1
|
Dunowska M, More GD, Biggs PJ, Cave NJ. Genomic analysis of canine pneumoviruses and canine respiratory coronavirus from New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:191-200. [PMID: 38650102 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2024.2339845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and canine pneumovirus (CnPnV) in cell culture and to compare partial genomic sequences of CRCoV and CnPnV from New Zealand with those from other countries. METHODS Oropharyngeal swab samples from dogs affected by canine infectious respiratory disease syndrome that were positive for CnPnV (n = 15) or CRCoV (n = 1) by virus-specific reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in a previous study comprised the starting material. Virus isolation was performed in HRT-18 cells for CRCoV and RAW 264.7 and Vero cells for CnPnV. The entire sequence of CnPnV G protein (1,266 nucleotides) and most (8,063/9,707 nucleotides) of the 3' region of CRCoV that codes for 10 structural and accessory proteins were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analysed and compared with other sequences available in GenBank using standard molecular tools including phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Virus isolation was unsuccessful for both CRCoV and CnPnV. Pneumovirus G protein was amplified from 3/15 (20%) samples that were positive for CnPnV RNA by RT-qPCR. Two of these (NZ-048 and NZ-049) were 100% identical to each other, and 90.9% identical to the third one (NZ-007). Based on phylogenetic analysis of the G protein gene, CnPnV NZ-048 and NZ-049 clustered with sequences from the USA, Thailand and Italy in group A, and CnPnV NZ-007 clustered with sequences from the USA in group B. The characteristics of the predicted genes (length, position) and their putative protein products (size, predicted structure, presence of N- and O-glycosylation sites) of the New Zealand CRCoV sequence were consistent with those reported previously, except for the region located between open reading frame (ORF)3 (coding for S protein) and ORF6 (coding for E protein). The New Zealand virus was predicted to encode 5.9 kDa, 27 kDa and 12.7 kDa proteins, which differed from the putative coding capacity of this region reported for CRCoV from other countries. CONCLUSIONS This report represents the first characterisation of partial genomic sequences of CRCoV and CnPnV from New Zealand. Our results suggest that the population of CnPnV circulating in New Zealand is not homogeneous, and that the viruses from two clades described overseas are also present here. Limited conclusions can be made based on only one CRCoV sequence, but the putative differences in the coding capacity of New Zealand CRCoV support the previously reported variability of this region. The reasons for such variability and its biological implications need to be further elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - G D More
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P J Biggs
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N J Cave
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou H, Li H, Sun X, Lin J, Zhang C, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhou M. Rapid diagnosis of canine respiratory coronavirus, canine influenza virus, canine distemper virus and canine parainfluenza virus with a Taqman probe-based multiplex real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2024; 328:114960. [PMID: 38823586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) is a highly infectious diseases. Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), Canine influenza virus (CIV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), and Canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) are crucial pathogens causing CIRDC. Due to the similar clinical symptoms induced by these viruses, differential diagnosis based solely on symptoms can be challenging. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR assay was developed for detecting the four RNA viruses of CIRDC. Specific primers and probes were designed to target M gene of CRCoV, M gene of CIV, N gene of CDV and NP gene of CPiV. The detection limit is 10 copies/μL for CIV or CRCoV, while the detection limit of CDV or CPiV is 100 copies/μL. Intra-group and inter-group repeatability coefficient of variation (CV) were both less than 2 %. A total of 341 clinical canine samples were analyzed, and the results indicated that the method developed in our study owns a good consistency and better specificity compared with the conventional reverse transcription PCR. This study provides a new method to enable the simultaneous detection of all four pathogens in a single reaction, improving the efficiency for monitoring the prevalence of four viruses in CIRDC, which benefits the control of CIRDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haoqi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengguang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mangano ER, Jones GMC, Suarez-Bonnet A, Waller AS, Priestnall SL. Streptococcus zooepidemicus in dogs: Exploring a canine pathogen through multilocus sequence typing. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110059. [PMID: 38554599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi. subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) associated diseases in dogs have emerged as a significant concern over recent decades. S. zooepidemicus occurs sporadically in dog populations globally, with increased prevalence in shelters/kennels. This study used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 149 independent canine S. zooepidemicus isolates to assess associations between sequence type and breed, country of origin, disease severity, sampling type, year, and behaviour within an outbreak. No clear associations for breed, country, sampling type and year were determined in this study. ST-10 and 123 strains were present within all disease categories, from no clinical signs to severe disease. Assessment of S. zooepidemicus infection in 3 UK outbreaks at the same location found ST-10, 18, 123 strains, and a ST-173 strain in a US outbreak, were associated with haemorrhagic pneumonia and persisted in kennelled populations over time. The ST-173 clonal complex has been noted to have severe virulence capabilities in dogs and other species. S. zooepidemicus seems to thrive in environments with a high risk of transmissibility, overcrowding, stress and naïve populations, particularly for those in shelters/kennels. MLST alone cannot determine the virulence phenotype of S. zooepidemicus in dogs. However, a level of conservancy and diversity within ST allelic loci aids the opportunity to cause severe disease in dogs. Thus, further research into whole genome sequencing and characterising the virulence factors of S. zooepidemicus is warranted in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elli R Mangano
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Gareth M C Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Squires RA, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Whitley N. 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats - compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:277-316. [PMID: 38568777 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Formerly, Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Rua Sergipe 575, ap. 32, São Paulo, 01243-001, SP, Brazil
| | - N Whitley
- Internal Medicine, Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, SG5 3HR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yondo A, Kalantari AA, Fernandez-Marrero I, McKinney A, Naikare HK, Velayudhan BT. Predominance of Canine Parainfluenza Virus and Mycoplasma in Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex in Dogs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1356. [PMID: 38003820 PMCID: PMC10675171 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is caused by different viruses and bacteria. Viruses associated with CIRDC include canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine influenza virus (CIV), canine herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV). Bacteria associated with CIRDC include Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus), and Mycoplasma spp. The present study examined the prevalence of CIRDC pathogens in specimens received by a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Georgia, USA., from 2018 to 2022. Out of 459 cases, viral agents were detected in 34% of cases and bacterial agents were detected in 58% of cases. A single pathogen was detected in 31% of cases, while two or more pathogens were identified in 24% of cases. The percentages of viral agents identified were CAV-2 (4%), CDV (3%), CPIV (16%), CRCoV (7%), and CIV (2%). The percentages of bacterial agents were B. bronchiseptica (10%), Mycoplasma canis (24%), Mycoplasma cynos (21%), and S. zooepidemicus (2%). Over the five-year period, the positive cases ranged from 2-4% for CAV-2, 1-7% for CDV, 1-4% for CHV-1, 9-22% for CPIV, 4-13% for CRCoV, and 1-4% for CIV. Overall, the most prevalent pathogens associated with CIRDC were CPIV, M. canis, and M. cynos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelle Yondo
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Allen A. Kalantari
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA (H.K.N.)
| | - Ingrid Fernandez-Marrero
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amy McKinney
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hemant K. Naikare
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA (H.K.N.)
| | - Binu T. Velayudhan
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tamayo Cuartero C, Radford AD, Szilassy E, Newton JR, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F. Stakeholder opinion-led study to identify canine priority diseases for surveillance and control in the UK. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3167. [PMID: 37415378 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pathogens cause disease in dogs; however, meaningful surveillance in small companion animals is often only possible for the most impactful diseases. We describe the first stakeholder opinion-led approach to identify which canine infectious diseases should be prioritised for inclusion in surveillance and control strategies in the UK. METHODS Participants were identified through a stakeholder analysis. A multicriteria decision analysis was undertaken to establish and weight epidemiological criteria for evaluating diseases, and a Delphi technique was employed to achieve a consensus among participants on the top-priority canine diseases. RESULTS Nineteen stakeholders from multiple backgrounds participated in this study. Leptospirosis and parvovirus were identified as the top two endemic diseases of concern, while leishmaniosis and babesiosis were the top two exotic diseases. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases were identified as the top two syndromes of concern. LIMITATIONS Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of participants was reduced. Despite this, a representative multidisciplinary sample of relevant stakeholders contributed to the present study. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study are being used to inform the development of a future UK-wide epidemic response strategy. This methodology could provide a blueprint for other countries.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tatem LL, Veale T, Richardson C, Luckhardt T. Canine acquired pneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. IDCases 2023; 34:e01922. [PMID: 37965382 PMCID: PMC10641601 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the case of a 55-year-old male with HIV and persistent lymphopenia who developed a paroxysmal severe cough for over three weeks. Microbiology studies were positive for abundant colonies of Bordetella bronchiseptica. He reports that his dog was also ill with a severe cough, suggesting a possible canine-to-human transmission. This zoonosis has been increasingly recognized and possesses significant morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Lantigua Tatem
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Todd Veale
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Christopher Richardson
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 513A, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Tracy Luckhardt
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miguelena Chamorro B, De Luca K, Swaminathan G, Longet S, Mundt E, Paul S. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis: Similarities and Differences in Infection, Immuno-Modulation, and Vaccine Considerations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0016422. [PMID: 37306571 PMCID: PMC10512794 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica belong to the genus Bordetella, which comprises 14 other species. B. pertussis is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. B. bronchiseptica is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both Bordetella can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in B. bronchiseptica infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, B. pertussis pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of B. bronchiseptica because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each Bordetella are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate Bordetella. In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Peak L, Strother K, Wolfson W, Balasuriya UBR. Development and Validation of a Panel of One-Step Four-Plex qPCR/RT-qPCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens Associated with Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex. Viruses 2023; 15:1881. [PMID: 37766287 PMCID: PMC10535912 DOI: 10.3390/v15091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is the primary cause of respiratory disease in the canine population and is caused by a wide array of viruses and bacterial pathogens with coinfections being common. Since its recognition in late 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported to cause respiratory disease in dogs. Therefore, the rapid detection and differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 from other common viral and bacterial agents is critical from a public health standpoint. Here, we developed and validated a panel of four one-step multiplex qPCR/RT-qPCR assays for the detection and identification of twelve pathogens associated with CIRDC (canine adenovirus-2, canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, canine influenza A virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine pneumovirus, canine respiratory coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Mycoplasma cynos, and M. canis), as well as the identification of three main CIV subtypes (i.e., H3N2, H3N8, and H1N1). All developed assays demonstrated high specificity and analytical sensitivity. This panel was used to test clinical specimens (n = 76) from CIRDC-suspected dogs. M. canis, M. cynos, and CRCoV were the most frequently identified pathogens (30.3%, 25.0%, and 19.7% of samples, respectively). The newly emerging pathogens CPnV and SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 5.3% of samples and coinfections were identified in 30.3%. This new multiplex qPCR/RT-qPCR panel is the most comprehensive panel developed thus far for identifying CIRDC pathogens, along with SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Côme J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.J.T.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.J.T.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Laura Peak
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.J.T.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Keith Strother
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.J.T.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Wendy Wolfson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.J.T.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marques S, Gomes-Neves E, Baptista CS, Pereira FR, Alves-Pereira A, Osório P, Müller A. A Survey on Vaccination and Disease Occurrence in Municipal and Non-Profit Animal Shelters in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2723. [PMID: 37684987 PMCID: PMC10486493 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies are available describing animal shelters in Portugal. The aim was to characterize prophylactic measures and disease occurrence in shelters with a questionnaire. The response rates of 67 shelters (42 municipal shelters, 25 associations) were compared by the Fisher's exact test. More veterinarians answered for municipal shelters (98%) than for associations (40%; p < 0.001). Over 80% of the respondents indicated using individual medical records and routine prophylaxis. Excessive length of stay for dogs was reported by 54% of associations and 33% of municipal shelters. Management tools should be promoted to improve the situation. Puppy vaccinations were similar and a final vaccination at 16 weeks was indicated by >33% of shelters. Annual revaccination of dogs was reported more frequently by associations (88%) than municipal shelters (55%; p = 0.02). The three most reported diseases were parvovirus and mange in dogs, upper respiratory disease and panleukopenia in cats, and dermatophytosis in both species. Similar response rates for diagnostic options were obtained by both shelter types, except for distemper. Testing for feline retroviruses was indicated by most shelters (>69%), but only a few (<24%) confirmed positive test results. Clinical diagnoses should be complemented by testing. Additional information on disease occurrence should be obtained by objective monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.G.-N.); (C.S.B.); (F.R.P.)
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Laboratório Associado em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva (InBIO), University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas No. 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Gomes-Neves
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.G.-N.); (C.S.B.); (F.R.P.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Laboratório Associado AL4AnimalS, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S. Baptista
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.G.-N.); (C.S.B.); (F.R.P.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Laboratório Associado AL4AnimalS, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca R. Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.G.-N.); (C.S.B.); (F.R.P.)
| | | | - Pedro Osório
- Shelter Veterinarian, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.-P.); (P.O.)
| | - Alexandra Müller
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.G.-N.); (C.S.B.); (F.R.P.)
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Laboratório Associado AL4AnimalS, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu S, He X, Zhang B, An L, You L, Luo S, Yang F, Pei X, Chen J. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of canine coronavirus from domestic dogs in Chengdu, China from 2020 to 2021 using a multiplex RT-PCR. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105463. [PMID: 37295484 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports on identification of canine coronavirus (CCoV) in humans have emphasized the urgency to strengthen surveillance of animal CoVs. The fact that recombinations between CCoV with feline, porcine CoVs brought about new types of CoVs indicated that more attention should be paid to domestic animals like dogs, cats and pigs, and the CoVs they carried. However, there are about ten kinds of CoVs that infect above animals, and thus representative CoVs with zoonotic potentials were considered in this study. Multiplex RT-PCR against CCoV, Feline coronavirus (FCoV), porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus was developed to investigate the prevalence of CoVs from domestic dogs in Chengdu, Southwest China. Samples from a total of 117 dogs were collected from a veterinary hospital, and only CCoV (34.2%, 40/117) was detected. Therefore, this study focused on CCoV and its characteristics of S, E, M, N and ORF3abc genes. Compared with CoVs that are capable of infecting humans, CCoV strains showed highest nucleotide identity with the novel canine-feline recombinants detected from humans (CCoV-Hupn-2018). Based on S gene, CCoV strains were not only clustered with CCoV-II strains, but also closely related to FCoV-II strains ZJU1617 and SMU-CD59/2018. As for assembled ORF3abc, E, M, N sequences, CCoV strains had the closest relationship with CCoV-II (B203_GZ_2019, B135_JS_2018 and JS2103). What's more, specific amino acid variations were found, especially in S and N proteins, and some mutations were consistent with FCoV, TGEV strains. Altogether, this study provided a novel insight into the identification, diversification and evolution of CoVs from domestic dogs. It is of top priority to recognize zoonotic potential of CoVs, and continued comprehensive surveillance will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and ecology of animal CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun He
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 4#, Longxiang Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Baochao Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Longyi An
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan You
- West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, 3966#, Section 2, South Second Section, Tianfu Avenue, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuhan Luo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fen Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Pei
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Farfour E, Roux A, Sage E, Revillet H, Vasse M, Vallée A. Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods and Lung Transplant Recipients: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1468. [PMID: 37374970 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract of lung transplant recipients (LTR) is likely to be colonized with non-fermentative Gram-negative rods. As a consequence of the improvements in molecular sequencing and taxonomy, an increasing number of bacterial species have been described. We performed a review of the literature of bacterial infections in LTR involving non-fermentative Gram-negative rods with exclusion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter spp. and Burkholderia spp. Overall, non-fermenting GNR were recovered from 17 LTR involving the following genera: Acetobacter, Bordetella, Chryseobacterium, Elizabethkinga, Inquilinus, and Pandoraea. We then discuss the issues raised by these bacteria, including detection and identification, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenesis, and cross-transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Farfour
- Service de Biologie Clinique, Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Antoine Roux
- Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Edouard Sage
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Hélène Revillet
- Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Observatoire National Burkholderia cepacia, 31403 Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Vasse
- Service de Biologie Clinique, Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
- INSERM Hémostase Inflammation Thrombose HITH U1176, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Service d'Epidémiologie-Data-Biostatistiques, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Hôpital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chamorro BM, Luca KD, Swaminathan G, Rochereau N, Majorel J, Poulet H, Chanut B, Piney L, Mundt E, Paul S. Mucosal Vaccination with Live Attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica Protects against Challenge in Wistar Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050982. [PMID: 37243086 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC). Several vaccines targeting this pathogen are currently licensed for use in dogs, but their mechanism of action and the correlates of protection are not fully understood. To investigate this, we used a rat model to examine the immune responses induced and the protection conferred by a canine mucosal vaccine after challenge. Wistar rats were vaccinated orally or intranasally on D0 and D21 with a live attenuated Bb vaccine strain. At D35, the rats of all groups were inoculated with 103 CFU of a pathogenic strain of B. bronchiseptica. Animals vaccinated via either the intranasal or the oral route had Bb-specific IgG and IgM in their serum and Bb-specific IgA in nasal lavages. Bacterial load in the trachea, lung, and nasal lavages was lower in vaccinated animals than in non-vaccinated control animals. Interestingly, coughing improved in the group vaccinated intranasally, but not in the orally vaccinated or control group. These results suggest that mucosal vaccination can induce mucosal immune responses and provide protection against a Bb challenge. This study also highlights the advantages of a rat model as a tool for studying candidate vaccines and routes of administration for dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Nicolas Rochereau
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jade Majorel
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Poulet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Blandine Chanut
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Piney
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
- 3CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
In Vitro Characteristics of Canine Primary Tracheal Epithelial Cells Maintained at an Air-Liquid Interface Compared to In Vivo Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054987. [PMID: 36902418 PMCID: PMC10003254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Culturing respiratory epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface (ALI) represents an established method for studies on infection or toxicology by the generation of an in vivo-like respiratory tract epithelial cellular layer. Although primary respiratory cells from a variety of animals have been cultured, an in-depth characterization of canine tracheal ALI cultures is lacking despite the fact that canines are a highly relevant animal species susceptible to various respiratory agents, including zoonotic pathogens such as severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, canine primary tracheal epithelial cells were cultured under ALI conditions for four weeks, and their development was characterized during the entire culture period. Light and electron microscopy were performed to evaluate cell morphology in correlation with the immunohistological expression profile. The formation of tight junctions was confirmed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and immunofluorescence staining for the junctional protein ZO-1. After 21 days of culture at the ALI, a columnar epithelium containing basal, ciliated and goblet cells was seen, resembling native canine tracheal samples. However, cilia formation, goblet cell distribution and epithelial thickness differed significantly from the native tissue. Despite this limitation, tracheal ALI cultures could be used to investigate the pathomorphological interactions of canine respiratory diseases and zoonotic agents.
Collapse
|
15
|
An Improved Duplex Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Assay with a Canine Endogenous Internal Positive Control for More Sensitive and Reliable Detection of Canine Parainfluenza Virus 5. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020142. [PMID: 36851445 PMCID: PMC9965950 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A duplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (dqRT-PCR) assay was successfully developed to simultaneously detect canine parainfluenza virus 5 (CPIV5) and a canine endogenous internal positive control (EIPC) in canine clinical samples. Two sets of primers and probes for the CPIV5 L and canine 16S rRNA genes were included in the dqRT-PCR assay to detect CPIV and monitor invalid results throughout the qRT-PCR process. The developed dqRT-PCR assay specifically detected CPIV5 but no other canine pathogens. Furthermore, 16S rRNA was stably amplified by dqRT-PCR assay in all samples containing canine cellular materials. The assay's sensitivity was determined as below ten RNA copies per reaction, with CPIV5 L gene standard RNA and 1 TCID50/mL with the CPIV5 D008 vaccine strain, which was 10-fold higher than that of the previous HN gene-specific qRT-PCR (HN-qRT-PCR) assays and was equivalent to that of the previous N gene-specific qRT-PCR (N-qRT-PCR) assays, respectively. Moreover, the Ct values of the CPIV5-positive samples obtained using the dqRT-PCR assay were lower than those obtained using the previous HN- and N-qRT-PCR assays, indicating that the diagnostic performance of the dqRT-PCR assay was superior to those of previous HN- and N-qRT-PCR assays. The calculated Cohen's kappa coefficient values (95% confidence interval) between dqRT-PCR and the HN- or N-specific qRT-PCR assays were 0.97 (0.90-1.03) or 1.00 (1.00-1.00), respectively. In conclusion, the newly developed dqRT-PCR assay with high sensitivity, specificity, and reliability will be a promising diagnostic tool for the detection of CPIV5 in clinical samples and useful for etiological and epidemiological studies of CPIV5 infection in dogs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cordisco M, Lucente MS, Sposato A, Cardone R, Pellegrini F, Franchini D, Di Bello A, Ciccarelli S. Canine Parainfluenza Virus Infection in a Dog with Acute Respiratory Disease. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070346. [PMID: 35878363 PMCID: PMC9320280 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A one-day history of dry paroxysmal cough, associated with retching, induced by canine parainfluenza virus without the simultaneous presence of other pathogens, has been reported in a vaccinated household dog. The dog did not show nasal discharge or fever, but it was possible to evoke a dry cough through the palpation of the trachea. Radiographic findings of the thorax showed a diffuse unstructured interstitial pattern with the involvement of multiple lung lobes. Trachea-bronchoscopy and broncho-alveolar lavage were carried out. Edema without exudate and congested mucosa from the larynx to bronchi were observed. Cytological evaluation was negative for the presence of inflammatory or infectious processes. Nucleic acids were extracted from the collected specimens; biomolecular investigations tested positive only for canine parainfluenza virus and negative for all other pathogens associated with “kennel cough”. At first, the afebrile onset and the coughing fits suggested the presence of a foreign body, a common occurrence in Southern Italy during summer. The clinical signs and the absence of findings by cytology have directed the clinicians towards the correct diagnosis, with the support of biomolecular assays, which are fundamental to avoid underestimating the circulation of this virus, even in owned dogs. Abstract The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic respiratory syndrome caused by different bacterial and viral pathogens. This report describes a case of canine parainfluenza virus infection in a vaccinated household dog with an acute respiratory symptom (dry cough), who underwent clinical and endoscopic investigations for a suspected foreign body. Cytological investigations carried out on the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) tested negative for the presence of inflammatory or infectious processes and could have been misleading the clinicians. By the molecular analyses (PCR) carried out on the BALF, canine parainfluenza virus was exclusively detected without the simultaneous presence of other respiratory pathogens associated to CIRDC. This case report emphasizes the role of molecular diagnostics in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases, in order to avoid underestimating the circulation of the parainfluenza virus in the canine population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessio Sposato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 72028 Torre S. Susanna, Italy;
| | - Roberta Cardone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Delia Franchini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Antonio Di Bello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Ciccarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.L.); (R.C.); (F.P.); (D.F.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goggs R, Robbins SN, LaLonde‐Paul DM, Menard JM. Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:549-564. [PMID: 35103342 PMCID: PMC8965213 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Biomarker measurement may aid treatment decision-making. OBJECTIVES Investigate temporal changes in blood biomarker concentrations in dogs undergoing treatment for pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections; compare time to biomarker concentration normalization with duration of clinician-directed AMD treatment. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with pneumonia (n = 22), septic peritonitis (n = 10), or pyometra (n = 10). METHODS Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, procalcitonin, nucleosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), CC-motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), CXC-motif chemokine ligand-8 (CXCL8), and keratinocyte chemoattractant-like (KC-Like) were quantitated in samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was directed by clinicians blinded to biomarker concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of CCL2, CRP, and KC-Like were maximal on D1, concentrations of SAA, cfDNA, HMGB1, and nucleosomes were maximal on D3 and haptoglobin concentrations were maximal on D7. These maximal concentrations were significantly different from those on D60. Concentrations of CRP and SAA decreased by 80% from peak and into respective reference intervals before AMDs were discontinued. For CRP, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to 20% peak and normal were 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-12) days, respectively, and for SAA they were 4 (4, 5) and 6 (5-8) days, respectively, compared to a median (IQR) duration of AMD prescribing of 16 (12-23) days (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Biomarker concentrations normalized within 7 to 14 days. Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might aid identification of disease resolution and could help guide AMD prescription decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarah N. Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Denise M. LaLonde‐Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie M. Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Song X, Li Y, Huang J, Cao H, Zhou Q, Sha X, Zhang B. An emerging orthopneumovirus detected from dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3217-3221. [PMID: 34405559 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity in dogs and is associated with several viral pathogens. The viral diversity associated with CIRD was investigated by analyzing the viral communities from nine CIRD-affected dogs using metagenomics. The results identified 10 mammalian viruses, including canine parvovirus, canid alphaherpesvirus 1, canine kobuvirus, Felis catus papillomavirus 3, canine respiratory coronavirus, canine adenovirus 2, Canis familiaris polyomavirus (DogPyV), canine coronavirus, human papillomavirus and canine pneumovirus (CPnV). Interestingly, CPnV and DogPyV were first discovered in China. Further investigation in 107 samples in China using specific PCR found only two CPnV positive strains in 51 CIRD samples and none in 56 healthy samples. Furthermore, a complete nucleotide sequence of CPnV strain SMU-2020-CB19 and a partial nucleotide sequence of strain SMU-2020-CB14 were obtained. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that both novel CPnV strains were a close match to the detected swine orthopneumovirus strain in USA, but distantly related to other CPnV strains. Here, the first discovery and characterization of orthopneumovirus in dogs with CIRD in China were reported, highlighting the need for further research on pathogenicity and transmission in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Sha
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
More GD, Cave NJ, Biggs PJ, Acke E, Dunowska M. A molecular survey of canine respiratory viruses in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:224-233. [PMID: 33840356 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1915211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to identify viruses associated with canine infectious respiratory disease syndrome (CIRDS) among a population of New Zealand dogs. METHODS Convenience samples of oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 116 dogs, including 56 CIRDS-affected and 60 healthy dogs from various locations in New Zealand between March 2014 and February 2016. Pooled samples from CIRDS-affected (n = 50) and from healthy (n = 50) dogs were tested for the presence of canine respiratory viruses using next generation sequencing (NGS). Individual samples (n = 116) were then tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR) for specific viruses. Groups were compared using Fisher's exact or χ2 tests. The effect of explanatory variables (age, sex, type of household, presence of viral infection) on the response variable (CIRDS-affected or not) was tested using RR. RESULTS Canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1), canine picornavirus and influenza C virus sequences were identified by NGS in the pooled sample from CIRDS-affected but not healthy dogs. At least one virus was detected by qPCR/RT-qPCR in 20/56 (36%) samples from CIRDS dogs and in 23/60 (38%) samples from healthy dogs (p = 0.84). CIRDS-affected dogs were most commonly positive for CnPnV (14/56, 25%) followed by canine adenovirus-2 (CAdV-2, 5/56, 9%), canine parainfluenza virus (CpiV) and CHV-1 (2/56, 4% each), and CRCoV (1/56, 2%). Only CnPnV (17/60, 28%) and CAdV-2 (14/60, 23%) were identified in samples from healthy dogs, and CAdV-2 was more likely to be detected healthy than diseased dogs (RR 0.38; 95% CI = 0.15-0.99; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of detection of viruses traditionally linked to CIRDS (CAdV-2 and CPiV) among diseased dogs was low. This suggests that other pathogens are likely to have contributed to development of CIRDS among sampled dogs. Our data represent the first detection of CnPnV in New Zealand, but the role of this virus in CIRDS remains unclear. On-going monitoring of canine respiratory pathogens by NGS would be beneficial, as it allows rapid detection of novel viruses that may be introduced to the New Zealand canine population in the future. Such monitoring could be done using pooled samples to minimise costs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Testing for novel respiratory viruses such as CnPnV and CRCoV should be considered in all routine laboratory investigations of CIRDS cases, particularly in dogs vaccinated with currently available kennel cough vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D More
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N J Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Fundamental Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Acke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Okonkowski LK, Szlosek D, Ottney J, Coyne M, Carey SA. Asymptomatic carriage of canine infectious respiratory disease complex pathogens among healthy dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:662-668. [PMID: 34060088 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogens among asymptomatic client-owned dogs, and to compare the risks of asymptomatic pathogen carriage between client-owned dogs and dogs in an animal shelter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pooled tonsillar, conjunctival and nasal cavity swabs from asymptomatic client-owned dogs (n=133) were tested using a real-time polymerase chain reaction canine respiratory panel. Identical samples from asymptomatic dogs in an animal shelter (n=295) were similarly tested for selected pathogens. Risk differences were calculated between client-owned dogs and shelter dogs for each of the respiratory pathogens included in the analyses. RESULTS A total of 15 of 133 (11.3%) asymptomatic client-owned dogs were positive for at least one pathogen in the complex. Seven dogs (6.1%) were positive for M. cynos, six (5.2%) were positive for B. bronchiseptica, two (1.7%) were positive for canine herpesvirus type 1 and two (1.7%) were positive for canine respiratory coronavirus. For all eight pathogens tested in both groups, the proportion of positive cases was higher among shelter dogs than among client-owned dogs. Shelter dogs had a higher risk for M. cynos (0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.12 to 0.25), canine respiratory coronavirus (0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.10 to 0.19), canine distemper virus (0.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.09), and canine pneumovirus (0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.08) than client-owned dogs. Odds ratios for M. cynos (0.31, 95% confidence interval: 0.08 to 0.92) and canine respiratory coronavirus (0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.18) were significantly different between client-owned and shelter dogs. In all cases except for canine herpesvirus type 1, dogs within the shelter population were observed to be at higher risk of exhibiting asymptomatic carriage of a respiratory pathogen as compared to client-owned dogs. The strength of this association was strongest for M. cynos and canine respiratory coronavirus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The risk of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogen exposure posed by asymptomatic client-owned dogs is poorly defined. This study also corroborates previous reports of high canine infectious respiratory disease prevalence among clinically healthy shelter dogs, and further determined that the overall prevalence of canine infectious respiratory disease pathogen carriage among clinically healthy client-owned dogs is low but is highest for the traditional pathogen B. bronchiseptica and the emerging pathogen M. cynos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L K Okonkowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - D Szlosek
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - J Ottney
- Capital Area Humane Society, 7095 West Grand River Avenue, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - M Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - S A Carey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mach N, Baranowski E, Nouvel LX, Citti C. The Airway Pathobiome in Complex Respiratory Diseases: A Perspective in Domestic Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:583600. [PMID: 34055660 PMCID: PMC8160460 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.583600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections in domestic animals are a major issue for veterinary and livestock industry. Pathogens in the respiratory tract share their habitat with a myriad of commensal microorganisms. Increasing evidence points towards a respiratory pathobiome concept, integrating the dysbiotic bacterial communities, the host and the environment in a new understanding of respiratory disease etiology. During the infection, the airway microbiota likely regulates and is regulated by pathogens through diverse mechanisms, thereby acting either as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to pathogen colonization or enhancing their prevalence and bacterial co-infectivity, which often results in disease exacerbation. Insight into the complex interplay taking place in the respiratory tract between the pathogens, microbiota, the host and its environment during infection in domestic animals is a research field in its infancy in which most studies are focused on infections from enteric pathogens and gut microbiota. However, its understanding may improve pathogen control and reduce the severity of microbial-related diseases, including those with zoonotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Baranowski
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Xavier Nouvel
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Citti
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crozet G, Lacoste ML, Rivière J, Robardet E, Cliquet F, Dufour B. Management practices of dog and cat owners in France (pet traveling, animal contact rates and medical monitoring): Impacts on the introduction and the spread of directly transmitted infectious pet diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1256-1273. [PMID: 33787076 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of owner practices among the pet dog and cat population can influence the dynamics of directly transmitted infectious dog and cat diseases, including zoonotic ones. To better depict these management practices, which include pet traveling, contact rates with other companion animals and their medical monitoring (which herein includes prevention aspects), we surveyed 2,122 dog- and/or cat-owning French households through an anonymous online questionnaire. Trips with dogs within the European Union (EU) were frequent, while cats travelled less frequently within the EU and both cats and dogs travelled less frequently outside the EU. Recurrent illegal trips with dogs and cats (non-compliant with regulatory measures) were observed in a context of non-systematic pet border controls. We found that a large proportion of dogs are taken for walks in metropolitan France, with frequent intraspecific contacts (1.4 contacts/day on average), but only a minority (1.4%) of dogs were allowed to roam freely. On the other hand, 59.7% of cat owners allowed their cats to roam freely. We classified pet owners according to different profiles, some of which may be considered 'at risk' for directly transmitted infectious pet diseases. Indeed, one dog owner profile and one cat owner profile depict 'spreaders' of pet diseases (high connectivity with other individuals, little medical monitoring but no traveling) and another dog owner profile describes a potential 'introducer' and 'spreader' of pet diseases (foreign travel, high connectivity with other individuals, and intermediate medical monitoring). While these 'at risk' profiles represent only a minority of French pet owners, they should be better characterized to reinforce targeted prevention designed to minimize the risk of (re)introduction and (re)emergence of directly transmitted infectious dog and cat diseases in France, especially when considering zoonoses with a significant potential impact, such as rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Laure Lacoste
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 by healthy and sick dogs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Vet Res 2021; 52:22. [PMID: 33588935 PMCID: PMC7883760 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Infections of animals with SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported, and an increase of severe lung pathologies in domestic dogs has also been detected by veterinarians in Spain. Therefore, further descriptions of the pathological processes in those animals that show symptoms similar to those described in humans affected by COVID-19 would be highly valuable. The potential for companion animals to contribute to the continued transmission and community spread of this known human-to-human disease is an urgent issue to be considered. Forty animals with pulmonary pathologies were studied by chest X-ray, ultrasound analysis, and computed tomography. Nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs were analyzed to detect canine pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. An additional twenty healthy dogs living in SARS-CoV-2-positive households were included. Immunoglobulin detection by several immunoassays was performed. Our findings show that sick dogs presented severe alveolar or interstitial patterns with pulmonary opacity, parenchymal abnormalities, and bilateral lesions. The forty sick dogs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 but Mycoplasma spp. was detected in 26 of 33 dogs. Five healthy and one pathological dog presented IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Here we report that despite detecting dogs with α-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, we never obtained a positive RT-qPCR for SARS-SoV-2, not even in dogs with severe pulmonary disease; suggesting that even in the case of canine infection, transmission would be unlikely. Moreover, dogs living in COVID-19-positive households could have been more highly exposed to infection with SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
24
|
Michael HT, Waterhouse T, Estrada M, Seguin MA. Frequency of respiratory pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 in canine and feline samples submitted for respiratory testing in early 2020. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:336-342. [PMID: 33521974 PMCID: PMC8014115 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has necessitated evaluation of the potential for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in dogs and cats. Using a large data set, we evaluated the frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other respiratory pathogens in samples submitted for respiratory testing from mid‐February to mid‐April 2020. Materials and Methods A SARS‐CoV‐2 real‐time PCR was developed and validated. A subset of canine and feline samples submitted for respiratory pathogen panel testing to reference laboratories in Asia, Europe, and North America were also tested for SARS‐CoV‐2. The frequency of respiratory pathogens was compared for the February–April period of 2020 and 2019. Results Samples from 4616 patients were included in the study and 44% of canine and 69% of feline samples were PCR positive with Mycoplasma cynos and Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma felis and feline calicivirus, respectively. No SARS‐CoV‐2 infections were identified. Positive results for respiratory samples were similar between years. Clinical Significance The data in this study suggest that during the emergence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in early 2020, respiratory diseases in tested pet cats and dogs were caused by common veterinary pathogens and that SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in dogs and cats are rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Michael
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - T Waterhouse
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - M Estrada
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, 2825 KOVR Dr, West Sacramento, CA, 95605, USA
| | - M A Seguin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Stevanovic V, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Tabain I, Benvin I, Kovac S, Hruskar Z, Mauric M, Milasincic L, Antolasic L, Skrinjaric A, Staresina V, Barbic L. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pet animals in Croatia and potential public health impact. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1767-1773. [PMID: 33191649 PMCID: PMC7753394 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and has since caused a global pandemic. Experimental studies and sporadic reports have confirmed susceptibility of dogs and cats to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the importance of pet animals in the epidemiology of this infection is unclear. This study reports on a first large-scale serosurvey of SARS-CoV-2 infections in dogs and cats in Europe. From 26 February 2020, just one day after the first confirmed human case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Croatia, to 15 June 2020, dog and cat serum samples were collected from animals admitted to three veterinary facilities in Croatia. Additionally, on 25 May 2020, a total of 122 serum samples from employees of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb were collected. Total of 656 dogs and 131 cat serum samples were tested using an in-house microneutralisation test (MNT). Human serum samples, as well as 172 randomly selected, dog sera were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA-positive human sera were subsequently tested using MNT. Neutralising antibodies were confirmed in 0.76% cats and 0.31% dogs. ELISA reactivity was recorded in 7.56% tested dog sera. On the other hand, 5.19% of administrative, basic and pre-clinical sciences department personnel and 5.13% of animal health service providers and laboratory personnel tested ELISA positive. Neutralising antibodies were not confirmed in any of the human samples. In conclusion, seropositivity among pet animals in Croatia is low, especially when compared to results from China. A small number of seropositive animals with a low titre of neutralising antibodies suggest infections are rare and are following infections in the human population. Additionally, contact with animals does not seem to be an occupational risk for veterinary practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Stevanovic
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,School for Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Benvin
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snjezana Kovac
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Hruskar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Mauric
- Department for Animal Breeding and Livestock Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Milasincic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Antolasic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alenka Skrinjaric
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilim Staresina
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|