide range of pathogens of importance for the global health of humans, animals, and plants. One group of these arthropod vectors, Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), is the biological vector of several human and animal pathogens, including economically important livestock viruses like bluetongue virus (BTV). Like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), Culicoides-borne viruses must reach and replicate in the salivary apparatus, from where they can be transmitted to susceptible hosts through the saliva during subsequent blood feeding. Despite the importance of the salivary gland apparatus for pathogen transmission to susceptible animals from the bite of infected Culicoides, these structures have received relatively little attention, perhaps due to the small size and fragility of these vectors. RESULTS In this study, we developed techniques to visualize the infection of the salivary glands and other soft tissues with BTV, in some of the smallest known arbovirus vectors, Culicoides biting midges, using three-dimensional immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. We showed BTV infection of specific structures of the salivary gland apparatus of female Culicoides vectors following oral virus uptake, related visualisation of viral infection in the salivary apparatus to high viral RNA copies in the body, and demonstrated for the first time, that the accessory glands are a primary site for BTV replication within the salivary apparatus. CONCLUSIONS Our work has revealed a novel site of virus-vector interactions, and a novel role of the accessory glands of Culicoides in arbovirus amplification and transmission. Our approach would also be applicable to a wide range of arbovirus vector groups including sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), as well as provide a powerful tool to investigate arbovirus infection and dissemination, particularly where there are practical challenges in the visualization of small size and delicate tissues of arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faye V Brown
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Simon T Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- The School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Mill Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1RX, UK
| | - Karin E Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, 3147, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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15
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Kampen H, Werner D. Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Vectors of Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2706. [PMID: 38004718 PMCID: PMC10673010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides occur almost globally and can regionally and seasonally reach high abundances. Most species are hematophagous, feeding on all groups of vertebrates, including humans. In addition to being nuisance pests, they are able to transmit disease agents, with some viruses causing high morbidity and/or mortality in ruminants, horses and humans. Despite their impact on animal husbandry, public health and tourism, knowledge on the biology and ecology of culicoid biting midges and their interactions with ingested pathogens or symbiotic microorganisms is limited. Research is challenging due to unknown larval habitats, the insects' tiny size, the inability to establish and breed most species in the laboratory and the laborious maintenance of colonies of the few species that can be reared in the laboratory. Consequently, the natural transmission of pathogens has experimentally been demonstrated for few species while, for others, only indirect evidence of vector potential exists. Most experimental data are available for Culicoides sonorensis and C. nubeculosus, the only species kept in western-world insectaries. This contribution gives an overview on important biting midge vectors, transmitted viruses, culicoid-borne viral diseases and their epidemiologies and summarizes the little knowledge on interactions between biting midges, their microflora and culicoid-borne arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany;
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16
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Louloudes-Lázaro A, Rojas JM, García-García I, Rodríguez-Martín D, Morel E, Martín V, Sevilla N. Comprehensive immune profiling reveals that Orbivirus infection activates immune checkpoints during acute T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255803. [PMID: 37920474 PMCID: PMC10619675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges that affects domestic and wild ruminants producing great economic losses. The infection induces an IFN response, followed by an adaptive immune response that is essential in disease clearance. BTV can nonetheless impair IFN and humoral responses. The main goal of this study was to gain a more detailed understanding of BTV pathogenesis and its effects on immune cell populations. To this end, we combined flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses of several immune cells at different times post-infection (pi). Four sheep were infected with BTV serotype 8 and blood samples collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 15pi to perform transcriptomic analysis of B-cell marker+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ sorted peripheral mononuclear cells. The maximum number of differentially expressed genes occurred at day 7pi, which coincided with the peak of infection. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that genes belonging to virus sensing and immune response initiation pathways were enriched at day 3 and 7 pi in all 4 cell population analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that at day 7pi T cell exhaustion pathway was enriched in CD4+ cells, while CD8+ cells downregulated immune response initiation pathways. T cell functional studies demonstrated that BTV produced an acute inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at the peak of replication. This coincided with PD-L1 upregulation on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as monocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that BTV could exploit the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to impair T cell responses. These findings identify several mechanisms in the interaction between host and BTV, which could help develop better tools to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel García-García
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Zhigailov AV, Perfilyeva YV, Ostapchuk YO, Kulemin MV, Ivanova KR, Abdolla N, Kan SA, Maltseva ER, Berdygulova ZA, Naizabayeva DA, Skiba YA, Mamadaliyev SM. Molecular detection and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 and bluetongue virus 9 in forest flies (Hippobosca equina) collected from livestock in southern Kazakhstan. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 45:100932. [PMID: 37783529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Keds are hematophagous ectoparasites of animals belonging to the family Hippoboscidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea). Because of their importance as vectors of some pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, they have received special attention. There are numerous studies demonstrating the presence of various parasites and pathogenic bacteria in keds. At the same time, there are very few reports on ked-related viruses. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular survey of viral pathogens in the forest fly (Hippobosca equina) from southern Kazakhstan. In this study, 104H. equina were collected from livestock in Turkistan oblast (southern region of Kazakhstan), which has the largest concentration of livestock in the country. Insect homogenates were screened by PCR for pestiviruses, orbiviruses, flaviviruses, orthobunyaviruses, phleboviruses, orthopoxviruses, capripoxviruses, parapoxviruses, and asfiviruses. The causative agents of two livestock diseases, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (3/104; 2.88%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6-8.2%) and bluetongue virus (BTV) (1/104; 0.96%; 95% CI: 0.02-5.24%), were identified and subjected to further analysis. The BTV strain was isolated and all ten genomic RNA segments were sequenced using the Sanger technique. The isolated BTV strain showed >99.6% identity in all genomic segments with the BTV-9 strains belonging to the 'western' topotype. Partial analysis of the 5'-untranslated region demonstrated that both BVDV strains are closely related to Pestivirus B. Flaviviruses, phleboviruses, orthobunyaviruses, poxviruses, and asfiviruses were not detected. This is the first report describing BVDV type 2 in Kazakhstan. The study also confirms the presence of BTV serotype 9 in southern Kazakhstan. The data presented here can help improve preventive measures to control the spread of viral diseases in livestock by using forest flies as an object of epidemiological studies. However, further studies are needed to investigate the vector capacity of H. equina and its suitability for xenodiagnosis of veterinary relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Zhigailov
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuliya V Perfilyeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
| | - Yekaterina O Ostapchuk
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Karina R Ivanova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurshat Abdolla
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Sofiya A Kan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Elina R Maltseva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Tethys Scientific Society, Almaty 050063, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna A Berdygulova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara A Naizabayeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuriy A Skiba
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan; Tethys Scientific Society, Almaty 050063, Kazakhstan
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Li C, Wang W, Zhang X, Xiao P, Li Z, Wang P, Shi N, Zhou H, Lu H, Gao X, Zhang H, Jin N. Metavirome Analysis and Identification of Midge-Borne Viruses from Yunnan Province, China, in 2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1817. [PMID: 37766224 PMCID: PMC10535587 DOI: 10.3390/v15091817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Midges are widely distributed globally and can transmit various human and animal diseases through blood-sucking. As part of this study, 259,300 midges were collected from four districts in Yunnan province, China, to detect the viral richness and diversity using metavirome analysis techniques. As many as 26 virus families were detected, and the partial sequences of bluetongue virus (BTV), dengue virus (DENV), and Getah virus (GETV) were identified by phylogenetic analysis and PCR amplification. Two BTV gene fragments, 866 bps for the VP2 gene of BTV type 16 and 655 bps for the VP5 gene of BTV type 21, were amplified. The nucleotide sequence identities of the two amplified BTV fragments were 94.46% and 98.81%, respectively, with two classical BTV-16 (GenBank: JN671907) and BTV-21 strains (GenBank: MK250961) isolated in Yunnan province. Furthermore, the BTV-16 DH2021 strain was successfully isolated in C6/36 cells, and the peak value of the copy number reached 3.13 × 107 copies/μL after five consecutive BHK-21 cell passages. Moreover, two 2054 bps fragments including the E gene of DENV genotype Asia II were amplified and shared the highest identity with the DENV strain isolated in New Guinea in 1944. A length of 656 bps GETV gene sequence encoded the partial capsid protein, and it shared the highest identity of 99.68% with the GETV isolated from Shandong province, China, in 2017. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of implementing prevention and control strategies for viral diseases transmitted by midges in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Li
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (C.L.); (X.G.)
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.W.); (P.X.)
| | - Xuancheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Pengpeng Xiao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.W.); (P.X.)
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, China;
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Xu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (C.L.); (X.G.)
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (C.L.); (X.G.)
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.W.); (P.X.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
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19
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Van Schalkwyk A, Coetzee P, Ebersohn K, Von Teichman B, Venter E. Widespread Reassortment Contributes to Antigenic Shift in Bluetongue Viruses from South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:1611. [PMID: 37515297 PMCID: PMC10383083 DOI: 10.3390/v15071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT), a viral disease of ruminants, is endemic throughout South Africa, where outbreaks of different serotypes occur. The predominant serotypes can differ annually due to herd immunity provided by annual vaccinations using a live attenuated vaccine (LAV). This has led to both wild-type and vaccine strains co-circulating in the field, potentially leading to novel viral strains due to reassortment and recombination. Little is known about the molecular evolution of the virus in the field in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of field strains of BTV in South Africa and to provide an initial assessment of the evolutionary processes shaping BTV genetic diversity in the field. Complete genomes of 35 field viruses belonging to 11 serotypes, collected from different regions of the country between 2011 and 2017, were sequenced. The sequences were phylogenetically analysed in relation to all the BTV sequences available from GenBank, including the LAVs and reference strains, resulting in the analyses and reassortment detection of 305 BTVs. Phylogenomic analysis indicated a geographical selection of the genome segments, irrespective of the serotype. Based on the initial assessment of the current genomic clades that circulate in South Africa, the selection for specific clades is prevalent in directing genome segment reassortment, which seems to exclude the vaccine strains and in multiple cases involves Segment-2 resulting in antigenic shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Peter Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Karen Ebersohn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Estelle Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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20
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Allam AM, Elbayoumy MK, Ghazy AA. Perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:179-192. [PMID: 37599803 PMCID: PMC10435774 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammad Allam
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Abdelmoneam Ghazy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Hardy A, Bakshi S, Furnon W, MacLean O, Gu Q, Varjak M, Varela M, Aziz MA, Shaw AE, Pinto RM, Cameron Ruiz N, Mullan C, Taggart AE, Da Silva Filipe A, Randall RE, Wilson SJ, Stewart ME, Palmarini M. The Timing and Magnitude of the Type I Interferon Response Are Correlated with Disease Tolerance in Arbovirus Infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0010123. [PMID: 37097030 PMCID: PMC10294695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00101-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected hosts possess two alternative strategies to protect themselves against the negative impact of virus infections: resistance, used to abrogate virus replication, and disease tolerance, used to avoid tissue damage without controlling viral burden. The principles governing pathogen resistance are well understood, while less is known about those involved in disease tolerance. Here, we studied bluetongue virus (BTV), the cause of bluetongue disease of ruminants, as a model system to investigate the mechanisms of virus-host interactions correlating with disease tolerance. BTV induces clinical disease mainly in sheep, while cattle are considered reservoirs of infection, rarely exhibiting clinical symptoms despite sustained viremia. Using primary cells from multiple donors, we show that BTV consistently reaches higher titers in ovine cells than cells from cattle. The variable replication kinetics of BTV in sheep and cow cells were mostly abolished by abrogating the cell type I interferon (IFN) response. We identified restriction factors blocking BTV replication, but both the sheep and cow orthologues of these antiviral genes possess anti-BTV properties. Importantly, we demonstrate that BTV induces a faster host cell protein synthesis shutoff in primary sheep cells than cow cells, which results in an earlier downregulation of antiviral proteins. Moreover, by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we also show a more pronounced expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in BTV-infected cow cells than sheep cells. Our data provide a new perspective on how the type I IFN response in reservoir species can have overall positive effects on both virus and host evolution. IMPORTANCE The host immune response usually aims to inhibit virus replication in order to avoid cell damage and disease. In some cases, however, the infected host avoids the deleterious effects of infection despite high levels of viral replication. This strategy is known as disease tolerance, and it is used by animal reservoirs of some zoonotic viruses. Here, using a virus of ruminants (bluetongue virus [BTV]) as an experimental system, we dissected virus-host interactions in cells collected from species that are susceptible (sheep) or tolerant (cow) to disease. We show that (i) virus modulation of the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses, (ii) viral replication kinetics, and (iii) virus-induced cell damage differ in tolerant and susceptible BTV-infected cells. Understanding the complex virus-host interactions in disease tolerance can allow us to disentangle the critical balance between protective and damaging host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hardy
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Muhamad Afiq Aziz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Cameron Ruiz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Catrina Mullan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aislynn E. Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E. Randall
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Meredith E. Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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22
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Whittaker AL, Muns R, Wang D, Martínez-Burnes J, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D. Assessment of Pain and Inflammation in Domestic Animals Using Infrared Thermography: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2065. [PMID: 37443863 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain assessment in domestic animals has gained importance in recent years due to the recognition of the physiological, behavioral, and endocrine consequences of acute pain on animal production, welfare, and animal model validity. Current approaches to identifying acute pain mainly rely on behavioral-based scales, quantifying pain-related biomarkers, and the use of devices monitoring sympathetic activity. Infrared thermography is an alternative that could be used to correlate the changes in the superficial temperature with other tools and thus be an additional or alternate acute pain assessment marker. Moreover, its non-invasiveness and the objective nature of its readout make it potentially very valuable. However, at the current time, it is not in widespread use as an assessment strategy. The present review discusses scientific evidence for infrared thermography as a tool to evaluate pain, limiting its use to monitor acute pain in pathological processes and invasive procedures, as well as its use for perioperative monitoring in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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23
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Allen SE, Vigil SL, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Colucci N, Ambagala A, Pearl DL, Ruder MG, Jardine CM, Nemeth NM. Abundance and diversity of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Ontario, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:201. [PMID: 37316934 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is a genus of hematophagous midges feeding on various vertebrate hosts and serving as a vector for numerous pathogens important to livestock and wildlife health. North American pathogens include bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses. Little is known about Culicoides spp. distribution and abundance and species composition in Ontario, Canada, despite bordering numerous U.S. states with documented Culicoides spp. and BT and EHD virus activity. We sought to characterize Culicoides spp. distribution and abundance and to investigate whether select meteorological and ecological risk factors influenced the abundance of Culicoides biguttatus, C. stellifer, and the subgenus Avaritia trapped throughout southern Ontario. METHODS From June to October of 2017 to 2018, CDC-type LED light suction traps were placed on twelve livestock-associated sites across southern Ontario. Culicoides spp. collected were morphologically identified to the species level when possible. Associations were examined using negative binomial regression among C. biguttatus, C. stellifer, and subgenus Avaritia abundance, and select factors: ambient temperature, rainfall, primary livestock species, latitude, and habitat type. RESULTS In total, 33,905 Culicoides spp. midges were collected, encompassing 14 species from seven subgenera and one species group. Culicoides sonorensis was collected from three sites during both years. Within Ontario, the northern trapping locations had a pattern of seasonal peak abundance in August (2017) and July (2018), and the southern locations had abundance peaks in June for both years. Culicoides biguttatus, C. stellifer, and subgenus Avaritia were significantly more abundant if ovine was the primary livestock species at trapping sites (compared to bovine). Culicoides stellifer and subgenus Avaritia were significantly more abundant at mid- to high-temperature ranges on trap days (i.e., 17.3-20.2 and 20.3-31.0 °C compared to 9.5-17.2 °C). Additionally, subgenus Avaritia were significantly more abundant if rainfall 4 weeks prior was between 2.7 and 20.1 mm compared to 0.0 mm and if rainfall 8 weeks prior was between 0.1 and 2.1 mm compared to 0.0 mm. CONCLUSIONS Results from our study describe Culicoides spp. distribution in southern Ontario, the potential for spread and maintenance of EHD and BT viruses, and concurrent health risks to livestock and wildlife in southern Ontario in reference to certain meteorological and ecological risk factors. We identified that Culicoides spp. are diverse in this province, and appear to be distinctly distributed spatially and temporally. The livestock species present, temperature, and rainfall appear to have an impact on the abundance of C. biguttatus, C. stellifer, and subgenus Avaritia trapped. These findings could help inform targeted surveillance, control measures, and the development of management guides for Culicoides spp. and EHD and BT viruses in southern Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Allen
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Veterinary Services, Laramie, USA.
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Stacey L Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Tara Furukawa-Stoffer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Diseases, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Nicole Colucci
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Animal Diseases, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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24
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Pourcelot M, da Silva Moraes RA, Lacour S, Fablet A, Caignard G, Vitour D. Activation of Inflammasome during Bluetongue Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:801. [PMID: 37375491 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Sedoreoviridae family, provokes an economically important disease in ruminants. In this study, we show that the production of activated caspase-1 and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is induced in BTV-infected cells. This response seems to require virus replication since a UV-inactivated virus is unable to activate this pathway. In NLRP3-/- cells, BTV could not trigger further IL-1β synthesis, indicating that it occurs through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, we observed differential activation levels in bovine endothelial cells depending on the tissue origin. In particular, inflammasome activation was stronger in umbilical cord cells, suggesting that these cells are more prone to induce the inflammasome upon BTV infection. Finally, the strength of the inflammasome activation also depends on the BTV strain, which points to the importance of viral origin in inflammasome modulation. This work reports the crucial role of BTV in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and further shows that this activation relies on BTV replication, strains, and cell types, thus providing new insights into BTV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pourcelot
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rayane Amaral da Silva Moraes
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandrine Lacour
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
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25
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Barceló C, Searle KR, Estrada R, Lucientes J, Miranda MÁ, Purse BV. The use of path analysis to determine effects of environmental factors on the adult seasonality of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vector species in Spain. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:402-411. [PMID: 36908249 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the main vectors of livestock diseases such as bluetongue (BT) which mainly affect sheep and cattle. In Spain, bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by several Culicoides taxa, including Culicoides imicola, Obsoletus complex, Culicoides newsteadi and Culicoides pulicaris that vary in seasonality and distribution, affecting the distribution and dynamics of BT outbreaks. Path analysis is useful for separating direct and indirect, biotic and abiotic determinants of species' population performance and is ideal for understanding the sensitivity of adult Culicoides dynamics to multiple environmental drivers. Start, end of season and length of overwintering of adult Culicoides were analysed across 329 sites in Spain sampled from 2005 to 2010 during the National Entomosurveillance Program for BTV with path analysis, to determine the direct and indirect effects of land use, climate and host factor variables. Culicoides taxa had species-specific responses to environmental variables. While the seasonality of adult C. imicola was strongly affected by topography, temperature, cover of agro-forestry and sclerophyllous vegetation, rainfall, livestock density, photoperiod in autumn and the abundance of Culicoides females, Obsoletus complex species seasonality was affected by land-use variables such as cover of natural grassland and broad-leaved forest. Culicoides female abundance was the most explanatory variable for the seasonality of C. newsteadi, while C. pulicaris showed that temperature during winter and the photoperiod in November had a strong effect on the start of the season and the length of overwinter period of this species. These results indicate that the seasonal vector-free period (SVFP) in Spain will vary between competent vector taxa and geographic locations, dependent on the different responses of each taxa to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barceló
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Research Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Kate R Searle
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, EH26 0QB Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosa Estrada
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Miranda
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Research Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bethan V Purse
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
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26
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Zhang X, Gerry AC. Host-seeking activity of adult Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) during winter in southern California, USA, and assessment of bluetongue virus overwintering. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:7133973. [PMID: 37080611 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In southern California, USA, annual reoccurrence of bluetongue infection in cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)) suggests that bluetongue virus (BTV) persists year-round but escapes detection during cooler months, reappearing when the weather gets warmer. The persistence of the virus in the adult biting midge vector, Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), has been suggested. However, it is unknown whether adult C. sonorensis are sufficiently active during the winter months to transmit BTV throughout this period. This study captured host-seeking C. sonorensis in the Chino dairy region of southern California throughout the BTV interseasonal period (winter through early spring) over 3 years to assess adult host-seeking activity and adult survival during this period. BTV prevalence in host-seeking midges was also determined. Host-seeking nulliparous and parous C. sonorensis were consistently captured throughout the winter months, which combined with wintertime adult midge survival of ≤27 d, suggests the BTV overwintering is likely due to ongoing low-level transmission to available cattle hosts. However, BTV was not detected in midges captured during January through April in this study, suggesting that BTV transmission during the winter months may be occurring at too low a level to detect even with the substantial trapping effort applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- W. M. Keck Science Center, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Navarro Mamani DA, Ramos Huere H, Vera Buendia R, Rojas M, Chunga WA, Valdez Gutierrez E, Vergara Abarca W, Rivera Gerónimo H, Altamiranda-Saavedra M. Would Climate Change Influence the Potential Distribution and Ecological Niche of Bluetongue Virus and Its Main Vector in Peru? Viruses 2023; 15:v15040892. [PMID: 37112872 PMCID: PMC10145190 DOI: 10.3390/v15040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus that is transmitted between domestic and wild ruminants by Culicoides spp. Its worldwide distribution depends on competent vectors and suitable environmental ecosystems that are becoming affected by climate change. Therefore, we evaluated whether climate change would influence the potential distribution and ecological niche of BTV and Culicoides insignis in Peru. Here, we analyzed BTV (n = 145) and C. insignis (n = 22) occurrence records under two shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSP126 and SSP585) with five primary general circulation models (GCMs) using the kuenm R package v.1.1.9. Then, we obtained binary presence–absence maps and represented the risk of transmission of BTV and niche overlapping. The niche model approach showed that north and east Peru presented suitability in the current climate scenario and they would have a decreased risk of BTV, whilst its vector would be stable and expand with high agreement for the five GCMs. In addition, its niche overlap showed that the two niches almost overlap at present and would completely overlap with one another in future climate scenarios. These findings might be used to determine the areas of highest priority for entomological and virological investigations and surveillance in order to control and prevent bluetongue infections in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A. Navarro Mamani
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
- Correspondence:
| | - Heydi Ramos Huere
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Renzo Vera Buendia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Miguel Rojas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Wilfredo Arque Chunga
- Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Metaxenicas y Zoonosis Bacterianas, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Edgar Valdez Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal “M.V. Atilio Pacheco Pacheco”, Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08681, Peru
| | - Walter Vergara Abarca
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal “M.V. Atilio Pacheco Pacheco”, Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08681, Peru
| | - Hermelinda Rivera Gerónimo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín 050005, Colombia
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28
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Golender N, Klement E, Kovtunenko A, Even-Tov B, Zamir L, Tiomkin E, Kenigswald G, Hoffmann B. Comparative Molecular and Epidemiological Analyses of Israeli Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 1 and 9 Causing Outbreaks in 2018-2020. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020366. [PMID: 36838331 PMCID: PMC9966015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Israel is endemic to bluetongue virus (BTV). The introduction of novel-for-the-region arboviruses have been recorded annually in recent years. In 2019, previously non-reported in-the-country BTV-1 and BTV-9 were identified. BTV-1 caused a single-season outbreak, probably linked to mild infection in ruminants. BTV-9 was retrospectively detected in the field samples collected from August 2018 until 2020. It was the dominant serotype in 2019, out of the six serotypes recorded during that calendar year. Clinical manifestation of the disease in cases diagnosed with BTV-9 were compared to those in cases determined to have BTV-1. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of BTV-1 showed that the nucleotide (nt) sequence coding the viral outer protein 1 (VP2) determining the serotype is closely related to BTV-1 isolated in Sudan in 1987, and the coding sequence of the outer protein 2 (VP5) is related to South African BTV-1 from 2017. A probable common ancestor with Libyan BTV-9 strains isolated in 2008 was seen in an analysis of Israeli BTV-9 nt sequences. Notably, the outbreak-caused BTV-9 strains collected in 2019 exhibited a distinct level of genetic reassortment with local Israeli strains compared to BTV-9 strains registered in 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-1668; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel
| | - Boris Even-Tov
- Veterinary Servises in the Field, Galil-Golan 1231400, Israel
| | - Lior Zamir
- Veterinary Servises in the Field, Galil-Golan 1231400, Israel
| | - Eitan Tiomkin
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea 3088900, Israel
| | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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29
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Wang H, Salaipeth L, Miyazaki N, Suzuki N, Okamoto K. Capsid structure of a fungal dsRNA megabirnavirus reveals its previously unidentified surface architecture. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011162. [PMID: 36848381 PMCID: PMC9997902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosellinia necatrix megabirnavirus 1-W779 (RnMBV1) is a non-enveloped icosahedral double-stranded (ds)RNA virus that infects the ascomycete fungus Rosellinia necatrix, a causative agent that induces a lethal plant disease white root rot. Herein, we have first resolved the atomic structure of the RnMBV1 capsid at 3.2 Å resolution using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis. Compared with other non-enveloped icosahedral dsRNA viruses, the RnMBV1 capsid protein structure exhibits an extra-long C-terminal arm and a surface protrusion domain. In addition, the previously unrecognized crown proteins are identified in a symmetry-expanded cryo-EM model and are present over the 3-fold axes. These exclusive structural features of the RnMBV1 capsid could have been acquired for playing essential roles in transmission and/or particle assembly of the megabirnaviruses. Our findings, therefore, will reinforce the understanding of how the structural and molecular machineries of the megabirnaviruses influence the virulence of the disease-related ascomycete fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lakha Salaipeth
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyazaki
- Life Science Center of Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (NM); (NS); (KO)
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail: (NM); (NS); (KO)
| | - Kenta Okamoto
- The Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NM); (NS); (KO)
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30
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Spedicato M, Di Teodoro G, Teodori L, Iorio M, Leone A, Bonfini B, Testa L, Pisciella M, Casaccia C, Portanti O, Rossi E, Di Febo T, Ferri N, Savini G, Lorusso A. Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate. Viruses 2023; 15:257. [PMID: 36680297 PMCID: PMC9864981 DOI: 10.3390/v15010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of bluetongue (BT), a viral WOAH-listed disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants, primarily sheep. The outermost capsid protein VP2, encoded by S2, is the virion's most variable protein, and the ability of reference sera to neutralize an isolate has so far dictated the differentiation of 24 classical BTV serotypes. Since 2008, additional novel BTV serotypes, often referred to as "atypical" BTVs, have been documented and, currently, the full list includes 36 putative serotypes. In March 2015, a novel atypical BTV strain was detected in the blood of asymptomatic goats in Sardinia (Italy) and named BTV-X ITL2015. The strain re-emerged in the same region in 2021 (BTV-X ITL2021). In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and kinetics of infection of BTV-X ITL2021 following subcutaneous and intravenous infection of small ruminants. We demonstrated that, in our experimental settings, BTV-X ITL2021 induced a long-lasting viraemia only when administered by the intravenous route in goats, though the animals remained healthy and, apparently, did not develop a neutralizing immune response. Sheep were shown to be refractory to the infection by either route. Our findings suggest a restricted host tropism of BTV-X and point out goats as reservoirs for this virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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31
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Sailleau C, Postic L, Chatenet X, Salat O, Turpaud M, Durand B, Vitour D, Zientara S, Bréard E. Serological Responses in Cattle following Booster Vaccination against Serotypes 4 and 8 Bluetongue Virus with Two Bivalent Commercial Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122719. [PMID: 36560723 PMCID: PMC9781302 DOI: 10.3390/v14122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of bluetongue in Northern Europe in 2006, numerous outbreaks involving several serotypes have been observed. Since 2008, compulsory or voluntary vaccination campaigns with inactivated vaccines have been carried out to eradicate these serotypes. In France, serotypes 8 and 4 have been enzootic since 2017, and currently, the majority of vaccinations take place in the context of animal movements, to comply with the regulations of the importing countries. Several vaccine manufacturers have developed inactivated vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8 (mono or bivalent). In this study, we investigated and compared the serological responses to a booster vaccination with two different bivalent inactivated vaccines (BTVPUR suspension injectable® 4 + 8, Boehringer Ingelheim or SYVAZUL ® BTV 4 + 8, Biové) following a primary vaccination with BTVPUR® 4 + 8 in the previous year. The results show that using an alternative vaccine for booster vaccination is at least as effective as using the homologous vaccine. Indeed, the antibody response against BTV-8 is higher in the case of a heterologous vaccination and identical for BTV-4. This information could allow more flexibility in the choice of vaccines used for booster vaccination, particularly in cases where homologous vaccines are in short supply or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Olivier Salat
- Commissions Vaches Laitières et Qualité du Lait de la SNGTV, Clinique Vétérinaire de la Haute Auvergne, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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32
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Identification and characterization of bluetongue virus in Culicoides spp. and clinically healthy livestock in southeastern Kazakhstan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Li Z, Li Z, Yang Z, Li L, Gao L, Xie J, Liao D, Gao X, Hu Z, Niu B, Yao P, Zeng W, Li H, Yang H. Isolation and characterization of two novel serotypes of Tibet orbivirus from Culicoides and sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3371-3387. [PMID: 36047657 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV), a new candidate of Orbivirus genus, was initially isolated from mosquitoes in Tibet in 2009 and subsequently from both Culicoides and mosquitoes in several provinces of China and Japan. Little is known about the origin, genetic diversity, dissemination and pathogenicity of TIBOV, although its potential threat to animal health has been acknowledged. In this study, two viruses, V290/YNSZ and V298/YNJH, were isolated from the Culicoides and sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province. Their genome sequences, cell tropism in mammalian and insect cell lines along with pathogenicity in suckling mice were determined. Genome phylogenetic analyses confirmed their classification as TIBOV species; however, OC1 proteins of the V290/YNSZ and V298/YNJH shared maximum sequence identities of 31.5% and 33.9% with other recognized TIBOV serotypes (TIBOV-1 to TIBOV-4) and formed two monophyletic branches in phylogenetic tree, indicating they represented two novel TIBOV serotypes which were tentatively designated as TIBOV-5 and TIBOV-6. The viruses replicated robustly in BHK, Vero and C6/36 cells and triggered overt clinical symptoms in suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation, causing mortality of 100% and 25%. Cross-sectional epidemiology analysis revealed silent circulation of TIBOV in Yunnan Province with overall prevalence of 16.4% (18/110) in cattle, 10.8% (13/120) in goats and 5.5% (6/110) in swine. The prevalence patterns of four investigated TIBOV serotypes (TIBOV-1, -2, -5 and 6) differed from each one another, with their positive rates ranging from 8.2% (9/110) for TIBOV-2 in cattle to 0.9% (1/110) for TIBOV-1 and TIBOV-5 in cattle and swine. Our findings provided new insights for diversity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of TIBOV and formed a basis for future studies addressing the geographical distribution and the zoonotic potential of TIBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Le Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Jiarui Xie
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Defang Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Jinghong County, Jinghong, China
| | - Zhongyan Hu
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Jinghong County, Jinghong, China
| | - Baosheng Niu
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Shizong County, Qujing, China
| | - Pingfen Yao
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Shizong County, Qujing, China
| | - Weikun Zeng
- School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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34
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Hanekom J, Hoepner SN, du Preez K, Leisewitz A. The clinical presentation and management of a naturally occurring Bluetongue virus infection in a pregnant Rottweiler dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022; 93:151-155. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Hanekom
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - SN Hoepner
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - K du Preez
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - A Leisewitz
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
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35
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Qi Y, Wang F, Chang J, Jiang Z, Sun C, Lin J, Wu J, Yu L. Genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of the first bluetongue virus serotype 20 strain isolated in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2164-e2174. [PMID: 35403352 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae, is transmitted by biting midges and causes severe disease in domestic and wild ruminants. In the present study, a BTV strain, BTV-20/GX015/China/2013 (GX015), was isolated from sentinel cattle in Guangxi, China. Virus neutralization tests and phylogenetic analyses based on genomic segments 2 (S2) and 6 (S6) indicated that GX015 belongs to BTV serotype 20 (BTV-20) and represents a new topotype within BTV-20 strains, which makes GX015 the first BTV-20 strain isolated in China. Genomic analyses suggested that the 10 genomic segments of GX015 originated from a reassortment event, in which S2 and S6 are derived from exotic BTV-20 strains (South Africa or Australia), whereas the remaining eight genomic segments are apparently of Chinese origin and most likely share the same ancestor with a Taiwanese BTV-12 strain. Importantly, we evaluated the infectivity and pathogenicity of the BTV-20 strain in mice lacking the interferon receptor (IFNAR-/- mice, a good animal model for studying the pathogenesis, virulence and transmission of BTVs) and sheep for the first time, and found that GX015 causes severe disease and death in IFNAR-/- mice and clinical signs and viraemia in the natural host sheep. These results improve our understanding of the genetic characteristics, diversity and pathogenicity of BTVs, which is important for developing diagnostic methods and vaccines for the surveillance and prevention of bluetongue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - JiTao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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36
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Barreiro-Piñeiro N, Pose-Boirazian T, Martínez-Costas J, Marín-López A, Ortego J. Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071124. [PMID: 35891288 PMCID: PMC9319458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
| | - Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Tomás Pose-Boirazian
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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Field-Reassortment of Bluetongue Virus Illustrates Plasticity of Virus Associated Phenotypic Traits in the Arthropod Vector and Mammalian Host In Vivo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0053122. [PMID: 35727032 PMCID: PMC9278112 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented RNA viruses are a taxonomically diverse group that can infect plant, wildlife, livestock and human hosts. A shared feature of these viruses is the ability to exchange genome segments during coinfection of a host by a process termed "reassortment." Reassortment enables rapid evolutionary change, but where transmission involves a biological arthropod vector, this change is constrained by the selection pressures imposed by the requirement for replication in two evolutionarily distant hosts. In this study, we use an in vivo, host-arbovirus-vector model to investigate the impact of reassortment on two phenotypic traits, virus infection rate in the vector and virulence in the host. Bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae) is the causative agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of domestic and wild ruminants and deer. The genome of BTV comprises 10 linear segments of dsRNA, and the virus is transmitted between ruminants by Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Five strains of BTV representing three serotypes (BTV-1, BTV-4, and BTV-8) were isolated from naturally infected ruminants in Europe and ancestral/reassortant lineage status assigned through full genome sequencing. Each strain was then assessed in parallel for the ability to replicate in vector Culicoides and to cause BT in sheep. Our results demonstrate that two reassortment strains, which themselves became established in the field, had obtained high replication ability in C. sonorensis from one of the ancestral virus strains, which allowed inferences of the genome segments conferring this phenotypic trait. IMPORTANCE Reassortment between virus strains can lead to major shifts in the transmission parameters and virulence of segmented RNA viruses, with consequences for spread, persistence, and impact. The ability of these pathogens to adapt rapidly to their environment through this mechanism presents a major challenge in defining the conditions under which emergence can occur. Utilizing a representative mammalian host-insect vector infection and transmission model, we provide direct evidence of this phenomenon in closely related ancestral and reassortant strains of BTV. Our results demonstrate that efficient infection of Culicoides observed for one of three ancestral BTV strains was also evident in two reassortant strains that had subsequently emerged in the same ecosystem.
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Thomas KM, Kibona T, Claxton JR, de Glanville WA, Lankester F, Amani N, Buza JJ, Carter RW, Chapman GE, Crump JA, Dagleish MP, Halliday JEB, Hamilton CM, Innes EA, Katzer F, Livingstone M, Longbottom D, Millins C, Mmbaga BT, Mosha V, Nyarobi J, Nyasebwa OM, Russell GC, Sanka PN, Semango G, Wheelhouse N, Willett BJ, Cleaveland S, Allan KJ. Prospective cohort study reveals unexpected aetiologies of livestock abortion in northern Tanzania. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11669. [PMID: 35803982 PMCID: PMC9270399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock abortion is an important cause of productivity losses worldwide and many infectious causes of abortion are zoonotic pathogens that impact on human health. Little is known about the relative importance of infectious causes of livestock abortion in Africa, including in subsistence farming communities that are critically dependent on livestock for food, income, and wellbeing. We conducted a prospective cohort study of livestock abortion, supported by cross-sectional serosurveillance, to determine aetiologies of livestock abortions in livestock in Tanzania. This approach generated several important findings including detection of a Rift Valley fever virus outbreak in cattle; high prevalence of C. burnetii infection in livestock; and the first report of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, and pestiviruses associated with livestock abortion in Tanzania. Our approach provides a model for abortion surveillance in resource-limited settings. Our findings add substantially to current knowledge in sub-Saharan Africa, providing important evidence from which to prioritise disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania.
- Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand Food Safety, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Tito Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - John R Claxton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nelson Amani
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Joram J Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ryan W Carter
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gail E Chapman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Millins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Victor Mosha
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - James Nyarobi
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Obed M Nyasebwa
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Zonal Veterinary Centre-Arusha, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Paul N Sanka
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - George Semango
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nick Wheelhouse
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Martinelle L, Haegeman A, Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Dal Pozzo F, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Saegerman C. Orbivirus Screening from Imported Captive Oryx in the United Arab Emirates Stresses the Importance of Pre-Import and Transit Measures. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060697. [PMID: 35745551 PMCID: PMC9229846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From 1975 to 2021, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) imported more than 1300 live Arabian oryxes (AOs) and scimitar-horned oryxes (SHOs) for conservation programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of orbiviruses Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in AOs and SHOs from captive herds in the UAE. Between October 2014 and April 2015, 16 AOs and 13 SHOs originating from Texas (USA) and 195 out of about 4000 SHOs from two locations in the UAE were blood sampled to be tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. Eight imported AOs (50% CI [24.7–75.4%]) and eight imported SHOs (61.5% CI [31.6–86.1%]) were found BTV seropositive, in contrast with three out of 195 SHOs (1.5% CI [0.3–4.4%]) from the Emirates. BTV-2 genome was detected in 6/16 of the Arabian Oryx, and amongst those, one out of six was seronegative. None of the tested samples was found positive for EHDV. Our results illustrate the wide local variation regarding BTV seroprevalence in domestic and wild ruminants in the Arabian Peninsula. These results stress the need for pre-import risk assessment when considering translocation of wild ruminant species susceptible to orbiviruses not only in the country of destination but also where transit happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-40-39
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Louis Lignereux
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
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Redirecting Imipramine against Bluetongue Virus Infection: Insights from a Genome-wide Haploid Screening Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050602. [PMID: 35631123 PMCID: PMC9144988 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus of ruminants, is a causative agent of numerous epidemics around the world. Due to the emergence of novel reassortant BTV strains and new outbreaks, there is an unmet need for efficacious antivirals. In this study, we used an improved haploid screening platform to identify the relevant host factors for BTV infection. Our screening tool identified and validated the host factor Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1), a lysosomal membrane protein that is involved in lysosomal cholesterol transport, as a critical factor in BTV infection. This finding prompted us to investigate the possibility of testing imipramine, an antidepressant drug known to inhibit NPC1 function by interfering with intracellular cholesterol trafficking. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of BTV to imipramine using in vitro assays. Our results demonstrate that imipramine pretreatment inhibited in vitro replication and progeny release of BTV-4, BTV-8, and BTV-16. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of NPC1 for BTV infection and recommend the reprofiling of imipramine as a potential antiviral drug against BTV.
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Bluetongue Virus Infection of Goats: Re-Emerged European Serotype 8 vs. Two Atypical Serotypes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051034. [PMID: 35632775 PMCID: PMC9144285 DOI: 10.3390/v14051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, numerous atypical Bluetongue virus (BTV) strains have been discovered all around the world. Atypical BTV strains are phylogenetically distinct from the classical BTV serotypes 1–24 and differ in terms of several biological features. For the first time, the atypical strains BTV-25-GER2018 and BTV-33-MNG3/2016 as well as the re-emerged classical strain BTV-8-GER2018 were evaluated comparatively in a pathogenesis study in goats—the natural host of atypical BTV. A substantial number of in-contact animals were included in this study to detect potential contact transmissions of the virus. After infection, EDTA blood, ocular, nasal and oral swab samples as well as serum were collected regularly and were used for virological and serological analyses, respectively. Our study showed differences in the immunological reaction between the two atypical BTV strains (no group-specific antibody detection) and the classical BTV strain BTV-8-GER2018 (group-specific antibody detection). Furthermore, we observed an increase in the total WBC count (neutrophils and lymphocytes) in goats infected with the atypical BTV strains. No horizontal transmission was seen for all three strains. Our study suggests that the atypical BTVs used in the trial differ from classical BTVs in their immunopathogenesis. However, no evidence of direct contact transmission was found.
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Kopanke J, Carpenter M, Lee J, Reed K, Rodgers C, Burton M, Lovett K, Westrich JA, McNulty E, McDermott E, Barbera C, Cavany S, Rohr JR, Perkins TA, Mathiason CK, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2022; 10:303-324. [PMID: 35167317 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051721-023724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant. The specific features of viral adaptation in each host that permit host-switching are poorly characterized. Limited field studies and experimental work have alluded to the presence of these phenomena at work, but our understanding of the factors that drive or constrain BTV's genetic diversification remains incomplete. Current research leveraging novel approaches and whole genome sequencing applications promises to improve our understanding of BTV's evolution, ultimately contributing to the development of better predictive models and management strategies to reduce future impacts of bluetongue epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopanke
- Office of the Campus Veterinarian, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA;
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Justin Lee
- Genomic Sequencing Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mollie Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Kierra Lovett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Erin McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Emily McDermott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA;
| | - Carly Barbera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Sean Cavany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
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Comparative Virus-Host Protein Interactions of the Bluetongue Virus NS4 Virulence Factor. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020182. [PMID: 35215776 PMCID: PMC8878768 DOI: 10.3390/v14020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of a non-contagious arthropod-borne disease transmitted to wild and domestic ruminants. BTV induces a large panel of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to lethal hemorrhagic fever. Despite the fact that BTV has been studied extensively, we still have little understanding of the molecular determinants of BTV virulence. In our report, we have performed a comparative yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening approach to search direct cellular targets of the NS4 virulence factor encoded by two different serotypes of BTV: BTV8 and BTV27. This led to identifying Wilms’ tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) as a new interactor of the BTV-NS4. In contrast to BTV8, 1, 4 and 25, NS4 proteins from BTV27 and BTV30 are unable to interact with WTAP. This interaction with WTAP is carried by a peptide of 34 amino acids (NS422−55) within its putative coil-coiled structure. Most importantly, we showed that binding to WTAP is restored with a chimeric protein where BTV27-NS4 is substituted by BTV8-NS4 in the region encompassing residue 22 to 55. We also demonstrated that WTAP silencing reduces viral titers and the expression of viral proteins, suggesting that BTV-NS4 targets a cellular function of WTAP to increase its viral replication.
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Dorsch MA, Cantón GJ, Driemeier D, Anderson ML, Moeller RB, Giannitti F. Bacterial, protozoal and viral abortions in sheep and goats in South America: A review. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06932. [PMID: 34900004 PMCID: PMC8638561 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.
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de Cecco BS, Kemper RT, Henker LC, Molossi FA, Sonne L, Pavarini SP. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:177-179. [PMID: 34793325 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.03.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S de Cecco
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Regina T Kemper
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luan C Henker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciéli A Molossi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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The Combined Expression of the Non-structural Protein NS1 and the N-Terminal Half of NS2 (NS2 1-180) by ChAdOx1 and MVA Confers Protection against Clinical Disease in Sheep upon Bluetongue Virus Challenge. J Virol 2021; 96:e0161421. [PMID: 34787454 PMCID: PMC8826911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue, caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), is a widespread arthropod-borne disease of ruminants that entails a recurrent threat to the primary sector of developed and developing countries. In this work, we report modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines designed to simultaneously express the immunogenic NS1 protein and/or NS2-Nt, the N-terminal half of protein NS2 (NS21-180). A single dose of MVA or ChAdOx1 expressing NS1-NS2-Nt improved the protection conferred by NS1 alone in IFNAR(-/-) mice. Moreover, mice immunized with ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1, ChAdOx1/MVA-NS2-Nt, or ChAdOx1/MVA-NS1-NS2-Nt developed strong cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against NS1, NS2-Nt, or both proteins and were fully protected against a lethal infection with BTV serotypes 1, 4, and 8. Furthermore, although a single immunization with ChAdOx1-NS1-NS2-Nt partially protected sheep against BTV-4, the administration of a booster dose of MVA-NS1-NS2-Nt promoted a faster viral clearance, reduction of the period and level of viremia and also protected from the pathology produced by BTV infection. IMPORTANCE Current BTV vaccines are effective but they do not allow to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA strategy) and are serotype specific. In this work we have develop a DIVA multiserotype vaccination strategy based on adenoviral (ChAdOx1) and MVA vaccine vectors, the most widely used in current phase I and II clinical trials, and the conserved nonstructural BTV proteins NS1 and NS2. This immunization strategy solves the major drawbacks of the current marketed vaccines.
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Swevers L, Kontogiannatos D, Kolliopoulou A, Ren F, Feng M, Sun J. Mechanisms of Cell Entry by dsRNA Viruses: Insights for Efficient Delivery of dsRNA and Tools for Improved RNAi-Based Pest Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:749387. [PMID: 34858204 PMCID: PMC8632066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While RNAi is often heralded as a promising new strategy for insect pest control, a major obstacle that still remains is the efficient delivery of dsRNA molecules within the cells of the targeted insects. However, it seems overlooked that dsRNA viruses already have developed efficient strategies for transport of dsRNA molecules across tissue barriers and cellular membranes. Besides protecting their dsRNA genomes in a protective shell, dsRNA viruses also display outer capsid layers that incorporate sophisticated mechanisms to disrupt the plasma membrane layer and to translocate core particles (with linear dsRNA genome fragments) within the cytoplasm. Because of the perceived efficiency of the translocation mechanism, it is well worth analyzing in detail the molecular processes that are used to achieve this feat. In this review, the mechanism of cell entry by dsRNA viruses belonging to the Reoviridae family is discussed in detail. Because of the large amount of progress in mammalian versus insect models, the mechanism of infections of reoviruses in mammals (orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses) will be treated as a point of reference against which infections of reoviruses in insects (orbiviruses in midges, plant viruses in hemipterans, insect-specific cypoviruses in lepidopterans) will be compared. The goal of this discussion is to uncover the basic principles by which dsRNA viruses cross tissue barriers and translocate their cargo to the cellular cytoplasm; such knowledge subsequently can be incorporated into the design of dsRNA virus-based viral-like particles for optimal delivery of RNAi triggers in targeted insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kontogiannatos
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Feifei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Bluetongue Virus Infections in Cattle Herds of Manabí Province of Ecuador. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111445. [PMID: 34832601 PMCID: PMC8623054 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease transmitted by Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to domestic and wild ruminants. Infections in cattle are mainly subclinical, but severe necrotic and hemorrhagic illness and death may occur depending on the strain of the virus and other factors; cattle act as a reservoir for the virus. Although the Ecuadorian coast has climatic conditions that favor the presence of the vector, there are few serologic or virologic BTV studies available. Manabí is a coastal province in which livestock farming is mostly implemented in the northern part. We conducted two studies to assess, for the first time, the presence of active BTV infections in Manabí province. We collected 430 serum samples from 38 randomly selected farms between March and July 2019 to perform BTV competitive ELISA. In addition, six seropositive farms were selected to place eight sentinel BTV-naive calves. All these calves were blood sampled and the presence of BTV RNA and antibodies was tested for by RT-PCR and competitive ELISA, respectively, once a week for 6-8 weeks until seroconversion was evidenced. A high individual seroprevalence (99%) was obtained, and all investigated farms had BTV seropositive animals. All sentinel calves became BTV viremic and seroconverted. The first viremia appeared after 2-5 weeks from arrival at the farm; they seroconverted 1-3 weeks later. We demonstrate for the first time that there is a high level of BTV circulation north of Manabí, with active infections on these farms. Integrated control strategies such as hygienic measures on farms to reduce midge populations would be advisable for the owners as mitigation measures.
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Golender N, Bumbarov V, Kovtunenko A, David D, Guini-Rubinstein M, Sol A, Beer M, Eldar A, Wernike K. Identification and Genetic Characterization of Viral Pathogens in Ruminant Gestation Abnormalities, Israel, 2015-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112136. [PMID: 34834943 PMCID: PMC8619439 DOI: 10.3390/v13112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents including viruses are important abortifacients and can cause fetal abnormalities in livestock animals. Here, samples that had been collected in Israel from aborted or malformed ruminant fetuses between 2015 and 2019 were investigated for the presence of the following viruses: the reoviruses bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), the flaviviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), the peribunyaviruses Shuni virus (SHUV) and Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Domestic (cattle, sheep, goat) and wild/zoo ruminants were included in the study. The presence of viral nucleic acid or antigen could be confirmed in 21.8 % of abnormal pregnancies (213 out of 976 investigated cases), with peribunyaviruses, reoviruses and pestiviruses being the most prevalent. At least four different BTV serotypes were involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in Israel. The subtyping of pestiviruses revealed the presence of two BDV and several distinct BVDV type 1 strains. The peribunyaviruses AKAV and SHUV were identified annually throughout the study period, however, variation in the extent of virus circulation could be observed between the years. In 2018, AKAV even represented the most detected pathogen in cases of small domestic ruminant gestation abnormalities. In conclusion, it was shown that various viruses are involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in ruminants in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-8949; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Dan David
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Marisol Guini-Rubinstein
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Asaf Sol
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Avi Eldar
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
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